
Glass ^_.^^^il_^^ 
Book t^AA^ 



/ 






AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 

OF THE 

STATE OF INDIANA: 

BEING A FULL AND AUTHENTIC 

Civil and Political History of the State from its 
First Exploration down to 1879. 



lEECl 



INCLUDING A:N ACCOUNT OF THE 

, mmm, m m 

WITH HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE SKETCHES OF THE 

Cities, Towns and Villages, 

EMBRACING 

Interesting Narratives of Pioneer Life, 

TOGETHER WITH 

BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES AND PORTEAITS 

Of tlie Prominent Men of the Past and Present, 

AND A HISTORY OF 

EACH COUNTY SEPARATELY. 



EDITED AND KEVliiED BY- - 

S. L. MARROW & CO., Publishers. 



^6 



INDIANAPOLIS: 

1879. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1 874, by 

Richard S. Peale & Co., 
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 

:ii 2 7 c 

'0^ 



t>^ 



r 



PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION. 

Owing to the well deserved favor accorded to the Illustrated 
History of Indiana at its first appearance, and the continued 
demand for a reliable history of the State, the publishers have 
been induced to offer to the public a new revised and enlarged 
edition of this valuable work. The third edition has been 
prepared with great care and brings the history of the State 
down to the beginning of the present year. Numerous cor- 
rections and alterations have been made in the body of the 
work and nearly a hundred pages of new matter added. This 
embraces much valuable statistical information, the concluding 
events of the administration of Governor Hendricks and the 
leading; events of Governor Williams' administration to the 
first of January, 1879. The latter includes the special legis- 
lation relating to the building of a new State House, an enter- 
prise the people of Indiana will be directly interested in, per- 
haps, for the next half decade of years, also proceedings of the 
Board of State House Commissioners, and progress in the con- 
struction of the new building, and the history of the great 
railroad strike of July, 1877, together with other events of 
historical interest. 

The Biographical Department has also been enriched by the 
addition of numerous sketches of distinguished public men, 
who are now, or have been identified with the political history 
and progress of the State. These numerous alterations and 
additions, coupled with the fact that this is the only history of 
Indiana now being published, we trust will make the work 
generally acceptable and meet with even greater favor than it 
has hitherto. 

Indianapolis, January, 1879. 



TO 

THE PIONEEKS OF INDIANA, 

MEN AND WOMEN, 

WHO 

BT GREAT INDUSTRY AND A CONSTANT 

JUTEOHITY IN THE LABORS OP THEIR SEVERAL CALLINOt, 

HAVE LAID WELL THE FOUNDATION PRmCIPLES 

OP A GREAT AND PROSPEROUS 

STATE, 

THIS VOLUME 

IS BKSPKCTFULLT DEDICATEXX 



INTRODUCTORY. 



npHE positive need of a reliable history of Indiana has been 
-^ recognized for more than ten years, by nearly all the 
people of the State. It is equally true that the harvest of ma- 
terials for such a work was fully ripe. The early explorations 
of the French in the country of the Mi amis; the labors of the 
zealous missionaries among the natives; the adventures of the 
fur-traders; the early wars with the Indians; the scenes and 
events around the old French forts and settlements; the strup;- 
gles between the French and the English; the subjugation of 
the latter by Americans; the heroic proceedings of General 
George Eogers Clarke and his brave Yirginians; the thrilling 
incidents and interesting reminiscences of pioneer life; the 
growth and prosperity of the settlements; the glorious part 
acted in the War for the Union; and, lastly, the unparalleled 
advancement in all the great industries and professions of civ- 
ilization; — all these combine to render the narrative replete 
with interest and instruction. 

How far we have succeeded in our attempt to collect and 
arrange these materials in the form of a history of the State, 
may now be seen; and, we shall regret, indeed, if, after so 
much labor, our work has been in vain. Our aims and objects 
have been shaped, as near as possible, by the demands or wants 
of the people. Hence it has not been an important part of 
our plan, as it has, of course, been beyond our ability, to present 

(9) 



10 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

a work of any great literary merit. But sucli a work at this 
time is uncalleJ for, and it would seem that tlio present volume 
is needed to prepare tlie way for its demand in the future 
Although deHcieiit in many things, it will scarcely fail of this 
desired end. 

The early history of the Wabash Yalley would, of itself, if 
proj)erly written, make a volume much larger than the present 
one, and, perhaps, if viewed in the light of narrative excel- 
lence, more interesting. At the beginning of the eighteenth 
century communication was opened up between Louisiana and 
Canada, by the way of the Maumee, TVabash, Ohio, and Mis- 
sissippi. Indeed this route had been traveled by a few, among 
whom was Robert de La Salle, some twenty years before, or as 
early as 16S0. But with the beginning of the eighteenth cen- 
tury a general communication was established. With this 
came the necessity of forts or fortifications, to protect the route 
against hostile Indians, and, also, to further possess the country 
adjacent to it against the encroachments of the English colo- 
nies, which, until this period, and for several years after, were 
content with a narrow strip of land on the Atlantic sea-board. 
Such became the policy of the French Colonial Government 
sometime between 1690 and 1700, a decade during which the 
possibilities of establishing a permanent branch of the French 
Empire in the New AVorld were bright and promising. 

In 1700, the French decided to establish this chain of forti- 
fications without delay, and in one year after, Fort Pontchar- 
train (Detroit) was established on the Detroit river. During 
the four years following, rude forts, or stockades, were erected 
at the head of the Maumee, where the city of Fort Wayne 
now stands, on Wea Prairie, near the Wabash, in what is now 
Tippecanoe county, and at a point farther down the Wabash, 
where Fort Knox was afterwards established, and where the 



INTRODUCTORY. 11 

flourishing city of Yinccnnes now stands. The first was called 
Post Miami, in respect to the Indian Confederacy of that name, 
which had its ancient capital near the site; the second was 
called Ouan tenon ; the third, Post Yincennes, in honor of its 
founder. I am well aware that certain phases of these state- 
ments will be contradicted by persons who have made conside- 
rable research, particularly those points touching the exact 
date of the establishment of these posts; but it is necessary 
that such contradictions be accompanied by satisfactory proof. 
A prominent gentleman of this State, who has justly earned a 
wide reputation for historical information, stated, in a conver- 
sation with the writer, only a few weeks ago, that the first 
military occupation of Yincennes took place in 1716. Grant- 
ing this, we give Post Miami ( Fort Wayne ) an antiquity 
exceeding Yincennes by eleven years, for it is certain that a 
military post was Established at the former point in 1705. 

But in the absence of the records themselves, the date of the 
first French military settlements in Indiana, can best be deter- 
mined by observing the colonial policy under which they were 
made, as also, the year in which that policy was executed. In 
many portionsof the Northwest, the first French settlements 
were merely the off-shoots of personal ambition, or missionary 
zeal, as was that at Green Bay, Wisconsin, or that near the 
mouth of the St. Joseph of Lake Michigan ; the former affords 
us an illustration of personal aggrandizement — presented in 
the daring and privations of M. Longlade; the latter a grand 
demonstration of the burning zeal of Fathers Dablon, Allouez 
and others, early Jesuit missionaries of New France. With 
regard to these and like settlements, there is ground for dispute 
as to the date of their origin. But the first settlements in 
Indiana were not made by chance explorers, or roving fur-tra- 
ders, or pious Jesuits; they were made under a fixed policy of 



12 mSTORT OF INDIANA. 

the French Government — a policy framed by the sagacious 
La Motte Cadillac, the founder of Detroit. Near the close of 
the seventeenth century, this bold pioneer and statesman of 
New France returned to his native country, on a mission of 
greater importance to French interests than was, at that time, 
realized by his countrymen. Filled with patriotic zeal, he laid 
before the Colonial Minister, Count Pontchartrain, the first 
map of the Wabash Yalley ever made, executed by his own 
hands. He pointed out the new route that had been discov- 
ered by La Salle and his associates, through the fertile vales of 
Indiana, and urged upon the establishment of a chain of 
fortifications upon it, for the protection of travel. And we 
fancy Cadillac reasoned in this wise: He pointed out upon his 
rude map the vast extent and richness of the country adjacent 
to the route on either side, and indicated the Indian strong, 
holds, suggesting their value as allies in case of future conflicts 
with rival colonies. "Wliatever his arguments were, they were 
convincing, as the Colonial Minister at once entered upon Ca- 
dillac's plans. " Pontchartrain," says a French writer, " was 
delighted with his plan, and at once commissioned him to 
execute it." 

Cadillac returned to Canada and established Detroit, as we 
have said already, in 1701. It was under this general policy 
that the first military settlements were made in Indiana. The 
missionaries undoubtedly visited Yincennes, as did they also 
the site of Post Miami, long before military posts were erected 
in those places, but no permanent missions were stationed 
until after their occupancy by military power. This took place 
according to the French Colonial records, in 1705, and as near 
as can be ascertained there is not more than six months' differ- 
ence in the date of the first establishment of Posts Miami, 
Ouantenou, and Yincennes. Certain it is, that they were all 



INTEODUOTOKT. 13 

existing in the spring of 1706. That these posts were often 
deserted, and left without military garrisons, is undoubtedly 
true, but we will venture the assertion that the French Colo- 
nial archives will show that small garrisons were located at the 
three points indicated previous to 1706. 

The history of these posts from their first establishment 
until they were discontinued, furnishes a narrative replete 
with thrilling incident. It carries the reader through all the 
interesting scenes of French and Indian intercourse, which 
presents many romantic, unique phases. In some of these 
phases, we see Frenchmen degraded instead of savages ele- 
vated ; we see thousands of reckless men, throwing off all civil- 
ized restraint, and plunging deliberately into barbarism; with 
the rifle and the scalping knife, they go forth to wreak ven- 
geance upon the whites, side by side with red men, as if their 
destinies have become indissolubly united with those of their 
new allies; we see a type of amalgamation for which the 
history of the world furnishes no parallel — Frenchmen 
descending to the level of Indians in social economy, and in 
many instances, dragging the natives down to a pitch of degra- 
dation from which a half savage sense of propriety often 
recoiled with just pride. 

And again, the history of these posts carries the reader through 
curious accounts of the fur-trade, of the manners and customs 
of the cour^'iers des bens, or wood rangers — a set of half breeds, 
with a language and characteristics peculiar to themselves. In 
the light canoe they would float carelessly down the streams, 
basking idly in the summer's sun, or gaily singing some French 
or Indian song. At night they slept upon the river's bank, 
thoughtless of bed or protection. Returning with loads of furs 
after a long journey, or from the chase, they were greeted by 
their tawny wives and hybrid offspring with social enthusiasm, 



14 HISTOEY OF INDIAITA. 

and, in their low, uncultivated sphere, seemed to enjoj life 
without many of its cares and burdens. The fur-trade had 
many distinguishing features. Whiskey was one of the chief 
articles of merchandise, and in the use of this the savage per- 
petrated his greatest abuse. Oft have the forests around Fort 
Wayne or Yincennes echoed with the hideoas yells of the 
poiv wow^ when barrel after barrel of poisonous liquors was 
permitted to be distributed among deluded savages. Yerily, 
tlie fur-trader will have an account to give at the day of reck 
oning, in which Indian wrongs will be vindicated. 

And, again, the history of these posts carries us through the 
pious dcvoutment of Catholic missionaries, through accounts 
of Christian zeal, persecution, privations for the Gospel's sake. 
We see missionary priests mingling with the savages, teaching 
them, supping with them, pointing them to the cross. In 
wigwams or rude log-huts, these priests gathered anxious, curi- 
ous pupils and labored to instruct them in a civilization and 
Christianity that they could never, never comprehend or appre- 
ciate. But the Indians assented and applauded in their silent 
devotion, and the missionaries labored on, in a hopeless cause, 
until a war of extermination ended their labors. 

And, again, the history of these posts is filled with thrilling 
narratives of war, narratives that carry the reader through 
Sandoskit's ( Nicholas ) conspiracy, Pontiac's conspiracy, Te- 
cumseh's war, and the long desultory war that, for years, kept 
alive a feeling of alarm in the pioneer homes on the borders. 
We see the mighty war-clouds gathering, as the voice of the 
mighty Pontiac resounds through the forests of the lake regions, 
and, as they burst in thunderous volleys of musketry, we 
behold the massacres that characterized the fall of the " fated 
nine," Who shall paint the darkness and gloom that settled 
over the western outposts in 1763-4:, when the giant of the 



INTEODUCTOKT. 15 

Ottawas swayed, at liis imperial command, all tlie Indian forces 
of the Northwest? "Who shall toll iis of the foul conspiracies 
plotted in forest councils where this proud Ottawa presided? 
What pen shall ever describe tlie horrors in the execution of 
these conspiracies? The mind turns away from the scene at 
Michilimackinac, awed with its cxtj'cmes of barbari t j ; tlie heart 
sickens with a contemplation of Yanango; while the fall of 
Holmes, on a supposed errand of mcrcj, at Post Miami, and 
the capture of Jenkins at Ouan tenon, ]u-escnt sliamcfnl inci- 
dents of French cowardice and Indian treachery. But no 
sooner did the storm of Pontiac's vengeance subside, than 
another great Indian statesman rose to defend his race. Tccum- 
seh gathered the scattered forces, and led the last great struggle 
of the red men, imtil swallowed up in death and defeat. 

As we have said, these things — the important events in the 
history of the Wabash Yalley — would make a volume, one 
quite easy of construction, but full of deep interest. But with 
the aim of presenting modern Indiana, its early liistory has 
been exceedingly abridged, so that, to a great extent, this field 
may still be regarded as open to the investment of labor and 
researcli. 

In the second place, our account of the civil administration 
of the State and territorial government is necessarily very 
concise. This would, also, if properly digested, malce a volume 
much larger than the present one; but, we presume it would 
not be as interesting to the general reader, as valuable to those 
in search of specific information concerning the civil sendee 
of the State. This digest of documents introduces us to the 
organization of the Territorial Government at Yincennes in 
1800, under our own General Harrison ; follows the dry routine 
in the administration of the territory — a narrative interspersed 
here and there with pleasing incidents; presents the interesting 



16 HISTOET OF rNDIANA. 

Constitutional Convention of 1816, which sat at Corydon, and 
framed the Constitution that so ably preserved the liberties of 
the people for thirty-five years; it presents also the Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1850, from which we received the present 
inestimable Constitution — tlie foundation of the grand free 
public school system of the State. It presents tlie burdens 
and blessings, the triumphs and defeats of the Old Internal 
Improvement system — a system so deeply rooted in the legis- 
lation of the State that it still presents itself at every change 
in the political composition of the legislature; it carries us 
through a system of land grants, and commissions thereunto 
belonging, which the State Government is still trying in vain 
to fathom; it presents a network of private legislation and an 
ocean of local laws, the enumeration of which, though not 
easy, would be a pleasant task, in comparison with the attempt 
to discover their origin and real designs. But, as already 
hinted, our occupancy of this field is so limited as to present 
the widest scope for zeal and energy. Indeed, the materials 
are ripe, and the demand large, for a Documentary History of 
Indiana. 

In the third place, our county histories present the " might 
have been," more than they sustain the plan under which they 
are presented ; and, if persons into whose hands this volume 
may be placed, jealous of the interests of their own counties, 
condemn the work because of the inequality apparent in the 
county sketches, we shall scarcely be surprised. Yet, after all, 
we may honestly rest our case, as to that point, with this 
explanation. It was not the original purpose to write a history 
of each county. This must be plain to even a careless thinker, 
' as such a plan would require a scope of at least ten volumes. 
We regret, however, the want of space for more of these local 
records. Truly, the history of the pioneers of Indiana is full 



mTKODUCTOET. 17 

of interest and instniction. It presents a narrative full of 
dramatic situations and romantic scenes, in which more than a 
thousand actors render the same part. 

The pioneer history of Indiana presents much that is worthy 
of admiration. In the hardy, honest pioneer we have a grand 
illustration of true manhood. He left the scenes of civiliza- 
tion as if moved by an over-ruling divinity, and with axe and 
gun, wended his lonely way along the bending rivers, deep into 
forests, inhabited only by %vild beasts and straggling natives. 
Prospecting on vale and hill, he moves forward, guided only 
by the familiar Maze of the surveyor's axe, through openings, 
across fertile bottoms, and through rolling woodlands, until 
the eye falls on the spot of his choice. Here the cabin home 
is to be erected. Hard by runs a rippling stream, througli a 
fertile ra^dne, ever telling !N^ature's mystic story in the voice 
of tireless waters. Upon this the mill is to be established. 
Ever and anon, on either side stretches a vast forest of oak, 
walnut, and other valuable timber, and beneath is a rich, pro- 
ductive soil, awaiting only the touch of the husbandman to 
break forth into a golden harvest. 

The history of the pioneers of Indiana carries us from this 
scene through many incidents. "We have the building of the 
cabin; the moving of the family from civilization to that iso- 
lated cabin home; the toils and hardships of the mother, 
rearing a family, where there is nauglit but her own hands to 
administer in circumstances where the most delicate and tender 
sympathy is required; the long, weary years of toil and danger 
through which the father passes, unmoved in his persistent 
energy. At his bidding, the forests gradually fade away, and 
fertile fields spread out in harvest luxury; and, in short, the 
various scenes in that grand transformation from the wilderness 
to the metropolis, from barbarism to civilization, from chaos 
2 
% 



18 HISTOET OF INDIANA. 

to achievement. Altliongli we have presented much of this 
narrative, more than enough to constitute a rare and useful 
volume remains yet unwritten. 

From these hints concerning the manner in which the tliree 
great phases of the State's history are treated in the following 
cliapters, it will be seen that, while we do not claim to have 
elaborated on either, as much of all is presented as will con- 
form to our original plan — that of producing a work touching 
upon all these subjects, and at the same time condensing ah 
within the compass of a single volume. 

CHAELES R TUTTLE. 

Indianapolis, Ind., March, 1875. 



INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Brown, Prof. R. T •2.;9 

Brown, Austin II iy5 

Buckles, Joseph S 372 

Biddle, Judge Horace P .183 

Brownfield, John .287 

Bates, Harvey - 323 

Bass, J. H 140 

Bass, S. S 143 

Brackenridge, Robert 71 

Bird, Hon. 84 

Carpenter, Willard ...^^^^7 

Comstock, James .....^^3 

Cason, T. J 3''J7 

Comingor, Prof. J. A 239 

Cumback, Hon. Will 253 

Cox, Prof. E. T Iii7 

Colfax, Hon. Schuyler 90 

Campbell, John L 175 

Clarke, Gen, George Rogers 

Frontispi ece 

Danaldson, David S 162 

Evans, S. Cary 127 

Evans, A. S o4l 

Edson, Judge Wm. P 179 

English, Maj. Elisha G 309 

English, Hon. Wm. H 303 

Edgcrton, Joseph K 106 

Edgerton, A. P 130 

Fl etcher. Prof. W. B 239 

Field, Dr. Nathaniel 365 

Fitch, Hon. G. N 533 

Fowler, Moses 152 

Gooding, Hon. David S 613 

Hunter, Hon. M. C 599 



Houghton, Walter R 295 

Hoagland, Pliney 200 

Hackleman, Hon. Elijah ,.. 146 

Hoss, Prof. Geo. W 341 

Hobbs, Prof. B. C 281 

Hanna, Samuel 12G 

Hanna, Mrs. Eliza 121 

Hough, John 75 

Hendricks, Hon. Thomas A 113 

Harrison, Gen. William H 

Frontispiece 

Kirkwood, Daniel ... 295 

Kerr, Hon. M. C 357 

LaSalle, Charles B 669 

Long, Thomas B 204 

Lane, Hon. Henry S 599 

Lingle, W. S 657 

Louder, Charles 385 

Lockwood, John M. 223 

Lewis, Andrew 231 

Martindale, E. B 651 

Moody, M. M 333 

McDonald, Hon. Joseph E 599 

Mears, G. W 239 

Mitchell, Hon. William 191 

Morton, Hon. O. P 102 

Nutt, Rev. Dr. Cyrus 211 

Nuttman, J. D 78 

Orth, Hon. G. S 599 

Owen, Richard 295 

Olds, N. G 235 

Pratt, Hon. D. D 357 

Purdue, Hon. John 137 

Peed, H. A 257 

(19) 



20 INDEX TO ILLUSTKATIONS. 

Patterson, Judge C. Y 215 Sutherland, John 333 

Pierce, Martin L. 134 St.Clair, Gen. Arthur. Frontispiece 

Posey, Gov. Thomas. Frontispiece Tyner, lion. James N .599 

Ryan, T 457 Thompson, Col. James S 295 

Roche, John 117 Tuttle, Dr. Joseph F ..172 

Robbins, G. W 317 Trentman, B .HO 

Ross, W. T 156 Vandgundy, Adam .3-!3 

Rose, Chaimcy 169 Wolfe, Hon. S. K 357 

Randall, Hon. F. P. 96 Wright, C. E .239 

Shanks, Hon. J. P. C 357 Wylie, Dr. T. A 295 

Studebaker, Clem 493 Wilson, Col. W. C 207 

Studebaker, John M 503 Wood, George W 249 

Studebaker, Peter E 513 Williams, Jesse L 87 

Studebaker, Jacob P 523 Wayne, Gen. Anthony. Frontispiece 

Scott, John T 245 Yeoman, D. H 333 

Suttenfield, Mrs. Laura 93 Zollinger, Charles 81 

Stockton, Lawrence B 1 49 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Residence of Samuel Hanna 124 

Residence of F. P. Randall 99 

Residence of Judge H. P. Biddle 219 

Birth place of Judge H. P. Biddle 218 

Studebaker Brothers' Wagon Works, South Bend G41 

Studebaker Brothers' Carriage Works, South Bend .453 

Bass Foundry and Machine Works, Fort Wayne '547 

Scene of the Battle of Tippecanoe .165 

Council S^ 5."Qe between General Harrison and Tecumseh 159 

Public Scl -ol Building, Sullivan -471 

Ford School Building, La Fayette 403 

Opera House, La Fayette 401 

Purdue UniTersity Buildings 405, 407, 409 410 

New State House 277 

Marion County Court House .'. 277 

Harrison, Gen Ben 590 

Williams, Hon. J. D _ fiOS 

Colonial Map 8 

Grand Hotel 795 

Vance Block 796 

Stock Yards 797 

Journal Building 798 

Sentinel Building 798 



INDEX TO BIOGRAPHIES. 



Ajidrus, LL.D., Reuben 693 

Biddle, Judge H. P 660 

Baker, Hon. Conrad 650 

Beard, John 671 

Brackenridge, Robert 672 

Brownfield, John 692 

Bates, Harvey 693 

Buckles, Joseph S 697 

Bird, Hon. 796 

Brown, Austin H 719 

Brown, Prof. R. T 720 

Bass, J. H 717 

Bass, Col. S. S 717 

Campbell, LL.D., John L 665 

Camback, Hon. Will 668 

Carpenter, Willard 703 

Cox, Prof. E.T 717 

Comingor, Prof. A. J 720 

Cason, Hon. T. J 795 

Colfax, Hon. Schuyler 714 

Dunn, Williamson 672 

Dowling, Thomas 674 

Danaldson, David S »>75 

Elston, Isaac C 672 

English, Hon. Wm. H 676 

English, Major Elisha G 682 

Eddy, Col. Norman 685 

Edgerton, J. K 718 

Edgerton, A.P 796 

Earp, A.M., Jno. E 691 

Evans. Amos S 699 

Evans, S. Cary 709 

Edson, Wm. P 702 

Fitch, Hon. G. N 6.=i!) 

Fowler, Moses (»t>7 



Field, Dr. Nathaniel 694 

Fletcher, Prof. W. B 721 

Gooding, Hon. David S 706 

Hobbs, LL.D., Barnabas C 654 

Hackleman, Hon. Elijah 686 

Hoss, LL.D., George W 686 

Hendricks, Hon. Thomas A. .. 716 

Houghton, Walter R 690 

Holloway, Col. W. R 700 

Hoagland, Pliney 706 

Hanna, Samuel 721 

Hanna, Mrs. Eliza 721 

Hough, John 717 

Hunter, Hon. M. C 721 

Knoblock, John C 694 

Kirkwood, LL.D., Daniel 656 

Kerr, Hon. M.C 689 

Lane, Hon. Henry S - 671 

Lingle, W. S 681 

Long, Judge Thomas B 698 

Lowder, Charles 698 

Lewis, Dr. Andrew 702 

Lockwood, John M 703 

Lasselle, Charles B 704 

Morton, Hon. O. P. 687 

Martindale, E. B 6^''> 

Mitchell, Hon. Wm 702 

Moody, M.M 709 

McDonald, Hon. J. E 713 

Mears, Prof. G. W 721 

Nutt, Dr. Cyrus 651 

Nuttman, J. D 678 

Nicholson, Wm. W 672 

Niblack, Hon. W. E 680 

Orth, Hon. G. S 718 

(81) 



HI8T0BY OF INDIANA. 



Olds, N. G 709 

Owen, Prof. Richard 720 

Purdue, Hon. John 703 

Peed, Henry A 692 

Pratt, Hon. D. D 712 

Patterson, Judge C. T 719 

Pierce, Martin L 709 

Ross, W. T 685 

Randall, Hon. F. P 685 

Rogers, A.M., Lewis T 691 

Robbins, G. W 691 

Ryan, Townsend 696 

Rose, Chauncy 796 

Roche, John 721 

Shanks, Hon. J. P. C 658 

Smith, Zenas 675 

Stockton, L.B 690 

Studebaker, Clem 707 

Stud ebaker, John M 707 

Siadebaker, Peter E 708 

8. >debaker, Jacob F 709 

Dillon, John B 720 

Harrison, Benj. Gen'l 710 

Smart, James H 719 



Suttenfield, Mrs. Laura 709 

Scott, John T 717 

Southcrland, John 717 

Tuttle, Dr. Joseph F 666 

Thompson, Rev. James b71 

Thompson, Richard W 674 

Trentman, B 719 

Tyner, Hon. James N 718 

Thompson, Col. James S 721 

Vigo, Col. Francis 673 

Van Gundy, Adam 684 

Whitlock, Major A 670 

Wallace, Gen. Lewis 678 

Wood, George W 684 

Wilson, Col. W. C 684 

Wylie, Dr.T. A 683 

Williams, Jesse L 796 

Wolfe, Hon. S. K 721 

Wright, Prof. C. E 719 

Yeoman, D.H 709 

ZoLinger, Charles A 689 

Owen, Robert Dale 714 

Williams, Hon. J. D ^ 713 



CONTENTS. 



PART FIRST. 



CIVIL AND POLITICAL HISTORY. 



CHAPTER I. 

MIAMI VILLAGES AND FRENCH SETTLEMENTS. 

Kative Tenants of Indiana. .The Discovery of tlie TeiTitoiy . .Tlie 
Route from Louisiana to New France by tlie Oliio, Wabasli and 
Maumee.-A Cliainof Fortifications tlirough Indiana.. The Mission- 
aries.. Customs of the Indians, Missionaries, and Fur Traders.. 
Central Points of the Fur Trade. .The English and the French.. 
Defeat of the latter..The British in Indiana. -Inhabitants of Post 
Vinoennes - - - 81 

CHAPTER 11. 

GENERAL CLARKE'S CELEBRATED EXPEDITION. 

Clarke's Preparations for the Western Campaign. .Description of his 
Forces. .His March to the Illinois.. Capture of Kaskaskia.. Pecu- 
liarities of Clarke 60 

CHAPTER III. 

CLARKE'S EXPEDITION — CONTINUED. 

Operations at Kaskaskia.. His Celebrated Liberty Speech. .Clarke 
Prepares for the Conquest of Vincennes.. Services of Father Giboult 
..Change of Allegiance at Vincennes.. Captain Helm appointed to 
the Command at Vincennes.. His Speech to the "Grand Door "..The 
British Cause on the wane in Indiana.. The British Lieutenant Gov- 
ernor re-takes Vincennes.. Bravery of Captain Helm 74 

(33) 



24: mSTOKT OF INDIANA. 

CHAPTER lY. 

CLARKE'S CELEBRATED MARCH AGAINST VINCENNES. 

l^eparations for the March. -Perilous Situation of CIarlve..A Bold 
Enterprise Boldly Executed.. The March.. Possibilities of Human 
Endurance.. Indescribable Hardships.. Marching in Water.. Ap- 
proaching Vincenues- -Approaching Starvation.. Fortunate Relief 
from the latter.. Clarke's Letter to the Inhabitants of Vinccnncs.- 
Cunniug Manoeuvre of Colonel Clarke.. The Contest. .Indians Vol- 
unteering to Aid Clarke.. Clarke Declines their Assistance. -Clarke 
Orders Hamilton to Surrender. .Refusal. .The Firing Continued.. 
The Final Capitulation 80 

CHAPTEE Y. 

CLARKE'S MOVEMENTS AT VINCENNES. 

Organization of a Military Government ..Clarke Punishes the Hostile 
Delawares..They plead for and find Mercy through the endorsement 
of the Piankeshaws.-The Expedition against Detroit abandoned.. 
Organization of a Civil Government at Vincennes in 1779. -Early 
Land Grants.. Virginia Cedes her Northwestern Territory to Con- 
gress 103 

CHAPTER YI. 

EARLY SETTLEMENT AND LAND GRANTS. 
The Ordinance of 1787. .The Northwestern Territory . .General Harmar 
..Vincennes in 1790.. Adoption of Laws by the General Court at 
Vincennes.. Testimonials to Mr. Sargent 109 

CHAPTER YII. 

HARMAR, SCOTT AND WILKINSON'S EXPEDITIONS. 

The Expedition against the Wabash Indians.. General Harmar'a 
Forces.. Hardin's Defeat. .The Alarm in the Frontiers.. Scott's Ex- 
pedition.. The Wea Indians Punished.. Wilkinson's Expedition on 
the Wabash 118 

CHAPTER YIII. 

ST. CLAIR'S AND WAYNE'S EXPEDITIONS. 

Bt. Clair Marches from Fort Washington.. St. Clair's Memorable 
Defeat.. Indian Cruelty. .St. Clair's Resignation.. He is succeeded 
by General Anthony Wayne.. Major Hamtrarack at Vincennes.. 
Indians Insisting on the Ohio as the Boundary.. General Scott joins 
Wayne's Forces with Kentucky Volunteers ..The March-.The Battle 
and the Victory.. The Losses.. Destruction of Indian Dwellings, 
Cornfields, etc.- -Erection of Fort Wayne.-The Army Dispersed.. 
Civil Matters 122 



CONTENTS. 25 

CHAPTER IX. 

ORGANIZATION OF THE INDIANA TERKITOIIY. 

Vincennes-.Fort Knox. -Condition of Indiana Settlements in 1800.. 
Civil Matters 129 

CIIAPTEE X. 

GOVERNOR HARRISON AND THE INDIANS. 

rhe Second Grade of Government. .Revision of the Territorial Statutes 
.-Land Offices.. Indian Complaints. .The Prophet. .His Specches.- 
Settlementof the Prophet's town. .Tecumseh.. Harrison's Speech to 
the Indians- -The Prophet Visits Vincennes.. Extinguishing Indian 
Titles.. Movements of Aaron Burr 133 

CHAPTER XI. 

STATISTICS— LAND TITLES— INDIAN AFFAIRS. 
Population.. The Early Land Title Controversy.. Report of the Com- 
missioners.. Organization of the Territory of Illinois 142 

CHAPTER XII. 

HARRISON'S CAMPAIGN. 
Movements of Tecumseh and the Prophet. -General Harrison Labor- 
ing for Peace. .Tecumseh and Harrison in Council.. Tecumseli 
Denounces Harrison to his Face.. Happy Termination of the Diffi- 
culty.. Tecumseh Repents of his Deed.. But is Persistent in his 
Purpose 144 

CHAPTER XIII. 

HARRISON'S CAMPAIGN— CONTINUED. 
The Ten-itorial Legislature of 1810.. Extinguishment of Native Titles 
Recommended by Governor Harrison.. The Question of a Permanent 
Capital.. The Influences of Tecumseh and the Prophet. -Harrison's 
Speech of Warning.. Tecumseh Goes South 14d 

CHAPTER XIY. 

HARRISON'S CAMPAIGN — CONTINUED. 

War Inevitable.. Military Measures.. The Indians Ordered to Disperse 
..Erection of Fort Harrison. .Harrison's Army on the March.. The 
Battle of Tippecanoe.. Bravery in War. .The Forces.. Compliments 
to the Heroes.. Taylor's Heroic Defense of Fort Harrison 155 

CHAPTER XY. 

CIVIL MATTERS. 
The Affairs of the Indiana Territory -.The General Assembly at Vin- 



26 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

cennes in 1813.. Acting Governor Gibson.. The Capital Removed to 
Corydon. .Tliomas Posey Appointed Governor of tlie Territory.. The 
Legislature at Corydon in 1813.. The Session Laws 168 

CHAPTER XYI. 

REVIEW OF CIVIL AND POLITICAL EVENTS. 

The Ordinance of 1787. .Early Forms of Government. .Judicial Cir- 
cuits. .Banks and Banking Laws - 174 

CHAPTER XYII. 

ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE. 

Close of the Territorial Existence. -The First Constitutional Conven- 
tion.. Delegates.. The First State Election.. The First State Legisla- 
ture.. Governor Jennings - 178 

CHAPTER XYIII. 

GOVERNOR JENNING'S ADMINISTRATION. 

Taxation.. Internal Improvements.. Extra Session of the Legislature 
..Financial Difficulties.. Embarrassment of the General Credit of 
the State.-The Panic of 1821 185 

CHAPTER XIX. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR HENDRICKS. 

His Message to the Legislature.. Internal Improvements. -Education 
..The Seminary at Bloomington - 190 

CHAPTER XX. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR RAY. 
Condition of State Affairs in 1826. .Population. .Trade and Commerce 
..Asylums.. General Prosperity.. The Southern States in an Unpleas- 
ant Attitude 193 

CHAPTER XXI. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR RAY— CONTINUED. 

Continued Increase of Immigration. .Success in Agriculture.. Internal 

Improvements.. Infirm Colored People from the South pouring into 

Indiana. -Remaining Indian Tribes.. Election of a President of the 

United States-.The Civil Code 199 

CHAPTER XXII. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR NOBLE. 
Shortness of Crops in 1832.. The Black Hawk War. -Internal Improve- 
ments..The Indianapolis Donation-. Indian Titles-. Commencement 



CONTENTS. 27 

of tlie "Wabash and Eric Canal.. The Governor Recommends a sys. 
tern of Public Improvements.. The Michigan Boundary Question.. 
The State Banli Organized.. The "New Capital " of 1835. -Progress 
of the Internal Improvements 203 

CHAPTER XXIII. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WALLACE, 

The Public Improvement Trouble.. The Governor Speaks Discour 
agingly in his Message. .A Crisis Inevitable.. Removal of the Potta- 
watomies beyond the Mississippi 212 

CHAPTEIl XXIY. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR BIGGER. 

Prostration of the Internal Improvements.. Review of the Public 
"Works in 1840. -Individual Indebtedness. .Dark Days. -Inability to 
Pay Interest of the Public Debt.. List of the "Works Undertaken, 
and their Condition in 1841. .The State Debt 214 

CHAPTER XXV. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WHITCOMB. 

Light Breaking over Indiana.. The "War with Mexico. -Redemption of 
the Public Credit. -Administration of Governor Wright. -Death of 
President Taylor.. Progress of the Public Improvements. -Governor 
Wright Endorses the Missouri Compromise- -The Constitutional 
Convention of 1850.. Administration of Governor Willard.. History 
of the State Bank.. Death of Governor Willard.. Death of David 
Dale Owen. .Acting Governor Hammond.. Administration of Lieu- 
tenant Governor Morton.. His Patriotic Message to the Extra 
Session of the Legislature flSl 

CHAPTER XXYI. 

RECORD IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 

Intelligence of the Fall of Sumter. -Proclamation of the President.. 
Proclamation of Governor Morton- -Contributions of Men and 
Means- -I'roviding Munitions of War.. Patriotism and Promptness 
of Indiana in the War. -The Laurels Won 229 

CHAPTER XXYII. 

MORTON AND BAKER'S ADMINISTRATION. 

The General Assembly of Indiana in 1867. .A Stormy Session.. Con- 
gressional Districts -.The Soldiers' Home.. The State Normal School 
..The Agricultural College.. Statistics 238 



28 HISTORY OF INDIANA 

CHAPTEK XXYIII. 

GOVERNOR BAKER'S ADMINISTRATION. 

The Political Contest. .Election.. State Debt.-War Claims. .The House 
of Refuge.. Lynch Law. .Seymour Vigilance Committee 243 

CHAPTER XXIX. 

GOVERNOR BAKER'S ADMINISTRATION. 

The Fifteenth Amendment Lock in 1869. .The Storm of Partisanism.. 
Election of D. D. Pratt to the United States Senate.. Wholesale 
Resignations.. Breaking Up of the Session.. New Elections Ordered 
..Extra Session of the Legislature.. The Purdue University Estab- 
lished.. Another Lock in the Legislature.. Development of Mineral 
Resources.. Agricultural Products 247 

CHAPTER XXX. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR BAKER— CONTINUED 

Another Lock over the Fifteenth Amendment.. Wholesale Resignation 
of Republicans to Prevent its Repeal.. A Member of the Legislature 
Convicted of Bribery in obtaining his Election.. The Wabash and 
firie Canal Controversy.. Woman Suffrage Movement.. Decision of 
the Supreme Court in favor of Taxing the People to Support Rail- 
roads.. The Election of October, 1872.. The Special Session of the 
Legislature in November, 1872.. Re-election of Senator Morton 251 

CHAPTER XXXI. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR HENDRICKS. 

Governor's Message.. Common Pleas Courts Abolished.. Amendment 
of tne Divorce Lavrs..The Liquor Law.. The Temperance Conven- 
tion of 1873.. Congress of Agriculture 256 

CHAPTER XXXII. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WILLIAMS. 

Governor's Message — Act of the Legislature Authorizing the Build- 
ing of a New State House — The Railroad Strike 261 

CHAPTER XXXIII. 
EDUCATIONAL. 

The School Law of 1852.. The Township System.. Opposition to the 
Law.. Deficiency in the Number and Qualification of Teachers.. 
The School Fund.. Township Libraries.. School Statistics of I860-. £77 

Present Condition.. Origin of Free Schools.. Present Common Scl»ool 
Fund. .School Fund compared with that of other States.. School 
Houses. - County Superintendents .. Educational Statistics. . Statistics 
of Libraries.. Religious.. Statistics of Churches 867 



CONTENTS. 29 

CHAPTER XXXIY. 

BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 

Insane Hospital.. Deaf and Dumb Asylum.. Blind Asylum. .Other 
Charities.. Statistics of the Objects of Charity.. Statistics of Popu- 
lation, Pauperism and Crime 299 

CHAPTER XXXY. 

'WEALTH AND PROGRESS. 

Population.. Population by Towns.. Wealth, Taxation and Public 
Indebtedness of Indiana.. Statistics 305 

CHAPTER XXXYI. 

AGRICULTURAL. 

Agriculture.. General Remarks, Statistics of Productions, Soil, Farms, 
etc., etc 31? 

CHAPTER XXXYII. 

MANUFACTURING AND COMMERCE. 
Manufacturing Statistics.. Trade and Commerce 31£ 

CHAPTER XXXYIII. 

Tins MINERAL WEALTH OF INDIANA. 

Mineral Wealth. .Coal, Iron, Stone, etc... Statistics.. Analysis of 
Coals 32f 

CHAPTER XXXIX. 

LAWS AND COURTS OF INDIANA. 

Actions. .Arrests. .Attachments. .Claims. .Deeds, Mortgages, etc .. 
Women's Rights. .Depositions.. Executions 33S 

CHAPTER XL. 

OFFICIAL REGISTER OF INDIANA. 

Governors.. Lieutenant Governors.. Secretaries of State. .Auditors of 
State. -Treasurers of State.. Attorneys General.. Supreme Court 
Judges..U. S. Senators 345 



PART SECOND. 



COUNTY HISTORIES. 



CHAPTER XLI. 
Ihtroductort 351 

CHAPTER XLII. 

ALLEN COUNTY — EARLY HISTORY^ 

Kekionga..The Ancient Miami Capital. .Post Miami.. Nicholas' Con- 
spiracy.. Dubuisson's Fort. .Fate of Post Miami. .Fate of Holmes 
-.Erection of the Fort in 1794..Tecuraseh's Siege of Fort Wayne.. 
Bravery of Oliver.. In temperance of Captain Rliea.. General Harri- 
Bon Marches to the Relief of the Besieged Garrison.. Incidents of 
the Siege.. The Relief.. Destruction of Indian Villages.. Improve- 
ment of the Grounds around the Fort 353 

CHAPTER XLIII. 

FORT WAYNE— EARLY' SETTLEMENT. 

Indians and Whites-.The "Old Fort House "..Tlie Company's 
Garden.. The Garrison Burial Ground. .Modes of Travel.. The First 
Mills. -The Fur Trade. .Major Whistler's Fort..Ricliardvillc.. 
Rebuilding the Fort..The "Big Elm" Post Office.. Pay Season at 
Fort Wayne-. The Land Office.. The Old Town Plat..Tlie Land 
Sale 367 

CHAPTER XLIY. 

ALLEN COUNTY" — EARLY" SETTLEMENT. 

Organization of the County.. Location of the County Seat.. County 
Officers.. Pioneer Days of Fort Wayne. .Taxation.. First Circuit 

Court.. Scenes in the Court. .Trial of Big Leg. .Courting 376 

(30) 



CONTENTS. 31 

CHAPTEE XLY. 

ALLEN COUNTY — FORT WAYNE — MODERN HISTORY. 

Area. -Population.. Wealtli.. Population of the Towns.. Rural Dis- 
tricts.. Public Schools of Allen County and of Fort Wayne. .Cath- 
olio Schools.. Religious. -Railroads.. Public Improvements 332 

CHAPTER XLYI. 

HUNTINGTON COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Surface of the County.. First Settlement.. The Helveys.. Flint Springs 
Hotel- -Organization of the County--First School Teacher.. Hunt- 
ington. .The Lime Interest.. Agricultural Wealth.. Public Improve- 
ments 388 

CHAPTEE XLVII. 

CASS COUNTY— HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Organization of the County.. "The Mouth of Eel "..Early Settlers.. 
Increase of the Settlement. .Organization of the County.. First 
County Officers.. The Board of Commissioners.. The Circuit Court 
■ .Growth of the Town and County.. Logansport 392 

CHAPTEE XLYIII. 

TIPPECANOE COUNTY— HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIT 
Ouantenon..The Fate of the Post on theWea Prairie. .Jenkins' Letter 
to Major Gladwyn.. First Settlors. -Crawfordsville the Centre of 
Civilization on the Wabash- -William Digby-. Rival Towns on the 
Wabash.. Educational.. Sketch of the Early Schools.. Purdue Uni- 
versity 399 

CHAPTEE XLIX. 

MONTGOMERY COUNTY— EARLY HISTORY. 
Organization of the County.. Scenes and Incidents at Crawfordsville 
-.John Beard.. Surface and Soil.. Crawfordsville.. The Streets and 
Public Improvements.. Wabash College 411 

CHAPTEE L. 

VIGO COUNTY— HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Port Harrison.. Canadian Land Grants.. Early Settlers.. The Town of 
Terre Haute Laid Out.. Sale of Lots.. Organization of the County 
..First County Officers. .The First Circuit Court. .Early Court 
Houses. .The Present City of Terre Haute.. Educational 416 

CHAPTEE LI. 

KNOX COUNTY— HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Vincennes..Its Establishment.. Early Fur Traders.. Knox the Mother 



32 HISTORY OF INDIAl^A. 

of Indiana Counties.. New Vincennes-.Its Buildings and Public 
Improvements.. Churches. -The New Court House.. Country Tribu- 
tary to Vincennes 423 

CHAPTEE LII. 

VANDERBUKGH COUNTY — EVANSVILLE. 
Early Settlement of Evansville..The Town Plat.. Early Sale of Lots 
..Early Settlers.. Growth of the City.. Effects of the Internal Im- 
provement System.. Wabash and Erie Canal.. Advantages of the 
Civil War to Evansville.. Population.. Public Schools 430 

CHAPTEK LIII. 

PARKE COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Organization of the County.. Early Settlers.. Soil and Productions.. 
Coal Mines.. Rockville.. Educational 438 

CHAPTER LIY. 

JOHNSON COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Surface.. Soil and Productions. -Schools. .Franklin College.. Progress 
of the County 441 

CHAPTEE LY. 

WABASH COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Surface, Soil and Productions.. Early Settlers.. Indian Mill.. The 
Town of Wabash.. Past and Present.. The First Courts 445 

CHAPTEE LYI. 

ELKHART COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Organization of the County.. Early Settlement.. Goshen, its History 
and Present Importance. .Elkhart, Past and Present. .Soil and Pro- 
ductions 449 

CHAPTEE LYII. 

ST. JOSEPH COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE 
Surface, Soil and Productions.. The Kankakee Marshes.. Organization ^ 
of the County.. The County Seat.. Its First and Second Location.. 
The City of South Bend.. Its Greatness.. Notre Dame University.. 
St. Mary's Academy. .Public Schools.. Manufacturing 

CHAPTEE LYIII. 

MADISON COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Early Settlement.. Surface, Soil and Productions.. Organization of 
the County.. Indian Massacre. .Trial of Hudson. -Trial of Sawyer : 
Trial of Bridge. .The Execution.. Anderson ' 



CONTENTS. 33 

CRAPTEE LIX. 

COUNTY HISTORIES. 
Sullivan, Cla}', Owen, Greene, Lawrence and Jackson Counties.. His- 
torical and Descriptive 469 

CHAPTEK LX. 

WELLS COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Joseph Knox, tlie First Settler.. Early Settlers.. Their Trials, Priva- 
tions, etc.. .Organization of the County.. Bluffton 481 

CHAPTEK LXI. 

MONROE COUNTY — INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY. 
Soil and Productions.. Bloomington. .Indiana State University. .His- 
tory of the Institution.. The School of Mental, Moral and Political 
Philosophy.. The School of Natural Philosophy. The School of 
Natural Science. .The School of Mathematics.. The School of Greek 
Language and Literature.. The School of Civil Engineering.. The 
School of Latin Language and Literature. .English Literature and 
Elocution.. School of Modern Languages.. The Preparatory School 
..Geological.. Law School 485 

CHAPTEE LXII. 

HENRY COUNTY— HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Early Settlements. .Asahel Woodward. .Organization of the County.. 
Soil and Productions.. New Castle.. Knightstown 499 

CHAPTEK LXIII. 

CARROLL COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Earl}' Settlers.. Organization of the County.. List of Early Settlers. . 
Present Condition 502 

CHAPTEK LXIY. 

SWITZERLAND COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE.. 
First Settlements.. Colony of Swiss.. Hardships of the Early Settlers 
..Organization of the County. .Vevay 506 

CHAPTEK LXV. 

OHIO COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Surface, Soil and Productions.. Incidents in Pioneer Life.. Rising Sun §08 

CHAPTEK LXVI. 

BARTHOLOMEW COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

1 Organization of the County.. Surface, Soil and Productions.. Colum- 
1 bus. .Courts and Court Houses. .Early Railroads. .Present Condition 511 



34 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

CHArTER LXYII. 

FLOYD COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Surface, Soil and Productions.. New Albany, its Early History, Pro- 
gress, and Present Condition. .Scenery. .River Navigation.. Manu- 
facturing Interests.. Depauw College. ISt. Mary's Female Academy 
..Schools.. Morse Academy - 517 

CHAPTER LXYIII. 

CLARKE COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

The Illinois Land Grant. .Clarke and his Brave Virginian Rewarded 
..Surface, Soil, etc...Jettcrsonville, its Importance. .Manufacturing 
Interests.. Quartermaster's Depot. .Its Interests. -Schools, etc 525 

CHAPTER LXIX. 

SHELBY COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE 

Soil and Productions.. Organization of the County 531 

Clinton County 532 

Boone County 534 

CHAPTER LXX. 

HENDRICKS COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE 

Soil and Productions.. Early Settlements.. Progress 536 

Morgan County 537 

Scott County 539 

CHAPTER LXXI. 

WAYNE COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

Early Settlements.. The Friends.. Names of the Early Settlers.. Etc.. 543 

CHAPTER LXXII. 

WAYNE COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Organization of the County.. Fight over the County Seat.. Present 
Condition. -Growth.. Schools. .Earlham College 548 

CHAPTER LXXIII. 

JAY COUNTY— HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Early Settlers. -Privations and Hardsliips. -Organization of the Countj 
..First Courts. -Progress of the County 552 

CHAPTER LXXIV. 

PUTNAM COUNTY — ASBURY UNIVERSITY. 
Boil and Productions.. Greencastle.. Railroad Facilities.. The Asbury 
University.. Its Aims and Objects.. Its History. .The Law Depart- 



COKTENTS. 35 

ment.-The Course of Study. .The Endowment.. Various Adminis- 
trations 556 

CHAPTER LXXy. 

COUNTY HISTORIES. 

Adams County 567 

Blackford County. 568 

Benton County 569 

Brown County 570 

Crawford County 570 

Daviess County 571 

Dearborn County 572 

Decatur County 572 

DeKalb County 573 

Delaware County . 573 

Dubois County 574 

Payette County 575 

Fountain County 575 

Franklin County 576 

Fulton County 576 

Gibson County 577 

Grant County 578 

Hamilton County 578 

Hancock County 579 

Harrison County 579 

Jasper County 580 

Jefferson County .. 580 

Jenn ings Count}^ 581 

Kosciusko County 581 

La Grange County , 582 

Lake County 583 

La Porte County 583 

Marion County 584 

Marshall County 585 

Martm County 586 

Noble County 586 

Orange County 587 

Perry County 587 

Porter County 588 

Posey County 588 

Pulaski County 591 

Randolph County 591 

Ripley County 592 

Rush County 592 

Spencer County 593 

Steuben County 593 

Tipton County .... c^gj 



36 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Union County — 594 

Vermillion County 594 

Warren County - 594 

Warrick County 595 

Washington County - 595 

Wliite County 596 

Whitley County ^ 597 

Howanl County 597 

Stark County 597 

Miami County 598 

Newton County 601 

Pike County G02 

CHAPTER LXXVI. 

PRESENT AND FUTURE GREATNESS OF INDIANAPOLIS. 
Indianapolis, the Future Great City of the West.. Its Present Import- 
ance aud Future Growth 609 

CHAPTER LXXYII. 

PROGRESS OF THE GRANGE IN INDIANA. 
Extent of the Organization in the State. _Its History.. State Grange 
Officers.. Aims and Objects of the Order.. Good Results 63 1 

CHAPTER LXXYIII. 

THE GREAT WAGON AND CARRIAGE WORKS OF THE STU- 
DEBAKER BROTHERS MANUFACTURING COMPANY, AT 
SOUTH BEND, ST. JOSEPH COUNTY, INDIANA. 

Early Beginning.. History of the Firm.. Description of Buildings.. 
Fire of 1872.. Rebuilt.. Fire of 1874.. Description of New Building 
..Statistics of Products 639 

THE BASS FOUNDRY AND MACHINK WORKS OF FORT WAYNE, IND. 

Description of Works.. Personnel of the Firm.. Works in Chicago 
and St. Louis.. Products 644 

CHAPTER LXXIX. 

THE NEWSPAPER PRESS OF INDIANA. 

Press of Indiana 722 

Newspaper Directory of Indiana — 723 

Organization of Counties 603 



INDEX 



TO 



HISTORIES OF COUNTIES. 



Adams ^^7 

Allen 353 

Bartholomew 51i 

Benton 569 

Blackford 508 

Boone 534 

BI•o^vn 570 

Carroll 502 

Cass 392 

Clarke 525 

Clay 472 

Clinton 532 

Crawford ...• 570 

Daviess 571 

Dearborn 572 

Decatur 572 

De Kalb 573 

Delaware 573 

Dubois 574 

Elkhart 449 

Fayette 575 

Floyd 517 

Fountain 575 

Franklin ^^g 

Fulton 576 

Gibson 577 

Grant 

Greene 

Hamilton 

Hancock 

Harrison 

Hendricks 

Henry 

Howard 

Huntington 

Jackson ^°° 

Jasper ^'^ 

Jay ^80 

JetTersoQ '^^^ 

Jennings . 580 

Johnson 581 

Knox 441 

Kosciusko 423 

La Grange 581 

Lake 582 

La Porte 683 

683 



578 
475 
578 
579 
579 
538 
499 
597 



(37) 



Lawrence ^/h 

Madison "^59 

Marion 584 

Marshall 585 

Martin 586 

Miami 598 

Monroe 485 

Montgomery 4n 

Morgan 537 

Newton 601 

Noble 586 

Orange 587 

Ohio 508 

Owen 474 

Parke 43.S 

Perry . 587 

Pike 602 

Porter 588 

Posey 588 

Pulaski 591 

Putnam 556 

Randolph 591 

Ripley 592 

Rush 592 

Scott . . 5;^vj 

Shelby 530 

Spencer ._ 55)3 

Starke 597 

St. Joseph 452 

Steuben 59^^ 

Sullivan ^g,, 

Switzerland ^qJ; 

Tippecanoe .:{q,, 

Tipton ;^,^ 

Union r^;,^ 

Vanderburgh \U^^ 

Vermillion 

Vigo 

Wabash . ... 

Warren TT, 

Warrick ^^* 

Washington 59-> 

Wayne 59o 

Wells 54.i 

White 481 

Whitley 596 

o97 



594 
41h 



INDEX TO APPENDIX. 



The Eighteen Presidents of the United States and their Original Cabi 

nets 55 

Signers of the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776 go 

Army Statistics 53 

Organization of the Army 58 

Pay of the Army per year • 58 

Cost of the four U. S. Wars 58 

War Statistics of the U. S 59 

Sixteen American Wars 69 

Troops Furnished by the States for the War of the Rebellion 59 

Number of Killed, Wounded and Died during the War of the Rebellion 59 

Salaries of the Principal Government Officials o7 

Post Office Directory of Indiana 736 

Geographical Position of County Seats of Indiana, from Indianapolis, 

Chicago and Cincinnati 744 

Population by Counties for 1860 and 1870, and Per Cent. Gain 74G 

Per Cent. Increase in Population of the States, from 1860 to 1870, and 

tlieir Area in Square Miles Compared 747 

Population of Principal Cities in the U. S., and Per Cent. Gain 748 

Statistics of Population 748 

Growth of Railroads in U. S 749 

Railroads of Indiana 749 

Admission, Area, and Increase in Population of States, from 1790 to 

1870 751 

Statistics of Manufactures of TJ. S 752 

State Governments 751 

Salaries of State Governors 754 

Time of Holding State Elections 754 

Assembling of State Legislatures .- 754 

Apportionment of Congressmen 754 

'^tmstitulion of tlie State of Indiana 755 

Acts of the Legislature of Virginia , 776, 778 

Acts of Congress 779, 785, 786, 787, 788, 790, 794 

Ordinance Territorial Convention 794 

(88) 



PIONEEE LIFE IN INDIANA. 



The settlement of a new country is one of the most interest- 
ing phases of national history; and this fact applies with pecu- 
liar force to this country and to this State. At the beginning 
of the eighteenth century, Indiana was a wilderness, broken 
only by the lakes and rivers, and small prairies, and curious 
tumuli, that now form the distinguishing physical and anti- 
quarian features of a great and prosperous civilized agricul- 
tural State. Ilere and there, along the banks of the rivers, 
and by the side of the placid lakes, were clustered the rude 
huts and wigwams of the uncultured natives. These scenes 
of savage life were now and then interspersed with the rude 
huts of the French fur-traders, and perhaps now and then a 
small block -house, intended for the storage and defence of pelt- 
ries; but even these better features presented few traces of 
civilization, and afforded only a rude hospitality to the wan- 
derino: Eno-lish or American trader who ventured into the 
Territory. 

The Indian tribes still cherished unpleasant recollections of 
the Old French War; and, having just emerged from a bitter 
participation in the Revolutionary struggle, they were greatly 
confused with the conflicting currents of civilized policy. 
Why the " Eed-coats," after reducing Canada, and conquering 
the French, should, in so short a period, precipitate a bioodj 

(39) 



40 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



war among themselves, was a question tliat the savage mind 
could solve only by attributing base treachery to the English 
character. The red men of the North-west had been urged to 
join the British against the French in 1750; but, for the most 
part, they refused, preferring to stand by the arms of their old 
"French father," of wliose treatment they had little or no 
cause for complaint. However, when Major Kogers marched 
the British forces into the lake-region, when all Canada was 
ceded to the enemy, the Indian half regretted his choice in the 




THE PIONEER PROSrECTING. 

conflict, and murmured because he was not on the side of the 
victorious party. At this juncture, had the English policy 
been properly guarded, the lasting friendship of the natives 
would have been easily attained. But insolence was the dis- 
tinguishing feature of the treatment which the English 
extended to the Indians in the North-west; and Indian hatred 
and savage revenge were its legitimate products. When the 
Rovolutionary war burst upon the infant colonies, the natives 
were unable to discover the difference between one Englishman 



HONEER LIFE. 41 

and another, or to determine clearly the causes that led to their 
separation; and regarding them all as a treacherous, insolent 
people, they became a ready tool in the hands of designing 
Frenchmen, who sought to revenge themselves upon the Eng- 
lish for the losses of 1760, for which the bitter struggle between 
the British colonies and the mother-country afforded them an 
opportunity. At the close of this war, as at the close of the 
struggle of 1760, they found themselves, for the most part, on 
the side of the lost cause. There was a difference, however; 




THE JOUBNEY FEOM CIVILIZATION TO THE FOREST HOME. 

and that difference was in their favor. Canada still remained 
true to the British flag; and beneath that flag the North- 
western Indians not only found protection, but sympathy, — • 
material sympathy. As a reward for their services on the 
battle-field, they were given rum, tobacco, blankets and powder, 
but not as a reward for their deeds only. These gifts were 
intended to keep alive a revenge against the Americans. The 
few remaining Frenchmen, for whom the natives of 1776 held 
a profound respect, aided largely in perpetuating this feeling 



43 HISTOET OF INDIANA. 

of revenge. Hence in 1812, when the final contest came, many 
of the tribes of the lake-region stood ready to lift the hatchet 
in behalf of the enemy of our Independence. At the close ot 
this war, the red men were in a similar position to that occu- 
pied by them at the termination of all civilized wars in which 
they engaged, — on the side of the defeated party, supporting a 
lost cause. The feeling of disappointment consequent upon 
this unfortunate situation was aroused to enmity and hatred at 
the prospect of losing their best hunting grounds; for, ever 
since the American colonist crossed the Ohio, his rude cabin 
was marching north and west, toward the rich agricultural 
regions of the Great Lakes. Such were the feelings of the 
natives of Indiana in 1800, when the American colonist was 
attracted hither by the rich soil, giant forests of good timber, 
excellent climate, and beautiful scenery of the Territory; and 
such the causes that led to this enmity and suspicion. 

Thus it was when the American pioneer, with his wife and 
family, entered the unbroken forests of Indiana. The Indian 
beheld his approach with feelings of mingled fear and revenge. 
The sound of his axe fell ominously upon the savage ear; and 
all his actions were signals of the rapidly -approaching ruin of 
the Indian race. In the midst of these forebodings, the elo- 
quent speeches of the great Pontiac, the true champion of 
ladian rights, and the chief of native warriors, came up in his 
memory iVom tlie clashing struggle of 1763 in all their gran- 
deur: "The red men will be driven into ruin and death, and 
the Englishman's corn will wave in triumph over his decaying 
bones." 

But the memory of these speeches now serve a futile warn- 
ing. The red man's hands are tied. His cause is lost; his 
inheritance has become the possession of a relentless enemy; 
he has fallen blighted by civilization; and he remains only to 
bid adieu to the home of his fathers, and, perchance, to work 



PIONEER LIFE. 



43 



a secret vengeance upon a few of his conquerors. His career 
is almost, yet not wholly, ended. The unprotected pioneer 
must feel the sharp, keen death-pain of the scalping-knife. 
The anxious mother and innocent children must fall, in their 
rude cabin-home, beneath the merciless tomahawk. A few 
trembling souls must be carried into a barbarous captivity. 
In short, the red man must characterize his departure from a 
miserable existence by a wretched revenge. 

But in the face of all the dangers, and sometimes in si^t 




BUILUINU THE CABIN-HOME. 

of these horrible deaths, or thrice horrible tortures, the pioneer 
of Indiana pressed forward. With his faithful gun as a pro- 
tector, and his axe as an implement of industry, he went forth 
to do battle with the forest. 

And now let us glance at the pioneers of Indiana in the 
different phases of their experience, and in the beauty and 
simplicity of their character. The journey from civilization to 
the forest-home was not among the least of their ditficulties. 
The route lay, for the most part, through a rough country. 



44 



HISTOEY OF INDIANA. 



Swamps and marshes were crossed with great exertion and 
fatigue; rivers were forded with difficulty and danger; forests 
were penetrated with risk of captivity by hostile Indians; 
nights were passed in open prairies, with the sod for a couch 
and the heavens for a shelter; long, weary days and weeks of 
tiresome travel were endured. Perchance the mother and child 
were seated in a rough farm-wagon, while the father walked 
by the side of his faithful team, urging them over the uneven 
gj-ound. But they were not always blessed with this means of 




THE riONEER AND HIS HOME. 



transportation. And, in the best cases, the journey westward 
was a tedious, tiresome, dangerous one. Often the children 
sickened by the way, and anxious parents worried over them 
in a rude camp, until relieved either by returning health or by 
death. If the latter, a father would be compelled to dig the 
grave for the body of his own child in a lonely forest. Who 
shall describe the burial-scene when parents are the only 
mourners? This is a subject only for contemplation. After a 



PIONEER LIFE. 45 

few sad days, the bereaved ones take up tlie journey, leaving 
only a little fresh mound to mark the sacred spot. 

But these incidents were not frequent. Generally the pio- 
neers were blessed with good health, and enabled to overcome 
the privations of forest-travel. At night they slept in their 
wagon, or upon the grass ; while the mules, hobbled to pre- 
vent escape, grazed the prairie around them. But the toils 
and dangers of the pioneer were not ended with the termina- 
tion of his journey. Perchance the cabin is yet existing only 
in the surrounding trees. But he never falters. The forest 
bows beneath his axe; and, as log after log is placed one upon the 
other, his situation becomes more cheerful. Already the anx- 
ious mother has pointed out the corner for the rude chimney, 
and designated her choice in tlie location of the door and win- 
dow. The cabin grows day by day; and at length it is fin- 
ished, and the family enter their home. It is not a model 
home; but it is the beginning of a great prosperity, and as 
such is worthy of preservation in history, on account of its 
obscurity and its severe economy. But it was a home, not- 
withstanding; and I venture the observation, that with all its 
lack of comforts, with all its pinching poverty, with all its isola- 
tion and danger, it was often a happy home; and perhaps its 
growth, in this respect, is not among the greatest of its accom- 
plishments; yet, after all, it has become happier, as well as 
wealthier. 

Kext to building the cabin-home came the work of prepar- 
ing the soil for agricultural purposes. This was a work of no 
ordinary magnitude. For miles in every direction, the eye of 
the pioneer met only a dense forest, broken here and there by 
rivers and creeks and small lakes. Dams must be constructed, 
and mills erected on these streams; and the forest must be 
cleared away to make room for the cornfield. For the accom- 
plishment of these ends, the pioneer prepares his axe, and day 



46 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

after day he toils on. Tree after tree bows its lofty top. Log 
after log is rolled into the stream. Through many a long, 
dreary winter has the early settler pursued these elementary 
branches of industry. Oft has he eaten a cold dinner in a 
stormy winter's day, with only a log to serve the double pur- 
pose of a chair and table; but, endowed with a spirit of enter- 
prise that knows no faltering, he toiled steadily on. 

Spring comes, and he goes forth to prepare the patch of 
ground for the planter. The team is ready. The father takes 




riONEKR PLOUGHING. 

his post at the plow; and the daughter takes possession of the 
reins. This is a grand scene, — one full of grace and beauty. 
This pioneer girl thinks but little of fine dress; knows less of 
the fashions; has possibly heard of the opera, but does not 
understand its meaning; has been told of the piano, but hai 
never seen one; wears a dress "buttoned up behind;" has on 
leather boots, and " drives plow " for her father. But her sit- 
uation has changed. To-day she sits in the parlor of her 
grandson, whose wife keeps house through the proxy of one or 



PIONEER LIFE. 



47 



two servants, and whose daughters are Hinging their nimble, 
delicate fingers over the white keys of a charming Chickering 
piano, filling the home with a melody that has but few charms 
for the plain old grandmother. Her mind runs back to the 
cornfield, to the cabin-home, to the wash-tub by the running 
brook, to the spinning-wheel, to toil and danger; and well 
may she exclaim, " Oh, wondrous progress ! my lite is but a 
dream." Truly our pioneer mothers were hard-working, 
honest-thinking women. Our highest praise is but a poor 
tribute to their worth. 




PIONEER HARVESTING. 



The character of the pioneers of Indiana is properly within 
our range. They lived in a region of exuberant fertility, 
where nature had scattered her blessings with a liberal hand. 
Their liberties, the vastness of their inheritance, — its giant 
forests, its broad prairies, its numerous rivers, — the many 
improvements constantly going forward, and the bright pros- 
pect for a glorious future in everything that renders life pleas- 
ant, combined to deeply impress their character, to give them 



m 



mSTORY OF INDIANA. 



a spirit of enterprise, an independence of feeling, and a jojous- 
ness of Iiope. They were a thorough combination and mix- 
ture of all nations,, characters, languages, conditions, and opin- 
ions. There was scarcely a nation in Europe, or a State in the 
Union, that was not represented among the early settlers. 
The much greater proportion of the emigrants from Europe 
were of the humbler classes, who came here from hunger, 
poverty and oppression. They found themselves here the "joy 
ot ship- wrecked mariners, cast on the untenanted woods, and 




WASHING DAY. 

instantly became cheered with the hope of being able to build 
up a family and a fortune from new elements." The Puritan 
and the Planter, the German, the Briton, the Frenchman, the 
Irishman, the Swede, the Dane, and the Hollander, — each 
with liis peculiar prejudices and local attachments, and all the 
complicated and interwoven tissue of sentiments, feelings, and 
thoughts that country, kindred, and home have, — settled down 
beside and with each other. All now form one society. " Men 
must cleave to their kind, and must be dependent upon each 



PIONEER LIFE. 



49 



other. Pride and jealousy give way to the natural yearninp^s 
of the human heart for society. They begin to rub off mutual 
prejudices; one takes a step, and then the other; they meet 
half-way, and embrace: and the society thus newly organized 
and constituted is more liberal, enlarged, unprejudiced, and, cf 
course, more affectionate, than a society of people of like birth 
and character, who bring all their early prejudices as a com- 
mon stock, to be transmitted as an inheritance to posterity.'^ 
The rough, sturdy, and simple habits cf tho Gtxly pioneer cf 




PLANTING COKN. 



Indiana, living in that plenty which depends only upor. Go'*. 
and nature, have laid broad the foundation of independent 
thought and feeling. 

The weddiDg was an attractiv^e feature of pioneer life. For 
a long time after the first settlement of the Territory, the 
people married young. There was no distinction of rank, and 
very little of fortune. On these accounts, the first impression 
of love generally resulted in marriage. The family establish- 
ment cost but little labor — nothing more. A description of 
4 



60 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



a wedding in the olden time will serve to show the progress 
made in society, as well as pieserve an important phase of 
Jiistorj. The marriage was always celebrated at the house of 
the bride; and she was generally left to choose the officiating 
clergyman. A wedding, however, engaged the attention of 
the whole neighborhood. It was anticipated by both old and 
young with eager expectation. In the morning of the wed- 
ding day the groom and his intimate friends assembled at the 
house of his fjither, and, after due preparation, departed, eih 




GOING TO MUX. 



masse, for the " mansion " of his bride. The journey was 
sometimes made on horseback, sometimes on foot, and some- 
times in farm wagons or carts. It was always a merry jour- 
ney; and, to insure merriment, the t)ottle was taken along. 
On reaching the house of the bride, the marriage ceremony 
took place; and then dinner or supper was served. After the 
meal, the dancing commenced, and generally lasted till the 
following morning. The figures of the dances were tiiree and 
four handed reels, or square sets and jigs. The commence- 



PIONEER LIFE. 



51 



ment was always a square four, which was followed by what 
the pioneers called "jigging-; " tliat is, two of the four would 
single out for a jig, and were followed by the remaining couple. 
The jigs were often accompanied with what was called " cut- 
ting out; " that is, when either of the parties became tired of 
the dance, on intimation, the place was supplied by some one 
of the company, without any interruption of the dance. In 
this way the reel was often continued until the musician was 
exhausted. 




THE INDUSTRIOUS PIONEER MOTHKlt. 

About nine or ten o'clock in the evening, a deputation of 
young ladies stole off the bride, and put her to bed. In 
doing this, they had to ascend a ladder from the kitchen to the 
upper floor, which was composed of loose boards. Here, in 
this pioneer bridal chamber, the young, simple-hearted girl 
was put to bed by her enthusiastic friends. This done, a 
deputation of young men escorted the groom to the same 
apartment, and placed him snugly by the side of his bride. 
The dance still continued; and if seats were scarce, which was 



62 



HISTOEY OF INDIANA. 



generally the case, " every young man, when not engaged in 
the dance, was obliged to offer his lap as a seat for one of the 
girls; and the offer was sure to be accepted." During the 
night's festivities, spirits were freely used, but seldom to great 
excess. The infair was held on the following evening, when 
the same order of exercises was observed. 

The " bee " was another distinguishing and interesting fea- 
ture of pioneer life. The first settlers were alone, and had to 
build their cabins as best they could ; but, when the people 




THE PIONEEE SCHOOL HOUSE. 

were sufficiently numerous, the cabin was nearly always raised 
by a " bee," or " frolic." The latter is a very old but signifi- 
cant term. We will now suppose tha^ a youno- couple ha? 
been married. They are about to settle down on their own 
account. A spot is selected on a piece of land for their habi- 
tation. A day is appointed for the commencement of ths 
building of their cabin. The fatigue party, consisting of the 
choppers, fells the trees, and cuts them in proper lengths. 
This done, a man with a team hvsah them to the place, and 



PIONEER LIFE. 



53 



arranges them properly assorted. Another party selects the 
proper materials for the roof; and still another prepares the 
puncheons for the floor. The materials all on the ground, the 
raising takes place. The first thing to be done is the election 
of four corner men, whose business it is to notch and place 
the logs. The rest of the company do the lifting. The cabin 
being finished, it was generally " warmed " by a good " break- 
down," or dance. With the use of liquor, these " warmings " 
were always full of spirit and hilarity. 




PIONEER WOODSMEN AT DINNER. 

Going to mill was quite an undertaking with the pioneer. 
It was, perhaps, two or three days' journey to the mill, more 
or less, in proportion to the situation and growth of the neigh- 
borhood. Sometimes a pair of oxen, attached to a two-wheeled 
cart, carried the farmer and his grain on this journey; but 
frequently he went on horseback, with the bag of grain across 
the horse's back, before him. This was a tedious way of 
transporting grain to the mill; but his return was anxiously 
waited for by mother and children, all sufiering, it may be, 



64 HISTORY OF mUlASA. 

from the scarcity of flour. There are some recollections of 
"going to mill " that bring with them vivid pictures of weary, 
watchful nights, when the father did not return as promised 
and expected, being delayed either by the number of " grists " 
before him, or the impassable condition of the roads, or 
" traces." Those were the dismal, desolate phases of pioneer 
life, when the darkness closed in upon the anxious mother and 
crying children; when the winds beat upon the rude cabin, 
bringing to their ears unwelcome sounds, laden with the dying 
howls of starving wolves; when hunger pressed heavily upon 
helpless women and children. 

The years passed on, and the pioneers continued their toils, 
submitted patiently to their hardships, until the light of civil- 
ization and prosperity dawned upon them in open cornfields, 
waving in harvest luxury, or in neat, comfortable dwellings, 
that were raised by the side of the cabin homes. But this 
dawn is rapidly approaching the high noon of prosperity. In 
place of the ever- winding " trace," the iron rail may now be 
seen, and for the old-fashioned two-wheeled cart we have the 
powerful locomotive. The scene has been completely changed. 
The forests have disappeared, or are rapidly disappearing, and 
being supplanted by cultivated fields. On every hand we may 
behold evidences of this great transformation. Let us thank 
God and praise the pioneers of Indiana for what has been 
accomplished, and, having the promises already fulfilled in our 
eyes, continue in the industry and perseverance for which we 
have had so glorious an example. 



GENERAL STATICTICS. 55 

THE NINETEEN PEESIDENTS OF THE UNITED 
STATES AND THEIK ORIGINAL CABINETS. 

George Washington, Va., boru Fcbruaiy 22, 1732, inaugurated 1789, 
aged 57, served 8 years, died December 14, 1799, aged G7; Thomas Jeflcr- 
son, Va., Secretary of State; Alexander Hamilton, N. Y., Secretary of the 
Treasury ; Henry Knox, Mass., Secretary of War ; Samuel Osgood, Mass., 
Postmaster General. 

John Adams, Mass., born October 30, 1735, inaugurated 1797, aged 02, 
served 4 years, died July 4, 182G, aged 91; Timothy Pickering, Mass., Sec- 
retary of State; Oliver Woolcot, Ct., Secretary of Treasury; Jas. McHenryi 
Md., Secretary of AVar; George Cabat, Mass., Secretary of Navy; Joseph 
Habersham, Ga., Postmaster General. 

Thomas JetTerson, Va., born April 2, 1743, inaugurated 1801, aged 58, 
served 8 years, died July 4, 182G, aged 83; Jas. Madison, Va., Secretary of 
State; Samuel Dexter, Jlass., Secretary of Treasury; Henry Dearborn, 
Mass., Secretary of AVar ; Benjamin Stoddard, Mass., Secretary of Navy; 
Joseph Habersham, Ga., Postmaster General. 

James Madison, Va., born March 16, 1751, inaugurated 1809, aged 58, 
served 8 years, died June 28, 183G, aged 85 ; Robert Smith, Md., Secretary 
of State; Albert Gallatin, Pa., Secretary of Treasury; \Vm. Eustis, Mass., 
Secretary of AVar; Paul Hamilton, S. C, Secretary of Navy ; Gideon Gran- 
ger, Ct., Postmaster General. 

James ]\[onroe, Va., born April 2, 1759, inaugurated 1817, aged 59, served 
8 years, died July 4, 1831, aged 73; John Q. Adams, ]\Iass., Secretary of 
StatQ; AVm. H. Crawford, Ga., Secretary of Treasury; John C. Calhoun, 8. 
C, Secretary of AVar, J^enj. W. Crowninshield, Mass., Secretary of Navy; 
Return J. Meigs, Ohio, Postmaster General. 

John Q. Adams, Mass., born July 11, 17G7, inaugurated 1825, aged 58, 
sei-ved 4 years, died February 23, 1848, aged 81 years; Henry Clay, Ky., 
Secretary of State ; Richard Rush, Pa., Secretary of Treasury; Jas. Bar- 
bour, Va., Socretarj' of War; Samuel L. Southard, N. J., Secretary of Navy; 
John IMcClean, Ohio, Postmaster General. 

Andrew Jackson, S. C, born March 15, 17G7, inaugurated 1829, aged 63, 
served 8 years, died June 8, 1845, aged 78 years; Martin VanBuren, N. Y., 
Secretary of State ; Samuel D. Ingham, Pa., Secretary of Treasury ; John 
H. Eaton, Tenn., Secretary of AVar; John Branch, N. C, Secretary of 
Nifvy ; Wm. T. Barny, Ky., Postmaster General. 

Martin VanBuren, N. Y., born December 5, 1782, inaugurated 1837, aged 
55, served 4 years, died December 27, 1862, aged 80 years; John Forsyth, 
Ga., Secretary of State; Levi Woodbury, N. H., Secretary of Treasury; 
Joel R. Poinsett, S. C, Secretary of War; Mahlon Dickerson, N. J., Secre- 
tary of Navy; Amos Kendall, Ky., Postmaster General. 

William Henry Harrison, Va., born February 9, 1773. inaugurated 1841, 
aged 68, served 1 month, died April 4, 1841, aged 68 years; Daniel Webster, 
Mass., Secretary of State ; Thomas Ewing, Ohio, Secretary of Treasury; 



56 HISTOET OF INDIAKA. 

John Bell, Tenn., Secretary of War; Geo. E. Badger, N. C, Secretary of 
Navy; Francis Granger, N. Y., Postmaster General. 

John Tyler, Va., born March 20, 1790, inaugurated 1841, aged 51, served 
4 years, died January 17, 18G2, aged 72 years; Daniel Webster, Mass., Sec- 
retary of State; Walter Foward, Pa., Secretary of Treasury; John C. Spen- 
cer, N. Y., Secretary of War; Abel P. Upser, Va., Secretary of Navy; 
Chas. A. Wickliffe, Ky., Postmaster General. 

James K. Polk, N. C, born November 2, 1795, inaugurated 1845, aged 50, 
sensed 4 years, died June 15, 1849, aged 54; James Buchanan, Pa., Secre- 
tary of State; Robert J. Walker, ]\Iiss., Secretary of Treasury; Wm. J. 
Marcy, N. Y., Secretary of War; George Bancroft, Mass., Secretary of 
Navy; Cave Johnson, Tenn., Postmaster General. 

Zachary Taylor, Va., born November 24, 1790, inaugurated 1849, aged 
65, served 1 year, died July 9, 1850, aged 66 years: John M. Clayton, Del., 
Secretarj- of State; Wm. M. Meredith, Pa., Secretary of Treasury; George 
W. Crawford, Ga., Secretary of War; Wm. B. Preston, Va., Secretary of 
Navy; Jacob Collamer, Vt., Postmaster General. 

I^Iillard Filmore, N. Y., born May 7, 1800, inaugurated 1850, aged 50, 
served 3 years, died March 8, 1874, aged 74 years; Daniel Webster, ]\Iass., 
Secretary of State; Thos. Corwin, Ohio, Secretary of Treasury: Chas. M. 
Conrad, La., Secretary of War; Wm. A. Graham, N. C, Secretary of Navy; 
Nathan K. Hall, N. Y., Postmaster General. 

Franklin Pierce, N. H., born November 23, 1804, inaugurated 1853, aged 
49, served 4 years, died October 8, 1868, aged 65 years; AVm. L. Marcy, 
N. Y., Secretary of State; Jas. Guthrie, Ky., Secretary of Treasury; Jef- 
ferson Davis, Miss., Secretar}^ of War; Jas. C. Dobbin, N. C, Secretary of 
Navy; Jas. Campbell, Pa., Postmaster General. 

James Buchanan, Pa., born April 23, 1791, inaugurated 1857, aged 66, 
served 4 years, died June 1, 18G8, aged 77 years; Lewis Cass, Mich., Secre- 
tary of State; Howell Cobb, Ga., Secretary of Treasury ; John B.Floyd, 
Va., Secretary of War ; Isaac Toucey, Ct., Secretary of Navy ; Aaron V. 
Brown, Tenn., Postmaster General. 

Abraham Lincoln Ky., born February 13, 1809, inaugurated 1861, aged 
52, served 4 years, died April 15, 1865, aged 56 years; Wm. H. Seward, N. Y., 
Secretary of State; Salmon P. Chase, Ohio, Secretary of Treasury; Simon 
Cameron, Pa., Secretary of War; Gideon Wells, Ct., Secretary of Navy; 
Montgomery Blair, ]\Io., Postmaster General. 

Andrew Johnson, N. C, born December 29, 1808, inaugurated 1805, aged 
57, served 4 years; Wm. H. Seward, N. Y., Secretary of Slate; Hugh Mc- 
CuUough, Secretary of Treasury ; Edwin ]\I. Stanton. Pa., Secretary of War ; 
Gideon Wells, Ct., Secretary of Navy ; Wm. Dennison, Ohio, Postmaster 
General. 

Ulyssus S. Grant, Ohio, born April 27, 1822, inaugurated 18G9, aged 47; 
Hamilton Fish, N. Y., Secretary of State ; George S. Boutwell, Mass., Sec- 
retary of Treasury; John A. Rawlins, 111., Secretary of War; Adolph E. 
Borie, Pa., Secretary of Navy; John A. J. Creswell, Md., Postmaster 
(general. 



GENERAL STATISTICS. 57 

Rutherford B. Hayes, born October, 1822, inaugurated 1877; Wm. M. 
Evarts, N. Y., Secretary of State; John Sherman, Ohio, Secretary 
of Treasury; Geo. W. McCrary, Iowa, Secretary of War; Richard W. 
Thompson, Indiana, Sacretary of Navy; David M. Key, Tenn., Poet 
Master General; Carl Schurz, Secretary of Interior. 

SALAKIES OF THE PRINCIPAL GOYEENMENT 
OFFICIALS. 

The following indicates the increase in the salaries of government offl 
cials made by vote of congress March third, 1878, and popularly deuomi 
Dated the " Salary Grab Bill." 

Former. Increase. 

President $25,000 $50,000 

Vice-President, Speaker of House, and eight Justices, each 8,000 10,000 
Chief Justice 8,500 10,500 

Seven ]\Icmbers of the Cabinet ..each 8,000 10,000 

292 Congressmen, 7(jyeiiuiuifeaii>i 8 lernt .lial Dels., each 5,000 7,500 
First and Second Ass't Sec'y of State and of Treasury, each 3,500 6,000 

Supervising Architect 4,000 5,000 

Commissioners of Customs, Indian affairs. Pensions, Land 

office and Agriculture 3,000 4,000 

Solicitor of tlie Treasury 3,000 4,000 

First and Second Postmaster Generals and Superintendent 

Foreign Mails each 3,000 4,000 

First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Auditors, each 3,000 4,000 

The increase in the salaries of the representativea and senators, except 
the speaker of the house and the congressional employes, was dated back 
two years, and made to begin March fourth, 1871. The whole amount of 
the increase is about $1,500,000 a year. 

Congress passed an act, approved January twentieth, 1874, repealing the 
"Salary Grab Bill," except as relates to the president and the justices of 
the supreme court; Promded that mileage shall not be allowed for the first 
session of the forty-third congress, that all moneys appropriated as com- 
pensation to the members of the forty-second congress in excess of the 
mileage and allowances fixed by law at the commencement of said con- 
gress, and which shall not have beeji drawn by the members respectively 
or which having been drawn have been returned in any form to the United 
States, are hereby covered into the treasury of the United States, and are 
declared to be the moneys of the United States absolutely, the same as if 
they had never been appropriated as aforesaid. 



NoTB.— For the want of room in the Appendix, and having extra room immediately 
before Chapter I, we have placed a few pages of the Appendix in the fore part of thij 
work. 



58 mSTOEY OF INDIANA. 

John Penn Virginia 1741 Lawyer. 

Thomas Lynch St. Georges, S. C 1749. Lawyer. 

Thomas Hey ward St. Lukes, S. C 1749 Lawyer. 

Richard H. Lee Stratford, Va 1732 Soldier. 

Caesar Rodney Dover, Del 1730 Lawyer. 

William Piisca .Maryland 1740 Lawyer. 

George Read Maryland 1734 Lawyer. 

Samuel Chase ]\Iaryland 1741 Lawyer. 

Oliver Wolcott Windsor, Conn 173G Physician. 

William Ellery Newport, R. 1 1727 Lawyer. 

William AVilliams Lebanon, Conn 1731 Politician. 

Francis Lewis LlaudatT, Wales 1713 Merchant 

William Floyd Long Island, N. Y 1734 Farmer. 



AEMY STATISTICS. 

General Officers of the ARirr. — General, William T. Sherman, in 
command; Lieutenant-General, Philip H.Sheridan; Major-Generals, Win- 
field S. Hancock, J M. Schoficld and Irwin McDowell; Brigadier-Gener- 
als, Pl)ilip S. G. Cook, John Pope, Oliver O. Howard, Alfred H. Terry, E. 
O. C. Ord, Christopher C. Auger. 

Organization of the Army. — Generals, 1 ; Lieutenant-Generals, 1 ; 
Major-Generals, 3; Brigadier-Generals, 6; Adjutant, Quartermaster, Com- 
missary and Surgeon Generals, with their subordinates' Engineers, 300; 
Cavalry, 10,000; Artillery, 3,035; Infantry, 15,000; Indian scouts, 1,000; 
Quartermaster's department, 2,500. Total number of enlisted men and 
attaches for which rations can be used, under act of Congress, July 15, 
1870, 35,284. 

Pay op the Army, per Year. — General, f 10,G02; Lieutenant-General, 
$8,072; Major-Generals, $5,G72; Brigadier-Generals, |3,918; Colonels of 
Engineers, Ordinance and Cavalry, |2,724; Lieutenant-Colonels, $2,436; 
Majors, $2,148; Captains, $1,650; Lieutenants, $1,449.96; CqIoucIs of 
Infantry, $2,544; Lieutenant-Colonels, $2,156; Majors, $2,028; Captains, 
$1,530; FirstrLieutenants, $1,410; Second-Lieutenants, $1,350; Chief Signal 
officer, $2,724; Chaplains, $1,416. 

There are fifteen military geographical divisions and departments, and 
twenty-five armories and arsenals in the United States. 

COST OF THE FOUR UNITED STATES WAES. 

Revolutionary war, seven years $ 135,163,703 

War of 1812, two and a half years 107,159,003 

Mexican war, two years 66.000,000 

War of the Rebellion, four years over 3,000,000,000 

Aggregate $3,308,352,706 



GENERAL STATISTICS. 59 

WAK STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Since the organization of the Federal Government eleven attempts have 
been made against its authority. 1st, Conspiracy of a few federal army 
officers, in 1782, to combine the original thirteen states into one, and place 
Washington in supreme command. 2d, Shay's insurrection in JMassachu- 
setts, in 1787. 3d, Whisky insurrection of Pennsylvania, in 1794. 4lli, By the 
Hartford convention, in 1814. 5th, In 1820, on the question of the admis- 
sion of Missouri into the Union. Gth, Collision between the Legislature 
of Georgia and the Government in regard to the lands given to the Creek 
Indians. 7th, lu 1830, with the Cherokees in Georgia. 8th, Was the 
infamous nullifying ordinance of South Carolina in 1832. 9th, In 1842, 
between the sutt'rage association of Khode Island and the State author!- 
ties. 10th, On the part of the JMormons in Utah, in 185G, who resisted the 
authorities of the Government; and the 11th was the late war of the 
llebellion. 

In the Revolutionary war the original thirteen States furnished troops 
for the army as follows: Dclewarc, 2,386; Georgia, 2,679; Rliode Island, 
5,908; South Carolina, 6,417; North Carolina, 7,263; New Jersey, 10,726; 
New Hamshire, 12,497; Maryland, 13,912; New York, 17,781; Pcnnsylva- 
nia, 25,678; "Virginia, 26,728; Connecticut, 31,939; Massachusetts, 67,907. 
Total, 231,791. 

SIXTEEN AMERICAN WAES. 

Dutch 1673 Tecumseh 1811 

King Philip's 1675 War of 1812 

King William's 1689 Algerine Pirates 1815 

Queen Anna's 1744 First Seminole 1817 

French and Indian 1753 Second Seminole 1845 

American Revolution 1775 Black Hawk 1833 

Indian 1790 Mexican 1846 

Barbary 1803 Southern Rebellion 1861 

TROOPS FURNISHED BY THE STATES FOR THE UNITED 
STATES DURING THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 

There was enlisted for the three months service 191,985 men ; six months, 
19,076 men; nine months, 87,558 men ; one year service, 394,959 men; two 
years, 43,113; three years, 1,950,792 men, and for the four years service 
1,040 men. Total, 2,688,523 men. But as many of these re-enlisted, it is 
safe to say that there were 1,500,000 men enlisted and served in the war for 
the Union from 1861 to 1865. Of this number 56,000 were killed in battie, 
35,000 died of wounds, and 184,000 died in hospitals of diseases. 



60 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



SIGNEES OF THE DECLAEATION OF INDEPEND- 
ENCE, JULY 4, 1776. 

PLACE AND DATE OF BIRTH AND PROFESSION. 

Jotn Hancock Braintree, Mass.. 1737 .Merchant. 

Samuel Adams Boston, Mars 1722 Merchant, 

John Adams Quiucy, Mass 1735 Lawyer. 

Thomas Jefferson Shadwell, Va 1743 Lawyer. 

Benjamin Franklin .Boston, Mass 1755 Printer. 

Robert Morris England' 1734 Merchant. 

Lewis Morris ..Harlem, N. Y 1726 Farmer. 

Stephen Hopkins Scituate, Mass 1707 Farmer. 

Roger Sherman Newton, Mass. ..1721 Shoemaker 

Charles Carroll Annapolis, Md 1737 Lawyer. 

Josiah Bartlett Amesbury, Mass. 1729 Physician. 

William Whipple Kittery, Maine 1730 Sailor. 

Robert T. Paine Boston, Mass 1731 Lawyer. 

Philip Livingston Albany, N. Y 1716 Merchant. 

Francis Hopkinson Philadelphia, Pa 1737 Lawyer. 

Richard Stockton Princeton, N. J .1730 Lawyer. 

John Witherspoon Jester, Scotland 1722 Minister. 

Thomas Stone .Pointon, Md 1744 Lawj'cr. 

Thomas Nelson, Jr York, Va 1738 Soldier. 

William Hooper Boston, Mass 1742 Lawyer. 

Abraham Clark Elizabethtown, N. J...172G Lawyer. 

Benjamin Rush .Byberry, Pa 1735 Physician. 

John Hart Hopewell, N.J 1708 Farmer. 

Mathew Thornton Ireland 1741 Physician. 

George Clymer Philadelphia, Pa 1739 Merchant. 

Elbridge Gerry Marblehead, Mass 1744 ^lerchant. 

James Smith Ireland 1715 Lawyer. 

John Morton Ridley, Pa 1724 Surveyor. 

George Ross New Castle, Del 1730 Lawyer. 

Samuel Huntington Connecticut 1732 Lawjxr. 

Button Gwinnett England 1732 ^lerchant. 

Lyman IJall Connecticut .1730 Physiciao, 

George Walton Virginia 1740 Lawyer. 

George Wythe Elizabeth City, Va 1726 Lawyer. 

Benjamin Harrison Berkley, Va 1740 Farmer. 

Edward Rutledge Charleston, S. C 1749 Lawj'cr. 

Francis L. Lee Stratford, Va 1734 Farmer. 

Arthur Middleton Banks of Ashley,S. C..1743 Lawyer. 

Joseph Hewes Kingston, N. J 1730 Lawyer. 

George Taylor Ireland 1716 Physician. 

Thomas McKean Chester Co., Pa 1734 Lawyer. 

James Wilson Scotland 1742 Lawyer 

Carter Baxter Newington, Va 1736 Farmer. 



PART FIRST. 

GENERAL HISTORY. 

CHAPTEE I. 

MIAMI VILLAGES AND FRENCH SETTLEMENTS. 

IN 1670, and for many years previous, the fertile region 
of country now included within the boundaries of the 
State of Indiana, was inhabited by the Miami Confederacy of 
Indians. Tliis league consisted of several Algonquin tribes, 
notably the Twightwees, Wcas, Piankeshaws, and Shockeys, 
and was formed at an early period — probably in the early 
part of the Seventeenth century — for the purpose of repelling 
the invasions of the Iroquois, or Five Nations, at whose hands 
they had suffered many severe defeats. By the frequent and 
unsuccessful wars in which they were compelled to engage, in 
self defense, their numbers had become greatly reduced, until, 
at the date mentioned, they could not muster more than fifteen 
hundred or two thousand warriors. They dwelt in small vil- 
lages on the banks of the various rivers in Indiana, and 
extended their dominion as far east as the Scioto, north to the 
great lakes, and west to the country of the Illinois. Their 
principal settlements were scattered along the headwaters of 
the Great Miami, the banks of the Maumee, the St. Josepli, 
of Lake Michiiran, the Wabash and its tributaries. Although 
once important among the nations of the Lake region, they 
had become greatly demoralized by repeated defeats in war, 
and when first visited by the French, their villages presented 
a very untidy appearance. They were living in constant terror 
of the Five Nations, practicing only sufficient industry to 
prevent starvation, and indulging all their viscious passions 
to a vulgar extreme. 

Almost immediately following the discovery and explora- 
tion of the Mississippi, by La Salle, in 1682, and a few years 

(CI) 



62 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

later by James Marquette, the f^overnment of France began 
to cnconrau^c the policy of comiecting its possessions in North 
America by a chain of fortifications, and tradin<^ posts, and 
missionaiy stations, extending from Kew Orleans on the 
Bonthwest, to Quebec on the northeast. This undertaking was 
inaugurated by Lamotte Cadillac, who established Fort Pont- 
chartrain, on the Detroit river, in 1701. At this period the 
zealous Jesuit missionaries, the adventurous French fur 
traders, with their coarse blue and red cloths, tine scarlet, 
guns, powder, balls, knives, ribbons, beads, vermillion, tobacco 
and rum; and the careless rangers, or coureurs des hois, whose 
cliief vocation Avas conductiuii; the canoes of the traders alono 
the lakes and rivers, made tli^ir appearance among the Indians 
of Indiana. The pious Jesuits held up the cross of Christ 
and unfolded the mysteries of the Catliolic religion in broken 
Indian, to these astonished savages, while the speculating 
traders offered them Jire wate?' and other articles of merchan- 
dise in exchange for their peltries, and the rangers, shaking 
loose every tie of blood and kindred, identified themselves 
with the savages, and sank into utter bai'barism. 

The Jesuit missionaries were always cordially received by 
the Miami tribes. These Indians would listen patiently to 
the strange theory of the Savior and salvation, manifest a 
willing belief in all they heard, and then, as if to entertain 
their visitors in return, they would tell them the story of their 
own simple faith in the Manatous, and stalk off with a groan 
of dissatisfaction because the missionaries would not accept 
their theory with equal courtesy. Missionary stations were 
established at an early day in all of the princij^al villages, and 
the work of instructim:; and converting the savages was begun 
in earnest. The order of religious exercises established at the 
missions established among the Miamis M'as nearly the same 
as that among other Indians. Early in the morning the mis- 
Bionaries would assemble the Indians at the church, or the hut 
used for that purpose, and, after prayers, the savages were 
taught concerning the Catholic religion. These exercises were 
always followed by singing, at the conclusion of wliich the 
congregation was dismissed, the Christians only remaining to 



MIAMI VILLAGES AND FRENCH SETPLEMENTS. 63 

take part at mass. This service was generally followed bj 
prayers. During the forenoon the priests were generally 
engaged in visiting the sick, and consoling those who were 
laboring under any affliction. After noon another service was 
held in the churcli, at which all the Indians were permitted to 
appear in their finer}', and where each, without regard to rank 
or age, answered the questions put by the missionary. This 
exercise was concluded by singing hymns, the words of which 
had been set to airs familiar to the savage ear. In the even- 
ine: all assembled ajjain at the church for instruction, to hear 
prayers, and to sing their favorite hymns. The Miarais were 
always highly pleased with the latter exercise. 

Aside from the character of the religious services whicli 
constituted a chief attraction in the Miami villages of Indiana 
while the early French missionaries were among them, the 
traveler's attention would first be engaged with the peculiari- 
ties of the fur trade, which, during tlie first quarter of the 
Seventeenth century, was monopolized by the French. Tliis 
trade was carried on by means of the carriers, or rangers, who 
were engaged to conduct canoes on the lakes and rivers, and 
to carry burdens of merchandise from Detroit to the principal 
Miami villages, where the traders exchanged their wares for 
valuable furs, which they transported to the nearest trading 
post afibrding them the most available market. This traffic 
was not, however, contined to those whose wealth enabled them 
to engage vessels, canoes, and carriers, for there were hundreds 
scattered through the various Indian villages of Indiana, at 
almost any time during the first half of the Eighteenth cen- 
tury, who carried their packs of merchandise and furs by 
means of leather straps suspended from their shoulders, or 
with the straps resting against their foreheads. 

Kum and brandy were freely introduced by these traders, 
and always found a ready sale among the Miami Indians. A 
Frenchman, writing of the evils which resulted from the intro- 
duction of spirituous liquors among these savages, remarked: 
"The distribution of it is made in the usual way; that is to 
say, a certain number of persons have delivered to each of 
them a quantity sufficient to get drunk with, so that the whole 



64 niSTORT OF INDIANA. 

have been drunk over eiglit days. Thcj begin to drink in tlie 
villages as soon as the sun is down, and every night the fields 
echo with the most hideous howling." 

In those early days the Miami villages of the Maumee, 
those of the Weas about Ouiatenon, on the "Wabash, and those 
of the Painkeshaws around Yincennes, were the central points 
of the fur trade in Indiana. Trading posts were established 
at these places and at Fort Wayne, in 1710, although for 
twenty years previous the French traders and missionaries had 
frequently visited them. A permanent mission, or church 
was established at the Painkeshaw village, near Yincennes, in 
1749, by Father Meurin, and in the following year a small fort 
was erected there by order of the French government. It was 
in that year that a small fort was erected near the mouth of 
the Wabash river. These posts soon drew a large number of 
French traders around them, and in 1756 thej had become 
quite important settlements, with a mixed population of 
French and Indian. 

At this date the English became powerful competitors for 
the trade with the Indians in Indiana, and the surrounding 
country, and at the close of the Old French War, in 1750-60, 
when Canada and its dependencies fell into the hands of the 
British, this monopoly passed over to the English. Notwith- 
standing this change in the government of the country, the 
French who had settled around the principal trading posts in 
Indiana, with a few exceptions, swore allegience to the British 
government, and were permitted to occupy their lands in peace 
and enjoy the slight improvements which they had wrought. 
In the course of the year 1762, while the Indians in the 
Northwest seemed to be quite reconciled to the change of gov- 
ernment, and the English traders were beginning to carry on 
a successful traffic with the tribes that dwelt between the lakes 
and the Ohio, Pontiac, the chief of the Ottawas, and the head 
of a loose confederacy of the Wyandotts, Pottawattomies, 
Chippewas, and Ottawas — tribes of the Algonquin Indiana 
residing in Michigan and Western Canada — was secretly pre- 
paring his forces for a desperate war on the English. This 
great scheme was ably projected, and, to a great degree, sue- 



MIAin VILLAGES AJNT) FKE^'CII SETTLEMENTS. 65 

cessfullj carried out. With a view to increasing the strength 
and numbers of his confederacy, Pontiac circulated among tlie 
different tribes the false report tliat the English had I'ormed 
the design of driving the Indians from the country. By tLis 
crafty policy he brought to his assistance, in the spring of 
17G3, nearly the whole strength of the Ottawas, Chippewas, 
Pottawattomies, Sacs, Foxes, Menominees, Miamis, and other 
Indiana tribes, the Shawanos, Wyandotts, and factions of 
many other tribes, and was indeed ready to strike the 
contemplated blow. 

The attack was made on all the British forts or trading 
posts of the Northwest in the month of May, 1763, and the 
infuriated Indians, without much opposition, took possession 
of the posts of Michilimackinac, Green Bay, St. Joseph, Ouiate- 
non, Miami, Sandusk}", Presque Isle, Leeboenf, and Yenango. 
These places, with the exception of Michilimackinac, were but 
slightly fortified, being merely trading posts with only a light 
garrison. A number of English traders, who were residing 
at the posts, were butchered, while not a Frenchman was 
injured. Some of the English escaped, others were taken, 
prisoners, and were either burned, butchered, or afterwards 
released. Some of the incidents connected with this furioua 
onset are full of horror. The massacre at Fort Michilimacki- 
nac was without a parallel, seventy Englishmen being merci- 
lessly slaughtered in less than half an hour. 

This war or outbreak was the result of French misrepre- 
sentation. The French were jealous of the English, and, 
smarting under their own defeats, goaded the Indians to des- 
peration by designing falsehoods and promises which they 
never intended to fulfill. 

The siege of Detroit was conducted by Pontiac himself ; but 
this post, as also Fort Pitt, withstood the storm of Indian 
vengeance until the forces of Colonel Bradstreet on the one 
hand, and Colonel Bouquette on the other, brought relief to 
the tired garrisons. The British army penetrated the Indian 
country, and forced the savages to a treaty of peace, and ou 
the fifth of December, 1764, a cessation of hostilities was 
proclaimed. 

5 



66 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

From tills date until 1774, the Indians avIio occupied tlie 
country northwest of the Ohio river remained at peace with 
the English, althon*^h in the meantime many English colonists, 
contrary to the proclamation of the king, the provisions of the 
treaty, and the earnest remonstrances of the Indians, continued 
to make settlements on Indian lands. 

Near the close of the year 17G4, General Gage, Commander- 
in-Chief of the British forces in North America, being con- 
vinced of the peacefnl intent of the Indian tribes of Indiana 
and Illinois, issued a proclamation to the French inhabitants 
then residing in the territory, extending to them the same 
rights and privileges enjoyed by the French under the treaty 
of Paris, in Canada, and on the ninth of July, 17G5, M. de St. 
Ange, who was at that time the French commandant at Fort 
Charters, in Illinois, evacuated that post and retired with his 
little garrison to St. Louis. A detachment of English troops 
then took possession of the evacuated post, and Captain Ster- 
ling, the British commandant, established his headquarters 
there. Nearly all of the French inhabitants of the villages 
of Illinois took the oath of allegiance to the government of 
Great Britain, and continued in the peaceful enjoyment of 
tlieir ancient possessions, a few only removing to the western 
bank of the Mississippi, where the authority of France was 
still in force, although the country had passed into the hands 
of the Spaniards. 

When the British extended dominion over the territory of 
Indiana by placing garrisons at the various trading posts in 
.176-J— 5, the total number of French families within its limits 
did not probably exceed eighty or ninety at Yincennes, about 
fourteen at Fort Ouiatenon, on the Wabash, and nine or ten 
at the confluence of the St, Joseph and St. Mary's rivers, near 
the Twightwee village. At Detroit and in the vicinity of 
that post, there were about one thousand French residents, 
men, women and children. The remainder of the French 
population in the Northwest resided principally at Kaskaskia, 
Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher, and in the vicinity of these 
villages ; and the whole French population, northwest of the 
Ohio, at that time did not exceed three thousand souls. 



MIA^II VILLAGES AND FEENCR SETTLEMENTS 67 

The colonial policy of Great Britain, wLicli "«'as adopted 
immediately after the treaty of Paris, was not calculated to 
facilitate the settlement of the fertile country west of the 
Alleghany mountains. The king's proclamation, issued almost 
immediately after the signing of the treaty, prohibited his 
subjects from " making any purchases or settlements what- 
ever, or taking possession of any of the lands beyond the 
source of any of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic ocean 
from the west or northwest." In pursuance of this policy 
the government rejected the urgent oilers of various wealthy 
and enterprising individuals to establish English colonies in 
the West. However we hear of nothing that disturbed the 
peaceful pursuits of the French settlements in Indiana, until 
a proclamation of General Gage, in 1772, declared that — 
"Whereas, many persons, contrary to the positive orders of 
the king upon the subject, have undertaken to make settle, 
ments beyond the boundaries lixed by the treaties made with 
the Indian nations, M'hich boundaries ought to serve as a bar- 
rier between the whites and said nations, and a great number 
of persons have established themselves, particularly on the 
river Ouabache, where they lead a wandering life, without 
government, and without laws, interrupting the free course 
of trade, destroying the game, and causing infinite disturbance 
in the country, which occasions considerable injury to the 
affairs of the king as well as to those of the Indians, His 
Majesty has been |)leased to order, and by these presents, 
orders are given in the name of the king, to all those who 
have established themselves on lands upon the Ouabache, 
whether at St. Vincent [Vincennes] or elsewhere, to quit those 
countries instantly and without delay, and to retire at their 
choice into some one of the colonies of His Majesty, where 
they will be received and treated as the other subjects of His 
Majesty." 

The ]u-incipal inhabitants of Post Yincenncs replied to this 
official document on the fourteenth of September of the same 
year, stating that their possessions were held by " sacred 
titles," that the French settlement of that place was of 
"seventy years standing," and that their "land had been 



68 HISTOKT OF INDIANA. 

granted by order and under the protection of his most Chris- 
tian Majesty." To this General Gage made answer, demand- 
ing the proof of their assertions, which he descried "to be 
transported to the feet of His Majesty," and leaving them 
meanwhile in the quiet possession of their dwellings and 
Lands. 



CHAPTEE II. 

Clark's celebrated expedition. 

FROM 1G73 to 1778 there is but little to record in the 
history of Indiana. The Western settlements were for 
the most part neglected bj the English colonists, owing to the 
difficulties between them and the British Government, and 
the few French settlers, aside from their efibrts to instigate 
another Indian war against the English colonies, then strug- 
gling for independence, did but little worthy of notice. In 
this endeavor they succeeded so far as to give the settlers on 
the borders of Virginia, Pennsylvania and New York con- 
siderable trouble and uneasiness. Indian depredations were 
common occurrences, and at intervals a merciless slaughter 
pervaded the frontier settlements. Dunmore's expedition did 
much to discourage the Indians from a continuance of these 
outrages, but not until the celebrated expedition of Colonel 
George Rogei-s Clark penetrated the Western country was the 
French and Indian power in Indiana completely broken. 

It was in 1775 tliat Colonel Clark's attention was first 
directed to the French settlements in Indiana and Illinois, 
and in the following spring he visited them with a view to 
having them annexed to Virginia. In pursuance of this end 
he assembled the people at Ilarrodstown, Ky., and requested 
them to elect delegates, with power to treat with the Assembly 
of Virginia respecting the political affairs of the country. It 
was, at that time, the intention of Colonel Clark, if suitable 
conditions could be procured, to have the inhabitants of these 
Western settlements declare themselves citizens of that State, 
otherwise to establish an independent government. The meet- 
ing was held at Ilarrodstown on the sixth of June, 1770, and 

(69; 



70 niSTOKY OF INDIANA. 

Geor<re Itoirers Clark and Gabriel Jones elected dcleirates to 
tlie Assembly of Virginia, with instructions to present a peti- 
tion to that body, praying the Assembly to accept them aa 
such. The papers were ])repared and in a few days they set 
ont for Williamsburg in the hope of arriving before the As- 
sembly, then sitting, should rise. The}' proceeded on their 
iourney as far as Bottetourt county and there learned that 
they were too late, for the Assembly had ali-cady adjourned. 
At this point they resolved to wait for the lall session. AVhen 
it was convened Messrs. Ciai'k and Jones presented their cre- 
dentials. The Assembly resolved that the Western delegates 
could not take their seats as members, but that their business 
should be attended to. " It was late in the session," says 
Clark, "before we got a complete establishment of a county 
by the name of Kentucky." lie continues: "The command- 
ants of the diftercnt towns of the Illinois and Wabash I knew 
were busily engaged in exciting the Indians. Their reduction 
became my lirst object — expecting, probably, that it might 
open a field for further action. I sent two young hunters to 
those places (in the summer of 1777) as spies, with proper 
instructions for their conduct, to prevent suspicion. Neither 
did they, nor any one in Kentucky, ever know my design until 
it was ripe for execution. They returned to Ilarrodstown 
with all the information I could reasonably have expected. I 
found from them that they had but little expectation of a 
visit from us, but that things were kept in good order, the 
militia trained, etc., that they might, in case of a visit, be pre- 
pared — that the greatest pains were taken to inflame the 
minds of the French inhabitants against the Americans, not- 
withstanding they could discover traces of affection in some 
of the inhabitants. When I left Kentucky, October first, 1777, 
I plainly saw that every eye was turned toward rae, as if 
expecting some stroke in their favor. Some doubted my 
return, expecting that I would join the army in Virginia. I 
left them with reluctance, promising them that I would cer- 
tainly return to their assistance, which I had predetermined. 
On my arrival at Williamsburg, I remained a considerable 
time settling the accounts of the Kentucky militia and making 



Clark's celebrated expedition. 



71 



remarks of everything I saw or heard, that could lead me to 
the knowledge of the disposition of those in power. Bur- 
gojne's armj^ having been captured, and things seeming to 
wear a pleasing aspect, on the tenth of December I communi- 
cated my design to Governor Henry. At first he seemed to 
be fond of it; but to detach a party at so great a distance, 




ROBERT BRACKENRIDGE, ESQ. 
See page 21. 

(altliough the service performed miglit be of great utility,) 
appeared daring and hazardous, as nothing but secrecy could 
give sviccess to the enterprise. To lay the matter before the 
Assembly, then sitting, would be dangerous, as it would soon 
be known thronghout the frontiers; and probably the first 
prisoner taken by the Indians would give the alarm, which 
would end in the certain destruction of the party. lie had 



72 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

several private councils, composed of select gentlemen. After 
making every inquiry into my proposed plan of operations, 
(and particularly that of a rcti'eat in case of misfortune, across 
tlic Mississippi into the Spanish territory,) tlie ex])cdition was 
resolved upon; and as an encouragement to tliose who would 
ergagc in said service, an instrument of writing was signed, 
"wherein those gentlemen promised to use their influence to 
procure from the Assembly three hundred acres of land for 
each in case of success. The Governor and Council so M-annly 
engaged in tlie success of this enterprise, tliat I had vcr}' little 
trouble in getting matters adjusted; and on the second day of 
February, 1778, received my instructions, aiid .£1^200 for the 
use of the expedition, with an order on Pittsburg for boats, 
ammunition, etc. Finding, from the Governor's conversation 
in general to me, on the subject, that lie did not wish an 
im]>licit attention to his instructions should prevent icy exe- 
cuting any thing that would manifestly tend to the good of 
the public, on the fourth I set forward, clothed M'ith all the 
authority that I wished. I advanced to ]\Iajor William Smith 
£150 to recruit men on Ilolston, and to meet me in Kentuck}'. 
Captain Leonard Ilelm, of Fauquier, and Captain Joseph 
Bowman, of Frederick, were to raise each a company, and on 
the [lirst?] February arrive at Red Stone Old Fort. 

" Being now in the country wdiere all arrangements were to 
be made, I appointed Captain William Uarrod, and many 
other ollicers, to the recruiting service; and contracted for 
Hour and other stores that I wanted. * * 4t * j 
received information from Captain Helm that several gentle- 
men took ])ains to counteract his intei'cst in recruiting, as no 
Buch service was known of by the Assembly. Consequently ho 
had to send to the Governor to get his conduct ratified. I 
found also opposition to our interest in the Pittsburg country. 
As the whole was divided into violent parties between the 
Virginians and Pennsylvanians, respecting the territory, the 
idea of men being raised for the State of Virginia aflectcd the 
vulgar of the one party; and as my real instructions were 
kept concealed, and only an instrument from the Governor, 
written designedly for deception, was made public, wherein I 



CLAKK's celebrated EXrEDITION. 73 

was authorized to raise men for the defense of Kentucky, 
many gentlemen of both parties conceived it to be injurious 
to the public interest to draw oif men at so critical a moment 
for the defense of a few detached inhabitants, who had better 
be removed, etc. These circumstances caused some confusion 
in the recruiting service. On the twenty-ninth of March, I 
received a letter from Major Smith, by express, informing me 
that he had raised four companies on Ilolston, to be marched 
immediately to Kentucky, agreeably to his orders; another 
express from Kentucky informed me that they had gained con- 
siderable strength since I left that quarter." 

With such forces as he could raise. Colonel Clark moved 
forward to the falls of the Ohio, where he disclosed his ])lane 
to his troops, at which many of them deserted him. At this 
point, Clark, owing to the weakness of his force, resolved to 
commence operations in Illinois, where the settlements were 
smaller, and where the Indians were less an object of terror. 
At this time the conquest of Vincennes was among the possi- 
bilities of the future, lie moved toward Kaskaskia; and, 
"on the fourth of July," sa\'s Clark's memoir, "in the eve- 
ning, we got within a few miles of the town, wlicre we lay 
until near dark, keeping spies ahead, after which we com- 
menced our march, and took possession of a house wherein a 
large family lived, on the bank of the Kaskaskia river, about 
three-quarters of a mile above the town. We were informed 
that the people, a few days before, were under arms, but had 
concluded that the cause of the alarm was without founda- 
tion; and that at that time there was a great number of men 
in town, but that the Indians had generally left it, and at pres- 
ent all was quiet. We soon procured a sufficiency of vessels, 
the more in ease to convey us across the river. * -st * « 
With one of the divisions, I marched to the fort, and ordered 
the other two into different quarters of the town. If I met 
with no resistence, at a certain signal a shout was to be given, 
and certain parts were to be immediately possessed ; and the 
men of each detachment who could speak the French language, 
were to run through every street and proclaim what had hap- 
pened, and inform the inhabitants that every person who 



74 HISTOBT OF mOIAHA, 

appeared in the streets would be shot down. This disposition 
had its desired effect. In a very little tirac we had coin])lete 
possession; and every avenue was guarded, to prevent any 
escape, to give the alarm to the other villages in case of 0]:>po- 
sition. Various orders had been issued, not worth mentioning. 
I don't suppose greater silence ever reigned among the inhab- 
itants of a place than did at this at present; not a person to 
be seen, not a word to be heard from them for some time; but, 
designedly, the greatest noise kept up by our troops through 
every quarter of the town, and patrols continually the whole 
night around it; as intercepting any information was a capital 
object; and in about two hours the whole of the inhabitants 
were disarmed, and informed tliat if one was taken attempting 
to make his escape, he should be immediately put to death." 



CHAPTEE III. 
clakk's ExrEDrnoj^, continued 

AFTER Colonel Clark, through bloodless means, had 
excited the terror of tlie French inhabitants of Kaskas- 
kia, he surprised them and won their firm conlidence and 
lasting friendship by performing many acts of generosity 
unexpected by them. On the fifth of July, he caused a few of 
the principal men of the village to be arrested and put in 
irons. This occurrence caused the priest of the village, 
Father Gibault, and several of the principal settlers, to call 
upon Clark and plead for liberty to assemble peaceably in their 
little church, and take leave of each other. Colonel Clark 
calmly replied that he had nothing against their religion ; that 
they might do as they had requested, but that they must not 
venture out of the town. 

Accordingly the trembling Frenchmen assembled at the 
church, where they laid the burden of their troubles at the 



claek's campaign, continued. 



75 



Io</C of the cross. After a long and devout service, they 
returned to their dwellings. A deputation of the principal 
citizens again waited on the conqueror, and represented that 
the inhabitants could submit to the loss of their property, 
knowing that their situation was the fate of war, but that they 
desired not to be separated from their wives and children, and 




JOHN HOUGH, ESQ. 

See page 21. 

that some clothes and provisions might be allowed for their 
support. In reply. Colonel Clark asked the Frenchmen if 
they regarded the Virginians as savages. " Do you think," 
said he, " that Americans intend to strip women and children, 
or take the bread out of their mouths? My countrymen dis- 
dain to make war upon helpless innocence. It was to prevent 



76 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

the lioTTor? of Indian butcliery upon our own wives and 
children, diat wc hr.ve taken arms and penetrated into this 
remote stronghold of British and Indian barbarity, and not 
the despicable prospect of plunder." He told them that the 
King of France had united his powerful arms with those of 
America; and that the war for independence would not prob- 
ably long continue; that they were at liberty to take which 
Bide they pleased, without the least danger to either their 
property or their families. Nor would their religion be a 
source of disagreement, as all religions were regarded with 
equal respect in the eye of the American law, and that any 
insult offered it would be immediately punished. He concluded 
by telling them to go and inform their fellow-citizens that they 
were at liberty to conduct themselves as usual, without the 
least apprehension; and that their friends who were in con- 
finement should be released immediately. 

This speech dispelled the gloom that was resting on the 
minds of the inhabitants, and, together with the intelligence 
that an alliance between France and the United States had 
been effected, induced them to take the oath of allegiance to 
the State of Virginia. So effective was the impression which 
Clark produced upon them, that a volunteer company of 
French militia joined his forces. 

Having brought the settlements of Illinois under the juris- 
diction of Virginia, Colonel Clark next turned his attention 
to Vincenues. Believing that Father Gibault was inclined to 
the American interest, he consulted him on the subject of 
excluding the British power from that post. The priest at 
once suggested a plan of operations. The Governor of Vin- 
cennes, he said, had gone to Detroit on business; and the 
inhabitants could easily be induced to declare themselves on 
the side of the Americans. He offered to engage in the work 
of accomplishing this result. Clark was pleased with the 
plans; and the priest, with some attendants, immediately set 
out for Vinccnnes. Having arrived, they spent a day or two 
in explaining the nature of the war to the people. 

The French inhabitants unanimously acceded to the pro- 
posal, and went in a body to the church, where the oath of 



glare's campaign, continued. 77 

allegiance was administered to them in the most solemn man- 
ner. An officer was elected, and the fort was immcdiatelj 
garrisoned in defense of the American flag which was nnfurled 
over them. Thus, for the first time, through the good offices 
of Colonel George Rogers Clark, the territory included within 
the present limits of the State of Indiana was placed under 
the American flag. 

These events worked a great change in the little settlement 
of Yincennes. The Indians were alike astonished and de- 
lighted; and the white people put on a new face, and "began 
to act like freemen." With a garrison of their own, and the 
United States to assist and protect them, their actions toward 
the Indians were immcdiatelj changed. They talked as citi- 
zens of the United States, telling the Indians that their father, 
the King of France, had awakened from his long sleep, and 
was angrj at them for fighting for the English; that they 
would advise them to make peace with the Americans as soon 
as they could; otherwise they might expect the land to be 
very bloody. The Indians began to think seriously, and the 
cause of the Americans began to prosper in the west. 

As soon as the news of the peaceful conquest of Yincennes 
reached Colonel Clark at Kaskaskia, he appointed Captain Helm 
to the command of the post, and also appointed him agent for 
Indian afiairs in the department of the Wabash. About the 
middle of August, 1778, Captain Helm set out from Kaskas- 
kia to assume charge of afiiiirs at Yincennes. lie took with 
him a speech and a belt of wampum from Colonel Clark, for 
"The Grand Door to the AVabash," or the Tobacco's Son, as 
the leading Piankeshaw chief was called by the Indians. lie 
arrived safe at Yincennes, and was received with acclamations 
by the people. After the usual ceremony was over, he sent 
for the " Grand Door," and delivered to him the speech from 
the " Big Kjiife." The great chief informed the captain that 
he was happy to see him — one of the Big Knife's chiefs — 
in his town. It was here, he said, that he had joined the 
English against him; he confessed that they had always 
looked gloomy, and seemed inclined to join the Americans; 
but, according to the Indian custom, demanded time to con- 



78 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



sider Clark's message, and consult ]iis counsellors on the sub- 
ject. After several days, Captain Helm was invited to the 
council, where he was informed, by the " Grand Door," that 
the chiefs had mutually considered his case, and had come to 
a proper understanding of the war between the English and 




See page 31. 

the Americans; they were satisfied that the Big Knife was 
right, and that they would tell all the Indians on the Wabash 
to bloody the land no more for the English. The Cxrand 
Door jumped up, struck his breast, called himself a man 



CLARK'S CAMrAIGX, CONTINUED. 79 

and a warn or; said that lie was now a Big Knife; and took 
Captain Helm by tlic liand. Ilis cxainple was followed by all 
present, and the council was concluded with mcrriTnent In 
a short time, all the tribes of the IVIiami Confedcrtcy caine to 
Vincennes, and entered into an alliance witiL the Americans. 

The British interest lost f^round driilj- in Indiana, and in a 
short time the influence of the Americans reached the villaf^cs of 
the St. Joseph, of Lake Michii^an, and ot^cr places, with <^ood 
results. Governor Henry, of Virp;inia, wa? co:.'stantly informed 
of the progress of the Amci'ican poAver in the west, and in 
October, 1778, the General Assembly of that State passed an 
act providing that all the citizens of the Conunonwealth of 
Virginia, " who are already settled, or shall hereafter set- 
tle, on the western side of the Ohio, shall be included in a 
distinct countv, which shall be called Illinois County ; and 
the Governor of this Commonwealth, with the advice of the 
Council, ma^^ appoint a county lieutenant, or commandant-in- 
chief, in that county, during pleasure, who shall appoint and 
commission so many deputy commandants, militia officers, 
and commissaries, as he shall think proper, in the diflerent 
districts, during pleasure; all of whom, before they enter into 
office, shall take the oath of lidelity to this Commonwealth, 
and the oath of office, according to the form of their own reli- 
gion. All civil officers to which the inhabitants have been 
accustomed, necessary for the preservation of peace and the 
administration of justice, shall be chosen by a inajority of the 
citizens in their respective districts, to be convened for that 
purpose, by the county lieutenant or commandant, or his 
deputy, and shall be commissioned by the said county lieu- 
tenant or coramandant-in-chief." 

But before the provisions of this law could b.e carried into 
effect over the territory of Indiana, Henry Hamilton, the 
British Lieutenant-Governor of Detroit, collected an army 
consisting of about thirty regulars, tifty Fi'cnch volunteers 
and four hundred Indians. Marching at the head of this 
force, he passed down the "Wabash and took possession of Vin- 
cennes in December, 1778. 

When Governor Hamilton entered Vincennes there were but 



80 HISTORY OF INDIAl^A. 

two Americans in the place.* Thcj were tlic Commandant, 
Capt. Helm, and a man named Ilcnrj. Tlie latter had a 
cannon well charged and placed in the open fort gate, while 
Helm stood by it with a lighted match in his hand. "When 
Hamilton and his troops approached within hailing distance, 
the American officer, in a loud voice, cried out, "Halt!" 
This stopped Hamilton's approa,?h, and in reply he demanded 
the garrison to surrender. He?o ex^i-^imed, " No man shall 
enter here until I know the tei^^.s.'*' Hamilton answered, 
"You shall have the honors of wa:-,'^ .and tlien the fort was 
surrendered, with its garrison of one oi^cor and one private. 
No attempt was made by the population to de'cnd ihe toMm. 
Capt. Helm was made a prisoner, and a num!x^ n^ ^\^ French 
inhabitants were disarmed. 



CHAPTER lY. 

Clark's celebrated ^iarch against vincennes. 

WITH the reduction of Yincennes by the British, Colonel 
Clark's situation in the West became perilous. Indian 
war parties began to assemble in the neighborhood of his 
forces in Illinois. To strengthen liis position, he ordered 
Major Bowman to evacuate the fort at Cahokia and join him 
at Kaskaskia. " I could sec," says Clark, " hut little proba- 
bility of keeping possession of the county, as my number of 
men was too small to stand a seige, and my situation too 
remote to call for assistance, I made all the preparation I pos- 
sibly could for the attack, and was necessitated to set fire to 
some of the houses in town to clear them out of the way." 
In January, 1779, Clark received intelligence that Governor 
Hamilton had weakened himself at Vincennes by sending his 
Indians against the frontiers and to block up the Ohio; that 
he had not more than eighty men in garrison, three pieces of 
* Butler's History of Kentucky, p. 80. 



CLARK S CELEBRATED MARCH AGAINST VTNCENNES. 



81 



cannon, and some swivels mounted; that the hostile Indians 
were to meet at Post Yincennes in the spring, drive the 
Americans out of the West, and attack the Kentucky settle- 
ments in a body, joined by their Southern friends; that all the 
cjoods were taken from the merchants of Yincennes for the 
king's use; that the troops under Hamilton were repairing the 




CHAS. A. ZOLLINGER, ESQ. 
See page 21. 

fort and expected a reinforcement from Detroit m the spring; 
that they expected to have plenty of all kinds of stores; that 
they were strict in their discipline, but they were not under 
much apprehension of a visit.* From this report Colonel 

* Clark's Memoir. 



82 HISTOxiT OF IJ5D1ANA. 

Clark conclndcd that if he could reach the place undiscovered 
he could succeed in taking it. 

Colonel Clark's was indeed a critical situation. lie M-as, in 
a manner, cut off from any intercourse between himself and 
the United States. lie knew that Govornor Hamilton, in the 
spring, by a junction of his northern and southern Indians, 
would be at the head of such a force that his little army would 
not be able to maintain possession of the country. Further 
than this the threatened war on the borders in the following 
spring could not fail to ruin Kentucky, should the enemy be 
permitted to make the necessary preparations in peace. In 
this critical situation, Colonel Clark could see but one course, 
■which was to attack the enemy in their quarters. 

He immediately gave orders to prepare for the enterprise. 
Although it was a bold venture, the inhabitants of Ivaskaskia 
gathered about him with great enthusiasm, volunteering, 
donating provisions, etc. Plenty of provisions were soon 
provided, and every man was completely provided with all he 
could desire to enable him to withstand the coldest weather. 
It was resolved to send a vessel round by water to carry the 
artillery and stores. This vessel was to be armed so that she 
might force her way if necessary. For this purpose a large 
Mississippi boat was purchased and completely littcd out. 
Two four-pounders and four large swivels were placed in posi- 
tion, and forty-six men Avere assigned to man her imder the 
command of Captain John Hogcrs. He embarked on the 
fourth of February, with orders to force his way up the 
Wabash as high as the mouth of White river, and there to 
remain in secret until further orders; but if he found himself 
discovered, to do the enemy all the damage he could, without 
running too much risk of losing his vessel, and not to leave 
the river until he had lost all hope of the arrival of the land 
forces. 

Colonel Clark placed much reliance upon the aid he was to 
receive from this vessel. She was far superior to anything 
the enemy could fit out without building a vessel ; and at the 
worst, should they be discovered, they could build a number 
of large pirogues to attend her, and with such a little fleet 



Clark's celebrated march against vincennes. 83 

annoy tlie enemy considerably. Every thing being ready on 
tlie fifth of February, after his men had received a lecture 
and absolution from the priest, Colonel Clark crossed the 
Kaskaskia river with one hundred and seventy men. The 
weather was very wet, and a great part of the plains covered 
withA\ater several inches deep. The march was exceedingly 
disagreeable and difficult. In the face of these obstacles, it 
became the object of Colonel Clark to keep his men in spirits. 
" I sufiered them," says Clark, " to shoot game on all occasions 
and feast on it like Indian war-dancers — each company by 
turns inviting the others to their feasts, which was the case 
every night." Perhaps Colonel Clark stimulated his men 
most by setting a brave example, wading as much through the 
mud and water as any of them. Thus, insensibly, without a 
murmur, were those men led on to the banks of the Little 
Wabash, which they reached on the thirteenth of February, 
having passed tlirough great difficulties and sufiered indescrib- 
able hardships. 

A camp was formed on a small elevation on the bank of the 
river, and without waiting to discuss plans for crossing the 
river, Clark ordered the men to construct a vessel, and pre- 
tended that crossing this stream would be only a piece of 
amusement, although inwardly he held another opinion. The 
vessel was finished on tlie evening of the fourteenth, when, 
freighted with a select company, she was sent to explore the 
" drowned lands " on the opposite side of the river. The men 
who embarked in this enterprise were privately instructed 
what report to make, and, if possible, to find a piece of dry 
land. They fortunately found about half an acre, and marked 
the trees from thence back to the camp, and made a very 
encouraging report. 

On the fifteenth the work of crossing the river commenced. 
Fortunately the day was unusually warm for the season. At 
this point the channel of the river was about thirty yards 
wide. A scafibld was built on the opposite shore, which was 
about three feet under water. The baggage was then ferried 
across and placed on it. The horses next swam across the 
river and received their loads at this scafibld. The troops 



84 



HISTORY OF INDIANA, 



were all ferried across in safety, and without any important 
accident the little army was again on the march in water 
about knee deep. " By evening," says Clark, '"• we found our- 
selves encamped on a pretty height in high spirits; each party 
laughing at the other in consequence of something that ha<l 
happened in the course of this ferrying business, as they called 




HON. O. BIRD. 
See page 21. 

it. A little antic drummer offered them great diversion by 
floating on his drum. All this was greatly encouraged, and 
they really began to think themselves superior to other men, 
and that neither the rivers nor the seasons could stop their 
progress. Their whole conversation was now concerning what 
they would do when they got about the enemy. They now 



Clark's celebrated march against vincennes. 85 

began to view the main WaLasli as a creek, and made no 
doubt but such men as they were could find a way to cross it. 
They wound themselves up to such a pitch that they soon took 
Post Vincennes, divided the spoil, and before bed time were 
far advanced on their route to Detroit. All this was no doubt 
pleasing to those of us who had more serious thoughts." 

At this point Clark discovered that the whole Wabash valley 
was overflowed, and that the enemy could easily approach him 
if they discovered him, and wished to risk an action. On the 
sixteenth of February tlic}'^ marched all day through rain and 
water, crossed the Fur river, and spent a disagreeable night in 
tlie wet with a scarcity of provisions. On the seventeenth 
they continued their march, crossing several very deep runs. 
Keaching the Embarrass, they found the country all over- 
flowed, and wandered about for some time in a vain search for 
the Wabasli. They traveled till eight o'clock in the evening 
in mud and water, but found no place to encamj), being com- 
pelled to remain in the water all night. At day-break on the 
eighteenth, the distressed soldiers heard the morning gun of 
Vincennes, and at once commenced their march. Ileachins: 
the Wabash about two o'clock, tliey constructed rafts for the 
purpose of crossing the river on a boat-stealing expedition, 
but labored all day and night to no purpose. On the nine- 
teenth they commenced to construct a canoe, in which, when 
finished, a second attempt was made to steal boats. This 
expedition soon returned, however, having discovered two 
lai-ge fires within a mile of the little army. On receiving this 
intelligence Clark immediately dispatched the canoe down the 
river to meet the vessel that was supposed to be on her way 
up with the supplies, with orders to hasten forward day and 
night. This was the last hope, as their provisions were 
entirely gone, and starvation seemed to be hovering about 
them. In this condition many of the men were much cast 
down. On the twentieth they set to work making more 
canoes, when, about noon, the sentinel on the river bi-ought 
too a boat with five Frenchmen from the fort. From these 
persons they received the welcome assurance that they were not 
as yet discovered. The hardships of this day were consider- 



86 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

ably ameliorated by a feast of deer which had been killed by 
one of the men. On the morning of the twenty-iirst the work 
of ferrying the men across the Wabasli in two canoes was 
commenced. Having snccecded in getting the whole army 
across, Clark determined to reach the town that night, and 
therefore ordered his men to move forward. They "plunged 
into the water, sometimes to the neck, for more than a league." 

From this point it is desirable that Colonel Clark should 
tell, in his own peculiar and amusing language, the story of the 
last day's march, and of the siege of Vincennes. It consti- 
tutes a prominent chapter in the early history of Indiana, and 
merits ample space in this work. lie writes: 

" This last day's march through the water was far superior 
to anything the Frenchmen had any idea of. They were 
backward in speaking; said that the nearest land to us was a 
small league, called the sugar-camp, on the bank of the river. 
A. canoe was sent oflf and returned without finding that we 
could pass. I went in her myself and sounded the water; 
found it deep as to my neck. I returned with a design to 
have the men transported on board the canoes to the sugar 
camp, which I knew would expend the whole day and ensuing 
night, as the vessels would pass slowly through the bushes. 
The loss of so much time to men half starved was a matter 
of consequence. I would have given now a great deal for a 
day's provision, or for one of our horses. I returned but 
slowly to the troops, giving myself time to think. On our 
arrival, all ran to hear what was the report. Every eye was 
fixed on me. I nnfortunately spoke in a serious manner to one 
of the officers; the whole were alarmed without knowing what 
I said. I viewed their confusion for about one inmute — 
whispered to those near me to do as I did; immediately put 
some water in my hand, poured on powder, blackened my face, 
gave the warwhoop, and marched into the water, without 
saying a word. The party gazed, and fell in, one after another, 
without saying a word, like a flock of sheep. I ordered those 
near me to begin a favorite song of theirs; it soon passed 
through the line, and the whole went on cheerfully. I now 
.ntended to have them transported across the deepest part 



CLARK'S CELEBRATED MARCH AGAINST VINCENNES. 



87 



of tlie water; but when about waist deep, one of the men 
informed me that he thought he felt a path. We examined 
and found it so ; and conduded that it kept on the highest 
ground, which it did; and by taking pains to follow it, we got 




6^ (^ - l^lc/^^-^^cyiyO*-^ 



See page 21. 

to the sugar camp without the least difficulty, where there 
was about half an acre of dry ground, at least not under water, 
where we took up our lodging. The Frenchmen that we had 



88 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

taten on the river appeared to be uneasy at onr situation 
Tliej begged that they might be permitted to go in the two 
canoes to town in the night. They said that they would bring 
from their own houses provisions without a possibility of any 
persons knowing it; that some of our men should go with 
them as a surety of their good conduct; that it M-as impossible 
we could march from that place till the water fell, for the plain 
was too deep to march. Some of the [officers?] believed that 
it might be done. I would not suffer it. I never could well 
account for this piece of obstinacy, and give satisfactory 
reasons to myself or any body else, why I denied a pro])osition 
apparently so easy to execute, and of so much advantage; but 
Bomething seemed to tell me that it should not be done, and it 
was not done. 

" The most of the weather that we had on this march, was 
moist and warm, for the season. This was the coldest night 
wc had. The ice, in the morning, was from one-half to three- 
quarters of an inch thick, near the sliores and in still water. 
The morning was the finest we had on our march. A little 
after sunrise I lectured the wdiole. What I said to them I 
forget; but it may be easily imagined by a person that could 
possess my affections for them at that time. I concluded by 
informing them that passing the plain that was then in full 
view, and reaching the opposite woods, would put an end to 
their fatigue — that in a few hours they would have a sii!:ht of 
their long wished-for object — and inimcdiately stc]^ped into 
the water without waiting for any reply. A huzza took place. 
As we generally marched through the water in a line, before 
the third entered, I halted and called to Major Bowman, order- 
ing him to fall in the rear with twenty-live men, and put to 
death any man who refused to march, as we wished to have no 
such person among us. The whole gave a cry of approbation, 
and on we went. This was the most ti'ying of all the diffi- 
culties we had experienced. I generally kept fifteen or twenty 
of the strongest men next myself, and judged from my own 
feelings what must be that of others. Getting about the 
middle of the plain, the water about middeep, I found myself 
sensibly failing; and as there were no trees nor bushes for the 



clabk's celebrated march against vincennes. 89 

men to support themselves by, I feared tliat many of the most 
weak M'ould be drowned. I ordered the canues to make the 
land, discharge their loading, and play backward and forward 
with all diligence, and pick up the men; and, to encourage the 
party, sent some of the strongest men forward, with orders, 
when they got to a certain distance, to pass the word back that 
the water was c'ettini'' shallow: and when G-ettincr near the 
woods to cry out 'Land!' This stratagem had its desired 
efiect. The men, encouraged by it, exerted themselves almost 
beyond their abilities, the weak holding by the stronger. 
* * * The water never got shallower, but continued deep- 
ening. Getting to the woods, where the men expected land, 
the water was up to my shoulders; but gaining the woods was 
of great consequence: all the low men, and the weakly, hung 
to the trees, and floated on the old logs until they were taken 
off by the canoes. The strong and tall got ashore and built 
fires. Many would reach the shore, and fall with their bodies 
half in the water, not being able to support themselves 
without it. 

"This was a delightful dry spot of ground, of about ten 
acres. We soon found that the lires answered no purpose; 
but that two strong men taking a weaker one by the arms 
was the only way to recover him — and, being a delightful 
day, it soon did. But fortunately, as if designed by Provi- 
dence, a canoe of Indian squaws and children was coming up 
to town, and took through part of this plain as a nigh way. 
It was discovered by our canoes as they were out after the 
men. They gave chase and took the Indian canoe, on board 
of which was near half a quai-ter of a buffalo, some corn, 
tallow, kettles, etc. This was a grand prize, and was invalu- 
able. Broth was immediately made and served out to the 
most weakly, with great care: most of the whole got a little; 
but a great many gave their part to the weakly, jocosely saying 
something cheering to their comrades. This little refresh- 
ment, and fine weather, by the afternoon, gave new life to the 
whole. Crossing a narrow, deep lake, in the canoes, and 
marching some distance, we came to a copse of timber called 
the "Warrior's Island. We were now in full view of the fort 



90 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



and town, not a shrub between us, at about two miles dis- 
tance. Every man now feasted his eyes, and forgot that he 
had suffered anything — saying that all that had passed was 
owing to good policy, and nothing but what a man could bear. 




See page 21. 

and that a soldier had no right to think, etc. — passing from 
one extreme to another, which is common in such cases. It 
was now we had to display our abilities. The plain between 
us and the town was not a perfect level. The sunken grounds 



CULRK's CELEBKATED MAKCU against VINCEKT7ES. 91 

were covered with water full of clucks. We observed several 
men out on horseback, shooting them, within a half mile of us, 
and sent out as many of our active young Frenchmen to decoy 
and take one of these men prisoner, in such a manner as not 
to alarm the others, which they did. The information we got 
from this person was similar to that which we got from those 
we took on the river; <except that of the British having that 
evening completed the wall of the fort, and that there was a 
good many Indians in town. 

"Our situation was now truly critical — no possibility of 
retreating in case of defeat — and in full view of a town that 
had, at this time, upward of six hundred men in it, troops, 
inhabitants, and Indians. The crew of the galley, though not 
fifty men, would have been now a reinforcement of immense 
magnitude to our little array, (if I may so call it,) but we 
would not think of them. We were now in the situation that 
I had labored to get ourselves in. The idea of being made 
prisoner was foi'cign to almost every man, as they expected 
nothing but torture from the savages if they fell into their 
hands. Our fate was now to be determined, probably in a few 
hours. We knew that nothing but the most daring conduct 
would insure success. I knew that a number of the inhab- 
itants wished us well — that many were lukewarm to the 
interest of either — and I also learned that the grand chief, 
the Tobacco's son, had, but a few days before, openly declared, 
in council with the British, that he was a brother and friend 
to the Big Knives. These were favorable circumstances; and 
as there was but little probability of our remaining until dark 
undiscovered, I determined to begin the career immediately, 
and wrote the following placard to the inhabitants: 

" ' To the Inhabitants of Post Vincennes: 

'Gentlemen: Being now within two miles of your village 
with my army, determined to take your fort this night, and 
not being willing to surprise you, I take this method to request 
such of you as are true citizens, and willing to enjoy the liberty 
I bring you, to remain still in your houses. And those, if any 
there be, that are friends to the king, will instantly repair to 



92 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

the fort and join the hair-buyer general, and figlit like niea. 
And if any such as do not go to the fort shall be discovered 
afterward, they may depend on severe punishment. On the 
contrary, those who are true friends to liberty may depend on 
being well treated; and I once more request them to keep out 
of the streets. For every one I find in arms on my arrival, I 
shall treat him as an enemy. 

[Signed] G. E. Clakk.' 

" I had various ideas on the supposed results of this letter. 
I knew that it could do us no damage, but that it would cause 
the lukewarm to be decided, encourage our fiiends, and aston- 
ish our enemies. * * * "We anxiously viewed this messenger 
until he entered the town, and in a few minutes could discover 
by our glasses some stir in every street that we could penetrate 
into, and great numbers running or riding out into the com- 
mons, we supposed to view us, which was the case. But Avliat 
surprised us was, that nothing had yet happened that had the 
appearance of the garrison being alarmed — no drum nor gun. 
We began to suppose that the information we got from our 
prisoners was false, and that the enemy already knew of us and 
were prepared. * * A little before sunset we moved and 
displayed ourselves in full view of the town — crowds gazing 
at us. We were plunging ourselves into certain destruction 
or success. There was no midway thought of We had but 
little to say to our men except inculcating an idea of the neces- 
sity of obedience, etc. We knew they did not want encourag- 
ing, and that any thing might be attempted with them that 
was possible for such a number — perfectly cool, under proper 
subordination, pleased with the prospect before them, and 
much attached to their officers. They all declared that they 
were convinced that an implicit obedience to orders was the 
only thing that would insure success, and hoped that no mercy 
would be shown the person that should violate them. Such 
language as this from soldiers to persons in our station must 
have been exceedingly agreeable. We moved on slowly in full 
view of the town; but, as it was a point of some consequence 
to us to make ourselves appear as formidable, we, in leaving 



claek's celebrated march against vincennes. 



93 



the covert that we were in, marched and countermarched in 
such a manner that we appeared numerous. In raising volun- 
teers in the Illinois, every person that set about the business 
had a set of colors given him, which they brought with them 
to the amount of ten or twelve pairs. These were displayed 
to the best advantage; and as the low plain we marched 




MRS. LAURA SUTTENFIELD. 
See page 21 

through was not a perfect level, but had frequent raisings in 
it seven or eight feet liigher than the common level, (which 
was covered with water,) and as these raisings generally run 
in an oblique direction to the town, we took the advantage of 
one of them, marching through ihe water under it, which 



94 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

completely prevented our being numbered. But our colors 
showed considerably above the lieiglits, as they were fixed on 
long poles procured for the purpose, and at a distance made 
no despicable appearance; and as our young Frenchmen had, 
while we lay on the Warrior's Island, decoyed and taken several 
fowlers, with their horses, oflicers were mounted on these 
horses, and rode about more completely to deceive the enemy. 
In this manner we moved and directed our march in such a 
way as to suffer it to be dark before we had advanced more 
than halfway to the town. We then suddenly altered our 
direction, and crossed ponds where they could not have sus- 
pected us, and about eight o'clock gained the heights back of 
the town. As there was yet no hostile appearance, we were 
impatient to have the cause unriddled. Lieutenant Bayley 
was ordered, with fourteen men, to march and fire on the fort. 
Tlie main body moved in a different direction, and took pos- 
session of the strongest part of the town. 

" The firing now commenced on the fort, but they did not 
believe it was an enemy until one of their men was shot down 
through a port, as drunken Indians frequently saluted the fort 
after night. The drums now sounded, and the business fairly 
commenced on both sides. Reinforcements were sent to the 
attack of the garrison while other arrangements were making 
in town. * * We now found that the garrison had known 
nothing of us; that, having finished the fort that evening, they 
had amused themselves at different games, and had just retired 
before my letter arrived, as it was near roll-call. The placard 
being made public, many of the inhabitants were afraid to 
show themselves out of the houses for fear of giving oflxinse, 
and not one dare give information. Our friends flew to the 
commons and other convenient places to view the pieasing 
sight. This was observed from the garrison, and the reason 
asked, but a satisfactory excuse was given; and as a part of 
the town lay between our line of march and the garrison, we 
could not be seen by the sentinels on the walls. Captain W. 
Shannon and another being some time before taken prisoners 
by one of their [scouting parties,] and that evening brought in, 
the party had discovered at the sugar camp some signs of us. 



glare's CELEBKATED march against VINCENNE8. 95 

They fenpposed it to be a party of observation that intended 
to land on the height some distance below tlic town. Captain 
Lamotte was sent to intercept tlicni. It was at him the people 
Baid they were looking when they were asked the reason ot 
their unusual stir. Several suspected persons had been taken 
lo the garrison; among them was Mi: Moses Henry. Mrs. 
Henry went, under the pretense of carrying him provisions, 
and whispered him the news and what she had seen. Mr. 
Hemy conveyed it to the rest of his fellow-prisoners, which 
gave them much pleasure, particularly Captain Helm, who 
amused himself very much during the siege, and I believe did 
mucli damage. 

" Ammunition was scarce with us, as the most of our stores 
had been put on board of the galley. Though her crew was 
but few, such a reinforcement to us, at this time, would have 
been invaluable in many instances. But, fortunately, at the 
time of its being reported that the whole of the goods in the 
town were to be taken for the king's use, (for whicli the owners 
were to receive bills,) Colonel Legras, Major Bosseron, and 
others, had buried the greatest part of their powder and ball. 
This was immediately produced, and we found ourselves well 
supplied by those gentlemen. 

"The Tobacco's son being in town with a number of war- 
riors, immediately mustered them, and let us know that he 
wished to join lis, saying that by the morning he would have 
a hundred men. He received for answer that we thanked him 
for his friendly disposition, and as we were sufficiently strong 
ourselves, we wished him to desist, and that we would counsel 
on the subject on the morning; and as we knew that there 
were a number of Indians in and near the town that were our 
enemies, some confusion might happen if our men should mix 
in the dark; but hoped that we might be favored M'ith his 
counsel and company during the night — which was agreeable 
to him. 

"The garrison was soon completely surrounded, and the 
firing continued without intermission, (except about fifteen 
minutes a little before day,) until about nine o'clock the fol- 
lowing morning. It was kept up by the whole of the troops — 



96 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

joined by a few of the young men of the town, who got per- 
mission — except fifty men kept as a reserve. * '" * I had 
made myself fully acquainted with the situation of the fort and 
town, and the parts relative to each. The cannon of the gar- 
rison was on the upper floors of strong blockhouses at each 
angle of the fort, eleven feet above the surface; and the ports 




HON. F. P. RANDALL. 

See page 21. 

so badly cut that many of our troops lay under the fire of 
them within twenty or thirty yards of the walls. They did no 
damage except to the buildings of the town, fomc of which 
they much shattered; and their musketry in the dai-k, em- 
ployed against woodsmen covered by houses, palings, ditches, 



Clark's celebrated march AOAiNffr vixcennes. 97 

tlic banks of tlie river, etc., "was but of little avail, and did no 
injury to ns except wounding a man or two. As we could not 
afford to lose men, great care was taken to preserve them suffi- 
ciently covered, and to keep up a hot fire in order to intimi- 
date tlie enemy as well as to destroy them. The embrasures 
of their cannon were frequently shut, for our riflemen, finding 
the true direction of them, would pour in such volleys when 
they were opened that the men could not stand to the guns — 
seven or eight of tliem in a short time got cut down. Our 
troops would frequently abuse the enemy in order to aggravate 
them to open their ports and fire their cannon, that they 
might have the pleasure of cutting them down with their 
rifles — fifty of which, perhaps, would be leveled the moment 
the port flew open; and I believe that if they had stood at 
their artillery, the greater part of them would have been 
destroyed in the course of the night, as the greater part of our 
men lay within thirty yards of the walls; and in a few hours 
were covered equally to those within the walls, and much more 
experienced in that mode of fighting. * * * Sometimes 
an irregular fire, as hot as possible, was kept up from dificrent 
directions for a few minutes, and then only a continual scatter- 
ing fire at the ports as usual; and a great noise and laughter 
immediately commenced in difierent parts of the town by the 
reserved parties, as if they had only tired on the fort a few 
minutes for amusement, and as if those continnally firing at 
the fort were only regularly relieved. Conduct similar to this 
kept the garrison constantly alaraied. They did not know 
what moment they might be stormed or [blown up?] as they 
could plainly discover that we had fiung up some entrench- 
ments across the streets, and appeared to be frequently very 
busy under the bank of the river, which was wi|;hin thirty feet 
of the walls. The situation of the magazine we knew well. 
Captain Bowman began some works in order to blow it up, in 
case our artillery should arrive; but as we knew that we were 
daily liable to be overpowered by the numerous bands of Indi- 
ans on the river, in case they had again joined the enemy, (the 
certainty of which we were unacquainted with,) we resolved 
to lose no time, but to get the fort in our possession as soon as 



98 mSTORY OF INDIANA 

possible. If the vessel did not arrive before the ensuing night 
we resolved to undermine the fort, and fixed oji the spot and 
plan of executing this work, -which we intended to commence 
the next day. 

"TJie Indiiins of diiferent tribes that were inimical, had left 
the town and neighborhood. Captain Lamotte continued to 
hover about it, in order, if yiossible, to make his Avay good into 
the fort. I'arties attempted in vain to surprise him. A few 
of his party were taken, one of which was Maisonville, a 
famous Indian ])artisan. Two lads that captured him, tied 
liim to a post in the street, and fought from behind him as a 
breastwork — sup])osing that the enemy would not lire at them 
for fear of killing him, as he would alarm them bj his voice. 
The lads were ordered, by an officer who discovered them at 
their amusement, to untie their prisoner and take him off to 
the guard, which they did; but were so inhuman as to take 
part of his scalp on the way. There happened to him no 
other damage. As almost the whole of the persons who were 
most active in the department of Detroit were either in the 
fort or with Ca])tain Lamotte, I got extremely r.neasy for fear 
that he would not fall into our ]jower — knowing that he would 
go off if he could not get into the fort in the course of the 
night. Finding that, M'ithout some unforeseen accident, the 
fort must inevitably be ours, and that a rcinfoi'cement of twenty 
men, although considerable to them, would not be of great 
moment to us in the present situation of alfairs, and knowing 
that we had weakened them by killing or wounding nuxny of 
their gunners, after some delibei'ation, we concluded to risk 
the reinforcement in pi'eference ol' his going again among the 
Indians; the garrison had at least a month's pi-ovisions, and 
if they could hold out, in the course of that time he might do 
lis much damage. A little before day the troops were with- 
drawn from their position about the fort, except a few parties 
of observation, and the firing totally ceased. Orders M-erc 
given, in case of Lamotte's approach, not to alarm or fire on 
him without a certainty of killing or taking the whole. In 
less than a quarter of an hour he passed within ten feet of an 
officer and a party that lay concealed. Ladders were flung 



CLARK S CELEBRATED MARCH AGAINST VINCEXNES. 



1)P 



over to them, and .is they mounted tlieni our party tlionted. 
Many of them fell from the top of the walls — some within, 
and others back; bnt as they were not tired on, they all got 
over, much to the joy of their friends. But, on considej-ing 
the matter, they must liave been convinced that it was a 
scheme of ours to let them in, and that we were so strong as 
to care but little about them or the manner of their getting 
into the garrison. ^ ^"' The tiring inimediateh' commenced 
on both sides with double vigor, and I believe that more noi.^e 
could not have been made by the same number of men — theii' 




RESIDENCE OF HON. F. P. EANDALL, FORT WAYNE. 

See page 31. 

• 

sliouts could not be heard for the firearms; but a connniuu 
blaze was kept around the garrison without much being done 
until about daybreak, M-hen our troops were drawn off to pos^s 
prepared for them about sixty or seventy yards from the Ibit. 
A loophole then could scarcely be darkened but a rifle-ball 
would pass through it. To have stood to their cannon would 
have destroyed their men without a probability of doing much 
service. Our situation was nearly similar. It would have 
been imprudent in either party to have wasted their men 
without some decisive stroke required it. 



L.cfC. 



100 HISTORT OF IXDI.U!TA. 

"Tlins tlio attack continued until about nine o'clock on the 
morning of the twenty-fourth. Learning that the two jrison- 
crs they Lad brought in the day before had a considerable 
number of letters with them, I supposed it an express tJfiat ne 
expected about this time, which I knew to be cf the gi'er^tcst 
moment to us, as we had not received one since our arrival m 
the country; and not being fully acquainted with the cliaracter 
of our enemy, we were doubtful that those papers might be 
destroyed — to prevent which I sent a flag [with a .otter] 
demanding the garrison," 

We include here a copy of the letter which Colonel Clark 
addressed to the British Governor: 

" Sir: In order to save yourself from the impending storra 
that now threatens you, I order you immediately to surrender 
yourself, with all your garrison, stores, etc. For if I am 
obliged to storm, you may depend on such treatment as is 
justly due to a murderer. Beware of destroying stores of any 
kind, or any papers or letters that are in your possession, or 
hurting one house in town — for, by heavens! if you do, there 
shall be no mercy shown you." 

In answer to this bold letter, Governor Ilamilton sent this 
reply: 

" Lieutenant-Governor Ilamilton begs leave to acquaint 
Colonel Clark that he and his garrison are not disposed to be 
f wed into any action unworthy British subjects." 

On receiving this refusal the firing was resunied, and con- 
tmued in a spirited manner until evening, when a flag appeared 
with the following proposals: "Lieutenant-Governor Hamil- 
ton proposes to Colonel Clark a truce for three days; during 
which time he promises there shall be no defensive works car- 
ried on in the garrison, on condition that Colonel Clark shall 
observe on his part a like cessation of any defensive work; 
that is, he wishes to confer with Colonel Clark as soon as can 
be, and promises that whatever may pass between them and 
another person mutually agreed upon to be present, shall 



clakk's celebrated maech agaikst vincennes. 101 

remain secret till matters be finislied, as lie wishes that what- 
ever the result of the conference may be it may tend to the 
honor and credit of each party. If Colonel Clark makes a 
dithculty of comiiiji^ into the fort, Lieutenant-Governor Ham- 
ilton will speak to liini by the gate." 

Clark was at a loss to understand what reason Hamilton 
could have for wishing a ti'uce. Some of his officers believed 
it to be a scheme to get him within the fort. Although he 
had the greatest reason to expect a reinforcement in less than 
three days that would at once put an end to the siege, yet he 
did not think it prudent to agree to the proposals, and sent 
the following answer: "Colonel Clark's compliments to Gov- 
ernor Hamilton, and begs leave to inform him that he will not 
agree to any terms other than Mr. Hamilton's surrendering 
liimself and garrison prisoners at discretion. If ]\[r. Hamilton 
is desirous of a conference with Colonel Clark, he will meet 
him at the church with Captain Helm." 

Tliey met at the church, about eighty yards from the fort — 
Colonel Clark, Governor Hamilton, llajor Hay, Captain Helm, 
and Major Bowman. Hamilton produced terms of capitula- 
tion containing various articles. After delilxjrating on every 
article, Clark rejected the whole. Hamilton then asked him 
to make a ])roposition. Clark told him that he had no other 
to make than that he had already made — that of his surren- 
dering as prisoners at discretion. He told him that his troojts 
liad beliavcd with spirit, that they could not suppose that they 
would be worse treated in consequence of it; that if he chose 
to comply with the demand, though hard, it would be ex])edi- 
cnt to do so immediately; that it was in vain for him to make 
any further propositions; that he must be aware that the gar- 
rison would fall; that all blood spilt from that hour by the 
garrison would be regarded as murder; that the American 
ti'oops were already impatient, and called aloud for permission 
to tear down and storm the fort; that if such a step were 
taken, many of course would be cut down, and that It would 
be out of the power of an American oilicer to save a single 
man. 

Considerable discussion followed; Captain Helm attempted 



102 



HISTORY 0¥ INDIANA. 



to moderate their fixed conclusions, but Clark told bini that 
he was a British prisoner, and that it was doubtful whether or 
not he could with propriety speak on the subject. Hamilton 
tlien said that Captain Helm was from that moment liberated, 




See page 21. 

and might use his pleasure, but Clark informed the Captain 
that he would not receive him on such terms; that he must 
return to the garrison and await his fate. Clark then informed 



Clark's movements at vincennes. 103 

Hamilton that Lostilitics slionld not commence until five min- 
utes Jifter tlic drums ^avQ the alarm. At this they parted, but 
the British officer, after a moment's hesitation, turned about 
and ])olitely in(|uired Colonel Clark's reasons I'or refusing the 
C^arrison on any other terms than an unconditional surrender. 
The latter explained at some length, but before completing 
liis reply secretly resolved to change the conditions of his 
demands. lie told Hamilton he would consider the matter 
and let him know the result at an early hour. In the course 
of the afternoon of the twenty-fourth, articles of capitulation 
were signed, and on the following day, at ten o'clock, the gar- 
rison was surrendered, and the bold, courageous Clark took 
possession of the fort. On the twenty-seventh the vessel with 
the stores and provisions arrived in good condition; and the 
Americans in Yincennes were rejoicing over their conquest. 



CIIAPTErt V. 

Clark's moveme^'ts at vixcennes. 

OX the day succeeding the occupation of Yincennes by 
Clark's forces, the iri-epressible Colonel sent a detach- 
ment of sixty men up the river Wabash to intercept some 
boats laden with stores and provisions from Detroit. The 
detachment proceeded up the river in three armed boats about 
one hundred and twenty miles, when the British boats, seven 
in number, were surprised and captured without firing a gun. 
The English boats had on board about ten thousand pounds 
worth of goods and provisions, and M'ere manned by about 
forty men. These were taken pi-isoners and the goods divided 
among the soldiers. 

Having organized a military government in Yincennes, and 
appointed Ca])tain Helm as commandant of the town. Colonel 
Clark returned in the vessel to Kaskaskia, where he was joined 



104 niSTOKY OF INDIANA. 

07 reinforcements from Kentuclcj, under Captain George. 
Mcanwliile, a party of traders ■who were going to the falls, 
were killed and plundered by the Dclawarcs of White river. 
The news of this disaster having reached Clai-k, he sent a dis- 
patch to Captain Ilclm ordering him to make war on the Del- 
awares, to use every means in his power to destroy them; to 
show no mercy to the men, but to save the women and children. 
This order was executed without delay. Their camps were 
attacked in every quarter where they could be found. Many 
fell and others were carried to Post Yincennes and put to 
death. The surviving Delawares at once pleaded for mercy, 
and appeared anxious to make some atonement for their bad 
conduct. To these overtures Captain Helm replied that Colonel 
Clark, the Big Knife, had ordered the war, and that he had 
no power to lay down the hatchet, but that he would suspend 
hostilities until a messenger could be sent to Kaskaskia. This 
was done, and the crafty Colonel, well understanding the 
Indian character, sent a message to the DclaAvare, telling 
them that he would not accept their friendship or treat with 
them for peace, but that if they could get some of the neigh- 
boring tribes to become responsible for their future conduct, 
he would discontinue the war and spare their lives; otherwise 
they must all perish. 

A council was called of all the Indians in the neighborhood, 
and Clark's answer was read to the assembly. After due 
deliberation the Piankeshaws took on themselves to answer 
for the future good conduct of the Dolawares, and the Grand 
Door, in a long speech, denounced their base conduct. This 
ended the war with the Delawares and secured the respect of 
the neiMiborinfi: tribes. Clark's attention was next turned to 
the Britisli post at Detroit, but being unable to obtain suffi- 
cient troops he abandoned the enterprise. 

Colonel John Todd, the county lieutenant for the county of 
Illinois, in the spring of 1779, visited the old settlements at 
Yincennes and Kaskaskia, and organized temporary civil gov 
ernments in nearly all the settlements west of the Ohio. 
Previous to this movement Clark had established a military 
government at Kaskaskia and Yincennes, appointed com- 



Clark's movements at vincexnes, 105 

marfiants in both places, and taken np liis headquarters at the 
falls of the Ohio, wlicre he could watch the operations of the 
snf-.my and save the frontier settlements from the depredations 
of Indian warfare. 

On reachini^ the settlements Colonel Todd issued a procla- 
mation* regulating the settlement of unoccupied lauds, and 
requiring the presentation of all claims to the lands settled, 
lie also organized a court of civil and criminal jurisdiction at 
Vinccnnes in the month of June, 1779. This court was com- 
posed of several magistrates and presided over by Colonel J. 
M. P. Lcgras, who had been appointed commandant at Yiu- 
ccnnes. Acting from the precedents established by the early 
French commandants in the west, this court began to grant 
tracts of land to the French and American inhabitants, and 
down to the year 17S3, it had granted to difierent parties about 
twenty-six thousand acres of land. From this date down to 
17S7, when the practice of granting lands was prohibited by 
General llarmer, the quantity of land granted exceeded 
twenty-two thousand acres. The tracts granted were gen- 
erally small, ranging from a small " house lot " to four and 
five hundred acres. But aside from the c-rantins: of these 
small tracts, the court entered into a stupendous speculation — 
one not altogether creditable to its honor and dignity. The 



• Illinois [County] to wit — conveniently may be, to lay before the 
Whereas, from the fertility and beautiful peri^on, in each district, appointed for 
■itaaliou of the lands bordering upon tltat p\ir|)ose, a nieuioniudum of hia or 
the Missiscippi, Ohio, Ulinois, and Wa- her land, witii copies of all their vouchers; 
bash rivers, the taking up of the usual and where vouchers have never been given, 
quantity of land heretofore allowed for a or are lost, such depositions or ccrlidc9'«8 
eeltlement by the government of Virginia, as will tend to support their claims:- the 
would injure both the strength and com- mcuiorandum to mention tue <;iart.ty 
Qcrce of this country; I do, therefore, of land, to whom originally gian'e<l, and 
issue this proclamation, strictly enjoining when, — deducing the title tli'vJgL iho 
all persons whatsoever from making any various occupants to the present posses- 
new settlements ui)on the Hat lands of the Bor. The number of adventurers who \vi- 
eaid rivers, or within one league of said shortly overrun this country, renders the 
lands, unless in manner and form of set- above method necessary, as well to ascer- 
tlements as heretofore made by the French tain the vacant lands as to guard againet 
inhabitants, until further orders herein trespasses which will i>robably be corn- 
given. And, in order that all the claims mitted on lands not on record. Given 
to lands in said county may be fully under my hand and seal, at I^askaskia, 
known, and some method provided for the fifteenth of June, in the third yeai 
perpetuating, by record, the just claims, of the commonwealth, 1TT9. 
every inhabitant is required, as soon as Joun Tosb, Jr. 



106 



HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 



commandant and magistrates over Avhom he presided, sud- 
denly adopted the opinion that they were invested with the 
authority to dispose of the whole of that large region which, 




See page 21. 

in 1742, had been granted by the tribe of Piankeshaw Indians 
to the French inhabitants of Vincennes. Accordingly a very 
convenient arrangement was entered into by which the whole 



CLAUk's MC7:EMEXrS AT VINCENNES. 107 

tract of country mcntion3Cl xro.z to bo divided between the 
members of the lio'jorabic caurt A record was made to that 
effect, and pcihaps *]ie ir.cct inlcrestiiii^ ]\art of this job — 
modern poJt:c:^i2S v -i 1 ca. it a steai — was that each mem- 
Ijcr found conv eD'eri' to be al)sent from court on the day 
that the ordc wf s rrn.ic in liis favor.* 

During the prog^ecs ul the conflict between civilization and 
barbarism in the northwest, from 1770 to 17S7, the date at 
which the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio 
was organized, tlicrc Avere but few events of importance in 
Mliich the settlements in Indiana were not concerned, or by 
Avhicli tlicy were not affected. In the fall of 17S0, LaBalme, 
a Frcncliman, made an attempt to capture tlioBritisli garrison 
of Detroit by leading an expedition against it from Kaskaskia. 
At tlie head of thirty men he marched to Vinccnncp, where 
liis force was slightly increased. From tin's town lie ]u-occeded 
to tlie British trading post at the head of the Maumee, where 
Fort Wayne now stands, where he plundered the British traders 
and Indians and tlicn retired. AV'liile encamped on the bank 
of a small stream on liis retreat, he was attacked by a band of 
Miamis, a number of his men were killed, and the ex]>edition 
against Detroit ended in ruin. Thus ran the current of border 
war," sometimes resulting in a victory for the Americans and 
sometimes for the enemy, during the Imig struggle for inde- 
pendence, until in 17S3, the treaty of Paris was concluded, 
and the Congress of the United States declared a cessation of 
hostilities between the United States and Great Britain. 

Up to this date the territory now included within the limits 
of the State of Indiana belonged, by conquest, to tlie State of 
Virginia, but in January, 17S3, the General Assembly of that 
State resolved to cede to the Congress of the United States all 
right, title and claim which it held to the territory northwest 
of the Ohio. The conditions offered by Virginia were accepted 
by Congress on the twentieth of Deccjnber of the same year, 
and the transfer was effected early in 17S4. In the year pre- 
ceding, however, the Assembly of Virginia passed an act for 

• Uarrison'g Letters. 



108 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



platting the to\vn of Clarksvillc, at tlie falls of the Ohio. The 
act stipulated that the lots, consisting of half an acre each, 
should be sold at public auction to the higlicst bidder, and 
that purchasers were to hold their lots subject to the condi- 
tions of building on them within three years from the day of 
sale. 

In the spring of 1784, after the deed of cession* had been 
accepted by Congress, tlie subject of the future government 
of the territory was referred to a committee consisting of 
!RIcssrs. Jefferson of Yirginia, Chase of Maryland, and IIowcU 
of Rhode Island. The committee reported an ordinance for 
the government of the territory northwest of the Ohio, which, 
among other things, declared, that neither slavery nor involun- 



•That the territory so ceded ehall be 
laid out aud formed into States, contain- 
ing a suitable extent of territory, not lees 
than one hundred, nor more than one 
hundred and fifty miles square ; or as near 
thereto as circumstances will admit; and 
that the States so formed shall be distinct 
republican States, aud admitted members 
of the Federal Union; having the same 
rights of sovereignty, freedom, aud inde- 
pendence as the other States. That the 
necessary aud reasonable expenses incur- 
red by Virginia in subduing any British 
posts, or in maintaining forts and garri- 
sons within, and for the defence, or in 
acquiring any part of, the territory so 
ceded or relinquished, shall be fully reim- 
bursed by the United States. That the 
French and Canadian inhabitants, and 
other settlers of the Kaskaskia, Post Vin- 
cennes, and the neighboring villages, who 
have professed themselves citizens of Vir- 
ginia, shall have their possessions and 
titles conflrmert to them, and be protected 
in the enjoyment of their rights aud liber- 
lies. That a quantity not exceeding one 
hundred and lifty thousand acres of laud, 
promised by Virginia, shall be allowed 
and granted to the then Colonel, now 
General George liogcrs Clark, and to the 
officers and soldiers of his regiment, who 
marched with him when the posts of Kas- 
kaskia and Vincennes were reduced, ani* 
to the officers and soldiers that have been 
iince incorporated into the said regiment, 
to be laid off in one tract, the length of 
Whicb not to exceed double the breadth, 



in such place on the northwest side of the 
Ohio as a majority of the officers shall 
choose, and to bo afterward divided anutng 
the officers and suUliers in due i)roportion, 
according to the laws of Virginia. That 
in case the quantity of good lands on the 
southeas't side of the Ohio, uiion the 
waters of Cumberland river, and between 
the Green river aud Tennessee river, 
which have been reserved by law for the 
Virginia troops upon continental estab- 
lishment, should, from the North Carolina 
line, bearing in further upon the Cum- 
berland lauds than was expected, prove 
insufficient for their legal bounties, the 
deficiency shall he made up to the said 
troops, in good lands, to be laid off be- 
tween the rivers Scioto aud Little Miami, 
on the northwest side of the river Ohio, in 
such proportions as have been engaged to 
them by the laws of Virginia. That all 
the lands within the territory so c-edJC to 
United States, and not reserveil tot, Ot 
appropriaied to any of the bclore raeia- 
tioned purpot^es, or disposed of iu bona 
ties to the officers and soldiers Jf IU, 
American army, sliall be con^idei-eii is a 
common fund for the use and benefit of 
such of the United Stales as have become, 
or shall become, niemlncrs of the confed- 
eration or federal alliance of the said 
StaUs, Virginia inclusive, according to 
their usual re6i)ective pro))()rtii>ns iu tlie 
general charge and exi>endinire, and shall 
be faithfully and boiiajide disposed of for 
that purpose, and for uo other use or pur- 
pose whatsoever. 



EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND LAND GRANTS. 109 



tary servitude, otherwise than in the pnnisliment of ciiminals, 
should exist in the territory after the year ISOO. This article 
of the ordinance was rejected, but an ordinance for the tem- 
porary government of the county mms adopted, and, in the 
following year, laws Avei-e passed by Congress for disposing of 
lands in the western territory, and for prohibiting the settle- 
ment of unappropriated lands by reckless speculators. 



CnATTER VI. 

EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND LAND GRANTS. 

FROM this date, 1784 to 17S7, when the northwestern ter- 
ritory was organized, we have but little to record in the 
history of Indiana. Land speculation in Ohio, and on the 
borders of the Ohio and Wabash rivers, was exciting consider- 
able attention, and large associations, representing consider- 
able means, were formed for the ])urpose of monopolizing the 
trade in land. Tracts of millions of acres were sold at one 
time by Congress to associations on the installment plan, and 
80 far as the Indian titles could be extinguished, the work of 
settling and improving the lands Avas pushed rapidly forward. 
The passage of the "ordinance of 17S7," created the territory 
of the United States northwest of the Ohio, which of course 
included the whole of the territory now embraced in the State 
of Indiana. On the fifth of October, of the same year, Major 
General Arthur St. Clair was elected by Congress Governor 
of the territory. He was instructed, on entering upon the 
duties of the office, to ascertain the real temper of the Indians 
and do all in his power .to remove the causes for controversy 
between them and the United States, and to effect the extin- 
guishment of Indian titles to all the land possible. The 
Governor took up quarters in the new settlement of Marietta, 
Ohio, where he immediately began the organization of the 



110 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

government of the territory. The first session of the general 
court of the new territory was held at that place in 1788. The 
judges were Samuel II. Parsons, James Mitchell Varnum, and 
John Cleves Symmes. Under the ordinance, Governor St. 
Clair Avas president of the court. 




B. TRENT.AIAN, ESQ. 
See page 21. 

After the session of tlie general court at Marietta was con- 
cluded, and the necessary laws for the goverinneiit of the ter- 
ritory ]nissed. Governor St. Clair, accompanied hy the Judges, 
visited Kaskaskia for the purpose of organizing a civil govern- 
ment there. Meanwhile full instructions had been sent to 
Major Hamtramck, commandant at Vincennes, recpiiring him 



EARLY SETTLKVrEXTS AND LAND GRANTS. Ill 

to ascertain the exact feeling and temper of tlie Ina <in tribes 
of the AVabash. These instructions were accomp.inied by 
speeches to each of the tribes. On the fifth of April, 1700, a 
Frencliman named Antoine Gamelin, was dis])atc]ieJ from 
Vinccnncs 'vvith tliesc speeches. lie visited nearly all tlie 
tribes on the "Wabash, St. Josepli and St. Marys rivers, but was 
coldly received, most of the chiefs being dissatisfied witli tlie 
policy of the Americans towai-d them, and prejudiced tlirough 
English misrepresentation. Full accounts of his adventures 
among the tribes reached Go^■ernor St. Clair at Ka^kaskia in 
June, 1790. Being satisfied that there was no prospect of 
effecting a general peace with the Indians of Indiana, lio 
resolved to visit General Ilarmer at his headquarters at Fort 
"Washington, and there to consult with that ofiicer upon the 
means of carrying an expedition against the hostile Indians. 
Ijcfore leaving Kaskaskia, however, St. Clair intrusted tlic 
Secretary of the territory, "Wiuthrop Sargent, with tho execu- 
tion of the resolutions of Con^rrcss regarding the lands and 
settlers on the "Wabash. lie directed that officer to proceed to 
Vinccnncs, lay out a couiity there, establish the militia, and 
appoint the necessary civil and military officers. JMr. Sargent 
at once proceeded to Yiucennes, where he organized the camji 
of Knox, appointed the necessary civil and military oilieers, 
and notified the inhal)itants to present their claims to lands. 
In establishing these claims the settlers found great difficulty, 
and regarding it, the secretary in his report to the rresident 
remarked: 

" Although the lands and lots which were awarded to tlie 
irdiabitants, appeared, from very good oral testimony, to 
belong to those ]iersons to whom they were awarded, either 
by original grants, purchase, or inheritance, yet tliei'c was 
scarcely one case in twenty wliei'C the title was complete, 
owing to the desultory manner in which ])ublic business had 
been transacted, and some other unfortunate causes. The 
original concessions by the French and Fritish commandants 
were generally made upon a small scrap of pa])cr, wiiieh it has 
been customary to lodge in the notary's office, who has seldom 
kept any book of record, but committed the most important 



112 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

land concerns to loose sheets, which, in process of time, have 
come into possession of persons that liavc fraudulently 
destroyed them, or, nnacquainted with their conseqneTicc, 
innocently lost or trifled them away; for by the French usa^e 
they are considered as family inheritances, and often descend 
to women and children. In one instance, and durini^ the gov- 
crnment of Mr. St. Ange here, a royal notai-y ran oil' with all 
the public papers in his possession, as by acertilicate produced 
to me. And I am very sorry further to observe that in the 
oflicc of Mr. Le Grand, which continued from the year 1777 to 
1787, and where should have been the vouchers for important 
land transactions, tlie records have been t^o falsified, and there 
is such gross fraud in forgery as to invalidate all evidence and 
information which I might otherwitc have acquii'ed from his 
papers." 

Wiuthrop Sargent informs us that there were about one 
hundred and fifty French families at Yiiicenncs in 1790, The 
heads of these families had all been at some time vested with 
certain titles to a portion of the soil, and while the Secretary 
was busily engaged endeavoring to straighten out these claims, 
he received a petition signed by eighty Americans, praying 
for the confirmation of the grants of lands ceded by the court 
which had been organized b}' Colonel John Todd, under the 
authority of Virginia, to which reference has already been 
made. 

This case was met in the action of Congress on the third 
of March, 1791, empowering the Governor of the teri'itory, in 
cases where land had been actually im])roved and cultivated 
under a supposed grant for the sanie, to confirm to the persons 
who made such improvements, the lands supposed to have 
been granted, not, however, exceeding the quantity of four 
hundred acres to any one person. 

In the summer of 1790, a session of the general court was 
held at Vincennes, acting Governor Sargent* presiding, when 
the following laws were adopted: 

I. An act to prohibit the giving or selling intoxicating 

* Mr. Sargent acted in the capacity of Governor at the request of St. 
Clair, who, during the time, was busily engaged with military affairs. 



EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND LAND GRANTS. 



113 



liquors to Indians residing in, or coming into, the territory of 
tlie United States northwest of the river Ohio, and for prevent- 
ing foreigners from trading with Indians therein. 




See page 21. 

II. An act prohibiting the sale of spirituous or other 
intoxicating liquors to soldiers in the service of the United 
States, being within ten miles of any military post within the 
territory of the United States northwest of the river Ohio; and 



114 msTCT^y of Indiana. 

to prevent tlic selling or ^ewring of arms, ninmnnition, cloth- 
ing, and accontrcinents. 

ITT. An act for supprossfng and prohibiting every species 
of gaining for money or other property, and for making void 
contracts and paymerits ma'ie in consequence thereof, and for 
restraining the disorderly practice of discharging arms at 
certain hours and places, 

Wc give here the sentiments of the principal inhahitants 
of Vincennes, %vhich were addressed to Mr. Sargent while at 
that place, in 1790, in the fullouiug language: "The citizens 
of the town of Vincennes aj^pi'oach you, sir, to express as well 
their personal respect for your lionor as the full approbation 
of the measures you have been pleased to ])ursue in regard to 
their government and the adjustment of their claims, as 
inhabitants of the territory over which you at present preside. 
AVhilc we deem it a singular blessing to behold the principlejk 
of free government unfolding among ns, we cherish the pleas- 
ing reflection that our posterity Avill also have cause to rejoice 
at the political change now originating. A free and etticient 
government, wisely administered, and fostered under the pro- 
tectiuir winsrs of an auirust union of States, cannot fail to 
render the citizens of this wide extended territory securely 
happy in the possession of every public blessing. 

" "\Vc cannot take leave, sir, without oflering to your notice 
a tribute of gratitude and esteem, which everv citizen of Yin- 
ccnnes conceives he owes to the merits of an officer [Major 
Ilamtramck] who has long commanded at this post. The 
unsettled situation of things, for a series of years previous to 
this gentleman's arrival, tended in many instances to derange, 
and in others to suspend, the operations of those municipal 
customs by which the citizens of this town were used to be 
governed. They were in the habit of submitting the superin- 
tendence of their civil regulations to the officer who happened 
to command the troops posted among them. Ilence, in the 
course of the late war, and from the frequent change of masters, 
they labored under heavy and various grievances. But the 
judicious and humane attention paid by Major Ilamtramck, 
during his whole command, to the rights and feelings of everj 



HAKMER, SCOTT AXT! WILKINSON^S IIXPEDITIONS. 115 

individual craving liis interposition, demands, and will always 
receive our wannest acknowlcdgnicnts. 

"We beg you, sir, to assuic the supreme authority of tlio 
United States of our fidelity and attachment; and tliat our 
greatest ambition is to deserve its fostering care, by acting the 
part of good citizens. 

"By order, and on belialf, of the citizens of Vincennes. 
Antoink Gamkmn, Magistrate. 

PlERKE GaMELIX, do. 

Paul Gameijn, do. 

James Johnson, do. 

Louis Edkline, do. 

Luke Decker, do. 

Frakcis Bosseron, do. 

Francis Vigo, IMajor Commandant of Militia, 

Henry Vanderkukgit, Major of Militia. 

To this complimentary testimonial "Winthrop Sargent made 
a brief but appropriate reply. 



CnAPTEE YII. 



HARilER, SCOTT AND WILKINSON S EXrEDITIONS. 

WHEN Governor St. Clair arrived at Fort "Washington 
from Kaslcaskia, he determined, after a long conversa- 
tion with General Ilarmer, to send a powerful force to chastise 
the savages about the head waters of the Wabash. He had 
been empowered by the President to call on Virginia for one 
thousand troops, and on Pennsylvania for five hundred. This 
power he at once exercised. Three hundred of the Virginia 
militia were ordered to muster at Fort Steuben, and, with the 
garrison of that fort, to march to Vincennes, and join Major 
Hamtramck, who had orders to call for aid from the militia of 



116 mSTOKT OF INDIANA. 

Yincennes, march up the "Wabash and attack any of the 
Indian villages to which, in his judgment, his force might be 
equal. The remaining twelve hundred of the militia were 
ordered to rendezvous at Fort Washington, and to join the 
regular troops at that post under the command of General 
Ilarmer.* 

At this time the United States regular troops in the "West 
^ere estimated by Gen. Ilarmer at four hundred efloctive men. 
These, with the militia, gave him a force of one thousand four 
hundred and fifty men. With this army Gen. Ilarmer marched 
from Fort Washington on the thirtieth of September. The 
troops continued the march until the seventeenth of October, 
when they reached the Maumee. The work of punishing the 
Indians was then begun, but, in one sense, ended disastrously. 
The savages received a severe scourging, but the militia behaved 
80 badly as to be of little or no service. A detachment of 
three hundred and forty militia and sixty regulars, under the 
command of Colonel Hardin, were sorely defeated on the Mau- 
mee, on the twenty-second of October. On the twenty-third, 
the army took up the line of march for Fort Washington, and 
reached that place on the fourth of November, having lost in 
the expedition one hundred and eighty-three killed, and thirty- 
one wounded. The Indians lost about equallj'- with the Amer- 
icans. During the progress of this expedition Major Ham- 
tramck marched up the Wabash from Yincennes as far as the 
mouth of the Yermillion river, destroyed several deserted 
villages, and returned, without finding an enemy to oppose 
him. 

Although the savages were severely punished by these expe- 
ditions, yet they refused to sue for peace, and continued their 
hostilities. The inhabitants of the frontier settlements of 
Yirginia took alarm, and the delegates of Ohio, Monongahela, 
Harrison, Kandolph, Greenbrier, Kanawha and Montgomery 
counties, sent a joint memorial to the Governor of Yirginia, 
saying that " the defenseless condition of these counties, form- 
ing a line of nearly four hundred miles along the Ohio river, 

• * Dillon's History of Indiana Territory, p. 241. 



HARMER, SCOTT AND WILJKINSON S EXPEDITIONS. 



117 



exposed to the hostile invasion of their Indian enemies, desti- 
tute of every kind of 6upi3ort, is truly alarming; for notwith- 
gtandino; all the reo-ulations of the General Government in 
that country, we have reason to lament that they have been 
liitherto ineifectual for our protection, nor indeed could it 
hap]3en otherwise, for the garrisons kept by the Contip-^^'-w-l 




JOHN ROCHE, ESQ. 
See page 21. 

troops on the Ohio river, if they are of any use, it must be '-» 
Kentucky settlements, as they immediately cover that country. 
To us they can be of no service, being from two to four hun- 
dred miles below our frontier settlements. We further beg 
leave to observe that we have reason to feai- that the conse- 
quences of the defeat of our army by the Indians on the late 



118 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

expedition, "will be severely felt on our frontiers, as there is no 
doubt but that tlie Indians will, in tlieir turn, (being iluslicd 
with victory,) invade our settlements, and exercise all their 
horrid murder upon tlie inhabitants thereof, whenever the 
■weather will permit them to travel. Then is it not better to 
support us where we are, be the expense what it may, than to 
obli^'C such a number of your brave citizens, who have so long 
6U]>portcd, and still continues to support, a dangerous frontier, 
(although thousands of their relatives in the flesh, have, in the 
piosecution thereof, fallen a sacriflce to savage inventions,) to 
quit the country, after all they have done and suflcred, when 
you know that a frontier must be supported somewhere." 

This memorial caused the Legislature of Virginia to author- 
ize the Governor of that State to make any defensive opera- 
tions necessary for the temporary defense of the frontiers, 
until the General Government could adopt and carry out 
measures to suppress the liostile Indians. The Governor at 
once called upon the military commanding officers in the 
western counties of Yirginia, to raise, by the first of March, 
1791, several small companies of rangers for this purpose. At 
the same time Charles Scott was appointed Brigadier-General 
of the militia of the district of Kentucky, with authority to 
raise two hundred and twenty-six volunteers, to protect the 
most exposed ])ortions of that district. 

A iull report of the i)rocecdings of the Legislature of Vir- 
ginia in relation to the exposed condition and defense of the 
frontiers of that State, was transmitted to Congress, and upon 
consideration of the same, the General Government consti- 
tuted a local Board of War for the district of Kentucky, 
com]ioscd of Brigadier-General Scott, Henry Innis, John 
Brown, Benjamin Logan and Isaac Shelby. On the ninth of 
March, 171)1, General Henry Knox, Seci'ctary of Wai% sent a 
letter of instructions to Brigadier-General Scott, recommend- 
ing an expedition of mounted men, not exceeding seven hun- 
dred and fifty, against the "Wca towns on the river Wabasli. 
lie recommended that this force be raised and conducted to 
the Indian %-illages of the Wabash, where, by rapid incursions 
the towns could be destroyed and many prisoners taken. 



HARMER, SCOTT AND WILKINSOn's EXPEDITIONS. 119 

rursuant to these instructions, Brigadier-General Scott, on 
tlic twenty-third of May, 1791, crossed the Oliio, with about 
cii;ht luindred mounted men, and, ' cmracncei his inarcli for 
the Wabash, wliich he reached on the first of June. JMany of 
the Indians, liaving discovered his ?i,piKach, fled, but lie suc- 
ceeded in destroying all the villages around Ouiatenou, 
together with several Kickapoo towns, killing thirty-two war- 
riors and taking lifty-eight prisoners. He released a few of 
the most iutirm prisoners, giving them a " talk," wliich they 
carried to the towns farther up the AVabash, and wliich the 
wretched condition of his horses prevented him from reaching. 

On the third of March, 1791, Congress provided for raisin*' 
and equipping a regiment for the protection of the frontiers, 
and Governor St. Clair was invested with the chief command 
of about three thousand troops, to be raised and employed 
against the hostile Indians in the territory over which his 
administration extended. He was instructed by the Secretary 
of War to march to the Miami village, and to establish a 
strong and permanent military post at that place. He was 
also directed to establish, during his advance, such posts ot 
communication with Fort Washington, along the Ohio, as, in 
liis judgment might be required. 

The post at the Miami village was intended to keep the sav- 
ages in that vicinity in check, so as to prevent future hostili- 
ties, and it was the wish of the Secretary of War that it 
Bliould be garrisoned not only strong enough for the defense 
of the place, but so as to afford, at all times, a detachment of 
five or six hundred men, either to chastise any of the Wabash 
or other hostile Indians, or to capture convoys of the enemy's 
provisions. In liis letter to Governor St. Clair, he urged that 
" the establishment of said post is considered as an important 
object of the campaign, and is to take place in all events. In 
case of a previous treaty, the Indians are to be conciliated 
npon this point if possible; and it is presumed good argu- 
ments may be offered to induce their acquiescence. * * » 
Having commenced your march upon the main expedition, 
and the Indians continuing hostile, you will use every possible 
exertion to make them feel the effects of your superiority; 



120 



HISTOEY OF INDIANA. 



.'iiul, after hr.^ing arrived at the Miami village, and put your 
Avorko in a defensible state, you will seek the enemy with the 
whole of your remaining force, and endeavor, by all possible 
means, to strike them with great severity. ^ ^ ^ In order to 
avoid future wars, it might be proper to make the Wabash and 




See page 21. 

thence over to the Maumee, and down the same to its mouth, 
at lake Erie, the boundary between the people of the United 
States and the Indians, (excepting so far as the same should 
relate to the Wyandots and Delawares,) on the supposition of 
their continuing faithful to the treaties. But if they should 



HAEMEK, SCOTT AND WILKINSON'S EXPEDITIONS. 



121 



join in the war against the United States, and your army be 
victorious, the said tribes ought to be removed without the 
boundary mentioned." 

On the twenty -hfth of June, 1791, Governor St. Clair, previ- 
ous to marching a strong force to the Miami town, as directed 
by the War Department, authorized Brigadier-General Wil- 




MRS. ELIZA HANNA. 
See page 31. 

kinson to conduct a second expedition, not exceeding five 
hundred mounted men, against the Indian villages on the 
Wabash. Pursuant to these instructions, Wilkinson mustered 
his forces, and was ready to march on the twentieth of July, 
with five hundred and twenty -five mounted volunteers, well 
armed, and provided with thirty days' provisions. With this 



122 HISTORY OF INDLA.NA. 

force Le reached the Ke-na-pa-com-a-qua village, on the north- 
ern bank of tlie Eel river, about six miles from a point uhero 
that river joins the Wabash, on the seventh of August, and 
succeeded in killing six warriors and taking thirty-f(jur pris- 
oners, before they could escape. This town, which was scat- 
tered along Eel river for a distance of three miles, was totally 
destroyed. 

Wilkinson encamped on the ruins of the town that night, 
and on the following day he commenced his march for the 
Kickapoo town on the prairie, which he was unable to reach 
owing to the impassable condition of the route which he 
adopted, and the failing condition of his horses. lie estimated 
the results of the expedition, in his official report, as follows: 
" I have destroyed the chief town of the Ouiatcnon nation, 
and have made prisoners of the sons and sisters of the king. 
I have burned a respectable Kickapoo village, and cut down at 
least four hundred and thirty acres of corn, chiefly in the 
milk." 



CHAPTER YIII. 

ST. CLAIR AND WAYNe's EXPEDITIONS. 



TnE three expeditions under Ilarmer, Scott and Wilkinson 
resulted in great damage to the Indians, but by no means 
subdued them. They regarded the policy of the United States 
as calculated to exterminate them from the land, and, goaded 
on by the English of Detroit, the enemies of the Americans, 
they were excited to desperation. At this time the govern- 
ment of Great Britain still supported garrisons at Niagara, 
Detroit and Michilimackinac, notwithstanding it was declared 
by the second article of the definite treaty of peace of 1783, 
that the king of Great Britain would, "with all convenient 
speed, and without causing any destruction or carrying away 



ST. CLAIE AND WAYNe's EXPEDITIONS. ^23 

any negroes or property of the American inhabitants, with- 
draw all his forces, garrisons and fleets from the United States, 
and from every post, place and harbor within the same." It 
was also made a part of the treaty that the creditors on cither 
side should meet with no lawful impediments to the recovery 
of the full value, in sterling money, of all hona fide debts 
previously contracted. The British government claimed that 
the United States had broken faith in this particular under- 
standing of the treaty, and, in consequence, retused to with- 
draw its forces from the territory. The British garrisons 
already mentioned were a great source of annoyance to the 
Americans, as they aflbrded succor to the hostile Indian tribes, 
and encouraged them in their incursions against the frontier 
American settlements, frequently aiding them with stores and 
provisions. This state of affairs in the territory of the United 
States northwest of the Ohio, continued from a period previous 
to its organization until the British power was withdrawn from 
the country in 179G, under the second treaty. 

In September, 1791, Governor St. Clair moved from Fort 
"Washiu£:ton with a force of about two thousand men. On the 
the third of November the main army, consisting of about 
fourteen hundred effective troops, moved forward to the head- 
waters of the Wabash, where Fort Kecovery was afterwards 
erected. Here the army encamped. At this time the Little 
Turtle, Blue Jactet and Buck-ong-a-helas, and other Indian 
chiefs were secreted a few miles distant with a force of twelve 
hundred Indians, awaiting a favorable opportunity to begin an 
attack, which they improved on the morning of the fourth of 
November, about half an hour before simrise. The attack was 
first made upon the militia, which immediately gave way. 
But we shall not, in this place, tax our readers with an account 
of St. Clair's defeat, with which they are undoubtedly familiar. 
It will suflice to say that he returned to Fort Washington with 
a broken and dispirited army, having lost in the unsuccessful 
action of the fourth of November, thirty-nine officers killed, 
and five hundred and thirty-nine men killed and missing. 
Twenty-two officers and two hundred and thirty-two men were 
wounded. Several pieces of artillery, and all the baggage, 



ST. CLAIR AND WATNe's EXPEDITIONS. 125 

ammunition and provisions, were left on the field of battle, and 
fell into the hands of the victorious Indians, The stores and 
other public property lost in the action were valued at thirtj- 
two thousand eight hundred dollars. Mr. John B. Dillon, in 
his early history of Indiana, speaks of St. Clair's defeat in 
these words: " With the army of St. Clair, following the for- 
tunes of their husbands, there were more than one hundred 
women. Very few escaped the carnage of the fourth of No- 
vember, and after the flight of the remnant of the army, the 
Indians began to avenge their own real and imaginary wrongs, 
by perpetrating the most horrible acts of cruelty and brutality 
upon tlie bodies of the living and the dead Americans who 
fell into their hands. Believing that the whites, for many 
years, made war merely to acquire land, the Indians crammed 
clay and sand into the eyes and down the throats of the dying 
and the dead."* 

Although no .particular blame was attached to Governor St, 
Clair for the loss in this expedition, yet he resigned the office 
of Major General, and was succeeded by Anthony Wayne, a 
distinguished officer of the Bevolutionary War. Early in. 
1792, provisions were made by the General Government foT 
re-organizing the army, so that it should consist of a respect 
able force. Wayne arrived at Pittsburg in June of the samf 
year, where the army was to rendezvous. Here he continued 
actively engaged organizing and training his forces, until 
October, 1793, when, with an army of about three thousand 
six hundred effective men, he moved westward to Fort Wash 
ington. 

Wliile Wayne was preparing for the offensive campaign 
every possible means was employed to induce the hostile tribes 
of the northwest to enter into a general treaty of peace with 
the American government. Speeches were sent among them; 
agents to make treaties were also sent, but little was accom- 
plished. Major Ilamtramck, who still remained at Vincennes, 
succeeded in concluding a general peace with the AYabash and 
Illinois Indians, but the tribes more immediately under the 

* In Atwater's History of Ohio, we are informed that there were two 
hundred and fifty women with the army. 



126 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

influence of the British, refused to hear tlie sentiments of 
friendship tliat were sent among them, and tomakawked seve- 
ral of the messengers. Their courage had hecn aroused by 
St. Clair's defeat, as well as the nnsnccessful expeditions that 
preceded it, and they were now quite prepared to meet a 
superior force under General Wayne. The Indians insisted on 
the Ohio river as the boundary line between their lands and 
the lands of the United States, and chose rather to trust to the 
fortunes of a war than to make any further concessions. 

On the twenty-sixth of July, 1794, Major-Gcneral Scott, 
with about sixteen hundred mounted volunteers from Ken- 
tuck}', joined the regular troops under General Wayne, and on 
the twenty-eighth of the same month the united forces com- 
menced their march for the Indian towns on the Maumee 
river. Arriving at the confluence of the Auglaize and Mau- 
mee rivers. General Wayne erected Fort Dctiance, and on the 
fifteenth of August he moved the army from this place toward 
the British fort at the foot of the rapids of the Maumee, when, 
on the twentieth, almost M'ithin the reach of the guns of the 
fort, the American army gained a decisive victory over the 
combined forces of the hostile Indians and a considerable 
number of the Detroit militia. The number of the enemy 
was estimated at two thousand, against about nine hundred 
American troops actually engaged. This horde of savages, as 
soon as the action began, abandoned themselves to flight, and 
disjicrsed with terror and dismay, leaving Wayne's victorious 
army in full and quiet possession of the fleld. 

During the action the Americans lost thirty-three killed and 
one Inmdred wounded. The loss of the enemy was more than 
double that of the Federal army. The woods, for a distance 
of nearly two miles, was strewn with the dead bodies of the 
Indians and British volunteers, who were shot down in their 
mad retreat. 

The array remained three days and nights on the banks of 
the Maumee, in front of the field of battle, during which time 
all the houses and cornfields were consumed and destro^'ed for 
a considerable distance both above and below Fort Miami, as 
well as within pistol shot of the British garrison, who were 



ST. CLAIR AND WAYNE's EXPEDITIONS. 



127 



compelled to remain idle spectators to this general devastation 
and conflaorration, amons; wliicli were the houses, stores and 
and property of Colonel McKee, the British Indian agent, and 
"principal stimulator of the war then existing between the 
United States and savages." 




"^^ ^^-^ ct^^^'^^^^^^-^r 



Sec page 21. 

During the return march to Fort Defiance, the vilUiges and 
cornfields, for about fifty miles on each side of tlie Maumee 
were destroyed, as well as those for a considerable distance 
around that poet. 



128 raSTORT OF INDIANA. 

On the fourteenth of September, 1794, the army under the 
command of General Wayne commenced its niarcli toward 
the deserted Miami villages which stood at the conllucncc of 
the rivers St. Joseph's and St. Mary's. This place was reached 
on the seventeenth of October, and on the following day tlic 
site of Fort "Wayne was selected. Tlie fort was completed on 
the twenty-second of November of the same year, and gar- 
risoned by a strong detachment of infantry and artillery, nndcr 
the command of Colonel John F. Hamtramck, who gave to the 
new fort the naiue of Fort Wayne.* 

The Kentucky volnnteers returned to Fort Washington, and 
were mustered out of the service. General Wayne, with the 
Federal troops, marched to Greenville, where he took up his 
headquarters during the winter, and where, in the month of 
August, 1795, after several months of active negotiation, this 
gallant officer succeeded in concluding a general treaty of peace 
with all the hostile tribes who inhabited the territory of the 
United States northwest of the Ohio. 

The treaty of Greenville, which was eifected through the 
good offices of General Wayne, opened the way for the flood 
of emigration which from that day, flowed from the Eastern 
States into the Northwestern territory. 

Aside from military affairs in the northwestern territory, 
there was but little of civil progress worthy of mention in a 
history of Indiana. In July, 1796, after the treaty between 
the United States and Spain had been concluded, the British 
garrisons, with their arms, artillery and stores, were with- 
drawn from the posts within the boundaries '^f the XJnx'jd^^ 
States northwest of the Ohio river, and a detachment of Amer 
ican troops, consisting of sixty-live men, ux.der the command 
of Captain Moses Porter, took possession of the e\ \cuated 
post of Detroit in the same month, in the latter t)art of the 
year 1796, Winthrop Sargent proceeded to Detroit and 
erected the county of Wayne, and established a civil govern-* 
ment in that quarter. This county of Wayne, now the most 
wealthy county in M'oid^sn, formed a part of the Indiana 
territory until its division, in 1S05, when the territory of 
Michigan was oigan'ssetl. 

♦ A new fort was btlJ on the site of this fort in 1814. 



CHAPTEE IX. 

ORGANIZATION OF THE INDIANA TEKRITOBV, 

IN the previous chapters ^ve have briefly traced the history 
of the military, political and civil events, in the territory 
of the United States northwest of the Ohio, from its orf^aniza- 
tion to 1800, when the territory of Indiana was erected. Let 
us now enter upon what we may call the history of Indiana 
proper. Heretofore we liave been compelled, owing to the 
very large tract of territory over which the government 
extended its control, to include the events that transpired in 
neighboring States. This may now be avoided. "We have 
already said that by the treaty of Greenville the lands of 
Indiana were made available to settlers. Notwithstanding 
this event, bit •"',>' settlements were rracc until after tL.8 terri- 
tory was or;/ijcJi^. Yet most oi iiijtk e^iS'-iii; "^1 the time 
the treaiiv wafl x.^/^e "w-eve imm£<.!-s*;p-y f3rjji:>;ed and impioTed 
V UiQ^.r.iK'iz \voji.ii<i -A this time was the largest settlement in 
the territory, was, in 1796, quite a town. Defended by Fort 
Knox, its citizens were enabled to prosecute a paying trade 
with the Indians, and to improve the agricn/i;niax resources 
around them. At this date the town contained about fifty 
dwelling houses, all presenting a thrifty and tidy appearance. 
Each house was surrounded by a garden fenced with poles,, 
and peach and apple trees grew in most of the inclosures. 
Garden vegetables of all kinds were cultivated with success, 
and corn, tobacco, wheat, barley, and cotton grew in the fields 
around the village in abundance. 

Adjoining the village was Fort Knox, inclosed by a ditch 
eight feet wide, and by sharp stakes from six to eight feet 
high. This palisade, protected by the gnns of the fort, was a 
9 (129) 



130 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



Piifficient fortification against hostile Indians. A Frenchman 
wlio visited Yincennes in 1796, writes of its inhabitants at 
that date: "The day after my arrival a C(nirt was held to 
which I repaired. On entering, I was surprised to find the 




See page 31. 

audience divided into races of men in person and feature 
widely difiering from each othei'. The fair or light brown 
hair, ruddy complexion, round face, and plump body, indi- 



ORGANIZATION OF THE INDIANA TErwUTTORY. 131 

cativc of health and ease, of one set, were foi-cibly contrasted 
with the emaciated frame and mea^^er, tawny visai^c of tlie 
other. The dress, likewise, of the hitter denoted their indi- 
gence. I soon discovered that the former wcj'c new settlers 
from the neighboring States, whose lands had been reclaimed 
five or six years before, while the latter were French of sixty 
years standing in the district. The latter, three or four 
excepted, knew nothing of English, while the Ibrmcr were 
almost as ignorant of French. I had acquired, in tlie course 
of the year, a sufficient knowledge of English to converse with 
them, and was thus enabled to hear the tales of both parties. 
The French, in a querulous tone, recounted the losses and 
hardships tliey had suffered, especially since the last Indian 
war, in 1788. * * * * They complained that they were 
cheated and robbed, and especially that their rights were con- 
tinually violated by the courts, in which two judges only four 
of five were Frenchmen, who knew little of the laws or lan- 
guage of the English. Their ignorance, indeed, was profound. 
Nobody ever opened a school among them till it was done by 
the able M. Rivet, a polite, well educated, and liberal minded 
missionary, banished hither by the French revolution. Out 
of nine of the French, scarcely six could read or write; whereas, 
nine- tenths of the Americans, or emigrants from the east, 
could do both. •5«' * * * I could not fix, with accuracy, the 
date of the first settlement of Vincennes ; and notwithstanding 
the homage paid by some learned men to tradition, I could 
trace out but few events of the war of 1757, though some of tlie 
old men lived before that period. I was only able to form a 
conjecture that it was planted about 1735. These statementa 
were confirmed, for the most part, by the new settlers. They 
only placed the same facts in a different point of view. They 
told me that the Canadians (for by that name the French of 
the western colonies are kno^vn to them) had only themselves 
to blame for all the hardships they complained of. We must 
allow, say they, that they arc a kind, hospitable, sociable sect; 
but then, for idleness and ignorance, they beat the Indians 
themselves. They know nothing at all of our civil or domestic 
affairs. Their women neither sew, nor spin, nor make butter. 



&» 



132 mSTOET OF INDIANA. 

* * * * The men take to no tiling but liunting, fisliing, 
roaming through the woods, and loitering in the snn. They 
do not lay up, as we do for winter, or provide for a rainy day. 
They can not cnrc pork or venison, make soni'kront or spruce 
beer, or distil spirits from apples or rye — all needful arts to 
the farmer." 

In 1800, at the organization of tlic territory, the social con 
dition of Yincennes had advanced considerably from the state 
whicli this French writer represented it in 179G. The French 
settlers had become more industrious from the example set 
them by the settlers from the eastern States, and like them, 
had improved their small lots of land, and were living in a 
greater degree of civilization. 

Aside from Yincennes, in 1706, there was a small settlement 
near wliere the town of Lawrenccburg now stands, in Dearborn 
county, and in tlie course of that year a small settlement was 
formed at "Armstrong's Station," on the Ohio, within the 
present limits of Clark county. 

In 1800, wlien the territorial government of Indiana was 
organized, although many parts of the State had been settled 
for more than fifty years by whites, yet the territory was but 
a wilderness. Its numerous rivers were not disturbed except 
by an occasional canoe loaded with furs, which the Indians and 
half-breed propelled with oars. Its scattered settlements were 
filled with scenes and incidents of border life, many of which 
were full of romantic situations. In the meanwhile, however, 
ft considerable traffic was carried on with tlic Indians by fur 
traders at Yincennes, Fort Wayne, and at different small 
trading posts which were established on the borders of the 
"Wabash river and its tributaries. "Tlie i'urs and peltries 
which were obtained from the Indians," says Dillon, " were 
generally transported to Detroit. The skins were dried, com- 
pressed, and secured in packs. Each pack weighed about one 
hundred pounds. A pirogue, or boat, that was sufficiently 
large to carry forty packs, required the labor of four men to 
manage it on its voyage. In favorable stages of the Wabash 
river, such a vessel, under the management of skillful boat- 
men, was propelled fifteen or twenty miles a day, against the 



GOVERNOR HARlilSON AND THE INDIANS. 133 

current. Al'tcr nsccndini^ the river "Wabasli and tlie Little 
River to tlie portage near Fort Wayne, tlie traders carried 
their packs over the portage to the head of the river Maumee, 
udierc they were again j)laccd in pirogues, or in keel-boats, to 
be transported to Detroit. At this place the furs and skins 
were exchanged for blankets, guns, knives, powder, bullets, 
intoxicating liquors, etc., 'with M'hich the traders returned to 
their several posts." 



CHAPTER X. 

GOVERNOli HARRISON AND THE INDIANS. 

MMEDIATELY following the organization of the territo- 
rial government of Indiana, Govei-nor Harrison's attention 
was directed by necessity as well as by the instructions which 
he had received from Congress, to settling matters with the 
various Indian tribes still holding claims to the lands within 
tlie limits of the territory. He entered into several treaties 
with these tribes, by which, at the close of the year 1805, the 
government of the United States had obtained about forty-six 
thousand square miles of territory, including all the lands 
lying on the borders of the Ohio river, between the mouth of 
the Wabash river and the western boundarj' of the State of 
Ohio. 

Following the organization of the second grade of govern- 
ment by creating a General Assembly, the levying of tax 
caused considerable dissatisfaction among many of the inhabi- 
tants of the territory. The poll-tax was especially objection- 
able. So far did they carry their opposition to taxation that 
at a public meeting on Sunday, August the sixteenth, 1S07, a 
number of French inhabitants resolved that they "would 
withdraw their confidence and support forever from those men 
who advocated, or in any manner promoted the second grade 
of government." 



134 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



In 1807 tlie territorial statutes were revised, and under the 
new code, treason, murder, arson, and liorse-stealing, were 
each punishable by death. The crime of manslaughter was 
punishable by the common law. Burglary and robbery were 
eacli punishable by whipping, fine, and in some cases by 
imprisonment " not exceeding forty years." Riotous Persons 




HON. MARTIN L. PIERCE. 

See page 21. 

were punishable by fine and imprisonment. The crime of 
larceny by fine or whipping, and in some cases by being 
bound to labor for a term not exceeding seven years. Forgery 
was punishable by fine, disfranchisement, and standing in the 
pillory. Assault and battery, as a crime was punishable by 



GOVERNOR HARRISON AND THE INDIANS. 135 

fine, not exceeding one Imndrcd dollars. Ilog stealing was 
punishable by fine and whipping. Gambling, profane swear- 
ing, and Sabbath-breaking, were each punishable by fine. 
Bigamy was punishable by fine, whipping, and disfranchise- 
ment. The code provided for the punishment of disobedient 
children and servants by the following section: "If any 
children or servants shall, contrary to the obedience due to 
tlieir parents or masters, resist or refuse to obey their lawful 
commands, upon complaint thereof to a justice of the peace, 
it shall be lawful for such justice to send him or them so 
offending to the jail or house of correction, there to remain 
until he or they shall humhle themselves to the said parent's 
or master's satisfaction. And, if any child or servant shall, 
contrary to his boundcn duty, presume to assault or strike his 
parent or master, upon complaint and conviction thereof, 
before two or more justices of the peace, the ofiender shall be 
whipped not exceeding ten stripes." 

By the act of Congress of 1504, three land ofHccs were 
opened for the sale of lands in Indiana territory. One of these 
was located at Detroit, another at Yincennes, and another at 
Kaskaskia. By an act of Congress approved ISO 7, a fourth 
land office for the sale of Indiana lands was opened in Jeffer- 
sonvillc, Clark county. This town was first laid out in 1802, 
agreeably to the plans suggested by Mr. Jeflerson, who was 
then President of the United States, 

In his annual message to the territorial legislature, in 1806, 
Governor Harrison congratulated the people upon the peaceful 
disposition of the Indians. lie was inclined to the opinion 
that they would never again have recourse to arms, unless 
driven to it by a series of injustice and op])ression. They did, 
as we shall see, again resort to arms, and it is not improper, 
even at this late da\', to make the inquiry as to whether or not 
they were not driven to do so by the very policy which Gov- 
ernor Harrison pointed out as dangerous in 1800. In the 
same message the Governor remai-ked that they were already 
making complaints — complaints far from being groundless. 
The laws of the territory provided the same punishment for 
offenses committed against Indians as against white men, but 



136 mSTOKY OF INDIANA. 

imhappilj there was always a wide difference in the execution 
of those hiws. The Indian was, in all cases, the suflerer. This 
partiality did not escape their observation. On the contrary, 
it afforded them an opportunity of making strong comparisons 
between their own observance of treaties and that of their 
boasted superiors. 

All along,froni 1805 to 1810, the Indians complained bitterly 
against the cncroachincnts of the white people upon the lands 
that belonged to them. The invasion of their favorite hunting 
grounds, and the nnjustifiable killing of many of their people 
were the sources of tlieir discontent. An old chief, in laying 
the trouble of his people before Governor Harrison, remarked: 
" You call us your children; why do you not make us as happy 
as our fathers, the French, did? They never took from us 
our lands; indeed, they were in common between us. They 
planted where they pleased ; and they cut wood where they 
pleased; and so did we. But now, if a poor Indian attempts 
to take a little bark from a tree to cover him from the rain, up 
comes a white man and threatens to shoot him, claiming the 
tree as his own." 

These complaints were not groundless, nor will any fair 
minded person blame the savages for lifting up the hatchet in 
their defense. Indeed, at this time, it was the onl}^ thing in 
their characters worthy of admiration. Surely here was an 
opportunity for an Indian patriot to leave a name worthy of 
remembrance and example among the nations of civilization. 
Nor was the opportunity neglected. Law-le-was-i-kaw, no 
doubt at the suggestion of his bi-other, the sagacious warrior, 
Tecumsch, took upon himself the chai-acter of a pro])liet, and 
assumed the name of Pems-quat-a-wah, or the Open Door. 
Thus was the crafty Shawanee warrior enabled to work effect- 
ually, both upon the superstitious and the rational sides of tlie 
dissatisfied tribes arouiid him. 

The Prophet was a good orator, somcAvhat peculiar in his 
appearance, and withal, well calculated to wiii the attention 
and respect of the savages, lie began l)y denouncing witch- 
craft, the use of intoxicating liquors, the custom of Indian 
women intermarrying with white men, the dress and habits 



GOVERNOR HARRISON AND THE INDIANS. 



187 



of the white people, and tlie practice of selling Indian lands 
to the United States. " He told the Indians that the commands 
of the Great Spirit required them to punish, with death, those 
w'ho practiced the arts of witchcraft and magic. He told them, 




See page 21. 

also, that the Great Spirit had given him power to find out and 
expose such persons; to cure all kinds of diseases; to confound 
his enemies, and to stay the arm of death in sickness, and on 
the battlefield. His harangues aroused, among some bands 



188 HISrOET OF INDIAIIA. 

of Indians, a high degree of superstitions excitement. An old 
Delaware chief, whose name was Tate-e-bock-o-she, tlu'ough 
whose influence a treaty had been made with the Delawarcs in 
1804, was accused of witchcraft, tried, condemned, and toma- 
hawked. His body was then consumed by lire. The wife of the 
old chief, his nephew, who was known by the name of Billy 
Patterson, and an aged Indian whose name was Joshua, were 
then accused of witchcraft, and condemned to death. The 
two men were burnt at the stake; but the life of the wife of 
Tate-e-bock-o-she was saved by her brother, who suddenly 
approached her, took her by tlie hand, and, without meeting 
with any opposition from the Indians who were present, led 
her out of the council-house. lie then immediately returned 
and checked the growing influence of the prophet by exclaim- 
ing, in a strong, earnest voice: 'The evil spirit has como 
among us, and we are killing each other.' "* 

As soon as Governor Harrison was made acquainted with 
these events he sent a special messenger to the Indians, 
strongly entreating them to renounce the Prophet and his 
works, which, to a small extent, destroyed the Prophet's 
influence. In the spring of 1808, having aroused nearly all 
the tribes of the lake region, the Prophet, with a considerable 
Dumber of followers, settled near the mouth of the Tippecanoe 
river, at a place which afterwards bore the name of the 
Prophet's Town. 

Taking advantage of the influence which the Prophet was 
exerting over the tribes, as well as of his own po]>ulai'ity as a 
warrior, Tecumseh actively engaged himself in forming tho 
various tribes into a confederacy. In his speeches before the 
many Indian councils that he assembled, he proclaimed that 
the treaties by which the United States had acquired lands 
northwest of the river Ohio, were not made Mith lairness, and 
should be considered void. He said that no single tribe of 
Indians was invested with the power to sell lands without the 
consent of all the other tribes, and that ho and his brother, 
the Prophet, would oppose and resist all future attempts 

♦ Dillon's Early History of Indiana. 



GOVERNOR HARRISON AND THE INDIANS. 139 

•wliieli the white people might make to extend their settle 
ments in the lands that belonged to the Indian. 

Early in the year ISOS, Governor Harrison sent a speech to 
the Shawanee tribe of Indians, Avhich was delivered to them 
in the ])resence of the IVophet. It contained this passage: 
"My children, this business mnst be stopped; I will no longer 
suffer it. You iiave called a number of men from the most 
distant tribes to listen to a fool, who speaks not the words of 
the Great Spirit, but those of the devil and the British agents. 
Hy children, your conduct has much alarmed the white set- 
tlers near yon. They desire that you will send away those 
people, iiud if they M'isli to have the impostor with them, they 
can carry him along with them. Let him go to the lakes; 
he can hear the British more distinctly." This message 
wounded the pride of the Prophet, and he prevailed on the 
messenger to inform Governor Harrison that he was not in 
league with the British, but that he was truly speaking the 
words of the Great Spirit. 

In August the Prophet visited Yincennes, and remained at 
that place several weeks, for the purpose of liolding interviews 
with Governor Ilarrison. At one of these interviews the 
Prophet said: "Father, it is three years since I first began 
with that system of religion which I now practice. The white 
people and some of the Indians were against me; but I had 
no other intention but to introduce, among the Indians, those 
good princi])les of religion which the white people profess. 
The Great Spii'it told mo to tell the Indians that he had made 
them, anl made the world; that he had placed them on it to 
do good, and not evil, I told all the red skins that the way 
they were in was not good, and that they ought to abandon it; 
that we ought to consider oursclv^cs as one man; but we ought 
to live agreeable t'" our sevei-al customs — the red people after 
their mode, and the white people after theirs — ^particularly 
that they should not drink whisky; that it was not made for 
them, but the white people, who alone knew how to use it; 
and that it is the cause of all the mischiefs which the Indians 
suffer; that we must always follow the directions of the Great 
Spirit, and we must listen to Ilim, as it was lie that made us. 



140 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



Determine to listen to nothing that is bad. Do not take up 
the tomahawk, should it be offered by the British or Long 
Knives." 

At these interviews Harrison was led to believe that the 




See page 21. 

Prophet's motives were honest, bnt it was not long before he 
discovered that he was designing, cunning, crafty, and unreli- 
able: that both he and Tecumseh were enemies to the United 



GOVERNOR HARRISON AND THE INDIANS. 141 

States and friends of the Englisli, in sympathy with them, and 
that in case of a war between the United States and Great 
Britain they would induce the tribes to join the hitter. 

In ISOl), the Prophet again visited Vincennes, with assur- 
ances that he M'as not in sympathy with the English, but the 
Governor was not disposed to believe liira, and in a letter to 
the Secretary of War, in July, 1809, he stated that he regarded 
the bands of Indians at the Prophet's Town as a combination 
which had been produced by British intrigue and influence, in 
anticipation of a war between them and the United States. 

In the face of all these difficulties. Governor Harrison con- 
tinued to prosecute the work of extinguishing Indian titles to 
the lands in the Indiana territory with very good success. In 
the latter part of the year 1S09, the total quantity of land 
ceded to the United States, under treaties which had been 
effected by Governor Harrison, exceeded thirty million acres. 
He prosecuted this work in direct opposition to the influence 
of TecuKit,t;}i and the Prophet. 

As a part of the history of Indiana, we should state in this 
connection, tliat between the summer of 1S05 and the spring 
of 1807, the unpatriotic movements of Aaron Burr in the Ohio 
valley, caused considerable excitement in Indiaiia. The full 
scope of Burr's intentions are not given to us in history, but 
enough is known to warrant the belief that he intended to 
invade Mexico, and meeting with success in this enterprise, to 
found an independent republic composed of States lying west 
of the Alleghany mountains. Walter Taylor, in a letter to 
Governor Harrison, dated Louisville, January, 1S07, says: "I 
arrived at Jeftersonville on Saturday morning last. * * * 
The public mind at this place appears to be much agitated on 
account of Colonel Burr's mysterious movements. Conjectures 
are various about his intentions; but nothing certain has 
transpired to throw any light on his views. There is stationed 
at this place about two hundred militia, who examine all boats 
that descend the river. No discoveries have yet been made by 
them, and only two boats have yet been detained, which were 
built by Burr's direction at Jeffersonville, or this place, I am 
not certain which. A large drove of horses, said to be pur- 



142 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

chased for the expedition, will be seized to-day by tlie civil 
authority of the State. It seems to me that the precantion 
now taken arc perfectly useless, because Bnrr, I believe, n&a 
got all the force he could raise from this State, and is, probably 
before this time, at Natchez."* Burr was arrested in the yeai 
1807, in the Mississippi territory, by authority of the procla 
rnation of the President of the United States, but, previous to 
his arrest, he had abandoned his expedition and his followers 
had dispersed. 



CHAPTEK XI. 



F 



STATISTICS LAND TITLES — INDIAN AFFAIRS. 

^POM the sources of information at our command, we are 
enabled to give the following statistics of the condition 



of the Indiana territory in 1810: 

Total population 24,520 

Number of grist mills 33 

Number of saw mills 14 

Numljcr of horse mills 3 

Number of tanneries 18 

Number of distilleries 28 

Number of powder mills 3 

Number of looms 1,256 

Number of spinning wheels 1,350 

Value of mauufactui-es — woolen, cotton, hempen 

and flaxen cloths $150,052 

Cotton and wool spun in mills 150,000 

Nails, (30,000 lbs.) 4,000 

Leather tanned 9,300 

Products of distilleries, (35,950 galls.) 1G,230 

Gunpowder, (3, GOO lbs.) '. 1,800 

Wine, from grapes, (9G bbls.) 6,000 

Maple sugarj (50,000 lbs.) 

♦ Dillon's Early History of Indiana. 



STATISTICAL LAND TITLES INDIAN APTAIRS, 



143 



Tliis table shows tlie ''extent and magnitude" of the great 
industries of Indiana in 1810. 

During the year 1810, a board of commissioners was estab- 
lished in Indiana to straighten out the confused condition 
into which the " land title controversj " had been carried by 




^A e^^^ 



See page 21. 

the various conflicting administrations that had previously 
exercised jurisdiction in this regard. This work was attended 
with much labor on the part of the commissioners and m-eat 
dissatisfaction on the part of a few designing speculators, ^vho 
thought no extreme of perjury too hazardous in their mad 



144 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

attempts to obtain lands frandulentlj. In closing their report 
the commissioners used tlie following expressive langnage: 
"We close this melancholy pictnrc of Imman depravity by 
rendering onr devout acknowledgment that, in the awful 
alternative in which we have been placed, of cither admitting 
perjured testimony in support of the claims before ns, or hav- 
ing it turned against our characters and lives, it has, as yet, 
pleased that Divine Providence, which rules over the affairs 
of men, to preserve us both from legal murder and private 
assassination." 

The question of a division of the territory of Indiana was 
discussed in 1806, 1807, and 1808, and, in 1809, Congress 
passed an act declaring that "all that part of Indiana territory 
lying west of the Wabash river and a direct line drawn from 
the said Wabash river and Post Yinccnnes, due north to the 
territorial line between the United States and Canada," should 
constitute a separate territory, and be called Illinois. This 
occasioned some confusion in the government of the territory 
of Indiana, but in due time the new elections were confirmed 
and the new territory started off on a journey of prosperity 
which its people are still pursuing with great advantage. 



CHAPTER XII. 



HARRISON S CAMPAIGN. 



DURING the year 1810, the movements of Tccumseh and 
his brother the Prophet, excited considerable alarm 
among the people, and retarded the progress of the settlement 
of Indiana. Their confessed object was to unite the tribes 
with a view to prevent the sale of their lands, but the train 
of circumstances which followed proved that English revenge 
was at the bottom of the whole scheme of Tecumseh's con- 



Harrison's caiitaign. 145 

fedcracy, and tJiat his true motive was to oppose the power of 
the American government. 

In order to counteract the bad inlluencc of the English 
v/hicli was being exerted over the Indians, and to promote 
good will between the Prophet's followers and the Americans, 
Governor Harrison exhausted all the means at his command 
to no purpose. There was a power behind this crafty Shaw- 
anee that constantly kept his restless spirit alive to an inten- 
tion of revenge upon the Americans. In the spring of ISIO, 
the followers of the Prophet refused to receive their "annuity 
of salt," and the officials who oflered it were denonnced as 
"American dogs," and otherwise treated in a disrespectful 
manner. Immediately after this Governor Ilari-ison sent a 
snccession of messengers to the Prophet's town, in order to 
obtain information concerning the intentions of the hostile 
Indians there, and to warn them of the danger of engaging in a 
war witli the Americans. To all of these the crafty Shawanee 
disclaimed any intention of beginning a war, and gave as an 
excuse for assembling the tribes, " that the Indians had been 
cheated out of their lands; tliat no sale was good unless made 
by all the tribes; that he had settled near tiie mouth of the 
Tippecanoe by order of the Great Spirit, and that he was like- 
wise ordered to assemble as many Iiidians as he could collect 
at that ])Iace." 

Governor Harrison, in July, 1810, made an attem])t to gain 
the friendship of the Pro]'»het by sending him a letter, offering 
to treat with him personally in the matter of his grievances, 
or to furnish means to send him, with three of his principal 
chiefs, to the President at Washington. The bearer of this 
letter was coldly received both by Tecumseli and the Prophet, 
and the only answer he received was that Tecuraseh, in the 
course of a few days, would visit Yincennes for the purposs 
of holding an interview with the Governor. Accordingly on 
the twelfth of August, 1810, the celebrated Shawanee chief, 
with seventy of his principal warriors, marched up to the 
Governor's door at Yincennes, in Indian file. They were 
directed to a small grove near the Governor's house, where, 
from that time until the twenty-second of August, Governor 
10, 



146 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



Harrison was almost dailv enijacred in lioldins' councils and 
iiitei'views with them. In all of his speeches Tecumseh was 
lianghtv, and sometimes arrogant. On the twentieth of 
August he delivered his celebrated speech, in which he gave 
the Governor the alternative of returning their lands or 
meeting them in battle. 




ELIJAH HACKLEMAN, ESQ. 

See page 21. 

It was while the Governor was replying to this speech thafc 
lie was interrupted bv Tecumsel), who manifested great anger, 
declaring that the United States, through Governor Harrison, 
had " cheated and imposed on the Indians." AVhen Tecumseh 
Urst rose, a number of his party also sprung to their feet, 
armed with clubs, tomahawks and spears, and made some 



daruison's ca:sipx\.ign. 147 

threatening demonstrations. The Governor's guards, wliich 
stood a little way oft", M'cre marched up in haste, and the Indi- 
ans, awed by the presence of this small armed force, abandoned 
what seemed to be an intention to make an open attack on the 
Governor and his attendants. As soon as Tecumseh's remarks 
had been interpreted, the Governor reproached him for his 
conduct, and commanded him to depart instantly to his camp. 

On the following day Tecumseh repented of his rash act, and 
requested the Governor to grant him another interview, and 
protested against any intention of offense. Governor Harrison 
consented, and the council was re-opened on the twenty-first, 
when the Shawanee chief addressed him in a respectful and 
dignified manner, but remained unmovable in his policy. The 
Governor then requested Tecumseh to state, plaiidy, whether 
or not the snrveyors who might be sent to survc}' the lands 
purchased at the treaty of Fort Wayne, in 1S09, would be 
molested by Indians; and whether or not the Kickapoos would 
receive their annuities. Tecumseh replied: " Erother, when 
you speak of annuities to me, I look at the land, and pity the 
women and children. I am authorized to say that they will 
not receive them. Brother, we want to save that piece of land. 
We do not wish you to take it. It is small enough for our 
pui-pose. If you do take it yon must blame yourself as the 
cause of the trouble between us and the tribes who sold it to 
you. I want the present boundary lino to continue. Should 
you cross it, I assure you it will be productive of bad conse- 
quences." This talk terminated the council. 

On the following day the Governor, attended only by hit 
interpreter, visited the camp of the great Shawanee, and in 
the course of a long interview, told him that the President 
of the United States would not acknowledge his claims. 
" Well," replied the brave warrior, " as the great chief is to 
determine the matter, 1 hope the Great Spirit will put sense 
enough into his head to induce him to direct you to give up 
this land. It is true, he is so far off he will not be injured by 
the war. He may sit still in his town, and drink his wine 
while you and I will have to fight it out." 



CHAPTER XIII. 

Harrison's campaign, continued. 

AT the commencement of tlic session of the new territorial 
legislature, in 1810, Governor Harrison, in liis message, 
called attention to the dangerous views which were held and 
expressed by the Shawanee Prophet and his brother, Tecum- 
seh,* " to the pernicious influence of alien enemies among the 
Indians; to the unsettled condition of the Indian trade; to the 
defects in the revenue laws, the judiciary system, and the 
militia laws; to the policy of extinguishing Indian titles to 
lands, and to the subject of popular education." The Gover- 
nor further remarked that although much had been done 
toward the extinguishment of Indian titles in the territoiy, 
much still remained to be done. There was not yet a sufficient 
space to form a tolerable State, The eastern settlements were 
separated from the western by a considerable extent of Indian 
lands; and the most fertile tracts that were witliin the terri- 
torial bounds were still their property. Almost entirely 
divested of the game from whicli they liad dra^vn their sub- 
sistence, it had become of little use to them; and it was the 
intention of the government to substitute, for the pernicious 
and scanty supplies which the chase affords, the more certain 
support which is derived from agriculture, and the rearing of 
domestic animals. By the considerate and sensible among 
them, this plan was considered as the only one which would 
save them from utter extirpation. But a most formidable 
opposition was raised to it by the warriors, who would never 
agree to abandon their old habits, until driven to it by abso- 
lute necessity. As long as a deer was to be found in their 

* Dillon's Early History of Indiana. 

(148) 



HARRISON S CAarPAIGN, CONTINUED. 



149 



forests, they would continue to hunt. It was, therefore, sup- 
posed that the confining them to narrow limits was the only 
means of producing this highly desirable change, and averting 
the destiny which seemed to await them.* Are, then," con- 
tinued the Governor " those extinguishments of native title 




LAWRENCE B. STOCKTON, ESQ. 
See page 21. 

which are at once so beneficial to the Indian, the territory and 
the United States, to be suspended upon the account of the 
intrigues of a few individuals? Is one of the fairest portions 
of the globe to remain in a state of nature, the haunt of a few 
wretched savages, when it seems destined, by the Creator, to 

■* Governor Harrison's Message. 



160 HISTOKT OF INDIANA. 

give support to a large population, and to be the seat of civili- 
eation, of science, and true religion?" 

In the same message the Governor referred to the necessity 
of establishing a popular system of education, in tliese words: 
" Let me earnestly recommend to you, that, in the system of 
education which you may establisli in those schools, the mill 
tary branch may not be forgotten. Let the masters of the 
inferior schools be obliged to qualify themselves, and iiistnict 
their pupils in the military evolutions; while the university, 
in addition to those exercises, may have attached to it a pro- 
fessorship of tactics, in which all the sciences connected with 
the art of war may be tauglit. I can see no reasonable objec- 
tion to this plan; it will afford healthy exercise and amusement 
to the youth, inspire tlicm with patriotic sentiments, furnish 
our militia with a succession of recruits, all of them habitu- 
ated to the ])erformance of military evolutions, and some of 
them with considerable attainments in the higher branches of 
tactics. The sole additional expense to the ordinary mode of 
education, indq)endent of the additional professorships in the 
university, will be the procuring for each subordinate school a 
number of mock firelocks of wood, a few martial instruments, 
and, for the higher schools, a few hundred real guns, of the 
cheapest manufacture." 

Among the acts ])assed by this legislature, there was one 
which authorized the president and directors of the Vincennes 
library to raise the sum of one thousand dollars, by lottery. 
A petition was sent to Congress for a permanent seat of gov- 
erninent for the territory, and commissioners appointed to 
select the site. 

With the beginning of the year ISll, the British agent for 
Indian affairs adopted measures calculated to secure the support 
of the savages in the war which, at this time, seemed almost 
inevitable. Meanwhile Governor llari'ison did all in liis power 
to destroy the influence of Tecumseli and the Prophet, and 
thus break up tlie Indian confederacy which was being organ- 
ized in the interests of Great Britain. It soon became a diffi- 
cult matter to preserve peace between the pioneer settlers of 
Indiana and the followers of the Prophet. Straggling parties 



Harrison's campaign, continued. 151 

of Indians occasionally committed depradations on tli6 [ rop- 
crty of the settlers; now and then an Indian was killed, and 
then a white man was scalped in return. Thus matters con- 
tinued until Governor Harrison sent the following sj)cech to 
Tecumsch and the Prophet: 

"Cuo'niERs: Listen to me. I speak to you about matters 
of importance, both to the white people and to yourselves. 
Open your ears, therefore, and attend to what I shall say. 
Brothers: This is the third year tliat all the white people in 
this country have been alarmed at your proceedings. You 
threaten us with war; you invite all the tribes to the north 
and west of you to join against us. Brothers: Your warriors 
who have lately been here, deny this; but I have received the 
information from every direction. The tribes on the Missis- 
sippi have sent me word that you intended to murder me, and 
then to commence a war upon our peoi)lc. I have also received 
the speech you sent to the Pottawatomies, and others, to join 
you ibr that purpose; but if I had no other evidence of your 
liostility to us, your seizing the salt I lately sent up the Wabash 
is sufficient. Brothers: Our citizens arc alarmed, and my 
warriors are preparing themselves, not to strike you, but to 
defend themselves and their women and children. You shall 
not surprise us, as you expect to do. You are about to under- 
take a very rash act. As a friend, I advise you to consider 
well of it; a little reflection may save us a great deal of 
trouble, and prevent much mischief; it is not yet too late. 
Brothers: What can be the inducement for you to undertake 
an enterprise when there is so little ])rubability of success^J 
Do you really think that the handful of men you have about 
you are able to contend with the Seventeen tires? or even that 
the whole of the tribes united could contend against the Ken- 
tucky fire alone? Brothers: I am myself of the Long Knife 
tire. As soon as they hear my voice you will see them pouring 
forth their swarms of hunting-shirt men, as numerous as the 
musquitoes on the shores of the Wabash. Brothers, take care 
of their stings. Brothers, it is not our wish to hurt you. If 
wo did, we certainly have power to do it. Look at "he num- 
ber of our warriors to the east of you, above and below tho 



152 



HISTOKT OF INDIANA. 



Great Miami; to the south, on both sides of the Ohio, and 
below you also. You are brave men, but what could you do 
against such a multitude? But we wish you to live in peace 
and happiness. Brothers, the citizens of this country are 
alarmed. They must be satisfied that you have no design to 
do them mischief, or they will not lay aside their arms. You 




MOSES FOWLER, ESQ. 
See page 21. 

have also insulted the government of the United States, by 
seizing the salt that was intended for other tribes. Satisfac- 
tion must be given for that also. Brothers, you talk of coming 
to see me, attended by all of your young men. This, how- 
ever, must not be so. If your intentions are good, you have 



UARRISON's CAilPAION, COKTINOT). 153 

no need to bring but a few of your young men with you. 1 
must be plain witli you. I will not suft'er you to come into 
our settlements with such a force. Brothers, if you wish to 
satisfy us that your intentions arc good, follow the advice that 
I have given you before — that is, that one or both of you 
should visit the President of the United States, and lay your 
grievances before him. He will treat you well, will listen to 
what you say, and, if you can show him that you have been 
injured, you will receive justice. If you will follow my advice 
in this respect it will convince the citizens of this cotmtry, and 
myself, that you have no design to attack them. Brothers, 
with respect to the lands that were purchased last fall, I can 
enter into no negotiations with you on that subject. The affair 
is in the hands of the President. If you wish to go and see 
him, I will supply you with the means. Brothers, the person 
who delivers this is one of my war officers. He is a man in 
whom I have entire confidence. Whatever he says to you, 
although it may not be contained in this paper, you may 
believe comes from me. My friend Tecumseh! the bearer is a 
good man, and a brave warrior. I hope you will treat him 
well. You are, yourself, a warrior, and all such should have 
esteem for each other." 

The messenger who bore this speech was politely received 
by Tecumseh, who sent by him to Governor Harrison a brief 
reply, stating that he would visit Yincennes in a few days. 
He arrived, accordingly, on the twenty-seventh of July, ISll. 
He brought with him a considerable force of Indians, which 
created much alarm among the inhabitants. On the day of 
the arrival of Tecumseh, Governor Harrison, in adopting vari- 
ous precautionary measures, reviewed the militia of the county 
— about seven hundred and fifty well armed men — and sta- 
tioned two companies of militia and a detachment of dragoons 
on the borders of the town. In the course of the interview 
wdiieh took place, at this time, between Governor Harrison 
and Tecumseh, the latter declared that it was not his intention 
to make war against the United States — that he would send 
messengers among the Indians to prevent murders and depre- 
dations on the white settlements — that the Indians, as well as 



164 mSTOKT OF INDIANA; 

the wliites, who had committed murders, oiif^lit to be forgiven; 
that he had set the white peojilc an e.\am]ile of forgiveness, 
which they ought to follow; that it was his wisli to establish 
a union among all the Indian tribes; that the nurthei-n tribes 
were united; that he was going to visit the Southern Indians, 
and that he would return to the rro])het's Town, lie said 
that he would, on his return from the south, in the next spring, 
visit the President of the United States, and settle all causes 
of difhculty between the Indians and liiiii. lie said, further, 
that he hoped no attempts would be made to make settlements 
on the lands which had been sold to the United States, at the 
treaty of Fort Wayne, because the Indians wanted to keep 
those lands for hunting grounds. 

Immediately after his interview with Governor llarrison, 
Teciimseh, with about twenty of his followers, departed for 
the south, for the purpose of inducing the tribes in that quar- 
ter to join his confederacy. 

"In the year ISll," says Dillon,* "a law-suit, in which 
Grovernor Harrison was plaintiff, and a certain "William Mc- 
intosh was defendant, was determined in the supreme court of 
the territory, at Yincennes. The jury, in the case, found a 
verdict in favor of the plaintiff, and assessed his damages at 
the sum of four thousand dollars." The defendant, Mr. Mcin- 
tosh, was a wealthy resident of Vincennes, a native of Scot- 
land, well educated, and a man of considei-able influence among 
those who were opposed to the trcaty-nuxking policy which had 
distinguished the administration of Governor Harrison. The 
suit at law was instituted against Mcintosh, for asserting 
" that Governor llarrison had cheated the Indians out of their 
lands; and that, by his conduct in so doing, he had made them 
enemies to the United States." To satisfy the verdict of tlie 
jury in this case, a large quantity of land, owned by the 
defendant, was sold, in the absence of Governor IlarrisoiL 
The Governor, some time afterward, caused al)out two-thirds 
of the property to be restored to Mr. Mcintosh, and the 
remainder was given to some orphan children. 

•Dillon's Early History of Indians — Davison's Life of Harrison. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

uaimuson's campaign, continued. 

AFTER exliaustinj^ every possible endeavor to maintain 
peace with the Pro])het and iiis followei-s, Governor Har- 
rison dcterniined to resort to military measures. Such were 
his instructions from the President. His lirst movement was 
to erect a new fort on the Wal)ash rivei', and to break up the 
assemblage of hostile Indians at the Prophet's Tom'u. For 
this purpose he ordered Colonel Poyd's regiment of infantry 
to move from the falls of the Ohio to Vinccnnes. On the 
twenty-lifth of September, ISll, when the military expedition 
that had been organized by Governor Hari-ison, was nearly 
ready to march to the Prophet's Town, several Indian chiefs 
arrived at Vincennes from that place, and declared that the 
Indians would comply with the demands of the Governor and 
disperse. This, however, did not check the military proceed- 
ings. The army, under the command of Harrison, moved 
from Yincennes on the twenty -sixth of September, ISll, and 
on the third of October, having encountered no opposition 
from the enemy, encamped at the place where Ft. Harrison 
was afterwards built, and near where the cdtj of Terre Haute 
now stands. On the night of the eleventh of October, a few 
hostile Indians approached the encampment and wounded one 
of the sentinels. This caused considerable excitement. The 
army was immediately drawn up in line of battle, and small 
detachments were sent in all directions, but the enemy could 
not be found. 

At this j)oint the Governor sent a message to the Prophet's 
Town, requiring the Shawanees, Winuebagoes, Pottawatomies 
and Kickapoos, who were at that place, to return to their 

(155) 



166 



HICTOKY OF INDIANA. 



resj)ective tribes. It also required the Prophet to restore all 
the stolen horses in his possession, and to deliver up the mur- 
derers of white people, or to give satisfactory proof that such 
persons were not there, " nor had lately been " under his 
control. To this message the Governor received no answer, 
unless that answer was delivered in the battle of Tippecanoe. 




HON. WM. T. ROSS. 
See page 31. 

Tlie new fort on the Wabash was finished on the twenty-eighth 
of October, and on that day, at the request of all the subordi- 
nate officers, it was called Fort Harrison. This fort was gar- 
risoned with a small number of men, under Lieutenant Colonel 
Miller, and on the twenty-ninth the remainder of the army 
moved toward the Prophet's Town. This force amounted to 



HAERISON's CAMrAIGN, CONTINUED. 157 

about nine Imndred and ten men, and it was composed of two 
hundred and fifty regular troops, under the command of 
Colonel Boyd, about sixty volunteers from Kentucky, and 
about six hundred citizens of the Indiana territory. About 
two hundred and seventy of the troops were mounted. 

With this army the Governor marched to within half a mile 
of the Prophet's Town, when a conference was opened with a 
distinguished chief wlio was in the esteem of the Prophet. 
He informed Harrison that the Indians were much surprised 
at the approach of the army, and had already dispatclied a 
message to him by another route. Harrison replied that he 
would not attack them until he had satisfied himself that they 
would not comply with his demands; that he would go on and 
encamp on the Wabash, and on the following morning would 
have an interview with the Prophet. Harrison then resumed 
his march, and after some difficulty selected a place to encamp. 

The spot where the troops encamped was not altogether 
what could have been wished, as it afforded great facilities to 
the approach of savages. It was a piece of dry oak land, 
rising about ten feet above tlie marshy prairie in front (toward 
the Indian town), and nearly twice that height above a sim- 
ilar, prairie in the rear, through which, and near to this bank, 
ran a small stream, clotlied with willows and brushwood. 
ToM'ard the left flank this higli land widened considerably, but 
became gradually narrower in the opposite direction, and at a 
distance of one hundred and fifty yards from the right flank, 
terminated in an abrupt point. The two columns of infantry 
occupied the front and rear of this ground, at the distance of 
about one hundred and fifty yards from each other on the left, 
and a little more than half that distance on the right flank. 
These flanks were filled up, the first by two companies of 
mounted riflemen, amounting to about one hundred and 
twenty men, under the command of Major-General Wells, of 
the Kentucky Militia; the other by Spencer's company of 
mounted riflemen, consisting of eighty men. Tlie front line 
was composed of one battalion of United States infantry, 
under the command of Major Floyd, flanked on the right by 
two companies of militia, and on the left by one company. The 



158 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

rear line was composed of a battalion of United Statcv troops, 
under the command of Captain Bean, acting as Major, and 
four companies of militia infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel 
Decker. The regular troops of this line joined the mounted 
riflemen under General Wells, on the left flank, and Colonel 
Decker's battalion formed an angle with Spencer's company 
on the left. Two troops of dragOv)ns, amounting, in the 
aggregate, to about sixty men, were eXiCamped in rear of the 
left flank, and Captain Parke's troop, .vhich was larger than 
the other two, in rear of the right line. 

For a night attack the order of encampment M'as the order 
of battle, and each man slept immediately opposite to his post 
in the line. In the formation of the troops, single tile M'as 
adopted, in order to get as great an extension of the lines as 
possible. 

At this ]ilace they remained until the seventh ol JVovember^ 
when, about Ibur o'clock in the morning, just after the Gover- 
nor had risen, the left flank was attacked by the enemy. But 
a single gun was flred by the sentinels or by the guard in that 
direction, which made no resistance, abandoning their posts 
and fleeing into camp; and the first notice which the troops 
of that flank had of the danger, was from the yells of the sav- 
ages within a short distance of the line. But even under 
these circumstances the men were not wanting in courage and 
discipline. Such of them as were awake, or were easily 
awakened, seized their arms and took their stations; others, 
who were more tardy, had to contend with the enemy in the 
doors of their tents. The storm first fell upon Captain Bar 
ton's company of tlie Fourth United States regiment, and 
Captain Geiger's company of mounted riflemen, which formed 
the left angle of thu rear line. The fire from the Indians was 
exceedingly severe, and men in these companies suflfercd con- 
siderably before relief could be brought to them. Some few 
Indians passed into the encampment near the angle, and one 
or two penetrated to some distance before they were killed. 
All the companies formed for action before they were fired on. 

The morning was dark and cloudy, and the fires of the 
Americans, afibrdcd only a partial light, which gave greater 



160 HISTOKT OF mniA^A. 

advantage to the enemy than to the troops, and tlicy were 
therefore extinguished. As soon as the Governor could mount 
his horse he rode to the angle that was attacked, where he 
found that Barton's company had suffered severely, and the 
left of Geiger's entirely broken. lie immediately ordered 
Cook's and Wentworth's companies to march up to the centre 
of the rear line, and form across the angle in support. Ilis 
attention was then attracted by a heavy fire upon the left of 
the front line, where were stationed the small company of 
United States riflemen and the companies of Bean, Snclling, 
and Prescott. As the General rode up ho found Major 
Daviess forming the dragoons in the rear of these companies, 
and having ascertained that the heaviest fire proceeded from 
some trees about fittccn or twenty paces in front of these com- 
panies, he directed the Major to dislodge them with a part of 
the dragoons. Unfortunately, the Major's gallantry caused 
him to undertake the execution of the order with a smaller 
force than was required, which enabled the enemy to avoid 
him in front, and attack his flanks. The Major was mortally 
wounded, and his dragoons driven back. 

The Indians were, however, immediately and gallantly dis- 
lodged from their position by Captain Snclling. at the head 
of his company. In the course of a few minutes after the 
commencement of the attack, the fire extended along the left 
flank, the whole of the front, the ^ight flr.-^k, and part of the 
rear line. Upon Spencer's mounted riflemen and the right of 
the rear line, it was exceedingly severe. Captain Spencer and 
his First and Second Lieutenants were killed, and Captain 
Warwick was mortally wounded. The companies, however, 
still bravely maintained their ^osts, but Spencer's had sufiered 
30 severely, anu naving originally too much ground, Harrison 
reinforced them with a company of riflemen, which had been 
driven from their position on the left flank. 

The General's great object was to keep the lines entire, to 
prevent the enemy from breaking into the camp until daylight, 
which would enable him to make a general and eficctual 
charge. With this view he had reinforced every part of the 
line that had suffered much, and with the approach of morn- 



HAJREISON S CAMPAIGN, CONTDSTUED. 161 

ing lie withdrew several companies from the front and rear 
lines and reinforced the riqlit and left flanks, foreseeing that 
at these points tlic enemy would make their last effort. 
Major Wells, who commanded the left flank, charged upon 
the enemy, driving tlicm at the point of the bayonet into the 
marsh, where they could not be followed. Meanwhile Captain 
Cook and Lieutenant Barabes marched their companies to the 
right flank and fonncd under the Arc of the enemy, and being 
there joined by the riflemen of that flank, charged upon the 
enemy, killing a number of the Indians and putting the rest 
to a precipitate flight. 

In this battle General Harrison commanded only about 
seven hundred efiicient men, while the Indians numbered 
about one thousand. The loss of the Americans was thirty- 
seven killed on the field, and twenty-five mortally wounded, 
and one hundred and twenty-six wounded; that of the Indi- 
ans, about forty killed on the spot, the number of wounded 
being unknown. The battle of Tippecanoe was fouglit on the 
seventh of November, 1811. It was a decisive victory for 
Indiana, as for some time after her settlements enjoyed peace. 

Standing on a small piece of elevated ground near by, the 
Prophet encouraged his warriors to battle by singing a favorite 
war song. He told them that they would gain an easy victory, 
and that the bullets of their enemies would be made harmless 
by the Great Spirit. Immediately after their defeat the sur- 
viving Indians, having lost their faith in the power of their 
leader, returned to their respective tribes, and thus the con- 
federacy was destroyed; and the Prophet, thus left without 
followers, took up his residence among a small band of Wyan- 
dotts, who were encamped on "Wildcat creek. His famous 
town, with all that it possessed, was destroyed on the eighth of 
!November. 

Harrison's army returned to Vincennes on the eighteenth 
of November, 1811, where most of the troops were discharged, 
and when, on the same day, the Territorial Legislature adopted 
the following preamble and resolution complimentary to Gov- 
ernor Harrison, and the officers and men who served under him: 
11 



162 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



" Whereas, The services of his Excellency, Governor Har- 
rison, in conducting the army — the gallant defense made by 
the band of heroes under his immediate command, and the 
fortunate resnlt of the battle fought with the confederacy of 
the Shawanee prophet, near Tippecanoe, on the morning of the 
seventh instant, highly deserves the congratulations of every 




DAVID DANALDSON", ESQ. 

See page 21. 



true friend to the interests of this Territory and the cause of 
humanity; 

'•'■ Eesolved^ therefore. That the members of the Legislature, 
Council, and House of Eepresentatives will wait upon his 
Excellency, Governor Harrison, as he returns to Yincennes, 



haukison's campaign, contintjbd, 163 

and in their own names, and in those of their constituents, 
welcome him home; and that General W. Johnston be, and ho 
is hereby appointed a committee to make the same known to 
the governor, at the head of the army, should unforeseen 
circumstances not permit." 

Perhaps we ought to record, in this connection, that tho 
sentiments of the legislature and citizens of the territory were 
somewhat divided on this resolution. There were those who 
had all along opposed Governor Harrison's administration, and, 
through some reason, were inclined to award to Colonel Boyd, 
and his small regiment of regular troops, the honor of saving 
the army from defeat. This, however, had no foundation 
outside of partisan spirit, if, indeed, it was not entirely con- 
fined to those who, from good reasons, were suspected of being 
friends of the British government. This feeling of prejudice 
was considerably augmented by the following joint address 
of the two houses of the territorial legislature, which was 
delivered to Governor Harrison on the fifth of December, 
1811. The address was prepared by the legislative council, 
and was adopted in the House by a vote of four to three: 

" To His Excellency^ William Ilenry Harrison, Governor 
and Gotmnaiider -in-Chief in aiid over the Indiana Ter- 
ritory: 

" When, in the course of human events, it becomes neces- 
sary for a nation to unsheath the sword in defense of any 
portion of its citizens, and any individual of society becomes 
intrusted with the important charge of leading the army of his 
country into the field to scourge the assailants of its rights; 
and it is proved by the success of their arms, that the indi- 
vidual possesses superior capacity, accompanied by integrity 
and other qualities of mind which adorn the human character 
in a superlative degree, it has a tendency to draw out the 
affections of the people in a way that must be grateful to the 
soldier and the man. Such is the light, sir, in which you have 
the honor to be viewed by your country, and one which the 
legislative council and House of Representatives of this terri- 
tory think you justly entitled to. And, sir, in duly appreci- 



164 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

ating your services, we are perfectly sensible of tlie great 
benefits and important services rendered by the officers and 
soldiers of the United States infantry under your command; 
and it is with pleasure we learn that the officers and militia 
men of our country acted with a heroism more than could be 
reasonably calculated upon from men, (such as they generally 
were) undisciplined and unaccustomed to war." 

To this General Harrison made an appropriate reply on the 
ninth of December. 

This triumph over the Indians broke up the power of the 
Prophet for the time being, and temporarily relieved the 
frontier settlements fi-om Indian depredations. This tempo- 
rary relief, however, was fully ended when, in June, 1812, the 
United States declared war against Great Britain. This event 
was not unexpected by the citizens of the Indiana territory; 
and from the hour that it occurred, or was made knoAvn in the 
northwest, scattering bands of hostile Indians began to commit 
de])redations on the frontier settlements. Tecuraseh had for- 
saken the soil of the United States, and settled in Maiden, 
Ontario, where, counciled by the English, he continued to 
excite the tribes against the Americans. 

In the early part of the month of September parties of hos 
tile Indians began to assemble in considerable numbers in the 
vicinity of Fort Wayne,* and about the same time a large 
force attacked Fort Ilarrison, while other bands of Lidians 
passed through the territory of Indiana to the counties of 
Clark and Jefferson, where they massacred twenty-four persons 
at a place which was called " the Pigeon-roost Settlement. "f 

The attack on Fort Ilarrison, which at that time «.vas com- 
manded by Captain Zachary Taylor, is described by that hero 
in his report as follows: 

" About eleven o'clock I was awakened by the firing of one 
of the sentinels. I sprung up, ran out, and ordered the men 
to their posts — when my orderly sere^eant, who had charge of 
the upper blockhouse, called out that the Indians had fired the 

* See more complete account in History of Allen County. 

f See complete account of this massacre in History of Scott County. 



166 mSTOKT OF INDIANA. 

lower bloclvliouse. * * * The guns had begun to fire pretty 
smartly from both sides. I directed the buckets to be got 
ready, and water brought from the well, and the fire extin- 
guished immediately, as it was perceivable at that time; but, 
from debility, or some other cause, the men were very slow in 
executing my orders. The word ' Fire!' appeared to throw the 
whole of them into confusion, and by the time they had got 
the water and broken open the door, the fire had, unfortu- 
nately; communicated to a quantity of whisky, * * * and, 
in spite of every exertion we could make use of, in less than a 
moment it ascended to the roof, and baffled every effort we 
could make to extinguish it. As that blockhouse adjoined the 
barracks that make part of the fortifications, most of the men 
immediately gave themselves up for lost, and I had the 
greatest difficulty in getting my orders executed. And, sir, 
what from the raging of the fire — the yelling and howling 
of several hundred Indians — the cries of nine women and 
children, (a part soldiers' and part citizens' wives, who had 
taken shelter in the fort,) and the desponding of so many of 
the men, which was worse than all — I can assure you that my 
feelings were unpleasant. And, indeed, there were not more 
than ten or fifteen men able to do a good deal; the others 
being sick, or convalescent; and, to add to our other misfor- 
tunes, two of the strongest men in the fort, and that I had 
every confidence in, jumped the pickets and left us. But my 
presence of mind did not for a moment forsake me. I saw, 
by throwing oif a part of the roof that joined the blockhouse 
that was on fire, and keeping the end perfectly wet, the whole 
row of buildings might be saved, and leave only an entrance 
of eighteen or twenty feet for the entrance of the Indians, after 
the house was consumed; and that a temporary breastwork 
might be erected to prevent their even entering there. I 
convinced the men that this might be accomplished, and it 
appeared to inspire them with new life; and never did men 
act with more firmness and desperation. Those that were 
able (while the others kept up a constant fire from the other 
blockhouse and the two bastions) mounted the roofs of the 
houses, with Dr. Clark at their head, (who acted with the 



Harrison's camtaign, oontinfed. 167 

greatest firmness and presence of mind the whole time the 
attack lasted, which was about seven hours,) under a shower 
of bullets, and in less than a moment threw off as much of the 
roof as was necessary. * * * Although the barracks were 
several times in a blaze, and an immense quantity of fire 
against them, the men used such exertions that they kept it 
under, and before day raised a temporary breastwork as high 
as a man's head, although the Indians continued to pour in a 
heavy fire of ball and an immense quantity of arrows during 
the whole time the attack lasted. * * * After keeping up 
a constant fire until about six o'clock the next morning, which 
we began to return with some effect after daylight, they 
removed out of the reach of our guns. A party of them 
drove up the horses that belonged to the citizens here, and, as 
they could not catch them very readily, shot the whole of them 
in our sight, as well as a number of their hogs. They drove 
off the whole of the cattle, which amounted to sixty-five head, 
as well as the public oxen." 

Mr. Dillon informs us in his history of the Indiana terri- 
tory that " when information of the attack on Fort Harrison 
was received at Yincennes, about twelve hundred men, under 
the command of Colonel William Eussell, of the seventh Regi- 
ment United States Infantry, marched from that place for the 
purpose of punishing the Indians, and carrying relief to the 
besieged fort. The force under the command of Colonel Rus- 
sell was composed of Colonel "Wilcox's Regiment of Kentucky 
volunteers, three companies of rangers, and two regiments of 
Indiana militia, commanded respectively by Colonel Jordan 
and Colonel Evans. When these troops, without meeting with 
any opposition on their march, reached Fort Harrison on the 
sixteenth of September, the Indians had retired from the 
neighborhood of that place. On the fifteenth of September, 
however, a small detachment composed of eleven men, under the 
command of Lieutenant Richardson, and acting as an escort of 
provisions sent from Yincennes to be delivered at Fort Harri- 
son, was attacked by a party of Indians at a place which was 
then called "the Narrows," and which lies within the present 
limits of Sullivan county. It was reported that seven of the 



168 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

men composing the escort were killed and one wonndcd. Tlie 
provisions fell into the hands of the Indians. The regiment 
of Kentucky volunteers, under the command of Colonel Wilcox, 
remained at Fort Ilarrison. The two regiments of Indiana 
militia, and the three companies of rangers, which had marched 
to the relief of the fort, returned to Vincennes." 

In this connection we do not enter into any account of Gen- 
eral Ilarrison's second campaign against the British and Indi- 
ans in the war of 1812, partly because that part of the war 
which directly concerns Indiana is noticed in the history of 
the county where it took place, and partly because we desire 
to include in this volume only the history of Indiana, and 
not the history of the States around it. 



CHAPTEK Xy. 

CIVIL MAITERS. 



THE hijBtory of the Indiana territory closes with an account 
of the administration of Acting Governor Gibson, and 
Go\'crnor Posey. "William Henry Harrison was appointed 
Governor of the territory at its organization, in 1800, but in 
1812, owing to General Harrison's absence on military duty, 
the functions of the executive devolved on John Gibson, the 
secretary of the territory. 

On the first of February, 1813, the legislature of the terri- 
tory was convened at Yincenncs. In his message on the 
occasion, General Gibson used the following language: "The 
Governor of the territory having been for some time absent 
from us, the gubernatorial functions consequently dcA-olving 
u])on, have been exercised by me. In my discharge of this 
im])ortant trust, I have been actuated by none other than a 
wish to preserve public rights and protect private property. 
If I have, at any time, failed in my official duties, or erred in 



I 



I 



CmL AFFAIRS. 



169 



my plang, yon must attribute in to the head and not the heart. 
My address to you, gentlemen, shall be laconic, for I am not 
an orator, nor accustomed to set speeches; and did I possess 
the abilities of Cicero or Demosthenes, I could not portray in 




Sec page 21. 

more glowing colors, our foreign and domestic political situa- 
tion, than it is already experienced within our own breasts. 
The United States have been latterly compelled, by frequent 
acts of injustice, to declare war against England. I say com- 



J 70 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

polled ; fori am convinced, from the pacific and agricultnra 
dis])osition of lier citizens, that it must be a case of tlie last 
necessity that would induce such a measure. For the detailed 
causes of tlie war, I beg leave to refer you, gentlemen, to the 
message of his excellency, the President, to Congress, at tlie 
commencement of the present session. It is highly worthy 
the serious perusal of the sage and the patriot. It docs honor 
to the head and heart of Mr. Madison. Although I am not 
an admirer of wars in the general, yet, as we are now engaged 
in a necessary and justifiable one, I can exultingly say that I 
am happy to see, in my advanced days, our little but inimit- 
able navy riding triumphant on the seas; but chagrined to 
find that our armies by land are so little successful. The spirit 
of '76 appears to have fled from our continent; or, if not fled, 
is at least asleep, for it appears not to pervade our armies gen- 
erally. On the contrary, lassitude — and, too often, schisms — 
have crept in and usui-ped the place of patriotic ardoi*. 

"At your last assemblage, gentlemen, our political horizon 
eecmed clear; our infant territory bid fair for rapid and rising 
grandeur; our population was highly flattering; our citizens 
were becoming prosperous and happy; and security dwelt 
everywhere, even on our frontiers. But, alas! the scene has 
changed; and whether this change, as it respects our territory, 
lias been owing to an over anxiety in us to extend our domin- 
ions, or to a wish for retaliation by our foes, or to a foreign 
influence, I shall not pretend to decide. But that there is a 
change, and that, too, a distressing one, is evident. For the 
aboriginees, our former neighbors and friends, have become 
our most inveterate foes. They have drawn the scalping knife 
and raised the tomahawk; and shouts of savage fury are heard 
at our threshholds. Our former frontiers are now our wilds, 
and our inner settlements have become frontiers. Some of our 
best citizens, and old men worn down with age, and helpless 
women, and innocent babes, have fallen victims to savage cru- 
elty. Our citizens, even in our towns, have frequent alarms 
and constant apprehensions as to their preservation. I have 
not been inattentive to my duty, gentlemen; but have hith- 
erto, and shall continue to exert every nerve to afibrd to our 



CR-IL AFFAIRS. 171 

citizens all possible protection; and it is to be hoped that tho 
all-wise and powerful Creator and Governor of the Universe 
will not forget his people, but cover us from our savage and 
sanguinary foe by Ilis benign interposition." 

During the session the seat of government of the territory 
was declared to be at Corydon. This session was prorogued 
by Governor Gibson to meet at Corydon, tlic new capital, on 
on the first Monday of December, 1813. During this year the 
territory was almost defenseless. Indian outrages were of 
common occurrence, but no general outbreak was experienced. 
The militiamen that were called into service during this year 
were each armed with a rifle and a long knife, and many of 
the rangers carried tomahawks. 

In 1813, Mr. Thomas Posey, who was at that time a senator 
in Congress from tiie State of Tennessee, and who liad been 
an officer of the army of the Revolution, was appointed Gov- 
ernor of the territory of Indiana, to succeed General Ilarrison. 
The new Governor arrived at Yinccnnes, and entered upon the 
discharge of his official duties, on the twenty-fifth of May, 
1813. During this year there were several expeditions set on 
foot in the Indiana territory, against the Indian settlements, 
but these will be considered so fully in the Second Part of 
this work as to make a reference to them here inexpedient. 

The general assembly of the Indiana territory met at Cory- 
don, in December, 1813, where the new Governor delivered 
his first message, in which he remarked : " The present crisis 
is awful, and big with great events. Our land and nation is 
involved in the common calamity of war. But we are under 
the protecting care of the benificent Being, who has, on a 
former occasion, brought us safely through an arduous struggle 
and placed us on a foundation of independence, freedom, and 
happiness. He will not suffer to be taken from us what he, in 
his great wisdom, has thought proper to confer and bless us 
with, if we make a wise and virtuous use of his good gifts. * * 
Although our affairs, at the commencement of the war, wore 
gloomy aspect, they have brightened, and promised a certainty 
of success, if properly directed and conducted, of which I have 
no doubt; as the president and heads of departments of the 



172 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



General Government are men of undoubted patriotism, talents 
and experience, and who have grown old in the service of their 
country. * * * It must be obvious to every thinking man, 




^-^ 'y^az^ij^ 



JL' pag'L' 21. 



tliat we were forced into the war. Every uieasure consistent 
with honor, both before and since the declaration of war, has 
tried to be on amicable terms with our enemy, * ■*' * You 



CrV'IL AFFAIKS. 173 

wlio reside in various parts of tlie territory have it in your 
power to understand what will tend to its local and general 
advantage. The judiciary system would require a revisal and 
amendinent. The militia law is very defective, and requires 
your immediate attention. It is necessary to have good roads 
and higliways in as many directions through the territory as 
the circumstances and situation of the inhabitants will admit 
of — it would contribute very much to promote the settlement 
and improvement of the territory. Attention to education is 
highly necessary. There is an appropriation made by Con- 
gress, in lands, for the purpose of establishing public schools. 
It comes now within your province to carry into operation the 
design of the appropriation," 

During this session of the territorial legislature several laws 
were passed, and the general welfare of the settlements pro- 
vided for. In the following year owing, prijicipally, to the 
great success of the army under General Uarrison, in the 
northwest, the settlements in Indiana began to improve. The 
fear of danger from the incursions of the hostile Indians had, 
in a gixiat measure, subsided, and the tide of eastern emigra- 
tion again began to Aoav into the territory. In January, 1814, 
about one thousand Miamis, in a state of great destitution, 
assembled at Fort Wayne for the purpose of obtaining food to 
prevent starvation. Tliey met with ample hospitality, 
and their example, was speedily followed by others. These, 
with other acts of kindness, won the lasting friendship of the 
Indians, many of whom had fought in the interests of Great 
Britain. General treaties between the United States and the 
northwestern tribes were subsequently concluded, and the way 
was fully opened for the improvement and settlement of the 
lands. 



CHAPTEE XVI. 

EEVIEW OF CIVIL AND I'OLmCAL E\'ENTS. 

LET US review, in this short chapter, some of the aflairs of 
the Indiana territow — whicli, owin^j to the press of mill- 
tarj operations, we have neglected in the previous cliapter — 
and then pass on to the events in the liistory of tlie State of 
Ikdiana. The well known ordinance of 1787 was designed for 
the government of the territory of the United States northwest 
of the Ohio, and when, in ISOO, this large territory was divided 
for the purpose of forming the Indiana territory. Congress 
declared that tlicre should be established in Indiana a govern- 
ment similar in all respects to that provided by tlie ordinance 
of 1787, and that the inhabitants of the territory should be 
"entitled to and enjoy all the rights and privileges, and 
advantages granted and secured to tlie ]>co])le by the said 
ordinance." And yet, with all these privileges and rights, 
the people of Indiana, at that time, did not enjoy the full 
blessings of a republican foi'm of government. "I tind, how- 
ever," says Mr. Dillon, " that these general terms did not 
confer upon the people of the territory a right to exercise any 
great degree of political power. The authority to appoint 
territorial governors, territorial secretaries, and judges of the 
superior court of the territory, was vested in the President of 
the United States and the national Senate. Tlie organization 
of a territorial legislature or general assembly, depended upon 
the vote of a majority of the freeholders of the territory 
Before the organization of sucli a legislature, the governor and 
the judges of the territory, or a majority of tlicm, were invested 
with power to adopt and publish such laws, civil and criminal, 
of the original States as might be best suited to the circum 

(174) 



KEVIEW OF CIVIL AND POLITICAL EVENTS. 



175 



stances of the people; but laws thus adopted and published 
were subject to the disapproval of Congress. A freehold estate 
in five hundred acres of land, was one of the necessary qualifi- 
cations of each member of the legislative council of the terri- 
tory; every member of the territorial house of representatives 




See page 21. 

was required to hoM, in his own right, two hundred acres of 
land; and the privilege of voting for members of the house 
of representatives was restricted to those inhabitants who, in 
addition to other qualifications, owned, severally, at least fifty 



176 HISTORY OF INDIAIJA. 

acres of land." Tlie governor of the territory was vested 
witli tlie power of appointing officers of the territorial militia, 
judges of the inferior courts, clerks of the courts, justices of 
the peace, sheriffs, coroners, county treasurers, and county 
surveyors. He was also authorized to divide the territory 
into districts; to apportion among the several counties the 
members of the house of representatives; to prevent the 
passage of any territorial law; and to convene, prorogue, and 
dissolve the general assembly of the territory, whenever, in 
his opinion, it might be deemed expedient to exercise such 
authority. It may now be stated, to the honor of the territo- 
rial governors of Indiana, that neither of them ever exercised 
these extraordinary powers arbitrarily. ^Nevertheless the peo- 
ple were constantly agitating the question of the extension of 
the right of suffrage. Five years after the organization of the 
territory, the legislative council, in reply to the governor's 
message, said: "Although we are not as completely independ 
ent in our legislative capacity as we would wish to be, yet we 
arc sensible that we must wait with patience for that period 
of time when our population will burst the trammels of a 
territorial government, and we shall assume the character 
more consonant to republicanism. * * * Tlie confidence 
which our fellow citizens have uniformly had in your adminis- 
tration has been such that they have hitherto had no reason to 
be jealous of the unlimited power which you possess over our 
legislative proceedings. We, however, can not help regretting 
that such powers have been lodged in the hands of any one, 
especially when it is recollected to what dangerous lengths the 
exercise of those powers may be extended." 

After repeated petitions the people of Indiana were cm])OW- 
ered by Congress to elect the members of the legislative cDUiicil 
by popular vote. This act was passed in 1S09, and defined 
what was known as the property qualification of voters. 
These qualifications were abolished by an act of Congress in 
1811, which extended the right of voting for members of the 
general assembly and for a territorial delegate to Congress to 
every free white male j)crson who hud attained the age of 
twenty-one years, and who, having paid a county or territorial 



REVIEW OF CrVIL AJSTD POLITICAL EVENTS. 177 

tax, was a resident of the territory, and liad resided in it for 
the period of one year. In 1S14, the voting qualification in 
Indiana was defined by an act of Congress, " to every free 
wliite male person having a freehold in the territory, and being 
a resident of the same." The house of representatives of the 
Indiana territory was authorized, by an act of Congress of the 
fourth of March, 1814, to lay ofl' the territory into five districts, 
in each of which the qualified voters wore empowered to elect 
a member of the legislative council. The members of the 
house convened at Corydon, in the month of June, 1814, and 
divided the territory into districts. According to this division 
the counties of Washington and Knox constituted one district; 
the couTities of Gibson and Warrick one district; the counties 
of Harrison and Clark one district; the counties of Jefierson 
and Dearborn one district; and the counties of Franklin and 
Wayne one district* 

At the session of the general assembly held at Corydon, in 
August, 1814, an act was passed dividing the territory into 
three judicial circuits, and making provisions for the holding 
of courts in these circuits, and defining the jurisdiction of 
such courts, and investing the governor with power to appoint 
a presiding judge in each circuit, and two associate judges of 
the circuit court in each county. The compensation of these 
judges was fixed at seven hundred dollars per annum. 

In the same year the general assembly of Indiana granted 
charters to two banking institutions, viz., the Farmers' and 
Mechanics' Bank of Madison, and the Bank of Vincennes. 
The former was authorized to raise a capital of seven hundred 
and fifty thousand dollars ; the latter the sum of five hundred 
thousand dollars. As we shall see, these banks, upon the 
organization of the State, were merged into the State Bank 
and its branches. 



Our history of the Indiana Territoey, which closes with 
this chapter, is not so full as it could have been with the 

• Dillon's History of Indiana Territory. 
12 



178 UISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

materials at hand, but, as Mr. Jolin B. Dillon Las already 
edited a large volume concerning this period, Avhich was pub- 
h'shed in lSo9, avc have thought proper to devote most of the 
ppacc in this work to a history and description of the State 
OF Indiana, which covers a period from 1S16 to 1875. Thus 
we take up the work Avherc Mr. Dillon laid it down, and to 
the best of our ability, carry out a literary enterprise which 
lie so ably commenced. It will be proper, at this point, to 
state that in some of the preceding chapters we have quoted 
freely from Mr. Dillon's work, and that the completeness of 
this part of our history is due, in a considerable measure, to 
his compilations. 



CHAPTER XYII. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE. 



THE last regular session of the territorial legislature o1 
Indiana was held at Corydon, convening in December 
1815. Owing to the sickness of Governor Posey, who lived 
at Jeffersonville, he was unable to be present, but his regular 
message was delivered to both houses in joint session by his 
private secretary. Colonel Allen D. Thorn. In this message 
he congratulated the people of the tei-ritory upon the general 
success of the settlements, upon the gi'cat increase of immi- 
gration to the territory; recommended light taxes, and a 
careful attention to the promotion of education and the 
improvement of the State roads and highways. He also 
recommended a revision of the territorial laws, and an amend- 
ment of the militia system. During this session, which lasted 
only a month, several laws were passed, and measures adopted, 
most of which were calculated to promote the desired change 
from a territorial to a State government. On the fourteenth 



KGANIZATION OF THE STATE. 179 

of December a memorial was adopted praying for the antliority 
to adopt a constitution and State government. Tliis was laid 
before Congress by the territorial delegate, Mr, Jennings, on 
the twenty-eighth of the same month, and on the nineteenth 
of April, 1816, the President approved the bill, enabling l\e 




JUDGE WM. P. EDSON. 

See page 21. 



people of Indiana territory to form a constitution and State 
government, and providing for the admission of such State 
into the Union on an equal footing with the original States. 
Agreeably to the provisions of this law an election for mem- 



180 HISTORY OF I^T)IANA. 

bcrs of a convention to form a State constitution, was held in 
the several counties of the territory on Monday, the thirteenth 
day of May, 1810, with the following result: 

"Wayne county : Jeremiah Cox, Patrick Baird, Joseph IIol- 
man, and Hugh Cull, 

Franklin county: William H. Eads, James Brownlee, Enoch 
McCarty, Robert Hanna, Jr., and James Nol^lo. 

Dearborn county: James Dill, Solomon Man waring, and 
Ezra Ferris. 

Switzerland county: "William Cotton. 

Jefferson county: David H. Maxwell, Samuel Smock, and 
Nathaniel Hunt. 

Clark county: Jonathan Jennings, James Scott, Tliomaa 
Carr, Jno. K. Graham, and James Lemon. 

Harrison county: Dennis Pennington, Davis Floyd, Daniel 
C. Lane, John Boone, and Patrick Shields. 

"Washington county: John DePauw, Samuel Milroy, Robert 
Mclntire, "William Lowe, and William Graham. 

Knox county; John Johnson, John BadoUet, William Polke, 
Benjamin Polke, and John Bonefiel. 

Gibson county: David Eobb, James Smith, Alexander Devin, 
and Frederick Rappe. 

Warrick county: Daniel Grass 

Perry county: Charles Polke. 

Posey county: Dann. Lynn. 

The population of the territory of Indiana, as given in the 
official returns, certified by the clerks of the various counties 
and transmitted to the territorial legislature of 1815, was as 
follows : 

Counties. White males of 21 and over. Total. 

Wayne 1,225 6,407 

Franklin 1,430 7,370 

Dearborn 902 4,424 

Switzerland 377 1,832 

Jefferson 874 4,270 

Clark 1,387 7,150 

Washington 1,420 7,317 

Harrison 1,056 6,975 



ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE. 181 

Counties, White males of 21 and over. Total. 

Knox 1,391 8,068 

Gibson 1,100 5,330 

Posey 320 16,19 

Warrick 280 1,415 

Perry 350 1,720 

Total 63,897 

The first constitutional convention convened at Corydon on 
the tenth of June, ISlC, and continued its session until the 
twenty-ninth, when, having ably completed the important 
work assigned to it, it adjourned. Jonathan Jennings pre- 
sided over the deliberations of the convention, and William 
Ilendricks acted as secretary. 

In reiercnce to the first State constitution, and the honorablo 
gentlemen who constituted the convention that framed it, Mr. 
Dillon, in his history of the Indiana territory, says: "The 
convention that formed the first constitution of the State of 
Indiana was composed, mainl}-, of clear-minded, unpretending 
men of common sense, ■whose patriotism was unquestionable, 
and whose morals were fair. Tlicir familiarity with the theo- 
ries of the Declaration of American Independence, their ter- 
ritorial experience under the provisions of the ordinance of 
1787, and tiieir knowledge of the principles of the constitu- 
tion of the United States, were sufhcient, when combined, to 
ligliten, materially, their labors in the great work of forming 
a constitution for a ncAv State. With such landmarks in view, 
the labors of similar conventions in other States and territories 
have been rendered comparatively light. In the clearness and 
conciseness of its style, in the comprehensive and just provis- 
ictns which it made for the maintenance of civil and religious 
liberty, in its mandates, which were designed to protect the 
rights of the people, collectively and individually, and to pro- 
vide for the public welfare, the constitution that was formed 
for Indiana in 1816, was not inferior to any of the State con- 
stitutions which were in existence at that time." 

The first State election took place on the first Monday of 
August, 1816, and Jonathan Jennings was elected Governor, 



182 niSTOKY OF INDIANA. 

Christopher Harrison, Liciitciiaiit-Govcrjior, and "William 
Hendricks was elected to represent tlie new SUite in tlic House 
of Representatives of the United States. 

The first general assembly elected under the anthoritj of 
the State constitution, commenced its session at Curjdon on 
the fourth of November, 181G. John Paul was called to the 
chair of the Senate ^>>'0 ton., and Isaac JJlackford Mas elected 
Speaker of the House of Ivepresentatives. On the seventh of 
Kovcmber the oath of othcc was administered to Governor 
Jennings and Lientcuant-Govci-nor Harrison, in the ])rcsencc 
of both house* On this occasion Governor Jennings delivered 
his first message to the general assembly, in which, among 
other things, he remarked: "The result of your deliberation 
will be considered as indicative of its future chai-actcr, as well 
as of the future happiness and prosperit_y of its citizens. The 
reputation of the State, as m'cH as its highest intei-est, will 
require that a just and generous j^olicy toward the general 
government, and a due regard to the rights of its members 
respectively, should invariably have their proper inliuence. In 
the commencement of the State government the shackles of tiic 
colonial should be forgotten in our united exertions to pro\e, 
by happy experience, that a uniform adherence to the first 
principles of our government, and a virtuous exercise of its 
powers, will best secure efiiciency to its measures and stability 
to its character. AVithout a frequent recurrence to those 
principles, the administration of the government will imper- 
ceptibly become more and more arduous, until the simplicity 
of our republican institutions may eventually be lost in" dan- 
gerous expedients and political design. Under every free gov- 
ernment the happiness of the citizens must be identified with 
their morals; and while a constitutional exercise of their rights 
Bhall continue to have its due weight in the discharge of the 
duties required of the constituted authorities of the State, too 
much attention can not be bestowed to the encouragement and 
promotion of every moral virtue, and to the enactment of laws 
calculated to restrain the vicious, and prescribe punishment 
for every crime commensurate to its enormity. In measuring, 
however, to each crime its adequate punishment, it will be 



ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE. 



183 



well to recollect that the certainty of punishment 1ms generally 
the surest effect to prevent crime ; while jjunishments unneces- 
sarily severe, too often produce the acquittal of the guilty, and 




^^V^^r^'^l— -«3C-'G-<^ / ^ 



See page 21. 



disappoint one ot the greatest objects of legislation and good 
government. "^ * * The dissemination of useful knowledge 
will be indispensably necessary as a support to morals, and as 



184 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

a restraint to vice; and, on this subject, it will only be nccos- 
Bary to direct your attention to the plan of education as pre- 
scribed by the constitution. * * * X recommend to your 
consideration the propriety of providing by law, to prevent 
more effectually any unlawful attempts to seize and carry into 
bondage persons of color legally entitled to their freedom; 
and, at the same time, as far as practicable, to prevent those 
wlio rightfully own service to the citizens of any other State 
or territory from seeking within the limits of this State, a 
refuge from the possession of their lawful owners. Such a 
measure will tend to secure those who are free from any 
unlawful attempts (to enslave them) and secures the rights of 
the citizens of the other States and territories as far as ought 
resonably to be expected." 

Thus was the territorial government of Indiana exchanged 
for a State government on the seventh of November, 1816. 
During the session of the legislature, James Noble and Walter 
Taylor were elected to represent the State of Indiana in the 
Senate of the United States. Robert A. New was elected Sec- 
retary of State; W. H. Lille}-, Auditor of State; and Daniel 
C. Lane, Treasurer of State. The session was adjourned sine 
die on the third of January, 1817. 

If, in their progress from one event to another, along the 
current of the civil and political history of the State, readers 
should wish to learn more of the incidents of pioneer life, the 
progress of the settlements, the social condition of the people, 
and the like, it will only be necessary to remind them that 
these things are treated in detail in the second pakt of this 
volume, under the head of "County Histories," to relieve 
them of their impatience. 



CHAPTER XYIII. 

GOVEEJNOE JEiraiNGS' ADMINISTRATION. 

WE now come to a consideration of the history of the 
State of Indiana, which extends over a period from 1816 
to 1875, The contemplation of events within this period is a 
source of pleasure to every Indianian. There are only the 
fresh memories of the civil war to mar this pleasure. All 
else is calculated to awaken the highest enthusiasm and the 
loftiest patriotism. Amazing 'progress! are the only words 
that seem to convey the idea which this contemplation brings 
most vividly to the mind. To what quarter of the globe can 
we point, where, in the short space of fifty years, material 
progress has been greater? Certainly there is no place on the 
broad earth to which the Indianian can emigrate with a hope 
of bettering his present condition and prospects. 

Within the short space of fifty years the population of 
Indiana has increased from sixty thousand to over two mil- 
lions! Within the same period the valuation of personal 
and real property within the State has increased beyond all 
possibility of computation; great and prosperous commercial 
industries have been established, and the educational and 
benevolent institutions have become useful in shaping the des- 
tiny of other countries. It now becomes our pleasant duty to 
note this wonderful progress step by step. 

Tlie inhabitants of the new State first turned their attention 
to farming — to agricultural pursuits, which are still the lead- 
ing industry of Indiana. JS'ew farms were opened, new 
settlements were founded, orchards were planted, log and 
frame school houses were erected, churches were built, towns 
and cities began to flourish, and battle for the leading position. 

(185) 



186 



niSTOKY OF INDIANA. 



Thus was iniuiguratcd that great era of ])rospcrity which can 
only tcnninate in future greatness. Withal, a sense of secur- 
ity pervaded the minds of the ])eo])le. Tlic hostile Indians, 
as we have seen, had been humbled. Their power and pride 
had been broken, and the tomahawk no longer excited the 
fears of the pioneer settler of Indiana. The settlers dwelt in 
safety in their little, plain log cabins, and, actuated by a faith 
in that future prosperity which they have lived to enjoy, they 
cultivated their small fields Avithout the aid of armed senti- 
nels. The numerous forts and block houses which had once 
been made desolate by merciless slaughters, were now con- 
verted into storehouses, dwellings, or in some way made to 
serve the purpose of trade. 

But it must not be supposed that this great prosperity has 
been attained without difficulty. Indiana has had her internal 
improvement troubles; her financial embarrassment; a cur- 
rency panic; a commercial depression; her dark days; but 
these have all passed. They were unequal to the persistent 
energies of a free people. 

In 1816-17, when the State was in its infoncy, and the citi- 
jcens were not wealthy, and when the number and value of the 
objects of taxation were miserably small, and the inexhaust- 
able resources undeveloped, it was difficult to raise the revenue 
necessary for the support of the government. The burden 
upon landholders was indeed heavy; the funds for county 
purposes were derived mostly from a poll-tax, taxes on lands, 
town lots, horses, carriages, clocks, watches, and license venders 
of merchandise. 

For State revenue purposes the taxable lands were divided 
into three classes, and taxed per hundred acres, as follows, for 
several years : 



Years. 


First Rate. 


Second Rate. 


Third Rate. 


1817 


$1.00 
1.00 
1.50 
1.50 

0.80 


$0.87i 
0.87^ 
1.25 
1.00 
O.GO 


$0.50 


1818 


0.G2I 

0.75 


1821 


1824 


0.75 


1831 


1.40 



GOVEENOR JENNINGS ADMINISTRATION. 



187 



In his first annual message, Governor Jennings called 
attention to the need of greater educational facilities, the 
revision of the statutes, the organization of the judiciary, and 
the need of a law to prevent the carrying into bondage per- 
sons of color residing in the State and legally entitled to their 




See page 21. 



freedom. He also urged the necessity of raising a revenue 
sufficient to meet the expenses of that year, and to liquidate 
the debt consequent upon the constitutional convention of 
the previous year. In this undertaking the government met 
with many difficulties. The objects of taxation were not 



188 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

numerous, and tlie great scarcity of money within the State, 
made it difficult for the collector to realize on the demands of 
the State upon the property assessed. This difficulty was 
urged upon the attention of the legislature, in 1818, when 
Governor Jennings remarked that in order to " enforce the 
payments of the revenue of the State, on the part of those 
charged with collections, it is recommended that all suits con- 
nected therewith be instituted in the Harrison Circuit Court, 
and that the appointment of an Attorney General be author- 
ized by law, whose duty it shall be to prosecute thereon, and 
in the Supreme Court when the State may be a party." 

During Governor Jennings' administration the subject of 
iuternal improvements was agitated. As early as 1818, in his 
message to the legislature, he used these words: " The internal 
improvement of the State forms a subject of the greatest 
importance and deserves the most serious attention. Eoads 
and canals are calculated to afford facilities to the commercial 
transactions connected with the exports and imports of the 
country, by lessening the expenses and time attendant, as well 
on the transportation of the bulky articles which compose our 
exports as on the impoi'tation of articles the growth and man- 
ufacture of foreign countries, which luxury and habit have 
rendered too common and almost indispensable to our con- 
sumption. They enhance the value of the soil, by affording 
the agriculturalist the means of deriving greater gain from its 
cultivation, with an equal proportion of labor, thereby pre- 
senting stronger inducements to industry and entei-prise, and 
at the same time, by various excitements, invite to a more 
general intercourse between the citizens. * * * The success 
which has attended the exertions of the Jeffersonville and 
Ohio Canal Company affords the flattering prospect of a 
speedy commencement upon the great object for which the 
corporation was created, and presents still stronger claims 
upon the general assembly to aid its ultimate execution." 

In November, 1821, Governor Jennings convened tlie legis- 
lature in extra session, to provide for the payment of tlie 
interest on the State debt, and a part of the principal, amount- 
ing to twenty thousand dollars. It was then believed that an 



GOVERNOR Jennings' administration. 189 

dinonnt sufficient for tliesc purposes would be realized by tbe 
State treasurer, in the notes of the State bank and its branches, 
and it was urged upon the legislature, by the Governor, that 
the public debt could be conscientiously discharged with these 
depreciated notes. In support of this view he said: "It will 
be oppressive if the State, after the paper of this institution 
was authorized to be circulated in revenue, should be prevented 
by any assignment of the evidences of the existing debt, from 
discharging at least so much of that debt with the paper of 
the bank, as will absorb the collections of the present year; 
especially, when their notes, after being made receivable by 
the agents of the State, because greatly depreciated by great 
mismanagement on the part of the bank itself. It ought not 
to be expected that a public loss to the State should be avoided 
by resorting to any measures which would not comport with 
correct views of public justice; nor should it be anticipated 
that the treasury of the United States would ultimately adopt 
measures to secure an uncertain debt, which would interfere 
with arrangements calculated to adjust tlie demand against 
the State, without producing any additional embarrassment." 
The condition of public affairs that called for these senti- 
ments from the Executive was not flattering. An assignment 
of the bonds executed in behalf of the State had been effected 
and the general credit of the State greatly embari-assed. The 
State bank — a history of which will be found further on — 
owing to bad management had depreciated the bank paper of 
the State, and injured the public credit. The means employed 
to produce this result are said to have been designed by 
unprincipled speculators. The Governor, in reference to this 
painful phase of the question, held that " whatever disposition 
the principal bank may have made of the funds deposited by 
the United States, it must be admitted that the connection of 
interest between the steam mill company and the bank, and 
the extraordinary accommodations, on account of the manner 
in which they were obtained, as well as their amount, effected 
by arrangements of the steam mill agency and some of the 
officers of the bank have been among the principal causes 
which have prostrated the paper circulating medium of this 



190 nisroKY of Indiana. 

State, so far as it \vas dependent on tlie State bank and its 
brandies. And from the direction which for a time past lias 
been triven to the funds as well as to the credit of tlie State 
bank, it wonld seem as if it liad been an object to produce 
depreciation of her own credit, as well as that of her branches, 
producing- thereby, among other mischievous consequences, the 
means of direct gain to a certain portion of the community, 
equal to the loss which the innocent and disinterested holder 
of the paper inevitably sustains." 

It is undoubtedly true that the panic of 1821, which cast a 
gloom over the infant industries of the State of Indiana, was 
in a great measure the result of dishonest speculation, as well 
as of an unwise financial policy. At all events the public 
affairs were in a very unsettled condition when Governor Jen- 
nings, at the summons of the popular voice, handed the gov- 
ernment of the young State over to his successor, lion 
William Hendricks."^ 



CIIAPTEE XIX. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WILLIAM HENDRICKS. 

IN" 1822, in his first message to the legislature, Governor 
Hendricks, notwithstanding the discouraging state of the 
public affairs, was disposed to regard every prospect fall of 
promise for the new State. lie regretted the unsettkil condi- 
tion of the pecuniary afi'airs of the State and citizens, but in 
a happy mood, congratulated the people upon " the agricultural 
and social happiness of the State." At no period in the 
previous history of the State had the productions of the soil 
been more abundant in the necessaries and comforts of life 

* Governor Jonaings liaving been elected to Congress, in 1822, Lieuten- 
antrGovcrnor Boone was acting Governor of the State of Indiana for 
several montlis previous to the election of Governor Hendricks. 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WILLIAM HENDRICKS. 



191 



than during the year 1822. At this time emigration was 
affording the State considerable accessions to her pojDulation, 
and despite the financial troubles which engaged the attention 
of the legislature, the people who for the most part depended 
wholly upon agricultural products, were enjoying moderate 




HON. WM. MITCHELL. 
See page 31. 

prosperity. ^Nevertheless, the payment for the lands, the 
extensive consumption of European goods in Indiana, and the 
want of a market for the surplus produce, had placed the 
balance of trade largely against the people, and produced 
general and individual distress; but the subsequent develop- 



192 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

ment of the resources of tlie State, the steady pursuit of agricul 
ture, tlie resort to domestic fabrics to the exclusion of foreign 
merchandise, combined to produce the most favorable results. 

On the question of internal improvements. Governor Hen- 
dricks, in his tirst message to the legislature, said: " We ought 
to leave free and unsliackled, as far as we can, our resources 
for improvement and purposes which the interests of the State 
may hereafter require, if not at our hands, at the hands of 
those who succeed us. * * * Let us not lose sight of those 
great objects to which the means of the State should, at some 
future day, be devoted — the navigation of the falls of the Ohio, 
the improvement of the AVabash, the AVhitc river, and other 
streams, and the construction of the National and other roadg 
through the State." 

Governor Ilendrick's administration extended over a period 
from December 1822, to February 1825, during which the 
several industries of the State enjoyed considerable prosperity. 

Although a complete history of the educational institutions 
of the State is given in other parts of this volume, it will not 
be improper to note, in this connection, the condition and 
prospects of the educational facilities of the State as they 
existed at the close of the administration of Governor Hen- 
dricks in 1825. By a grant of Congress, a section of land in 
each township in the State was invested in the inhabitants of 
such townships for the support of common schools ; two entire 
townships were invested in the legislature for the use of a 
" State Seminary," and by a provision of the State constitu- 
tion, all fines assessed for a breach of the penal laws, and all 
commutations for militia service, were appropriated to the use 
of the " County Seminaries." The common school lands were 
estimated, at this date, at six hundred and eighty thousand 
two hundred and seven acres, which, at two dollars an acre, 
(their value in 1825,) would produce a fund of one million 
two hundred and sixteen thousand four hundred and forty-four 
dollars. Such were the facilities for establishing common 
schools, viewed from the standpoint of 1825. 

At this time the seminary at Eloomington, supported in 
part by one of these township grants, was in a flourishing con- 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR RAT. 193 

ditio... Tuition was cheap, and "no pains were spared to 
make tLe institution respectable." But the common schools 
then existing in the youthful settlements of the State were in 
a poor condition. 



CHAPTEK XX. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR RAY. 

IN the year 1826, the State of Indiana had already a history 
of State progress. The foundation for the magnificent 
public school system which the State now enjoys was being 
carefully laid. The State government had reached a better 
policy, and confidence in business circles was in a great meas- 
ure restored. In short the State seems here to have reached a 
point when its inhabitants could look back over the events in 
its history, observe their results, and shape a policy consistent 
with "the probable future demands of prosperity. The increase 
of population was made noticeable. At this date, 1825-G, the 
population exceeded 250,000 souls; in 1820, it was 147,178; 
in 1815, it was 08,780; in 1810, it was 24,000; in 1805, it was 
11,000; and in 1800, the date of the organization of the terri- 
tory, it was only 5,000. Thus the people could perceive the 
increase, during the twenty-five years of their history. Begin- 
ning in 1800, with but five thousand, and reaching,, in the 
short space of twenty-five years, the respectable number of 
two hundred and fifty thousand, there was every reason to 
take courage. 

Aside from the growth in population, this year afibrded a 
view from another standpoint. The influence of national 
policy from without, and the prospective effects upon the future 
of the State, its commerce and agricultural pursuits, were to 
be seen and measured. For a long period previous to the war 
13 



194 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

of 1812, the continued struggle for power in Europe called 
immense numbers of their people from the plow to till their 
armies. In consequence agriculture was neglected. Whole 
countries were overrun, and the people, as well as the 
armies, were in a measure compelled to look to the United 
States for a considerable portion of their subsistence. Ameri- 
can produce found a ready market in every port in Europe, 
and the high prices which it commanded enabled the farmers 
in every part of the country to incur the expense of a tedious 
and difficult transportation, and yet to realize handsome profits. 
Nor was this prosperous state of affairs changed by the war 
of 1812, for in consequence of this war, large disbursements 
of public money were made by the general government in 
every part of the Union; consequent upon this came a general 
rage for speculation; numerous banks with fictitious capital 
were established; immense issues of paper were made, and 
the circulating medium of the country was increased four fold 
in the course of two or three years. It will not be difficult 
for the intelligent reader of the day to predict the consequences 
of all this. The great increase of what was then deemed 
equivalent to money was the cause of a corresponding increase 
equally as fictitious in the value of labor and every species of 
property; the established value of every thing was a deception, 
a species of fraud upon the world ; money — the money of those 
days — was easily acquired, and the people too generally and 
too easily indulged in visionary dreams of wealth and splendor. 
But this state of things could not always last. The general 
pacification of the old world, and the consequent disbandment 
of their numerous armies again tenanted their long unculti- 
vated fields; agriculture was so far encouraged that every 
nation on the continent produced an ample supply of the 
necessaries of life for their own consumption, and American 
produce could no longer find an extended market in that hem- 
isphere. About the same time that peace was crmcluded in 
Europe, war was brought to a close in this country, and of 
course the extraordinary flow of money from the treasury of 
the United States was discontinued; the American army was 
reduced, and the newly created banks, no longer supported by 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR RAY. 



195 



reckless speculation, began to fail. Specie disappeared, and 
the fictitious paper trash became worthless in the hands of the 
people. As a consequence wages and all kinds of property 
cuiFered an unprecedented depression in value, and the industry 
of the whole country was shocked. The evils and embarrass - 




See page 21. 

ments of this sudden change were felt severely among the 
farmers of Indiana. Then followed the "dark days" of Indi- 
ana. Who that lived in the State at the time will ever forget 
the winter of 1821? 

To find a remedy for this depression in trade began to engage 



196 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

the attention of tlie people of Indiana, as well as those of the 
other States, in 1822-3, and many measures were adopted, all 
of wdiich worked siiccessfnlly in the loni^ run, although many, 
for a time, were " eye-sores '' to the people. In the first place 
the capital which was no longer needed in commercial enter- 
prise was employed in manufacturing establishments. This 
not only gave employment to thousands whose services were 
hitherto valueless, but created a market for a great portion of 
the surplus produce of the formers. This measure was com- 
pletely successful in Indiana. 

In addition to the establishment of factories, large portions 
of the dormant capital of the State and country which had 
been withdrawn from mercantile pursuits, now no longer 
profitable, was invested and circulated among the people in 
works of internal improvement. Some of these works were, 
as we shall see, for a time unsuccessful, yet it is now aj)parent 
that all worked out, in a measure, the ultimate prosperity of the 
State. 

Such were the views which the people of Indiana were 
•nabled to take of the past in 1825. In this year Governor 
Ray, in his message to the legislature, urged upon them the 
necessity of adopting that system of internal improvements 
which was not fully entered upon as a policy until 1S3G. He 
said: "On the construction of roads and canals, then, we must 
rely as the safest and most certain State policy to relieve our 
situation, place us among the first States in the Union, and 
change the cry of 'hard times' into an open acknowledgment 
of contentedness. * * * "W'e must strike at the internal 
improvement of the State, or form our minds to remain poor 
and unacquainted with each other." In the following year he 
urged the same policy, and in 1S20 he added: "This subject, 
(State internal improvement,) though more than once pressed 
upon the attention of the legislature, can never grow irksome, 
since it must be the source of the blessings of civilized life; 
to secure its benefits is a duty enjoined upon the legislature 
by the obligations of the social compact." 

It was in the year 1825, and during the administration of 
Governor Ray, that the State of Indiana had the honor of 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVEKNOR RAT. 197 

welcoming the illustrious General Lafayette within its borders. 
The reception of this great friend of American and national 
liberty was extended by the Executive of Indiana in true and 
genuine republican simplicity; and that so many of the 
pioneers of the State had the honor to greet the presence of 
this illustrious veteran in the cause of our liberty and ccfimtry, 
and to express to him as far as possible, their unutterable 
sentiments of gratitude and admiration, will ever be a source 
of the most greatful recollection. 

On the important question of asylums, it was urged by the 
Executive in 1825, that radical changes should be made in the 
law for the support of the poor, and measures adopted " to 
provide by law for a general system of education, ascending m 
a regular gi-adation from township schools to a State univer- 
sity, wherein tuition shall be gratis, and equally open to all." 

In 1S2G, Governor Ray expressed the sentiments of the 
people of Indiana when, in his message to the legislature he 
used this exciting language: "All that tlie most ardent could 
rationally wish for has fallen within the lap of the State. The 
history of other nations furnishes us with no parallel for our 
gigantic growth. 'A wonder among wonders,' our amazing 
youn^ State, with each annual revolution of the earth, seems 
destined, by the force of circumstances and the energies of her 
people, to outstrip the geographer with all his sagacity; to 
develop some dormant treasure, and exhibit to public view 
some facinating projects eminently calculated to attach our 
citizens to their homes and country, and to enable us to look 
prospectively to the period when we shall be among the first 
\n power, wealth, and respectability in tlie grand confederation 
of North American States." And in the year 1827, in the 
same official capacity, he added: "When we bring in review 
before us the successive currents of emigration which annually 
penetrate the deep recesses of the western forests; when we 
behold the generous efforts of the enlightened statesman and 
philanthropist for the establishment of primary and highei 
schools that education may be equal and universal; when we 
witness the enterprise and industry of the people, their moral 
ity and order, the conclusion follows that all the essentia] 



^ 



198 HISTORY OF IKDiAHA. 

elements are concentrating to prosecute and consummate the 
great design of the social compact." And again in 182S, 
Governor Hay reflects the steady flow of prosperity in his 
usual style: "Peace, plenty, and an increase of moral feeling 
have blessed our growing community; * * * and if a dense 
population is in any respect essential to llie happiness of the 
people, or the prosperity of the State, the continuous influx 
of emigration which we are now experiencing without a 
parallel, augur the most auspicious to both." 

It was in this year, 1828, that the disaffection of the Southern 
States first became a subject for executive or legislative atten- 
tion in Indiana. In this year Governor Hay, little suspecting 
the terrible results that would grow out of the subject of his 
remarks, observed to the legislature: "Since our last separa- 
tion, while we have witnessed with anxious solicitude the 
belligerent operations of another hemisphere, the cross con- 
tending against the cresent, and the prospect of a general 
rupture among the legitimates of other quarters of the 
globe, * * * our attention has been arrested by proceedings 
in our own country truly dangerous to liberty, if seriously 
premeditated, and disgraceful to its authors if agitated only 
to tamper with the American people. If such experiments as 
we see attempted in certain deluded quarters, do not fall with 
a burst of thunder upon the heads of their seditious projectors, 
then, indeed, the republic has begun to experience the days 
of its degeneracy. * ■* * The Union of these States is the 
people's only sure charter for their liberties and independ- 
ence. Dissolve it and each State will soon be in a condition 
as deplorable as Alexandria's conquered countries after they 
were divided amongst his victorious military captains." 



It should be borne in mind by the reader that this part of 
the history, extending from the organization of the State in 
1816, to 1875, treating of the administrations of the various 
governors, is not supposed to include, as it advances, a history 
of tlie educational institutions, benevolent institutions, and 
settlements. These chapters are designed to cover merelv a 



ADMINISTKATION OF GOVEKNOK KAY. 199 

political and exceedingly condensed documentary history of 
the State, and the reader is directed to look elsewhere for a 
complete history and description of those special features and 
institutions of tJie State, as well as of the cities, townis and 
villages, all of which date their commencement in some one 
of these administrations, and receive only a passing notice in 
this connection. It is also desirable to state, in this place, 
that our political history is necessarily condensed in order that 
these special features of the State may receive the space which 
their importance demands. 



CHAPTER XXI. 

ADMIIsISTEATION OF GOVERNOR KAY, CONTINUED. 

IN 1830 the current of emigi*ation was still flowing into tlie 
State and spreading itself throughout the limits of the 
territory, affording the surest indications of a continued 
growth and prosperity. These assurances were considerably 
supported by the great increase of agricultural productions, 
facilities for transportation, and increasing wealth, enterprise, 
intelligence, temperance and morality; and of the general and 
rapidly accumulating masses of the people. During these 
months, the people were daily cheered by witnessing from 
twenty to fifty wagons, containing families, moving through 
Indianapolis and other large towns, on their way to the val- 
leys of the White and Wabash rivers. It was estimated that 
every day, during the year 1826, over thirty families settled in 
the State of Indiana. It is only from a contemplation of 
these facts that the reader can form any correct idea of the 
rapid growth of the State. 

At no former period within the history of the State had the 
people enjoyed a more ample reward for the various agricul- 
tural products than in 1830. This market was created from 



200 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



many causes — principally from tho wars existing at that 
time. 

In the same year the farmer, the mechanic and the merchant 
of Indiana were excited by the " gigantic purpose of wedding 
the extremes of our vast country by one of the most approved 




HON. PLINEY HOAGLAND. 

See page 21. 



methods of conveyance" — a railroad, notably the "National, 
New York and Mississippi Railroad." 

The " National Road," and the " Michigan and Ohio Turn- 
pike " were enterprises in which the people and legislature of 



ADMINISTRATION OF G07ERN0E RAT. 201 

Indiana were deeply interested, in 1830. The latter had 
already been the cause of mncli bitter controversy, and its 
location was then the subject of contention. 

In his message to the legislature, in 1830, Governor Kay, on 
the delicate question of excluding a certain class of colored 
people from the State, remarked: " A non-productive and, in 
many instances, a superanuated colored population, is pouring 
in upon us, possessing all the affirmative bad qualities of the 
uneducated, immoralizcd bondsman, without affording any of 
his advantages, living without visible means, or labor, most of 
whom are paupers on society. * * * "While our laws and 
institutions proclaim the State an asylum for the good, virtu- 
ous and useful of all nations and colors, it is due to ourselves 
and to the rights of posterity that we should not tamely sub- 
mit to any imposition which is the direct effect of foreign 
legislation. Though it might savor somewhat of injustice to 
interfere with any that are already here, it will still become 
your province, as it is your right, to regulate for the future, 
by prompt correctives, the emigration into the State, and the 
continuance of known paupers thrown upon us from any 
quarter." 

In 1830 there were still two tribes of Indians living within 
the borders of Indiana, but their growing indolence, their 
intemperate habits, their primitive ignorance, their increasing 
dependence upon their neighbors for the bread of life, their 
diminished prospects of living by the chase, their perpetration 
of murders and other outrages of dangerous precedent, their 
unrestrained exhibitions of their own savage customs before 
the children of the settlers, combined to make them subjects 
for a more rigid government. 

One of the features of interest in the history of Governor 
Ray's last term of office was the part taken by Indiana in the 
election of a President of the United States, which effected a 
considerable change in the national policy. 

In the same period the task of preparing a civil code of 
laws for the State was commenced. In 1830 a question of 
jurisdiction was presented for the consideration of the legisla- 
ture. The trial and acquittal of William Eothwell, in Perry 



202 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

county, on a charge of mnrdcr, gave rise to gi-eat dissatisfac- 
tion. The alleged crime was committed on the Ohio river, 
and it was successfully claimed by the counsel for the defend- 
ant that the State of Indiana had no jurisdiction over acts 
committed on that river. This defect in the laws was promptly 
adjusted. 

It would appear that the legislature of Indiana was pain- 
fully backward in establishing an asylum for the poor. Gov- 
ernor Kay, in his last message to the legislature used these 
remarks: "Let the philanthropical but look at home for 
opportunities to display his pious benevolence, and his eye 
will recognize many a friendless, moneyless orphan child, 
whose soul only waits to be kindled into flame upon educa- 
tion's heavenly altar, that he may leave his rags and wretch- 
edness behind him, and, wielding the sword of the hero, or 
the pen of the statesman, by the force of moral precept in the 
pulpit, or of eloquence at the bar, or in the senate, rise to the 
noblest summit of fame and become a pillar of support to his 
country — but without some aid is doomed to die unseen. * * 
Wliilst our oM'n unfortunate poor are sold in the public streets 
to the lowest bidder, many of whom have seen days that pos- 
eessed them with the means and rank far above their pur- 
chasers, now compelled to feed upon the crumbs of a scanty 
meal, and to experience, after a life well spent, just as their 
sun is setting, their worst days, and even the degradation of 
mastery, and the separation of kindi'cd ties — and while 
thousands of families are without the word of truth — and 
tens of thousands of youths, who must soon take the reins of 
this mighty Republic into their hands, are fast rising to 
maturity, without sufficient intelligence for the stupenduous 
business of self-government, we are admonished by everything 
sacred and dear to look first to the deranged concerns at 
home." 

Governor James B. Ray served the people of the State of 
Indiana in the high and responsible position of Chief Magis- 
trate of the State, from 1725 to 1S31 — a period of special 
prosperity — and in December of the latter year was succeeded 
by Hon. Noah Noble. 



CHAPTEK XXII. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR NOBLE. 

H'OK InOAH noble assumed the duties of the high 
■ office of Governor of Indiana, in December, 1831, in 
which capacity he served until the close of 1837. 

In the year 1832 the farmers of Indiana were not ero%vncd 
with usual success, nor was the partial failure in agriculture 
the only affliction with which the Indianians were visited 
during that year. Cholera came in a terrible march among 
the settlements along the Ohio, sweeping hundreds from time 
into eternity. 

This term is also memorable on account of the Black Hawk 
War, which, raging in Illinois, sent its terrifying effects into 
the western borders of the State. Several war parties invaded 
the v/estern settlements, causing a vast amount of alarm, and 
a considerable dejrree of suffcrinof. 

During the first year of Governor Noble's administration 
the work of internal improvement was begun. In his mes- 
sage to the legislature, in 1832, the Governor remarked: " The 
agents of the State entrusted with the administration of the 
affairs of the canal, have, it is believed, faithfully discharged 
every duty enjoined by law. The Fund Commissioners during 
the last summer made a sale of canal stock, in the city of 
New York, to the amount of one hundred thousand dollars, 
at a premium of thirteen and one-quarter per cent., terms 
honorable to the character of the State and advantageous to 
the work. Having embarked in the undertaking, it is our 
imperious duty to maintain our credit, by the adoption of 
certain and efficient measures promptly to meet all our 
engagements." 

(203) 



204 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



In 1832 we find the Michigan Road in a state of progress. 
In that year fifty-four thousand dollars were spent for its 




See page 21. 

improvement, and fifty-two thousand dollars realized from the 
sale of lands appropriated for its construction. 



ADMINISTRATION OF GGVEKNOR NOBLE. 205 

In May, 1832, the remainder of tlic Indianapolis donation 
belonging to the State, was valued by the commissioners 
selected for that pui-pose, and, in compliance with the direction 
of the legislature, it was offered at public sale, by the agent 
of the State. The sale amounted to upwards of thirteen 
thousand dollars, leaving unsold lots, at valuation, to the 
amount of about four thousand dollars. We learn from Gov- 
ernor Noble's message of 1832, that " at the suggestion of the 
architect who is to build the State house, with the concurrence 
of the commissioners, the block north of the State house 
square was reserved from sale, to await the determination of 
the legislature as to the propriety of adding it to the public 
ground, making it an oblong square, corresponding to the form 
of the edifice to be erected. The commissioners appointed 
to contract for the building of the State house and superintend 
its erection, have made an agreement with Mr. Town, the 
artist, whose plan was adopted by the legislature, by which he 
is to complete the building for fifty-eight thousand dollars. 
The work in all its parts is to be strictly conformable to the 
plans and specifications presented to the legislature, and m its 
construction, as regards ornament, neatness, strength and 
durability nothing is to be omitted. The whole is to be com- 
pleted by November, 1837. 

In 1831, a joint resolution of the legislature of Indiana, 
requesting an appropriation by Congress for the extinguish- 
ment of the Indian title to lands within the State, was for- 
warded to that body, and, in compliance with the rcqncst, the 
necessary provision was made. Three citizens were designated 
by the Secretary of War, to constitute a commission to carry 
into effect the object of the appropriation. It was considered 
an object of great importance to extinguish the title of the 
Miamis to their lands, at that time surrounded on all sides by 
American settlers, situated almost in the heart of the State, 
and immediately on the line of the canal, then under con- 
struction. The prompt and cheerful manner in which the 
chiefs of the tribe obeyed the summons to the treaty, induced 
the belief that the negotiation would prove successful ; but in 
their response to the propositions cf the commissioners, they 



206 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

positively refused to go westward, or sell tlie remains of their 
lands. 

Tlie negotiation with the Pottawatomics was more sncccss- 
ful. This tribe sold about six millions of acres in Indiana, 
Illinois and Michigan, including their entire claims in thia 
State. 

Durin£r Governor Noble's £rovcrnment the Wabash and Erie 
canal was commenced, and a portion completed. In 1S32, 
thirty-two miles of this canal were placed under contract. 
During this year a communication was addressed to the Gov- 
ernor of Ohio, requesting him to call the attention of the 
legislature of that State to the subject of the extension of the 
canal, from the Indiana line through the territory of Ohio to 
tlie lake. In compliance with this request, Governor Lucas 
promptly laid the subject before the legislature of his State, 
and, in a spirit of courtesy, resolutions were adopted by that 
body, stipulating that if Ohio should ultimately decline to 
undertake the completion of that portion of the work within 
her limits, before the time fixed by the act of Congress for the 
completion of the canal, she would, on just and equitable 
terms, enable Indiana to avail herself of the benefit of the 
lands granted, by authorizing her to sell them and invest the 
proceeds in the stock of a company to be incorporated by 
Ohio; and that she would give Indiana notice of her final 
determination, on or before the first day of January, 1838. 
The legislature of Ohio also authorized and invited the agent 
of the State of Indiana to select, survey and set apart the 
lands lying within that State. 

In 1834, Governor Noble, grasping at the system of public 
works that was adopted in 1S3G, of which he should be 
regarded, in a great degree, the author, remarked: "With a 
view of engaging in works of internal improvement, the pro- 
priety of adopting a general plan or system, having reference 
to the several portions of the State, and the connection of one 
with the other, naturally suggests itself. No work should be 
commenced but such as would be of acknowledged public 
utility, and when completed would form a branch of some 
general system. * * * lu view of this object, the policy 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVEBNOR NOBLE. 



207 



of organizing a board of public works is again respectfully- 
suggested." The attention of the legislature, in 1834, was 
also directed to the "praise worth j and 23ublic spirited enter- 




y^< t^. .^^.^U^^z<, 



See page 21. 

prise of that portion of our citizens interested in the line of 
railway designated by the Lawrenceburg and Indianapolis 
charter." 



208 niSTORT OF INDIANA. 

In 1834 tlic Michif^an boundaiy question, in Avhicli that 
State acted a very lieadstrong and reckless part, was lirst 
brought to light. Michigan, notwithstanding the approval by 
Congress of the constitutions of Indiana, Ohio and Illinois, 
in each of which their respective boundaries were clearly 
pointed out, claimed, as lier southern boundary, an east and 
west line drawn through the southern extreme of Lake Mich- 
igan. In a recognition of this claim Indiana would have lost 
a district ten miles wide, extending entirely across the north- 
ern part of the State, including one of the fairest and most 
desirable portions of her territory, and have been entirely 
excluded from any access to the lake, except through a foreign 
jurisdiction. In addition to these considerations, there were 
other reasons why Indiana should have opposed the Michigan 
boundary claim. In the iirst place, the mouth of the Maumee 
river, and the termination of the Wabash and Erie canal, laid 
within the limits claimed by Michigan, and it was more than 
probable that Ohio would abandon co-operation in the work 
if the territory was transferred. Beyond this, Indiana would 
to a great extent lose the benefit of one of her greatest public 
improvements. This controversy continued, until 183G, when 
Congress refused to acceed to the demands of Michigan, but, 
settled the question by extending her territory in the Lake 
Superior region. 

In 1834, the State bank again commenced operations 
" under very favorable circumstances." The stock in all the 
branches authorized was subscribed by individuals, and the 
installment paid as required by the charter. Tlie loan author- 
ized for the payment on the stock allotted to the State, amount- 
ing to five hundred thousand dollars, was obtained at a pre- 
mium of one and five-hundred ths per cent, on five per cent, 
stock, making the sum of over five thousand dollars on the 
amount borrowed. 

In December, 1835, the legislature of Indiana convened in 
the " New State Capitol," at Indianapolis, and on the occasion 
Governor Noble, in his message, remarked: "This is your 
first session in your new capitol, and from the conviction that 
tli<i occasion will not fail to inspire feelings of exultation 



ADillMSTRATION OF GOVERNOR NOBLE. 209 

^vitllin you, I "vvill not witliliokl, on my part, the offerini^ of a 
hearty welcome and congratulation. It is an edifice worthy 
of the State, and, being dedicated to the public interests, 
within these walls the representatives of tlie people will 
annually assemble to perform some of the most important 
duties ever delegated to man. The people, through their rep- 
resentatives, will here speak their wishes, utter their com- 
plaints, and obtain redress for their wrongs." Forty years 
have passed since these sentiments were uttered by Governor 
Noble, and still " New (now old) State Capitol " is universally 
the scene of legislative action ty. 

During the year 1S35 the work of public improvements was 
pushed forward. " The operations on the line of the WabasL 
and Erie canal," says the Governor's message, " have been 
conducted the past season with energy and great success. The 
middle division, extending from the St. Joseph dam to the 
foi-ks of the Wabash, about thirty-two miles, has been com- 
pleted, ibr about two hundred and thirty-two thousand dollars, 
including all repairs to this time. * * * Upon this portion 
of the line navigation was opened on the fourth of July, on 
which day our citizens assembled to witness the mingling of 
the waters of the St. Joseph with those of the Wabash, uniting 
the waters of the northern chain of lakes with those of the 
Gulf of Mexico in the south. On this division boats have 
been running, without the interruption of a day, since the 
letting in of the water." On other parts of the line the work 
progi'esscd with speed, and the sale of canal lands was unus- 
ually active. 

In 1S3G we find that the State bank was " subserving all the 
valuable purposes for M'hich it was established," agricultural 
products were abundant, and the market was good; conse- 
quently the people were in the full enjoyment of all the bless- 
ings of a free government and of an enlightened civilization. 
In this year the first meeting of the State Board of Internal 
Improvement was convened, and entered upon the discharge 
of its numerous and responsible duties. Ilaving assigned to 
each member the direction and superintendence of a portion 
of the work, the next duty to be performed preparatory to an 
14 



210 mSTOKY OF INDIANA. 

cnL'irp;cd splicrc of active service, was that- of procuring the 
requisite number of engineers. A delegation was sent to the 
eastern cities, but returned witliout engaging an engjncer-in- 
chief for tlie roads and railways, and without the desired 
number for the subordinate stations; but after considerable 
delay the Board was fully organized and put in ojieration. 

During the year 1S3G the public M'orks, under the now 
management, were successful. The AVabash and Erie canal 
progressed steadily. The navigation of the middle division, 
from Fort Wayne to Huntington, was uninterrupted. Sixteen 
miles of the line between Huntington and Lafontaine's creek 
were filled with water and made ready for navigation, and the 
remaining twenty miles were completed, with the exception 
of a portion of the locks. Prom Lafontaine's creek to George- 
town reasonable progress Avas made, several sections having 
been completed and received by the Board. The line from 
Georgetown to Lafayette was placed undei- contract. During 
the same year about thirty miles of the AVhite Water canal 
extending from Lawrenceburg through the beautiful valley of 
the White Water, to Brookville, were also placed under con- 
tract, twenty-three miles of the Centi-al canal, in the vicinity 
of and passing through Indianapolis, were placed under con- 
tract and work commenced upon it; about twenty miles of 
the southern division of this work, extending from Evansville 
into the interior, were also contracted for. On the line of the 
Cross-Cut canal, from Tcrre Haute to the intersection of the 
Central canal, near the mouth of Eel ri\'er, a conDuenceraent 
was also made on all the heavy sections. 

Early in this year a party of engineers was organized, and 
directed to examine into the practicability of the then con- 
templated Michigan and Erie canal line. The result of its 
operations gave evidence of the expediency of the work. 
Soon after the organization of the Board of Internal Improve- 
ment, a party of engineers was fitted out and entered upon 
the field service of the Madison and Lafayette railroad, and in 
the same year contracts were made for the building of this 
road from Madison to Vernon, on which work was actively 
commenced. Contracts for grading and bridging the New 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR NOBLE. 



211 



Albany and Vineennes road, from the former point to Pnoli, 
about forty miles, were also let. Other roads were also under- 
taken and surveyed, and, iu all respects, a stupenduous worl^ 




See page 21. 

of internal improvement was undertaken. Truly did Governor 
Noble remark: "Upon the issue of the enterprise in which 
we are now engaged, our State has staked her fortunes. She 



212 HISTORY OF INDIANA 

has assumed a great responsibility, but one that is lull of hope 
and of promise. * * * Our great system may be said to 
be fairly begun, and the State has embarked in a course of 
policy from which there is no retreat." 



CHATTER XXIIl. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WALLACE. 

WITH the opening of Governor David "Wallace's admin 
istration murmurs of discontent were beginning to ba 
audible among tax payers. In the estimation of a very respect- 
able portion of the people, the State had undertaken entirely too 
much; that the very attempt to prosecute so great an enterprise 
as was contemplated by the Board of Internal Improvements 
with the means in possession or expectancy, must inevitably 
involve the State in debt from which it would be difficult, if 
not impossible, to extricate itself, and thereby entail upon the 
people the worst of all evils — oppressive and ruinous taxation. 
These predictions, coming from intelligent lips, were well 
calculated to chill the ardor and extinguish the spirit of enter- 
prise in which these public improvements were conceived. In 
reference to this sad phase of public alFairs, Governor AYallace, 
in his first annual message to the legislature in 1837, said: 
"But the astonishing success which has thus far attended our 
progress; the realization of all, and more than friends, the 
most sanguine, dreamed of; nay, the flattering auspices of the 
future, should, it appears to me, dispel every doubt, and quiet 
every fear which such boding prognostics may have created." 
These sentiments from the governor were well calculated to 
disguise the painful opinion which he himself possessed at 
this time, that the State would not be able to carry the load 
of public improvements with which she had burdened herself, 
Hnless the general depression of public and private enterprise 



ADMINISTKATION OF GOVEKNOK WALLACE. 213 

tbrougliout the whole country should be speedily disy^elled. 
But he was an ardent advocate of the measure; indeed it was 
the jrreat theme of his administration, and he never lost his 
faith in its ultimate success. 

But if the condition of the public works of Indiana were on 
the decline at the close of the year 1S37, it was so in a more 
discouraifino; decree at the close of 1838. On the meeting 

^5 O 

of the legislature, on this occasion, Governor Wallace said: 
"Never before — I speak it advisedly — never before have you 
witnessed a period in our local history that more ui-gently 
called for the exercise of all the soundest and best attributes 
of grave and patriotic legislators than the present. * * * 
The truth is — and it would be folly to conceal it — we hav^ oar 
hands full — full to overflowing! and therefore, to sustain our- 
selves, to preserve the credit and character of the State unim- 
paired, and to continue her hitherto unexampled march to 
wealth and distinction, we have not an hour of time, nor a 
dollar of money, nor a hand employed in labor, to squander 
and dissipate upon mere objects of idleness, or taste, or 
amusement." 

The condition of the State at this time was truly critical. 
There had been borrowed by the State, tor internal improve- 
ment purposes, three millions eight hundred and twenty-seven 
thousand dollars — one million three hundred and twenty-seven 
thousand for the Wabash and Erie canal, and the remaining 
two and a half millions for the benefit of other works. Upon 
the whole of this sum, with a very inconsiderable exception, 
the State paid an annual interest of five per cent,, which of 
itself was an unbearable burden. To meet this demand the 
State had but two small sources, independent of taxation. 
These were, first, the interest arising from the balances due 
upon the sales of canal lands, and secondly, the proceeds of the 
third installment of the surplus revenue, both amounting, in 
1838, to about forty-five thousand dollars. This was all the 
visible means with \vhich the State had to ]^ay the cnormoua 
sum of two hundred thousand dollars without resorting to 
direct taxation. 

In 1838, the tribe of Pottawatomie Indians, according to a 



214 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

treaty in wliicli tliej had previously entered, were removed 
from Indiana to the western reservation. Some difficulty was 
experienced in their removal. Becoming hostile and refusing 
to emigrate, the militia was called out, and, under General 
Tipton, a force was marched to their villages. This induced 
them to leave without further opposition. 

In the same year a treaty was concluded with the Miami 
Indians through the good offices of Colonel A. C. Pepper, the 
Indian agent, by which a considerable, and the most desirable 
portion of their reserve, was ceded to the United States. 



CHAPTEE XXIY. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR SAMUEL BIGGER. 

GOYEENOE WALLACE was succeeded by Hon. Samuel 
Bigger, in December, 1840. On this occasion the state 
of public affairs was in a very unpleasant condition. The 
system of internal im])rovemciits adopted four years previous 
had not prospered as expected by its friends, and was at that 
time prostrated, and the govci'nnicnt and people found them- 
selves laboring under tlie complicated embarrassments of this 
disastrous result. They felt and expressed the most intense 
anxiety respecting the measures which should be adopted to 
effect their relief. The great question was now, " What shall 
be done with our public improvements?" The "system" 
embraced ten different works, of which the most important 
was the Wabash and Erie canal. Their aggregate length was 
one thousand one hundred and sixty miles. Of this length 
only one hundred and forty miles had been fully completed. 
The amount which had been expended on these various lines 
was something over $5,600,000, and it required at least 
814,000,000 to complete them. In August, 1839, all work 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR BIGGER. 215 

ceased on these improvements with one or two exceptions, 
and most of the contracts were surrendered to the State. This 
course had been adopted nnder an act ot the legislature pro- 
viding for the compensation of contractors by the issue of 




JUDGE C. Y. PATTERSON. 

See page 21. 



treasury notes. Tn addition to this state of affairs, the legis- 
lature of 1839 had made no provision for the payment of 
interest on the State debt incurred for internal improvements. 
In reference to this unpleasant situation of the public works 
in 1840, Governor Bigger said: "Their prosecution, as origi- 



216 HISTOET OF INDIANA. 

nally contemplated, will not be seriously nrged at this time 
by any one at all conversant with our condition and the extent 
of our liabilities. Such a course would be the extreme of 
folly. And on the other hand, their entire abandonment, with 
the utter loss of the large sums of money already expended, 
would scarcely be less ruinous in its consequences to our credit 
and ultimate prosperity." 

Much individual indebtedness was created during the pro- 
gress of the works of internal improvement. "When opera- 
tions ceased in 1S39, and prices fell at the same time, the 
people were left, in a great measure, without the means of 
commanding money with which to i)ay their debts. This con- 
dition of private enterprise, which had been incurred by an 
unwise State policy, rendered direct taxation more than ever 
inexpedient. Hence it became the policy of Governor Bigger's 
administration to provide the means of paying the interest on 
the State debt without increasing the rate of taxation, and 
of continuing that portion of the public works that could be 
immediately completed, and from which the earliest returns 
could be expected. 

The years of 1840-41, were two dark years in Indiana; nor 
was the prospect brightened with the commencement of 1842. 
In 1841 the farmer was abundantly rewarded in the pursuits 
of agriculture, which, to a considerable extent, lightened the 
burden of the whole people. 

"With the assembling of the legislature in 1841, the State 
had reached a crisis in its affairs Avhich had been expected by 
many, but which many had expected to avoid. Indiana, until 
that year, had succeeded in paying the interest on her public 
debt, and at the previous session of the legislature ample pro- 
vision was supposed to have been made for its payment, but 
circumstances beyond the control of the agents of the State 
rendered it imjiossible to obtain the necessary funds, and at 
this period the people were compelled to acknowledge the 
nnwelcome truth that the credit of the State had not been 
sustained. 

In this connection we shall briefly glance over those meas- 
nrcs, the unfortunate issue of which involved the State in the 
difficulties to which we now refer. 



.ADMINISTRATION OF GOVEKNOR BIGGER. 217 

In the year 1827, the State of Indiana ohtaiued from the 
general government a grant of land to aid in the construction 
of the Wabash and Erie canal, with a view to connect the 
Wabash river with Lake Erie. A portion of this grant was 
surrendered to the State of Ohio, on the condition that she 
would construct the canal from the boundary of Indiana to 
the lake. This canal had been completed, ready lor naviga- 
tion from Lafayette, on the "VVabash, to the eastern line of the 
State. This work was not generall}' regarded as a part of the 
system of internal improvements adopted in 183G. 

In the month of January, 1S3G, the legislature of Indiana 
passed an act to provide for a general system of internal 
improvements, embracing a number ot expensive works. The 
extent and condition of these works, including the Wabash 
and Erie canal, at the close of the year 18-11, with the total 
disbursement thereon, may be summed up as lollows: 

1. The Wabash and Erie canal, from the State line to Tippe- 
canoe, one hundred and twenty-nine miles in length, completed 
and navigable for the whole length, at a total expenditure of 
$2,011,012. This sum includes the cost of the steam boat lock 
afterwards completed at Delphi. 

2. The extension of the Wabash and Erie canal from the 
mouth of the Tippecanoe to Tcrre Haute, over one hundred and 
four miles. The estimated cost of this work was $1,500,000, 
and the amount expended for the same, up to 1811, was 
$108,855. The navigation was at this period opened as far 
down as Lafayette, and a portion of the work performed in the 
vicinity of Covington. 

3. The cross-cut canal from Terre Haute to central canal, 
forty-nine miles in length, estimated cost $718,672 — amount 
expended to 1811, $120,679, and at this period no part of the 
work was navigable. 

4. The White Water canal, from Lawrenceburgh to the 
mouth of Nettle creek, seventy-six and a half miles — estimated 
cost $1,675,738, amount expended to that date, $1,099,867, and 
thirty-one miles of the work was navigable, extending from 
the Ohio river to Brookville. 

5. The Central canal, from the Wabash and Erie canal, to 



218 



HISTORY OF IJTDIANA. 



Indianapolis, including the feeder dam at Muncietown, one 
hundred and twentj-four miles in length — total estimated cost 
$2,299,853, amount expended, $508,046; eight miles com- 
pleted at that date, and other portions nearly done. 

6. Central canal, from Indianapolis to Evansville, on the 
Ohio river, one hundred and ninety-four miles in length, total 
estimated cost, $3,532,394, amount expended $831,302; nine- 




BIRTH-PLACE OF JUDGE HOR.^CE P. BIPDLE. 
See page 31. 

teen miles of which was completed at that date, at the southern 
end, and sixteen miles extending south from Indianapolis 
were nearly completed. 

7. Erie and Michigan canal, one hundred and eighty-two 
miles in length, estimated cost, $2,624,823, amount expended, 
$156,324. No part of this work was finished in 1841. 

8. The Madison and Indianapolis railroad, over eighty -five 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVEKNOE BIGGEK. 



219 



miles in leiig.th, total estimated cost, $2,046,600, amount 
expended, $1,493,013. Road finished and in operation for 
about twenty -eight miles; grading nearly finished, and twenty- 
seven miles in addition, extending to Edenbui-g. 

9. Indianapolis and Lafayette turnpike road, seventy-three 
miles in length, total estimated cost, $593,737, amount 
expended, $72,182. The bridging and most of the grading 




RESIDENCE OF JUDGE H P BIDDLE, LOGANSPORT 

See page 21. 

was done on twenty-seven miles from Crawfordsville to 
Lafayette. 

10. New Albany and Yincennes turnpike road, one hundred 
and five miles in length, estimated cost, $1,127,295, amount 
expended, $054,411. In 1841, forty-one miles were graded 
and macadamized, extending from ISTew Albany to Paoli, and 
twenty-seven miles in addition, partly graded. 



220 mSTORY OF INDIANA. 

11. Jeffersonville and Crawfordsville road, over one hundred 
and sixty-four miles long, total estimated cost, $1,G51,S00, 
amount expended, $372,737. Forty-iive miles were ])artly 
graded and bridged, extending from Jefiersonville to Salem, 
and from Greencastle north. 

12. Improvement of the Wabash rapids, undertaken jointly 
by Indiana and Illinois; estimated cost to Intliana, $102,500, 
amount expended by Indiana, $9,539. 

There had also been paid to the Board of Internal Improve- 
ments, for instruments, etc., to date, $3G,5G4. 

By summing up the foregoing, it will be seen that the whole 
length of these roads and canals was one thousand two hundred 
and eighty-nine miles, only two hundred and eighty-one of 
which had been finished in 1841. The estimated aggregate 
cost of all the works was $19,914,424. The amount expended 
for all purposes, to that date, was $8,104,528. 

The State debt, at this time, amounted to $1S,4G9,14G. In 
reference to this condition of the public debt, as well as the 
means to be employed for reducing it. Governor Bigger, in 
1841, remarked: "It is due to ourselves, in this state of our 
affairs, to examine into some of the prominent causes which 
Lave produced the present embarrassments. The first of these 
is doubtless to be found in the number of large and expensive 
works embraced in the system of internal improvements and 
their simultaneous prosecution. Also the unexpected increase 
in the prices of provisions, labor, and materials, was such that 
a sum much greater than the original estimate was required 
for the construction of the public works. Two great errors 
were committed in the progress of the system. The first was, 
paying the most of the interest out of the money borrowed. 
This subjected the State to the payment of compound interest, 
and the people, not feeling the pressure of taxes to dischai-ge 
the interest, naturally became inattentive to the policy which 
was pursued. Had the legislature commenced by levying 
taxes to defray the interest as it accrued, its amount would 
Lave been a certain index to the sums expended on the works. 
This of itself would have done much to check extravasrant 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVIIRNOE WmTCOMB. 221 

expenditures. The second error was selling bonds on credit," 
which led to the most disastrous consequences. 

The administration of Governor Big-ger closes in the most 
dissatisfactory manner, though probably from no fault of 
the governor, unless it may have been through a too sanguine 
co-operation in the internal improvement system. Both at 
home and abroad the State was held up in an unpleasant man- 
ner before the gaze of the world. " Indiana ftmnot pay the 
interest on her public debt! " was sounded in every State. But 
Indiana was not wanting in courage in this trying hour, as 
we shall see, nor was the energy of her people inadequate to 
the difficulties before them. 



CnAPTEE XXY. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WIHrCOMB. 

GOYEENOR SAMUEL BIGGER was succeeded by Hon. 
James AYliitcomb, in December, 1S43. The latter 
assumed the duties of executive of the State under the embar- 
rassing circumstances which we have been considering in the 
previous chapter, but he found himself ably qualified for the 
responsible duties of his office. " Our State," said he, to the 
legislature, in 1S43, * ^ * "is experiencing the distress and 
embarrassment consequent upon a system of over-banking, 
and its natural progeny, over-trading and deceptive specula- 
tion. * * * The tendency of this state of things is to relax 
the hand of industry by creating false notions of wealth, and 
to tempt to sudden acquisitions by means as delusive in their 
results as they are contrary to a primary law of the Author of 
our being. * * * Our i)Osition, soil and climate, as well 
as the habits of our people, all point to that branch of labor 
which is devoted to agriculture as our chief reliance for lasting 
wealth and returning prosperity. This calling should rank 



222 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

with us the first in respectability, as it is unquestionably tbo 
first in importance." 

During the administration of Governor Whitcomb, the war 
"vri til Mexico was thrust upon the United States and prosecuted 
to a glorious triumph in the acquisition of immense ti'acts of 
lands in the south and west. Indiana contributed her full 
ratio to the troops that were sent into the field, and in a spirit 
of singular promptness and ]>atriotism, adopted all necessary 
measures to sustain the general government. These new 
acquisitions of territory opened for discussion the question of 
slavery, in which Governor Whitcomb expressed himself 
opposed to any further extension of the "National sin." 

It is due to the memory of Governor Whitcomb to state 
that through the judicious operations of his government, the 
public credit of the State was redeemed. Measures of compro- 
mise between the State and its creditors were adopted by 
which, ultimately, the public works, although incomplete, 
were given in payment for the claims against tlic government. 
In this and other ways, the State was again placed upon 
respectable footing in the nation. 

Governor Whitcomb was succeeded by lion. Joseph A. 
Wright, in December, 1S40, having faithfully dischaigcd the 
important duties devolving upon the ofiice, nntil called, in 
December, 1S4S, to represent the State of Indiana in the 
Senate of the United States. Lieutenant-Governor Paris C. 
Dunning was acting Governor from December, 1S4S, to the 
same month in 1849. 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WRIGHT. 

Governor Joseph A. Wright's administration was an event- 
ful one. During its first year the State was called to mourn 
the decease of the President, Zachary Taylor, but at home 
Indiana had much npon which to congratulate herself. The 
public improvements were going forward with a giant pro- 
gress, mainly through the united efforts of private capital and 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WRIGHT. 



223 



energy. The products of the soil were abundant, and tlie 
market was ample. At the close of 1850, the Governor, in 
his inaugural address, spoke of the public works in these 
words: "We are progressing rapidly with works of public 
improvement. In the past season we have completed four 
hundred miles of plank road, which have cost trom twelve to 
fifteen hundred dollars per mile. There are some twelve 




JOHN M. LOCKWOOD, ESQ. 

See page 21. 

hundred miles additional surveyed and in progress. We have 
two hundred and twelve miles of railroad in successful opera- 
tion, of which one hundred and twenty-four were completed 
the past year. There are more than one thousand miles of 
railway surveyed and in a state of progress." 

In pursuance of a joint resolution of the legislature in 1850, 
a block of native marble was procured and forwarded to Wash- 
ington, to be placed in the monument then iu course of erec- 



224 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

tion at the National capital, in memory of tlie immortal 
George Washington. Although the assembly of Indiana did 
not antliorizc any sentiment to be placed on the block, Gov- 
ernor AVrlght had the following words inscribed npon it: 
Indiana knows no North, no South, nothing but the Union! 
This motto was placed npon the Washington monument in 
1S50, and a little more than ten years after, the people of 
Indiana showed to the world how completely they entered into 
this sentiment by the sacrifice of blood and treasure in the 
cause of the Union. 

Governor Wright endorsed the compromise measures en- 
acted by Congress on the slavery question in 1S50; and in 
closing his message of this year he remarked : " Indiana takes 
her stand in the ranks not of Southern destiny^ nor yet of 
Northern destiny. She plants herself on the basis of the 
•jonstitution, and takes her stand in the ranks of American 
destiny." 

It was also during Governor Wright's fruitful administra- 
tion that the State of Indiana started out fully upon the great 
mission of education. It was in 1852 that the township system 
was adopted, which has become a truly wonderful success — 
the boast of the State. The reader is referred to another part 
of this volume for a complete history of the superior educa- 
tional advantages of Indiana. 

It was also during Governor Wright's administration that 
the second constitutional convention was held, and a new con- 
stitution adopted. A general banking law was adopted in 
1851. This gave a new impetus to the commerce of the State, 
and opened the way for a broader volume of general trade. 
This banking law, however, gave rise to many abuses. The 
currency was expanded, a delusive idea of wealth prevailed, 
and, as a consequence, much injurious speculation was 
indulged. In 1857 the charter of the State bank expired, and 
the large gains of the State in that institution were directed 
to the promotion of common school education. 

Governor Joseph A. AVright was succeeded by Ilon. Ashbel 
P. Willard, in January, 1857. 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WILLARD. 225 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WILLARD. 

An extra session of tlie lep^islatnre was convened by Gov- 
ernor Willard in November, 1S5S. The constitution of 1852 
provided only for biennial sessions of the legislature, and as 
the legislature of 1857 made no provision for raising a revenue 
for 1853-9, the necessity for the special session is obvious. 

GoveiTior Willard condenses a very complete history of the 
State bank in the following paragraph, which is taken from 
his message of 1850: "On the twenty-eighth of January, 
1834, an act was approved establishing a State bank. Said 
act, by its terms, ceased to be a law on the first of January, 
1857. Under this law the bank commenced and continued its 
operations as a corporation authorized to issue and circulate 
notes, discount paper, and transact all other ordinary banking 
business until the first of January, 1857. At that time its 
outstanding circulation was $4,208,725, with a debt due to the 
institution principally from citizens of this State of $G,095,368. 
Between the first of January, 1857, and 1859, the bank 
redeemed nearly its entire circulation, and provided amply 
for the redemption of that which has not been returned. She 
has collected from most of her debtors the money which they 
owed. * * * The State was interested in the bank. She 
invested iu its stock $1,390,000. The money to make the 
investment was procured by the issuing of five per cent, bonds, 
the last of which will be payable July first, 18G6. * * * 
The report of the commissioners shows that its nominal profits 
are $2,780,604.36. By the law creating the Sinking Fund, 
that fund was appropriated, first, to pay the principal and 
interest upon the bonds; second, the expenses of the commis- 
sioners; and lastly, the cause of common school education." 

On the third day of October, 1860, before his term of ollice 
had expired. Governor Willard died at St. Paul, Minn. His 
remains were brought back to the State by his widow, accom- 
panied by the Governor of Minnesota, Hon. Henry M. Eice, 
one of the United States Senators, and several distinguished 
citizens of that State. From this date the duties of the exec- 
15 



22G HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

utivc devolved upon the Lieutenant-Governor, lion. A. A. 
liainmond. 

In the same year the State suffered a severe loss to science 
in the death of David Dale Owen, the State geolo^^ist. 
Acting Governor Ilammond, in closing his message to the 
legislature in January, 18G1, referred to the approaching civil 
war in a spirit of patriotism, manifesting a strong belief 
that it would not be averted. 



GOVERNOR MORTON S ADIUNISTRATION. 

Governor O. P. Morton's administration, which commences 
with his election as Lieutenant-Governor, owing to tlic resig- 
nation of Governor Lane, brings us at once to a consideration 
of the war for the Union, in w^hich he acted an honorable part. 
Almost immediately after his election to the important office, 
he issued his proclamation calling the legistature into extra- 
ordinary session. On this occasion he placed the position of 
the Southern States in a true light before the assembled repre- 
sentatives of the State, closing his remarks in the following 
language: "We have passed from the field of argument to the 
solemn fact of war which exists by the act of the seceding 
States. The issue is forced upon us, and must be accepted. 
Every man must take his position upon the one side or upon 
the other. In time of war there is no ground upon which a 
third party can stand. It is the imperative duty of all men 
to rally to the support of the government, and to expend in 
its behalf, if need be, their fortunes and their blood. Upon 
the preservation of this government depends our prosperity 
and greatness as a nation; our liberty and happiness as indi- 
viduals. We should approach the contest not as politicians, 
nor as ambitious partisans, but as patriots, who cast aside 
every selfish consideration when danger threatens their 
country. The voice of party should be hushed, and the bitter- 
ness that may have sprung out of political contests be at once 
forgiven and forgotten. Let us rise above these paltry con- 
siderations and inaugurate the era when there shall be but 



GOVERNOR Morton's administration. 227 

one party, and that for our country. The struggle is one in 
which we enter with tlie deepest rehictance. We are bound 
to the people of the seceding States by the dearest ties ot 
blood and institutions. They are our brothers and our fellow 
countrymen. But if they regard not their tender relations, 
how can we? If they wage war upon ns, and put themselves 
in the attitud*^ of public enemies, they must assume all the 




HON. WILLARD CARPENTER. 
See page 21. 

responsibilities incident to that position. But while I deplore 
deeply the character of the contect in which we are engaged, 
nevertheless we should meet it as men. ***** In 
view of all the facts, it becomes the imperative duty of Indiana 
to make suitable preparations for the contest by providing 
ample supplies of men and money to insure the protection of 
the State and general government in the prosecution of the 
war to a speedy and successful termination. I therefore 



228 HISTORY OF TNDIAHA. 

recommend that one million of dollars be appropriated for the 
purchase of arras and the munitions of war, and for the 
organization of such portion of the militia as may be deemed 
necessary for the emergency; that a militia system be devised 
and enacted looking chiefly to volunteers which shall insure 
the greatest protection to the State and unity and efficiency 
of the force to he employed; that a law be enacted defining 
and punishing treason against the State; that a law be enacted 
suspending the collection of debts against those who may be 
actually employed in the military service of the State or the 
United States; that suitable provision be made by the issue 
of bonds of the State or otherwise, for raising the money 
herein recommended to be appropriated." 



CHAPTER XXVI. 

RECOKD IN THE WAR FOR THF UNION. 

WITH the beginning of the year ISCl, the political his- 
tory of Indiana departs from the som.ewhat dull routine 
of the previous years, and partakes of the military cast. It 
would be difficult now for one who was not living in the State 
at that time to fully realize the excitement that prevailed 
throughout the length and breadth of the State, when, in 
April, 1861, the intelligence that Fort Sumter was bombarded, 
was received. It has been truthfully said that no man living 
within the limits of America will ever forget that dispatch. 
The graphic- compiler of the " Indiana Soldier " thus describes 
the profound impression which it produced in this State '. 
" The whole earth itself seemed to reel under the blow, and 
no longer to aflbrd a sure foothold. Through the long Satur- 
day that followed, business was at a stand; business houses 
were closed, and men with clenched fists and high beating 
hearts stood on the street corners and at the doors of the tele- 



KECORD IN THE WAK FOR THE UNION. 229 

grapli office. That night, from the knobs of Ohio to the sand 
hills of Lake Michigan, from the Quaker towns in the eastern 
border to the "prairie farms on the western line, the streets 
of Indiana were black with breathless multitudes still awaiting 
the tidings of the seventy loyal men in an unfurnished fort, 
bombarded by ten thousand raging rebels! Wliea the banner 
appeared — the banner which within the memory of the pres- 
ent generation had only idly fluttered in holiday breezes — a 
new meaning seemed to stream from its folds: hats were taken 
off, as in the presence of something sacred; and shouts begin- 
ning, it might be, brokenly and in tears, rose and swelled, and 
made walls and skies resound. At ten o'clock a dispatch was 
announced: 'Sumter has fallen.' Young men, and men in 
middle life, looked at white faces and wet eyes of old and 
venerated citizens, who stood in the street waiting for tidings, 
and a great stillness fell upon all. They turned to separate 
and creep silently to their homes. Another dispatch: 'Mr. 
Lincoln will issue a proclamation to-morrow, calling for 
seventy-five thousand volunteers.' Cheer npon cheer, roar 
upon roar, responded. The white-faced old men grew red; 
they stamped, pounded, wejjt, roared with the loudest, wildest 
and maddest. Good, cold-blooded people, who had gone to 
oed, ■ sprang np, threw open their Avindows, screamed to 
passers-by for information, and joined, too, in the national 
shout." 

The following Sabbath was a memorable one in the history 
of Indiana. The country's cause was the theme at the 
churches; it was in the prayer, in the sermons, and in the 
songs. Every where, in ever}' city, town and village of the 
State, llie blessing of the God o^' nations was invoked upon 
the President of the United States, and upon the Union. 

The President's proclamation was immediately followed by 
Governor Morton's. Indiana was called upon for six thousand 
volunteers, as her portion of the seventy-five thousand. The 
response to tbc Governor's call can never be described. 
Before the procIfimEStion had been fully read more than ftftecn 
thousand brave men stood ready for war. Tlie clerk left his 
desk, the woodman dropped his ax, the farmer left his fields, 



230 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

and the meclianic his bench. In every qnarter there was a 
grand response, a patriotic answer to the Governor's call, and 
from that hour the complete loyalty, may we not say, the 
intense loyalty, of the State was manifested. 

But there were contributions of means as well as of men. 
Winslow and Lanier, of New York, the latter formerly a citi- 
zen of Indiana, offered Governor Morton twenty-five thousand 
dollars, William Morrison of Indianaj)olis, one thousand. But 
there is no room for enumci-ation. The cities, towns, and 
other corporations of the State, as well as individuals, gave 
freely, and unsolicited. The legislature, which met in extra- 
ordinary session on the twenty-fourth of April, was exceed- 
ingly prompt and unpartisan in transacting the business which 
the breaking out of the war had thrust upon them. They 
voted, and placed at the Governor's control, five hundred 
thousand dollars for arras and ammunition, together with ono 
hundred thousand dollars for military contingencies. They 
also voted one million dollars for enlisting, maintaining and 
subsisting troops, and providing munitions of war. 

Having the necessary means placed at his disposal. Gov- 
ernor Morton commissioned Eobert Dale Owen, formerly 
member of Congress from the First District, agent to purchase 
arms and munitions of war for the State. In this responsible 
position Mr. Owen, by his great foresight and wide experience 
not only saved the State large amounts of money in his pur- 
chases, but procured for the regiments that represented the 
State in the army, a much better quality of rifies than, many 
of the other States were enabled to obtain. 

Being thus provided with arms, ammunition was next 
wanted. But there was no delay in procuring this. Just two 
weeks after the news of the fall of Sumter, Captain H. Strum 
was detailed for the purpose of establishing, at Indianapolis, 
a State arsenal. He at once commenced the erection of a suit- 
able building, and the purchase, with State funds, of sufticient 
materials to manufacture, in large quantities, ammunition for 
field pieces and small arms. This arsenal afterwards became 
useful in not only supplying our own troops in the field, but 
many brigades from other States. At one time the liands 



RECORD IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 



231 



employed in the arsenal reached six hundred. It has become 
a permanent establislnnent. 

The funds for the preparation of this ammunition were all 
advanced by the State, and the ammunition was paid for, after 
delivery, by the General Government. The auditing com- 
mittee connected with the finances of the arsenal, in closing 
their report, speak in this wise in reference to the efficiency 




DR. ANDREW LEWIS. 
See page 21. 

of Captain Strum: " "We cannot close this report without 
bearing testimony to the ability, integrity and economy with 
which Captain Strum has managed the affairs of the arsenal." 
The want of clothing and camp equipage for the troo23S as 
they were mustered into service, was almost as pressing and 
important as that of arms and ammunition. At first the State 
was obliged to carry the burden of this singly, as it was not 
until August, 1861, that the Quartermaster-General, at the 



232 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

request of Governor Morton, appointed an Assistant United 
States Quartermaster for this State. In this capacity the 
State advanced for clothing, etc., in 1861, the sum of five 
hundred and forty-one thousand seven hundred and twenty 
dolhirs. For camp equipage the 'srm of sixty-live tliousand 
eight hundred dollars was also expended in the same period. 

During most of the year 1861 the S'"ate was obliged to pro- 
vide supplies for her troops in the Held, and for this purpose 
ninety-four thousand one hundred and f ft'y-nine dollars were 
expended. There were many other avenues of expense in 
■which the State disbursed large sums of money, to aid the 
General Government, until the latter was tho'-oughly organ- 
ized for war. 

Nine days after the President's proclamation was issued 
calling for seventy-five thousand men, in this Stato companies 
enough to form nine regiments were raised. Indiana's first 
quota was only four thousand four hundred and fifty-eight, 
rank and file; but on the twenty -fifth of April, six reg.h^ents, 
containing more than five thousand men, were mustered into 
the service; "companies enough for three regiments .ir>ore 
reluctantly returning home." 

On the sixteenth of May, 1861, Indiana was asked for four 
regiments more, making ten in all. It is a matter of pride to 
the people of Indiana that the Secretary of War, in ordering 
these troops, urged upon the State to send only four regiments. 
It appears that the patriotism of the State needed restraint 
rather than stimulant. 

In advance of this call three regiments had been organized 
by the State. They were at once turned over to the United 
States, and a fourth added a few days after. " The urgency of 
the people," says Mr. Stevenson, " to join the army was such 
that, at the instance of the Governor, in advance of the July 
call for five hundred thousand troops, the Secretary of War 
allowed Indiana to send into the field, by order of June 
eleventh, 1861, six regiments; by order of June nineteenth, 
four regiments. Each of these contained one thousand and 
forty-six men. One regiment of cavalry (the twenty-eighth 
regiment, first Indiana cavalry) was included. Thus the excess 
beyond the call was ten thousand four hundred and sixty mei 



RECORD IN THE WAR FOR TUE UNION. 233 

From the same source we learn that the calls upon Indiana 
by the General Government for troops, in ISGl, amounted tr 
thirty-eight thousand eight hundred and thirty-two. Mr 
Stevenson continues: " In reply, she sent, up to the sixth of 
January, 1862, forty-eight regiments of infantry, three regi- 
ments of cavalry, and seventeen batteries, in all tifty-three 
thousand and thirty -five men; being in excess of the call 
fourteen thousand two hundred and three men. In the months 
of July and August, 18G2, the President called for six hun- 
dred thousand additional men; and Indiana's quota was fixed 
at forty-two thousand and five hundred. By September twen- 
tieth Indiana's quota, under all these calls, had been filled by 
volunteers, with the exception of six thousand and sixty. A 
draft was ordered; but before it took eflfcct, on October sixth, 
the number deficient had been reduced to three thousand and 
three, for which number draft was made. The drafted men 
were to serve nine months. Of these, however, all but four 
companies volunteered to serve three years. * * ^ There 
is one epoch connected with the response to this last call, 
which merits especial notice. It is the promptitude, unexam- 
pled, we believe, even among the wonders of the rebellion, 
with which regiments were poured into Kentucky on the 
occasion of the sudden and unexpected invasion of that Stat© 
by Generals Morgan and Kirby Smith, when both Cincinnati 
and Louisville were seriously threatened. On the eighth of 
August General Buell telegraphed to Governor Morton that 
'a formidable raid threatened Kentucky,' and urged that 
troops be at once sent to General Boyle. On the next day the 
Executive received an urgent appeal from the War Depart- 
ment, to wliich he replied that the quota of twenty-one thou 
sand two hundred men, called for in July, would be raised 
in twenty days. Incredible of performance as the promise 
seemed, he kept his word." 

Although Indiana was compelled, in 1862, as we have seen, 
to make a draft of three thousand men, it should be borne in 
mind that this was made necessary, not on account of the 
backwardness of volunteering, but on account of a mistake of 
the War Department. At the time the draft was made the 



234 msTOKT OF Indiana. 

State had more tlian lier quota in the field, and was subse- 
quently credited with this surplus. 

In 1863, under the call in August, Indiana's quota amounted 
to twenty-six thousand eight hundred and thirty-two men, 
■which the State promptly furnished with volunteers, having, 
when the quota was full, sixteen hundred and sixty-nine men 
remaining. Under the second call of this year, in September, 
Indiana was called upon for eighteen thousand nine hundred 
and ninety-seven men, which were also promptly furnished by 
volunteering. 

But we have no room in this volume to enumerate the evi- 
dence of the patriotism of Indianians in the war of the rebel- 
lion. Here is a touching incident which we cannot fail to 
add, although it has been told a thousand times: In July, 
1863, news reached Indianapolis that a rebel force, estimated 
to be six thousand strong, had crossed the Ohio, and was 
marching on Corydon. The Governor immediately issued a 
call for the people to rise en masse and defend the State. 
What were the results? Within forty-eight hours from the 
time this call was issued, sixty-five thousand men had ten- 
dered their services, and were on their way to the place of 
rendezvous, while ten thousand more were preparing and had 
to be notified to remain at home. It wall hardly be necessary 
to repeat the story of the fate of the invading expedition. 
To prevent a continuance of these expeditions the militia was 
promptly organized. 

At the session of the legislature in 1863, we learn from 
Governor Morton's message, that up to that date the State had 
furnished, in all, ninety-eight regiments of infantry and cav- 
alry, and twenty-seven batteries of artillery; comprising 
ninety-five thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven officers 
and men. To this number should be added six thousand eight 
hundred and thirty-one recruits, who joined old regiments and 
batteries in the field, making a total of one hundred and two 
thousand six hundred and ninety-eight men. This number 
does not embrace all who were enrolled in the regiments of 
other States from Indiana. 

By an act of the legislature, approved May thirteenth, 1861, 



EECOED m THE WAR FOE THE UNION. 



235 



the Governor was authorized to issue bonds to the amount of 
two million dollars, bearing interest at the rate of six per 
cent., and Jesse J. Brown, James M. Eay and John H. O. 
Boyle were appointed a Board of Loan Commissioners to 
negotiate their sale. 



i/ 




N. G. OLDS, ESQ. 
See page 31. 

This board effected the sale of the bonds on favorable terms 
to the State. By the sixth section of an act of Congress, 
approved August sixth, 1861, a direct annual tax of twenty 
millions of dollars was levied upon the United States, and 



236 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

apportioned among the several States. Tlie apportionment 
devolved the payment of nine hundred and four thousand eight 
hundred and seventy-five dollars on the State of Indiana. 
This large amount was paid, through the foresight of Governor 
Morton, by an offset, consisting of the advances made by the 
State, in arming and equiping the men sent to the field by the 
State of Indiana. 

In his annual message, in 1S63, Governor Morton said: 
" While we rejoice in the bravery displayed by all tlie armies 
of the United States, it is a subject of profound congratulation 
that the Indiana troops have behaved with uniform and dis- 
tinguished gallantry in every action in which they have been 
engaged. The}' form a part of every army in the field, and 
have been among the foremost in deeds of daring, while their 
blood has hallowed every soil." 

Owino; to the laro-e number of men sent to the field from 
Indiana, it became evident that the families of soldiers, during 
the winter of 1862-3, would suffer greatly for want of the 
necessaries of life, and Governor Morton issued an appeal to 
the people of the State, calling upon the wealthy to contribute 
of their means for the support of soldiers' families. A very 
generous response came from all parts of the State. This, 
together with legislative aid, warded off hunger and starva- 
tion, and enabled all to pass the winter in comparative peace 
and plenty. 

In 1865, after the conclusion of the war. Governor Morton, 
in his message to the legislature, summed up the history of 
Indiana in the war, as follows: " Tlie part wliich Indiana has 
taken in the war for the suppression of the rebellion, is a 
matter upon which the citizens of the State may justly pride 
themselves. In the number of troops furnished and in the 
amount of voluntary contributions rendered, Indiana, in pro- 
portion to her population and wealth, stands equal to any of 
her sister States. It is also a subject of gratitude and thank- 
fulness that, while the number of troops furnished by Indiana 
alone in this great contest would have done credit to a iirst- 
class nation, measured by the standard of previous wars, not 
a single regiment, battery or battalion from this State has 



RECORD IN THE WAR FOR TITE UNION. 237 

bronglit reproach upon tlie national flag, and no disaster of 
the war can be traced to any want of fidelity, conragc or 
efficiency on the part of any Indiana officer. The endurance, 
heroism, intelligence and skill of the officers and soldiers sent 
forth by Indiana to do battle for the Union, have shed a lustro 
on our beloved State of wliich any people might justly be 
proud. Without claiming superiority over our loyal sister 
States, it is but justice to the brave men v,'ho have represented 
us on almost every battle-field of the war, to say that their 
deeds hare placed Indiana in the front rank of those heroic 
States which rushed to the rescue of the imperiled government 
of the nation. The total number of troops furnished by the 
State for all terms of service in the armies of the Union, 
exceeds two hundred thousand men, much the greater portion 
of them being for three years; and in addition tliereto not less 
than fifty thousand State militia have from time to time been 
called into active service to repel rebel raids and defend our 
southern border from invasion. * -s^ * The war lias estab- 
lished upon imperishable foundations the great fundamental 
truth of the unity and indivisibility of the nation. We are 
many States, but one people, having one individual sovereignty, 
one flag, and one common destiny. It has also established, to be 
confessed by all the world, the exalted character of the Amer- 
ican soldier, his matchless valor, his self-sacrificing patriotism, 
his capacity to endure fatigues and hardships, and his human- 
ity, which, in the midst of carnage, has wreathed his victorious 
achievements with a brighter glory. He has taught the world 
a lesson, before which it stands in amazement, how, when the 
storm of battle had passed, he could lay aside his arms, put 
oflf the habiliments of war, and return with cheerfulness to 
to the gentle pursuits of peace, and show how the bravest of 
Boldiers could become the best of citizens." 



CIIAPTEE XXYII. 

GOTEKNOE MOKTOn's AND BAKEr's ADiUNISTRATIONS EVENTS 

OF 1SG7. 

THE constitution of the two lionscs of the general assembly 
of Indiana, in 18(57, stood tlnis: licpuhlicans; senate 30, 
lionse 01 ; Democrats; senate 20, lionse 30. Soon after the com- 
mencem.ent of the session, Governor O. P. Morton sent in his 
resit^natiotn in consequence of having been elected to tlie 
United States Senate. In reply to his resignation, a joint res- 
olution passed both branches of the legislature, highly compli- 
mentary to the character and abilities of Mr. Morton, and in 
January of that year, tlie chair of the Executive was tilled by 
Lieutenant-Governor Conrad Baker, who was acting Governor 
during the remainder of Morton's term. 

One of the first important measures of this session was a 
joint resolution ratifying the amendment to the Federal Con- 
stitution, proposed b}' Congress to the legislatures of the sev- 
eral States, "wliich was intended to constitute all persons 
born in the country, or subject to its jurisdictions, citizens of 
the United States, and of the State wherein they reside, with- 
out regard to race or color; to reduce the congressional rc]n-e- 
Bcntation in any State in Avhich there sliould be a restriction 
of tlie exercise of the elective franchise, on account of race or 
color; to disfrancliise persons therein named wlio shall have 
engaged in insuri'ectiun or rebellion against the United States; 
and to declare that the validity of the public debt of the United 
States, authorized by law, shall not be questioned." This 
joint resolution was carried to a committee, a majority of 
wliich reported favorable to its passage, and a report was also 
submitted by the minority, taldng strong grounds against the 

(238) 



240 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

ratification of tlie proposed amendments; but tlie report at 
the majority was carried bj a very decisive vote. 

An act was passed dividing the State into eleven congress- 
ional districts, and apportioning tlie representation tlicreto; 
but the most important measure of the whole session, with the 
possible exception of the first referred to, was the passage of 
3,n act providing for the registry of votes, the punishment of 
fraudulent practices at elections, and for the apportionment 
and compensation of a board of registration. According to 
the measure, this board was to consist, in each township, of 
two freeholders appointed by the county commissioners, 
together with the township trustee of such township; in cities 
the freeholders were to be appointed in each wai-d by the city 
council. The members, by this act, are required to file with 
the auditor of the county, or with the city clerk, in cities, an 
oath to support the constitution, etc. Twenty days' residence 
in a township, city or ward, was required to qualify any person 
to vote therein. The penalty provided, by this measure, for 
offenses of false registration, or fraudulent personation of reg- 
istered persons, is imprisonment in the State prison for a 
period not less than one year, for each and every ofi'ense. In 
all its phases the measure was very strict, and well calculated 
to secure honest elections. Its aim in this respect has been 
3fiective. No State can present a cleaner political record, 
since this law was enacted (and even from the eai-liest histoiy 
of the State,) than Indiana. The two concluding sections of 
the law are; 

Sec. 23. All ballots wliich may be cast at any election licrcaftcr held in 
this State, shall be written or printed on plain -white paper, williout any 
distinguishing marks or embellishments thereon, except the name of the 
candidates and the ofBce for which tlicy are voted for; and inspectors of 
election shall refuse all ballots offered of any other description, provided 
nothing herein shall disqualify the voter from writing his own name on 
the back thereof. 

Sec. 24. That whereas frauds have been practiced upon the ballot-oox 

— to prevent the same and to secure to tlie people of this Slate a fair 
expression of their wishes at all elections at the earliest practicable time 

— an emergency is hereby declared to exist, and this act is declared to be 
in force from and after its passage. 

During the same session a law was passed that created con 



GOV. Morton's and baker's administrations. 241 

sitlcraWc discussion. It provided for the protection and 
indemnity of all otKcers and soldiers of the United States and 
soldiers of the Indiana Legion, for acts done in the " military^ 
service of tlie United States, and in the military service of the 
State, and in enforcing the laws and preserving the peace of 
the country." AVe annex the leading features of this law: 

Sec. 2. That in all suits and actions, civil or criminal, against individu- 
als, arising out of acts done by olliccrs or soldiers of the United States, or 
of the niilitiii of the State of Indiana, in the preservation of order and the 
suppression of tlic late rebellion, or in making any arrest, taking or 
entering upon an}' properfj', or in holding or detaining any person or 
property, it shall be a full defense to prove that the acts done or commit- 
ted, and for -whicli suit is brought, were done or committed under orders,' 
either Avrilten or oral, from any military officer. • 

Sec. 5. In all actions for libel or slander for imputing the crime of- 
treason to tlie plaintiff, during the late rebellion, it shall be a full defense, 
to prove that the party complaining was a member of, or affiliated with, 
any society or organization, other than as a political party, in sympathy 
with the rebellion, and in any case where, for technical reasons, a full 
defense cannot be made according to the provision of this act, the measure, 
of damages, in case of recovery, shall be five dollars, and no more, with- 
out costs. 

It was at this session of the legislature that an act was 
passed making definite appropriations to the several benevo- 
lent institutions of the State. Several measures were also 
adopted for the encouragement of education, and charities. 
First of these was for the establishment of the Soldiers' Home,) 
the corner stone of which was laid on the fourth of July, 
18G7. The second was for the establishment of a State Nor- 
mal School, located at Torre Ilaute, and, to-day, one of tho 
finest institutions of the kind in the west. The erection of ■ 
suitable buildings for this school was undertaken early in 
18G7, and the corner stone was laid in August, with interest- 
ing and appropriate ceremonies. The original building cost 
over one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The legislature 
also graciously provided for the establishment of a House of 
Refuge for the correction and reformation of juvenile offenders. 
According to the law, children under eighteen years of age 
may be sentenced, upon regular trial, to this Home, instead of, 
being sent to the State prison or county jail. The institution. 
16 



242 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

was admirably established on tlie plan of an industrial school. 
Children sent to the House of Refuge by a regular court, are 
supported by the State, and the county from which they are 
eeut, equally. Wlien sent by the parent or guardian, such 
person or persons, if able, must defray the expense. This 
school, or prison, is located near Plaintield, in Hendricks 
county, and was ready for the reception of the wayward in 
January, 1868. 

After a successful session of sixty days, the legislature 
adjourned on the eleventh of March, 18G7. During the ses- 
sion the question of the agricultural college — now the " Pur- 
due University," at La Fayette — was discussed, but not 
disposed of. The financial condition of the State on the thir- 
ty-first of October, 1867, the close of that fiscal year, is shown 
by tiie following statistics, extracted from the Auditor's report 
for that year: 

EECEIPTS. 

General revenue tax $1,243,013 75 

School tax 811,632 19 

Sinking fund tax 915,033 39 

Library tax 46,041 15 

Total $3,015,720 48 

EXPENDITURES. 

Ordinary $ 441,850 50 

For benevolent institutions 632,186 86 

Eedemption of stock, interest, etc 1,671,904 01 

Military expenses 66,193 07 

School fund, to counties 1,289,097 00 

Balance on hand Nov. 1st, 1866 381,521 89 

Receipts during the year 4,210,336 44 

Total $4,591,858 33 

In that year the total revenue of the common school fund 
amounted to $1,336,762, which was without a parallel in the 
United States. The principal of the fund is over ten million 
dollars, and can never be reduced or reverted from its proper 
channel. 



CHAPTER XXYIII. 

GOVERNOR baker's ADMINISTRATION EVENTS OF 1868. 

POLITICALLY Indiana took the lead in the memorable 
campaign of 18G8. Both parties held conventions early 
in tlic year, setting forth the principles on which they pro- 
posed to conduct the canvass, before any other State became 
actively interested. The Democrats nominated Thomas A. 
Hendricks for Governor, Alfred P. Edgerton for Lieutenant- 
Governor, and R. C. Kise for Secretary of State. The resolu- 
tions constituting tlic platform denounced the reconstruction 
policy of the Republicans, recommended the substitution of 
LTnitcd States notes in lieu of the national bank currency, 
denied the right of the General Government to interfere with 
the question of suffrage in any of the States, and opposed 
negro suffrage, etc. 

The Republican convention nominated Conrad Baker for 
Governor, William Cumback for Lieutenant-Governor, and 
Max T. A. Hoffman for Secretary of State. Tlie platform 
adopted endorsed the policy of the party in strong terms, 
defending the plan of reconstruction, and opposing a further 
contraction of the currency, etc. 

The canvass was very excited, and resulted in the election of 
Conrad Baker for Governor, by a majority of nine hundred 
and sixt3'--one votes. The presidential election followed soon 
after, in which the State polled 343,533 votes, of which 170,553 
were for Grant, and 166,980 for Seymour, giving the Republi- 
can Board of Electors a majority of 9,572. 

At the close of the fiscal year the State debt was $7,195,- 
085.94. Over three and a quarter millions of this amount 
cjonsisted of balances of old debts, incurred for internal 

(343) 



24r4 niSTOKT OF ixdiana. 

improvements, of M^hicli wc have spoken at Icngtli in previons 
cliaptcrs. These debts had been adjusted by wliat is known as 
the " Eutler Bill," in 1840-T, at Avhieli time five per cent, cer- 
tificates of stock were issued to tlie creditors of tlie State. 
Over tliree and a lialf millions of tliis debt, as reported in 
18GS, were represented by non-negotiable bonds, held by the 
State scliool fund, for money borrowed thei-efrom to redeem 
a portion of the certificates issued to help the State out of it3 
financial difficulty in 184G-7. The l>alance of the State debt 
consisted of six ])er cent, bonds, issued in, ISGl, for war pur- 
poses, and bonds held by the Yinccnnes Univei'sity. 

In ISGS, the State of Indiana was enci-getically engaged in 
prosecuting claims on the General Government on account of 
expenses incurred in the civil war, to the amount of about 
three millions and a half. The State ap]>ointed an agent to 
prosecute the claims, and during the year $1,058,917.1)4 were 
allowed. 

During the previous year the legislature had appointed 
commissioners to hear and consider claims against tlic State 
for losses sustained by the "Morgan raid." A report was sub- 
mitted by the commissioners, in 18G8, showing that $413,- 
599.48 had been allowed to persons suftL-ring loss of ])i'0])erty 
from the raid. 

It was during the 3'car ISGS that Governor Baker, pui'suant 
to the act of the legislatni'c of the previous year, obtained a 
a site for the then proposed House of liefugc. lie purchased 
one hundred and twenty-one aci'cs of land, near Plainfield, 
Ilendricks county, and expended about ibrty thousand dollfirs 
in improvements thereon. As to other bcnevolcTit institu- 
tions, " tlic Soldiers' and Seamen's Home, near Knightstown, 
originally cstablislied by ])rivate enterprise and benevolence, 
and adopted by the legislature in ISGT," was in a good condi- 
tion. Up to that date the institution had afforded relief and 
temporary subsistence to four hundred nien who were disabled 
in the civil war. A substantial brick building had been built 
for the Ilome, while the old buildings were used for an 
orphan's department, in which were gathered eighty-sLx 
children of deceased soldiers. 



GOVERNOR BAKER S ADMINISTRATION. 



245 



During this year, 1868, a feeling began to be prevalent in 
tlie State, that the processes of law in relation to criminal pro- 
ceedings were neither prompt nor sure for the punishment of 
crime. It appeared to be easy, by means of affidavits, no 
matter how false, to obtain numerous continuances and changes 



.,;i^"i'|i|j|,|,'„M , , 1 1 




See page 21. 

of venue, and in that wny delaying, and injuring confidence 
in the administration of the penal laws. In consequence of 
this fact " Lynch Law " became of too frequent occurrence in 
the State. A remarkable case of this kind occurred in 1868, 
in the case of several robbers of express cars on railroads in 



246 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Indiana. " A gang of these desperadoes Lad operated for 
many months in the sonthern couuties, and on the twenty- 
second of May an extensive robbery was committed on the 
Jeffersonville road, upon a car belonging to the Adams Express 
Company. Though the perpetrators of the robbery ■svere soon 
afterwards arrested, and kept for several weeks in custody in 
the city of Cincinnati, Ohio, on the twentieth of July they 
Avere put on board a train of cars to be taken to the county of 
Jackson, in this State, for triah An armed body of so-called 
Vigilance Committee of Seymour county, laid in wait for the 
train, and stopped the cars by hoisting a red signal on the 
road. They then proceeded to seize the prisoners, and after 
extorting a confession from them, hanged them without the 
form of a trial."* 

Almost immediately following this outrage, they published, 
and widely circulated, the following proclamation, which, 
together with the demonstrations of " Lynch Law " referred 
to, created no little excitement and comment in the State and 
Nation : 

ATTENTION, THIEVES ! 

The attention of all thieves, robbers, assassins and vagrants, together 
with their aiders, abetters and sympathizers, is called to the doings of the 
Seymour Vigilance Committee last night. We are determined to follow 
this up until all of the classes above named, whether imported or to the 
"manor born," arc driven forever from our midst. Threats have been 
made of retaliation in case wc should resort to capital punishment. In 
answer we say, " should one of our committee be harmed, or a dollar's 
wortli of any honest man's property destroyed by persons unknown, we 
will swing hy the neck until they be dead, every thieving character we can 
lay our hands on, without inquiry whetlier we have the persons who com- 
mitted that particular crime or not. Tiiis applies not only to Seymour, 
but along tlie line of the two roads, and wherever our organization exists. 
Law and order must prevail. 

By Order of The Committee. 

Seymour, Ind., July 21, 18G8. 

In the following October four others of the railroad robbers 
were arrested in Canada, and taken to New Albany and there 
confined in prison, and on the night of the twelfth of Decem- 
ber, the Seymour Vigilance Committee, to the number of 

• Annual Cyclopedia. 



GOVERNOE baker's ADMINISTRATION. 247 

seventy-five meu, all armed and disguised, entered tliat city, 
and forcibly took the keys of the jail from tlie slicrifi*, and 
proceeded to hang the ruiiians in the corridors of the prison. 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

GOVERNOR baker's ADMINISTRATION EVENTS OF 1S69. 

EVERY person in Indiana who has taken any interest in ♦ 
the recent political history of the State, will remember 
the " Fifteenth Amendment lock " in the legislature in 1809. 
The regular session commenced in January, and after listening 
to the Governor's somewhat lengthy message, the members 
proceeded to business, but accomplished very little. An 
attempt was made to alter the constitution of the State courts, 
but the Amendment question interfered, and the assembly 
adjourned prematurely, in March, without transacting any 
business of importance. During the short session serious 
complaiuts were made against the management of the State 
prisons, and nearly the whole of the two months' session waa 
occupied in investigating the conduct of prison, and other 
ofticials. 

Party spirit was at a very high pitch, owing partly to the 
necessity of electing a United States senator to succeed Thomas 
A. Hendricks. The Democrats were strongly united on Mr. 
Hendricks, and the Republicans were somewhat divided . 
between "Will Cumback and James S. Frazer. The joint con- 
vention of the two houses occupied nearly the whole of three 
days, and finally elected Daniel D. Pratt. 

The Fifteenth Amendment came before the legislature, and 
the Democrats, as well as a portion of the conservative Repub- 
licans, opposed its consideration strongly, on the ground that 
it would be unfair to vote on the question until the people of 
the State had had an opportunity of expressing their views at 



,248 HISTORY OF INDIAJIA. 

the polls. The Republican members, however, resolved, in 
caucus, to force the ratilication through the legislature, while, 
on the other hand, the Democratic members, in caucus, resolved 
to resign in a body, and all did so except those who were 
ordered bj the caucus to remain and protect the interests of 
the party. Accordingly, on the fourth of Maivh, seventeen 
senators and thirty-six representatives resigned, destroying a 
quorum in both houses, which stopped legislation. 

The rupture left the benevolent institutions of the State 
unprovided for, as no appropriation bills had been passed. 
The Governor at once issued writs for special elections of 
members of the legislature to fill the vacancies made by this 
wholesale resignation, and on the twenty-second of March 
issued a proclamation convening the legislature in special ses- 
sion, summoning the members to meet on the eighth of April. 
On the day appointed the members appeared, but the Demo- 
crats, before submitting to the oath of office, compelled a 
majority of the Republican members to agree that the consid- 
eration of the Fifteenth Amendment should not be taken up 
until after the legislation needed for the general wellare of the 
State had been disposed of. 

At this extra session the legislature passed an act introduc 
ing the study of the German language in the course of study 
in the public schools; also a measure establishing a female 
prison and reformatory institution for girls and women, at 
Indianapolis, to which all female convicts should bo sent, 
instead of to the State prison. This legislation was among 
the good phases of the political year, as also that locating the 
Agricultural College at La Fayette, in consideration of the 
gift of $100,000, cash, by Hon. John Purdue, of tliat place. 
Tliis philanthropic gentleman has added $50,000 to the first 
sum given, and, we understand from his own lips, contemplates 
enlarging this very considerably. The institution has been, 
appropriately, given his name, and is now known as the 
Purdue University. It is in a flourishing condition, and 
promises to win new laurels for the State's educational repu- 
tation. 

On the nineteenth of May, during the extra session of the 



GOVEKNOK BAKER S ADMINISTRATION. 



249 



legislature, the B^'ifteenth Amendment was again introduced, 
but, as all the Democratic members, in anticipation of this, 
had presented their resignations to the Governor, it was 
claimed that there was not a quorum present. In the senate, 
howevei', there was a quorum, and although many of the mem- 




GEORGE W. WOOD, ESQ. 

See page 21. 

bers refused to vote, and declared that they were no longer 
senators, the president of that body decided that as he had not 
been informed of their resignation, by the Governor, they 
were still members. A vote was taken and the resolution was 



250 mSTOET OF INDIANA. 

adopted. Soon after the joint resolution came up in the house, 
and although the Democratic members had resigned, leaving 
no quorum, tlic chair decided tliat there was a quorum of the 
de facto members present, and the resolution was put and the 
Amendment ratified. The decision of the chair was after- 
wards substantially sustained by the Supreme Court. 

Durinff the session the election laws were so modified as to 
have elections held biennially instead of annually, the first 
election under the new law to be held in October, 1874. 

The general progress in the State institutions of all kinds 
was marked with good results. The Ilospital for the Insane 
was enlarged in 1SG9, and so improved as to become one of 
the most complete institutions of the kind in the State. 

In 1SG9, the development of mineral resources in the State 
attracted considerable attention. Hich mines of iron and coal 
were discovered, as also fine quarries of building stone. The 
line of the Yincennes railroad passed through some of the 
richest portions of the mineral region — its quality of richness 
having been accurately determined by the engineers of the 
road. Some of the mineral resources of the State, as viewed 
in 18G9, are noted as follows: "IS ear Brooklyn, about twenty 
miles from Indianapolis, is a fine formation of sand-stone. It 
is being used extensively in buildings in Indianapolis, and is 
considered the best building stone in the State. The lime- 
stone formation at Gosport, and continuing for twelve miles 
from that point, is of great variety, and includes the finest 
building material in the world. Portions of it are susceptible 
only to the chisel; other portions are soft, and can be worked 
with the ordinary tools. It is said to be the most durable 
building material in the world. At the terminus of this lime- 
stone formation a sandstone formation commences and extends 
a distance of seven miles, to a point about sixty miles from 
Indianapolis, when an extensive coal bed is reached, consisting 
of seven distinct veins. The first is about two feet in thick- 
ness, the next three feet, another four feet, and the others of 
various thicknesses. These beds are all easily worked, having 
a natural drain, and are already yielding heavy profits to enter- 
prising companies. 



ADillNISTEATION OF GOVERNOR BAKER. 251 

We make this mention of the mineral resources of the 
State in connection with the events of 1SG9, partly because 
tlicj were first brought to the notice of the public in that 
year, prominently, for the first time; but in another part of 
this work will be found a chaj)ter devoted exclusively to this 
subject. 

On the first of October, at the trial of the machinery at the 
State fair, a steam boiler exploded, killing twenty persons and 
seriously wounding more than forty others. The accident waa 
caused by a deficiency of water. 

In 1869 a woman's State suffrage convention was held, at 
Indianapolis, which Avas quite largely attended, and at which 
resolutions were adopted favoring more rights to women. 

The principal agricultural products of the State, according 
to the official report for the year 1869, were: 

Products. Bushels. Acres. Value. 

Indian Corn 73,000,000 3,146,551 $51,100,000 

AVheat 20,600,000 1,430,555 19,158,000 

Eye 575,000 37,096 437,000 

Oats 12,413.000 420,779 5,461 ,720 

Barley 411,000 17,947 " 423,330 

Buckwheat 303,000 24,240 251,490 

Potatoes 4,750,000 44,811 2,090,000 

Tobacco, lbs 7,000,000 9,575 672,000 

Hay, tons 1,200,000 805,369 12,624,000 



Total 5,936,923 $92,217,540 



CHAPTEE XXX. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR BAEER EVENTS OF 1870-1. 

'T^IIEEE was no session of the legislature in 1870, and no 
-*- election of Governor, therefore the political campaign of 
that year was not a very important one. There was no impor- 



252 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

tant issue in tlic canvass except that of general rctrencliment. 
Tlic subject ot" the AVabash and Erie canal was lightly touclied 
in the Republican plattbrni, and occasioned considerable dis- 
cussion, and probabl}' had some efi'ect on the election of niein- 
bers of the Ici^islature. An attempt "was made during the 
session of tlie legislature in ISGl), to have the State reburden 
itself with the old canal debt, and the matter was considerably 
agitated in the canvass of ISTO. The election resulted in an 
average majority for the D-emoci'ucy of about two thousand 
eight hundred and sixty-four, in the Sbite. 

It was in this year, ISTO, that the divui'ce laws of the State 
began to attract considerable attention in the natit)n. They 
Were pronounced injui-ious to society, and, in ISTl, the Gov- 
ernor, in his message, recommended reform in this direction, 
which was pretty etlcctually carried out. 

With the commencement of 1S71 the condition of the State 
was in every respect ])rosperuus, linancially and conmiercially. 
At the beginning of the fiscal year, which closed on the thirty- 
first of October, ISTl, there was a surjnus of $373,249 in the 
treasury. The receipts of the year amounted to $3,005,039, 
and the disbursements to $2,943,000, leaving a balance of 
$1,035,288. The total debt of the State in Kovember, 1871, 
was $3,937,821. 

The session of the legislature which began on the fourth of 
January, 1871, presented a singular contrast with that of the 
previous one. As we have seen, a large number of Democratic 
senators and representatives resigned to ])revent the ratiiicatiou 
of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Fedci-al constitution. On 
tills occasion we have an equal number of Iiepublican members 
resigning to prevent the repeal of that ratification. The res- 
olution was adopted in the senate by a party vote of twenty-six 
to tw'cnty, and in the house was referred to the committee on 
Federal relations; but before the committee had time to report 
the thirty-four Republican members of the house resigned, 
thereby preventing its passage, and putting a stop to further 
Icijislation. 

At this session of the legislature one seat in the senate was 
contested; that of John "W. Durson, a Republican, chosen from 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR BAKER. 



25G 



the district made up of the counties of Delaware and Madison. 
He was charged with making use of bribery to secure hi? 





^.^ Ol^c^ 



'-^-^ 




^-p 



(.^^ 





^^ ^^^^^.^^^/^ 



254 HISTORY OF INDTAJSTA.. 

election The case excited a great deal of remark, both in this 
and other States, and was thoronghlj investigated by the com- 
mittee on elections. A report was signed 'by a majority of the 
committee, just before the close of the session, which declared 
that Mr. Bnrson " did both offer and give bribes, and rewards 
to procure his election," and recommended the passage of a 
resolution refusing to grant him his seat, and that the same 
be declared vacant. Tlie report was adopted by a strict party 
vote of twenty-four to twenty-one. 

The controversy regarding the purchase of the "Wabash and 
Erie canal was taken up at the session in 1871, and after a 
long and bitter debate, was finally disposed' of by the adoption 
of an amendment to the constitution, making it impossible 
for the legislature to burden the State with any part of the 
old internal improvement debt, which had been disposed of by 
the " 13utler bill." 

The right of suffrage to women was ably discussed by the 
legislature, and disposed of adversely to the interests of the 
women interested. Among the important laws passed was one 
fixing the compensation of State and county officers, and cut- 
ting off all fees and allowances; one distributing six hundred 
thousand dollars to the several counties of the State, to be 
loaned out for the benefit of schools, and one reducing the 
State taxes. The latter was, however, pronounced unconsti- 
tutional by the circuit court of Marion county, and an action 
was brouglit to restrain the Auditor, Secretary of State and 
Treasurer from making the distribution. The matter was 
taken to the Supreme Court. 

The Supreme Court of the State rendered a very important 
decision in April, 1871, viz.: that the law authorizing counties 
to subscribe for stock in railroad companies, and tax the 
people to pay for it, was valid. It had been claimed that the 
legislature had no authority under the constitution to tax the 
people for the purpose of aiding in the construction of rail- 
roads, but the Supreme Court decided adversely to this claim. 

During the year 1871 there was no general election in Indi- 
ana, consequently political matters were very dull; but with 
the commencement of 1872, politics began to revive. On the 



DMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR BAKER. 255 

twenty-second of Febmarj the Rcpnblican State convention 
was lickl at Indianapolis. The State ticket nominated was as 
follows:- For Governor, General Thomas M. Browne; Lieu- 
tenant-Governor, L. M. Sexton; Congrcssman-at-large, G. S. 
Orth; Secretary of State, AV. W. Curry; Auditor of State, 
Colonel James A. "Wildman; Treasurer of State, Major John 
D. Glover, etc. 

Tlie Democratic convention was held at Indianapolis, on the 
twelfth of June, when the following were nominated for State 
officers: For Governor, Thomas A. Ilendricks; Lieutenant- 
Governor, W. C. Depauw; Congressman -at-large, John S. 
"Williams, M. C. Iverr; Secretary of State, Owen W. Eddy; 
Auditor of State, John B. Stoll, etc. There was also a State 
temperance ticket in the field. The election took place on the 
eighth of October, 1872. Tliomas A. Hendricks was elected 
Governor, and M. B. Hopkins, Superintendent of Public 
Instruction, from the Democratic ticket. With these two 
important exceptions, the Bepublicans were successful. The 
State legislature for 1873 contained twenty-seven Bepublicans 
and twenty-three Democrats in the senate, and fifty-four Re- 
publicaiis and forty-six Democrats in the house, giving the 
Bepublicans a majority on joint ballot of twelve. 

A special session of the legislature was convened at the 
capital, on the fourteenth of JS'^ovcmber, 1872, at which con- 
siderable business M'as transacted. O. P. Morton was re-elected 
to the Senate of the United States, and the State was re-dis- 
tricted for both legislative and congressional representation. 
The measure re-districting the State gave great dissatisfaction 
to the Democratic members. Among other bills passed, was 
one raising the Governor's salary to eight thousand dollars a 
year. 



CnAPTER XXXI. 

«LDMINISTRiVT10N OF GO^TilRXOR HENDRICKS EVENTS OF 1S73— 4. 

^IIE rcirnlar session of the ]e<xislature beiraii on tlic first 



T 



Wednesday of Januaiy, 1ST3, and soon after Governor 
Hendricks was inaugurated. In his address to tlie assembly 
he said: "The hiws regulating our elections require your 
special attention. They do not restrain the corrupt, nor pro- 
tect the votes of the people. Our elections must not become 
a reproach. Their result must express the will of the people. 
Our system must be made so efficient as to guarantee purity 
in the conduct and management of the elections, and also to 
inspire and establish public confidence. When the people 
know that a political result has been fairly brought about, all 
discontent disappears. They cheei'fully acquiesce and yield 
entire obedience to the authority thereby established. I can- 
not now attempt to suggest all the provisions that may be 
essential to the efilcient svstem, but without the folluwinj? 
probably no system will prove efficient: 1st. A fair and real 
representation, upon the board of election ofiiccrs, of all polit- 
ical i)arties havintr candidates to be voted for. 2nd. Voting 
places so numerous and the ]irecincts so small, in respect to 
the voting population, that all who oficr to vote may be 
known by the ]ieo})lc of tlic neighborhood, as m'cU as by the 
officers. 3rd. A i-casonable period of residence in the election 
precinct as a qualih'cation to vote, so that persons may not 
pretend a i-esidence not real, in fraud of the law. 4th. The 
exclusion of money as an influence and power from elections. 
If, in the contest for power, money shall become stronger than 
the people, we will have the M'orst government possible. It 
will be a reproach to us all when wealth can buy what the 
loftiest talent and the jnirest virtue cannot attjiin." 

(256) 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR HENDRICKS. 



257 



Tlie Governor also made some excellent suggestions on rep- 
resentation reform in the same address. lie said; "In this 
connection I wish to call attention to the subject of represen- 
tation reform, which, during the last ten years, has been advo- 
cated by some of the best minds, both in Europe and in this 




H. 



A. PEED, ESQ. 
See page 21 . 



country, and is now nndergoing the test of experience. I 
desire to make this the more emphatic^ l)ecause in this State 
it seems yet to be regarded as right and proper for the majority 
to deny to the minority even that representation which an 
17 



258 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

apportionment based upon population and contii^uity of 
counties would give, llcpreseutative reform rests u])on tlie 
proposition that minorities of constituencies should liave a 
representation as nearly in proportion to members as may be 
practicable. All the citizens contribute to the burdens of 
government, and should yield obedience to tlie laws, and it is 
just, equal and fair that all should be represented." 

Among the important acts of tlie session were tlie following; 
One abolishing the courts of Common Pleas, and dividing the 
State into thirty-eight judicial districts for judicial ])ur[»oses; 
one remodeling the divorce laws; one amending the school 
laws, and one regulating the sale of liquors. 

The following are the only causes upon wliich divorces can 
be granted under the new law: 1st. Adultery. 2nd Impo- 
tency, existing at time of marriage. 8rd. Abandonment for 
two years. 4th. Cruel and inhuman treatment of one i)arty 
by the other. 5th. Habitual drunkenness of either party, or 
the failure of the husband to make reasonable provision for 
the family. 6th. The failure of the husband to make reason- 
able provision for the family for a period of two years. Tth. 
The conviction, in any county, of either party, of an iniamous 
crime. 

The new liquor law provides that it shall be unlawful for 
any person, under penalty from ten dollars to fifty dollars fine, 
or from ten to thirty days imprisonment, to sell, barter or give 
away intoxicating liquors, to be drank on the premises, with- 
out a permit from the county commissioners, and even when 
the permit is so procured, the law is definite as to how the 
trafiic shall be regulated, and is very stringent. A case of 
violation of this law was soon carried to the Supreme Court, 
to test its validity, and it was sustained in all points. 

There was a very enthusiastic temperance convention held 
at Indianapolis, in April, 1873, at which a long list of stirring 
resolutions were adopted; and, in one way and another, during 
the fall of that year and the early part of 1874, the temperance 
question was agitated with greater enthusiasm than it had 
been for years before. The " crusade " prevailed throughout 
Indiana, as well as in other States, but, unfortunately, at the 



ADMINISTRATION OP QOVEBNOR HENDRICKS. 259 

election in 1874, the temperance projects were defeated, and 
the liquor law alluded to above, approved February 27, 1873, 
and known as the "Baxter law" or "local option law," was 
supplanted by the general license act approved March 17, 
1875, wiiich repealed all former enactments regulating the 
sale of intoxicating liquors. 

The total receipts during the fiscal year of 1876 were 
$4,570,943.71. The disbursements for the year amounted to 
$3,9y3,777.97, and there was a balance on hand at the close of 
the year of $57 7,lG5.74o 

The second annual meeting of the Congress of Agriculture 
was held at Indianapolis on the twenty-eighth of May, 1873; 
about two hundred delegates were present, representing 
twenty- five States. The proceedings of this body were very 
interesting to the public and beneficial to the cause of hus- 
bandry. The committee on transportation submitted a very 
lenghty report, which called forth considerable remark. 

The question uf building a new State House was seriously 
considered by the Legislature of 1875, but no difinite steps 
were taken in that direction. This was reserved for the next 
Legislature, and the act creating a State House Commission 
will be found under the administration of Governor Williams. 

The administration of Governor Hendricks expired Jan- 
uary 4, 1877. In his last message to the Legislature con- 
vened at same date, he gave a clear statement of the financial 
condition of the State, and of the management of its various 
State institutions and offices. In this message he recom- 
mended that steps be taken for the construction of a new State 
House, and took occasion to repeat what he had said to the 
Legislature of 1875, viz.: " It can hardly be questioned that a 
new State House should be built. This house is neither suit- 
able nor safe f)r the transaction of the public business. It 
does not correspond with the greatness of the State. It is not 
creditable. No other State in the Northwest has such a house. 
The halls are not fit for your sessions. Your constituents, 
when they visit the city, can neither see nor hear your pro- 
ceedings. They are much better provided for in your court 



260 HISTORY OP INDIANA. 

houses. You have no suitable committee rooms. You are 
dependent upon rented rooms over the city. You are thereby- 
hindered in that personal consultation among yourselves which 
is so important in legislation. The people do not desire this. 
•But they will expect you to avoid that prevalent fault in 
public buildings of extravagant ornaments. The building 
should be plain, tasteful, substantial and permanent, adapted 
to Its purposes, and sufficient for the growing demands of the 
public service. Several years will be required in its construc- 
tion, and a small special tax annually will be sufficient." 

He also repeated a portion of his message to the preceding 
Legislature relative to the Centennial Exposition, in which he 
said : " The act of Congress has committed our country and 
the people to the celebration. A failure would cause us na- 
tional humiliation. Success will gratify our national pride 
and at the same time promote our prosperity by attracting the 
the people and wealth of other countries. I recommend that 
you make such provision as will secure to the people of In- 
diana and their interests a full and advantageous representa- 
tion." 

Among other recommendations in his closing message he 
called the special attention of the Legislature to the laws 
regulating our elections, and suggested several salutary pro- 
visions that he deemed essential to an efficient system. Before 
the expiration of his official term Governor Hendricks re- 
ceived the nomination for the Vice Presidency of the United 
States on the ticket with Samuel J. Tilden as President, from 
the Democratic National Convention of St. Louis. On this 
subject see biography of Governor Hendricks in another part 
of this work. 



CHAPTER XXXII. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WILLIAMS — EVENTS OP 
1878 THE RAILROAD STRIKE. 

THE fiftieth regular session of the Legislature began on 
Thursday, January 4, 1877. The administration of 
Governor Williams, in accordance with the provision of the 
Constitution, commenced on the second Monday in January, 
or the first Monday succeeding the meeting of the Legislature. 
In his inaugural address to the General Assembly he said: 
*'Our State, in common with the rest of the Union, and 
especially the western portion, is experiencing the distress and 
embarrassment consequent upon a system of overtrading and 
deceptive speculation. Our consumption having exceeded our 
income, the balance must be restored by a corresponding excess 
of our receipts over our expenses. We have been lured to the 
embrace of debt under the flattering guise of credit, and we 
can be extricated only by the joint aid of industry and 
economy. We should again seek the ancient landmarks of 
frugality and republican simplicity, from which too many 
have unwittingly strayed. Labor is the prime source of 
wealth in a State." He re3ommended further, true economy 
in all public expenditiu'es, and that none should be incurred 
for official services unless found necessary or useful. He de- 
clared excessive legislation to be an evil ; that it imposed 
additional burdens upon the treasury, and made the laws 
themselves to become complex, vascue and uncertain. He 
recommended that the right of suffrage should be properly 
guarded against all encroachments in the shape of fraud, 
illegal voting, or lawless violence; that the ballot-box siiould 
be made to reflect the will of the majority, and that illegal 
voting and frauds in elections should be severely punished. 



262 HISTORY OP INDIANA. 

The regular session having adjourned witiiout completing the 
necessary legislation appertaining to certain a])propriations, 
Governor Williams called an extra session, and in his special 
message, delivered on the Gth day of March, he said : '' At a 
late hour last night I was made aware of your probable ad- 
journment without final action, and requested your attendance 
in this special session to complete the unfinished business of 
public importance remaining on your files. "Without further 
enactments than those you have left in force, the benevolent 
and possibly the penal institutions can be supported as enjoined 
by the Constitution, and in general the ordinary expenditures 
can be lawfully made. It is more particularly for expenditures 
of an extraordinary character that you arc atked to legislate. 
Our indebtedness, foreign and domestic, permanent and tempo- 
rary, costs us in interest nearly $300,000 annually. For the 
payment of thi^ an appropriation is needed. An enlargement 
of our Hospital for the Insane has been prosecuted nearly to 
the enclosure of a spacious and well-planned department for 
women. An appropriation of $300,000 is asked for its speedy 
completion. Completed, it will provide for the female insane 
of the State, and by relieving the present building of the 
women who are now inmates, afford ample room for the insane 
men. The large and rapidly increasing number of convicts 
in the Prison North, and the inadequate provision made for 
their care, have already been fully brought to your notice." 

He called the attention of the Legislature to the heavy 
indebtedness of the Prison South, and recommended that 
something should be done to relieve its embarrassments. He 
aUo called attention to the agricultural interests of the State, 
and urged the Legislature to make an appropriation of at least 
$25,000 to the Board of Agriculture " to save their property 
from sacrifice." 

The Legislature, at its special session, made the following 
specific appropriations, viz.: To the State Prison North, for 
the completion of a new cell house, $70,000; for an additional 
workshop, $10,000. It also appropriated $500 to each of the 



ADMINISTRATION OP GOVERNOR WILLIAMS. 263 

State prisons lor the purchase of books for the use of the con- 
victs. To the new building of the Insane Hospital for the 
year 1.S77, in addition to the $50,000 previously appropriated, 
$100,000; for the year 1878, $150,000, and to the State Board 
of AgriiMilture for the year 1877, $15,000, and for the year 
1878, $10 000; and to the State Prison South, for the pay- 
ment of the indebtedness contracted prior to December 15, 
1876, $120,000. 

Among the acts of principal importance passed at the special 
session of the Legislature was the one authorizing and provid- 
ing fur the erection of a new State House. As the building of 
a new capital will require several years for its completion, and 
is a public enterprise of the highest importance to the people 
of the whole State, the entire act authorizing its construction 
is given below : 

AN ACT TO AUTIIomZE AND PROVIDE FOR THE ERECTION 
OF A NEW STATE HOUSE, AND FOR MATTERS I.NCTDENT 
THERETO. Appkoved March 14, 1877. 

Section' 1. Be it enacted by the General Asgtmbly cf the Stiie of Indiava, 
That for the purpose of organizLi g to bu.ld a new State House, tho 
Govoruor shall appoint four State House Commissioners, who sliall be 
selected in equal number from the two leading political parties of the 
State, and, together with the Governor, constitute the Board of State 
House Commissioners. Such Board shall be appoin' ed by the Governor 
within such time as he may deem best, not later than September first, 
1877 The Governor shall notify such persons of their appointment 
under his certificate and seal, and such notice f-hall constitute their 
commission, and shall be by them deposltetl in the ofilce of the Secre- 
tary of State, and there recorded Tho Commissioners, so appointed, 
shall each give bond, to be approved by the Governor, in the sum of 
twenty thousand dollars, condidoned for the faithful performance of 
Bucli duties as may be imposed upon them by law, and that the cost of 
the building !-hall not exceed two millions of dollars. The Go\e nor 
Bhall not give bond by reason of being a member of such Board, and 
sball be the President thereof. He shall sign the record of the pro- 
ceedings of the Board, and shall sign or stamp all vouchers before a 
warrant is drawn upon them. He may, for ca;ise, remove any member 
of the Board, and shall report the cause, and the fart to the next Gen- 
eral Assembly. He shall fill, by appointment, all vacancies occurring 



liG4 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

by reason of such removal, or other cause. The person so appointed, 
to fill any vacancy, shall be selected from the political party to which 
his predecessor belonged. 

Sec. 2, The persons appointed State House Commissioners, as above 
provided, shall, -t^'ithiu thirty days after their appointment, qualify by 
taking an oath that they will honestly, diligently, and according to law, 
discharge the duties of State House Commissioners. They shall cause 
to be kept a recora of their proceedings, shall report, quarterly, to the 
Governor, fur the use of the public, a synopsis of their proceedings, 
and an account of their expenditures. They may. make such rules and 
regulations for the pajment of money, the government of contractors 
and employes, and the management of the grounds and premises, as 
they may deem prudent, not inconsistent with this act and the laws of 
the State. They may meet on their own adjourn oent, and shall meet 
on the call of the President of the Board. A quorum present shall be 
sufficient to do business. They shall receive for their services the sum 
of five dollars per da}^ and actual traveling expenses, for the time they 
are actually employed in attending to their duties as State House 
Commissioners, to be paid on itemized statements, sworn to by the 
claimant. 

Sec. 3. The Board of State House Commissioners are authorized and 
directed, as herein provided, to build a new State House, the cost of 
which shall not exceed two millions of dollars, on the grounds provided 
by the State for that purpose, in the City of Indianapolis, and bounded 
by Tennessee, Mississippi, Washington and Ohio streets ; and when it 
becomes necessary they shall cause the old building to bo removed, 
and they shall provide temporary quarters for the General Assembly, 
and for the officers now occupying the present building ; and the said 
Commissioners are authorized and directed to contract and agree with 
the City of Indianapilis, or persons interested, for the vacation of any 
intersecting streets, or for the use of stieets and alleys, for dispcsing of 
tools and materials, and for the purpose of laying down temporary con- 
necting railroad tracks for the transporting of materials, tools, etc , and 
the City of Indianapolis is hereby authorized to make such agreement 
and contracts as are herein contemplated. The State of Indiana hereby 
accepts the offer made by the Board of Commissioners of Marion 
county, to furnish rooms for the General Assembly, and the order of 
such B )ard of Commissioners, in furnishing such rooms, is hereby 
legalized. 

Sec. 4. The Board of State House Commissioners, in making selec- 
tion of a plan for the erection of a State Tlonse, shall call to their 
assistance at least one competent and qualified architect, of known skill 
and ability in his profession, who shall not have submitted a plan for 
competition ; also, one civil engineer and one builder, who shall each 



ADMINISTRATION OP GOVERNOR WILLIAMS. 265 

be of good standing in their respective avocations, and shall cause them 
to take an oath as follows in substance: "I do solemnly swear (or 
affirm) that I have no pecuniary interest, whatever, in the selection of 
a plan for a new State House, that I will not be influenced in my de- 
cisions by any personal piejudices or partialities, but will faithfully 
disehartze my duty according to law, and will hold my action, and the 
action of the Board of State House Commissioners, in the selection of 
a plan for a new State House, which may come to my knowledge, in 
strict confidence." The Commissioners shall then proceed to give the 
plans, now in possession of the State, with such additional drawings as 
may be submitted for their further explanation, a thorough a; d critical 
examination, in the progress of which they shall cause th ■ experts, so 
called to their aid, to thoroughly examine all the said i.'a:is and speci- 
fications thereof, and test the estimates submitted. If they shall find 
the specifications and estimates correct, and that the buildings, or any 
one of them, contemplated in such plans, can be constructed within the 
limit of two millions of dollars, be suitable, in respect to permanence 
and convenience, adapted to all the puri)Oses and ainjsof a Stale House 
building, and in keeping with the dignity of the State, the Commis- 
sioners maj^ select the most meritorious of such plans, and notiiy the 
successful architect thereof, and shall then return the drawings of the 
rejected plans to the author thereof. If, however, after such examina- 
tion, the Board of Commis-ioners shall find that none of said plans are 
suitable, they shall reject them ail, and at once cause publication to be 
made in tvvo newspapers within the State, and one, each, in the cities 
of New Y> rk. Boston, Pliiladelphia, Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Louis and 
Louisville, that at a certain time, not to exceed ninety days thereafter, 
they will proceed to examine such plans and specifications for a State 
House building, not to exceed in cost two millions of dollars, as may 
be submitted to them by competing architects, and each of said com- 
peting architects shall submit to the Bo-rd a sealed proposal of what 
fees, salary or percentage he will charge, or expect, if his plans should 
be adopted. At the time specified for making the award, the Board of 
State House Commissioners shall again call to their assistance experts 
as hereinbefore provided, and shall proceed to examine the plans and 
specifications then submitted to them, under the same rules and condi- 
tions as in the case of the plans now in the possession of the State; and 
if, in such examination, they fail to find any plan coming within the 
requirements of this act, they shall re a^^vertise, and proceed in the 
manner hereinbefore pre?crihed, until a suitable plan is cecured. 

Sec 5. The Board are authorized to contract for labor, material, 
transpo'tation, or any dis'inct portion of the work. All lettings of the 
work shall be advertised in two newppapeta of general circulation. In 
all contracts the interest of the State shall be protected by proper 



266 HISTOIIY OF INDIANA. 

bonds. All contracts with the builders, arcliitects or material men, 
shall reserve the right of the Hoard, for good cause siiown, and of the 
Legislature, by concurrent vote of both hmses, to amiul the contract. 
And tlie B );ird shall make no al owance fur damages, only for expense 
incurred and f »r labor performed. Tviu per cent, shall be reserved from 
payments on estimates on woric contracted, until such contract shall 
have bee 1 completed, inspected and accepted. The contracts &hall be 
so let that the State shall not be required to pay, in any one year, in- 
cluding all other necessary expenses, in all, more than eighty percent, 
of the tax levy for such year, for the building of the State House: 
PiiwUed, There may be added thereto any money remaining in the 
treasury from the tax levy of any preceding year, collec.ed for building, 
the State lluuse. 

Sec. G. Tne l)uilding shall be fire^ proof, so as not to require that it 
shall be insure-^ The material shall be of the best quality, ami the 
directions, j)lans and specific-ationij of the work shall be executed by 
skilled and reputable architects, contractors, artists, mechanics and 
laborers. The Board shall, so far i.s is just and practicable, iukI with 
due regard to the material interests of the State, make preference of 
Indiana material and labor. In any plan and specifications act ejited, 
the architect shall be requireel to, and shall guarantee tl at each and 
every part of the building shall be perfect and complete in itself, and 
sufficient to accomplish the purpose for which it is intended, as fully 
and completely as it is made to appear, or represented in the plan or 
declarations of the architect ; and he shall be required to give bond, 
with acceptable sureties, in the penal sum of one huuelred thousand 
dollars, conditioned that said plan shall be c 'mjilete and i)ertVct f -rthe 
purjjose (K'signed and intended, arid that the building shall be fully 
c imple'ed and finished, as a wlujie anel in every part, for and within the 
price and cost estimated and fixed by such architect, anel whicli ]>rice 
or cost shall be stateel in his prf>position, or submission of a plan and 
Bpe.'iflcations And it shall be further understooel and agreed that no 
exlra work or material shall hi necessary to complete the building, 
than that in the estimates set forth; and Hlionld any be required, that 
the arciiitect shall d > such work and furnish sucii material at his own 
cost, and finish the work complete f )r the price estimated by such 
architect. 

Sec 7. The Board shall appoint a S.*cretary wK/i sliall take an oath 
to faithfully perform the duties of his office. He thall keep a recorel of 
the i)roceedings of the Brard, shall make a record of sdl contracts anel 
obligationa, shall furnish each rcxntractor with a cony of his contract, 

markeel "approved " by order of tl e Board, , (day and date), and 

no contract shall be valid until thus endorsed and delivered. He shall 
certify to all vouchers ordered by the Board, shall keep a set of books, 



ADMINISTRATION OP GOVERNOR WILLIAMS. 267 

80 as to show the financial condition of the Board ; shall make yearly 
Btatenients of cost of building, and a complete list of vouchers, and for 
what purpose, and to whom paid, which reports the Governor shall 
transmit to the Legislature. The pay of the Secietary shall not exceed 
fifteen hundred dollars per year. All contiacts lor any purpose con- 
nected with the building, where the amuunt exceeds five hundred 
dollars, shall be regularly passed upon by the Board in session, and 
shall be recorded by the Secretary in a book kept for that purpose ; and 
a copy shall be made out and certified to by the Secretary, and deliv- 
ered to the other party of the contract; and until such delivery, no 
contract shall be valid or binding on either party; and the Secretary 
shall retain, in proper files, all vouchers, statements of accounts, and 
other papers of value or importance to the Commissioners, the con- 
tractors or the State. 

Sec. 8. The Board may, when they deem it necessary, employ a 
Superintendent, who shall bo qualified and give bond, as may be pre- 
scribed by the Board, who shall also prescribe his duties and compen- 
sation. 

Sec. 9. It ^hall not be lawful for any member of the Board, or the 
Architect, Superintendent or Secretary, to be directly or indirectly in- 
terested in or to derive any profit from any contract, employment, or 
purchase connected with the building, or with the action of the Board; 
nor shal either of the above-named ffficers be the owner or interested 
in any claim against the Board, or the State, growing out of the build- 
ing of the new St ite House, or removing the old ore, oiher than for 
their compensation for servicep. Any of the above-named oflTicers 
guilty of violating the provisions of this section, or of corruptly using 
his official position, shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and, upon con- 
viction, shall be fined in any sum not exceeding ten thousand dollars, 
to which may be added imprisonment in the State Prison for anj' term 
not exceeding two years. 

Sec. 10 The architect, who.-o plans are selected, shall be the super- 
vising architect of the buildijig, and shall give bond in the sum of one 
hundred thousand dollars, conditioned that he shall faithfully dis- 
charge the duties of his office, and he shall be liable on his boi.d for all 
losses or damages that may be incurred on account of his violatii g any 
of the provisions of thi:5 act, or on account of his neglect or incapacity 
for tiie duties of his office. Ele shall receive such compersation as may 
be agreed upon in advance : Provided, No contract with an architect 
shall be made allowing more than three per cent, commission, as full 
compensation for plans and specifications, and the supervision of the 
erection of such building, as the architect thereof. 

Sec. U. There shall be assessed in the year 1877, the sum of one 
cent upon each one hundred dollars worth of taxable property in the 



268 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

State, to be collecled as other Stale taxes, assessed at the same time, are 
collected. And the year 1878, there shall be assessed aud collected, as 
above, the sum of two cents upon each one hundred dollars worth of 
taxable property in the State, which money, when coilecled and paid 
into the State Treasury, shall be kept and ki own as the new State 
House fund ; and the proceeds of the tax, herein levied, is hereby ap- 
propriated to the use of the State House Commissioners, as herein- 
before provided. 

Sec. 12. There is hereby declared an emergency for the passage of 
this act, and the same shall be in lorce from and after its passage. 

Governor Williams appointed the following persons as the 
State House Commissioners, viz.: I. D. G. !Nelson, of Fort 
Wayne; W. il. McKeen, Terre Haute; General T. A. Morris, 
aud General John Love, of Indianapolis. These, with the 
Governor, J. D. Williams, ex-offieio member and President of 
the Board, met at the Governor's rooms on Thursday, May 24, 
1877, and completed their organization by electing W. C. 
Tarkington secretary. 

The Commissioners, after visiting several State capitals and 
examining their State Houses, proceeded to business by secur- 
ing the services of Major Francis D. Lee, of St. Louis, as 
expert architect. Major Jared A. Smith, United States engi- 
neer, as expert civil engineei', and Francis D. Allen, of 
Evansville, Indiana, as expert builder. These assembled at 
Indianapolis July 2, 1877, and afier being duly qualified as 
required by law, proceeded to the examination of the four 
plans named in the act. These plans, in the possession of the 
State, were known and designated by the names of the parties 
who submitted them, viz.: 

I. Charles Eppenhuusen, Terre Haute, Indiana. 

II. J. C. John'fon, Fretnont, Ohio. 

III. George B. F. Cooper, New Albany, Indiana. 

IV. E. E. Myers, Detroit, Michigan. 

After a thorough examination of these plans, consuming 
over six weeks of time, the Board decided that none of them 
fully met the requirements of the law. 

The Board then opened competition to the plans of all 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WILLIAMS. 269 

architects. They advertised on the 12th of September in the 
newspapers of the several cities designated in tlie act for new 
plans, which they would proceed to examine within ninety 
days. 

Twenty-four new plans were entered for examination. The 
following experts were appointed to assist the Commissioners 
in their labors, viz.: James K. Wilson, of Cincinnati, arcih- 
tect ; Henry Walters, of Louisville, builder, and Cyrus M. 
Allen, Jr., of Vincennes, engineer. Robert P. Haynes was 
elected secretary January 11, 1878, in place of Captain W. C. 
Tarkington. 

W. R. McKeen, one of the Commissioners, resigned his 
office, and John Collett was elected in his place, and entered 
upon duty February 1, 1878. 

With a view to facilitate the work, and to confine it as 
far as practicable to the requirements of the law, the Commis- 
sioners instructed the experts to report (in addition to any 
suggestions that might occur to them) the information derived 
from a careful consideration of the following questions: 

" 1. Can the building be completed according to the plans 
and specifications within the limit named in the law, viz.: 
$2,000,000 ? 

" 2. Are the foundations in character and i xtent sufficient 
to support the superstructure in such manner that no injury is 
to be apprehended to any part of the work from settling or 
crushing? 

" 3. Are the materials of the superstructure in kind and 
quantity such as to insure stability and permanence? 

" 4. Are the combinations of materials such as to give 
strength and security to the entire structure, regard being had 
to the methods of spanning spaces between walls, construction 
of roofs, dome and towers, suj)porting stairways or other de- 
pendent portions ? 

" 5. " Are damages from fire sufficiently guarded against? 

" 6. Having regard to convenience, adaptability to the 



270 filSTORY OF INDIANA. 

purpose required, harmony and dignity of the work, are the 
arran jjements adequate for light to the corridors and rooms 
and offices — sunlight by day and gaslight by night? 

" 7. is ample provision made for safely heating the build- 
ing and all its parts, as also the needed supply of water, 
gas, etc.? 

*' 8. Are the pipes for conveying heat, gas and water easily 
and c(inveniently accessible? 

" 9. Is drainage amply provided for? 

" 10. Your opinion is also requested as to architectural 
symmetry, beauty and harmony of parts, including orna- 
mentation and general conformity to the dignity, resources 
and progress of the State?" 

After a thorough examination of all these plans the Com- 
mis.'ioners selected the one bearing the motto of " Lucidus 
Oi(h," or tiie plan submitted by Edwin May, of Indianapolis. 

The following agreement for building the new State House 
was made between the State House Commissioners and Edwin 
May, tlie author of the successful plan : 

ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT WITH THE SUPERVISING 
ARCHITECT. 

Tlicse articles of a:,'reement, made this eleventh clay of April, 1878, 
in imrsiiance of the provisions of an act of theGeneral Assembly of the 
8tate of Indiana, a[)i)roved March 1-1, 1877, eutitled "An act to au- 
thorize and provide for the erection of a new State House, and for 
matters incident thereto," by and between the Board of State House 
Commissioners appointed, qnalified and acting as such Board pursuant 
to the provisions of said act, party of the first part, and Edwin May, 
of the city of Indianapolis, architect, party of the t^econd part 

Witness, that said Board of Commissioners liaving duly advertised 
for pliins for the erection of said new State Hoiue, and having re- 
ceived divers plans, specifications and estimates from divers architects, 
and having examin< d all the eame as provided for in said act, have 
selected and adopted the p'an submitted by said Edwin May, desig- 
nated by the mottn, '^Lucidus Ordo." 

It is agreed, promised «nd covenanted, by said party of the second 
part, in consideration of the agreements and covenants of said party of 
the first part, hereinafter set forth, that he does hereby make over to 



ADJIINISTRATION OF GOVEKNOR WILLIAMS, 271 

said Board of Commissioners, as the property of ihe State of Indiana, 
said i)lan, with all accompanj ing drawings, epetifications, directions 
and estimates; aaid that he will, in like manner, furnish and make over 
to said D ard of Commissioners, as the property of the State, as socn 
as prepared, all o'.her plans, drawings, ppeciflcaticns, directions and 
estimates, thf.t may hereafter he made by him, and relating to the 
construction of said new State House. 

Said party of the second part agret s that he will fully and faithfully 
perform, all and singular, the duties cf s-u.ervising architect i:i the 
erection of said State House, furnishing all jdans, epecifacations, (haw- 
ings, directions and estimates necessary, proper or useful, in the erec- 
tion of said building, as the same may i c needed or required, prepared 
in a skillful and competent manner; and that he will perform, all and 
singular, the duties of supervisii g architect, until the entire comple- 
tion of said building, in whole and in all its parts and details, ready 
for occupancy, to the satisfaction of said Board tf Commi>-eior.ers. 

And the party of the first pait agrees to employ a lonipetent super- 
intendent during the time said bui'dlng is in process of actual con- 
struction, but not during any other time, who shall qualify >>nd give 
bond as may be prescribed by said Uoard of Commissioners, and whcee 
duties shall be prescribed by said Board. 

Said party of the second part guarantees that each and every part of 
the said new State House shall be perfect and complete fn itself, and 
sufficient to accomplish the purpose for wliich it is intended, as fully 
and completely as it is made to appear, or is representtd, in his plana 
or declarations, and that his plans, drawings and sj eciticafions, shall 
be perfect and complete for the purposes designed and intended, and 
that said building can be fully completed as a whole, and in every 
part, for and w:thin the price and cost estimated and fixed by him as 
architet^t, in his estimates ; and that no extra work or materials shall be 
necessary to fully complete the building moie than his estimates set 
forth, and should any such extra work cr materials be required, that 
he will do such work, and furnish such material- at his own cost, and 
finish the work complete for the price estimated by him as architect, 
unless such extra work and materials shall become necessary by means 
of some change or modification of plan to be hereafter made by said 
Board, or by direction of the I-,egislature. 

And it is agreed and understood, that said party of the second part, 
whenever he may ol'ject to any materials or work in the erection of 
said building, shall file his protest in wri'irg with said Board of Com- 
missioners, setting forth his objections and reasons therrfor, it being 
understood that said party of the second part shall be considered to 
have acquiesced in the use of all materia's and labor, except when his 
written protest has been filed, as above provided for. 



ZtZ HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

It is expressly agreed that the right is reserved to said Board of Com- 
missioners, and also to the Legislatuie, at any time or tinics duiii glho 
progress of the work, to mak« any change or changes, modicalion or 
modifications, of the said plan and epecitications of said Edwin May, 
adopted as aforesaid, as in the juilguient of said B )ard of Commis- 
sioners, or of the Legislature, may he found necessary, expedient or 
desirable, and in any and every case where such change or modificatioR 
shall be so deemed necessary, expedient or desirable, said party of the 
second part shall, whenever so required by said Hoard of Commis- 
sioners, prepare and submit plans, drawings, specifications and esti- 
mates of cost of any sucli change or ( hanges, modihoatiou or modifi- 
cations, and for tlie sufliL^iency and c srrectnpss of the same, said party 
of the second part hereby agrees to be, and shall be, responsible, to 
the same extent as though the same had been embraced originally in 
his plans, drawings, specifications and estimates, adopted as aforesaid. 

Together with such plans, drawings, specifications and estimates of 
any such change or modification, said Edwin May, architect, shall also 
show in writing what portk)n or portions, if any, of work and materials 
embraced or contemplated in said original jilai wi'l be superseded or 
dispensed with by such change or modification, together with a de- 
tailed estimate of the cost of such labor and material so superseded or 
dispensed with. 

All plans, specifications and estimates of modi^catinns or changes, 
and of work and material embraced or contemplated in the said originri 
plan, but superseded or dispensed with as afores id, shall be so made 
by said supervis ng a-chitect as that said Doard of Commissioners will 
be able to decide intelligently as to the efiect that would thereby bo 
produced upon the ultimate ag;^regato cost of said proposed new State 
House. 

But iti3 further expressly agreed and understocd that no such change 
or changes, modification or modifications < f plan shall be mace as will 
cause the aggregate cost of the proposed i-tate House to exceed the 
sum of two million ($2,000,000) dollars. 

It is further agreed that if, preparatory to the letting of contracts, or 
at any time, or for any purpose, it shall, in the opinion of the Board, be 
necessary, expedient or convenient to procure any further or additional 
estima es, the party of the second part shall, upon demand, prepare 
and submit the same to the Board. And further, that he will from 
time to time, as t!:e work progresses, and whenever the same becomes 
necessary, furnish to the Board the proper working drawings for said 
building. 

It is agreed that the said pnrty of the second part sliall nceive in 
consideration for his plans, drawings, specifications, estimates and all 
his services as architect and supervising aichitect, a sum equal to 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WILLIAMS. 273 

two (2) per oentum of the actual cost of said building; provided, how- 
ever, that said per centum shall not in any case be computed on a 
sum greater than two millions of dollars ; and it being understood that 
of and as a part of said two per centum the sum of six thousand dollars 
shall be paid to said party of the second part in consideration and as 
compensation for his plans, drawings, specifications and estimates pre- 
pared and submitted, and hereafter to be prepared and submitted to 
said Board of Commissioners, said six thousand dollars shall be paid 
out of the first moneys in the State Treasury for State House purposes 
that in the judgment of the Board of Commissioners can be properly 
applied to such purpose. 

The residue of said commission shall be paid upon quarterly estimates 
of work done, proportionately as the work proceeds. As a standard for 
estimating approximately the amount of each proportionate quarterly 
payment, it shall be assumed that the entire cost of the State House will 
be $1,800,000, and that, therefore, said $6,000, when paid, will be a pay- 
ment of one sixth in amount of said May's commission. The amount, 
therefore, of each quarterly payment shall be five-sixths of two per 
per centum of said estimate of work done. Biit when the actual cost 
of the building shall be known final settlement shall be made upon that 
basis, and not upon the assumtd cost aforesaid. 

All such quarterly estimates shall be subject to the approval of the 
Board. 

The party of the second part agrees that in all cases he will submit to 
and be bound and concluded by the decisions of the Board as to what 
constitute his duties as architect and supervising architect, and the 
Board shall have the power to decide as to all plans, drawings, specifi- 
cations and estimates, and as to all materials and labor used in the 
erection of said building. 

It is hereby provided that said Board of Commissioners, for good 
cause shown, or the Legislature by concurrent vote of both Houses 
may annul this contract, and the right to do so is hereby expressly 
reserved. 

These articles are executed in duplicate the date above written, 

Signed by order of the Board. 

J. D. WILLIAMS, President. 

EDWIN MAY. 
Notwithstanding injunction suits by some of the disap- 
pointed architects and disaifected persons, the Commissioners 
are proceeding energetically in the business entrusted to their 
bands. The old State House has been demolished and every 
vestige of its remains removed, and the people of Indiana 
may congratulate themselves that in a few years they will 
18 



274 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

have a capital building that will comport with the dignity, 
wealth and progress of the State. 

The most noted event of the year 1877, and the one that 
threatened the most serious calamity to the country, was 
the great strike among the employes of several of the main 
trunk lines of railway and their branches. This strike was 
inaugurated early in the month of July upon the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad, and in a few days extended to numerous 
other roads. A failure of some of the companies to pay their 
employes with promptness, and especially a threatened reduc- 
tion of wages to take effect at a certain date^ gave rise to 
intense dissatisfaction among said employes, and led them 
hastily to the coai mission ot overt acts of lawlessness. They 
not only refused to work for their employers, but by threats, 
force and intimidation, prevented others from taking their 
places on the trains. This caused an almost complete suspen- 
sion of business and travel upon the main lines of railroad 
from the Eastern Atlantic seaboard as far west as Omaha. 
This embargo upon the business and commerce of the country 
lasted over two weeks, and severely tasked the patience and 
forbearance of the people, though many sympathized to a 
certain extent with the dissatisfied employes. Travelers were 
detained on their journey and shippers suffered losses from 
delays in their consignments. Several of the railroad com- 
panies sustained heavy losses in the wanton destruction of 
their property. The severest calamity occurred to the Penn- 
sylvania road at Pittsburg, in the burning of their depot and 
an immense number of cars, merchandise in transit, etc., by 
an infuriated mob. This loss is estimated at several million 
dollars. Military interference by the United States and by the 
State authorities became necessary to quell the disturbance, re- 
store order and protect the property of the railroad companies. 
Fortunately in this State but little harm was done to person or 
property. Mild counsels prevailed, and peace and order and 
resumption of business upon the embargoed roads were speedily 
vestored. 



ADMINISTRATION OP GOVERNOR WILLIAMS. 275 

The following proclamation was issued by Governor Wil- 
liams in relation to the disturbance in this State : 

A PROCLAMATION. 

To the People of Indiana : 

Many disaffected employes of railroad companies doing business in 
this State have renounced their employment because oi. alleged 
grievances and have conspired to enforce their demands by detaining 
trains of their late employers, seizing and controlling their property, 
intimidating their managers, prohibiting by violence their attempts to 
conduct their business, and driving away passengers and freight ofiered 
for transportation. The peace of the community is seriously disturbed 
by these lawless acts. Every class of society is made to suffer. The 
comfort and happiness of many families not parties to the grievances 
are sacrificed. A controversy which belongs to our courts, or to the 
province of peaceful arbitration or negotiation, is made the excuse for 
an obstruction of trade and travel over the chartered commercial high- 
ways of our State. The commerce of the entire country is interfered 
with, and the reputation of our community is threatened with dishonor 
among our neighbors. This disregard of law and the rights and priv- 
ileges of our citizens and those of sibter States can not be tolerated. 
The machinery provided by law for the adjustment of private griev- 
ances must be used as the only resort against debtors, individual or 
corporate. The process of the courts is deemed suflBcient for the 
enforcement of civil remedies as well as the penalties of the criminal 
code, and must be executed equally in each case. To the end that the 
existing combination be dissolved and destroyed in its lawless form, I 
invoke the aid of all the law-abiding citizens of our State. I ask that 
they denounce and condemn this infraction of public order, and 
endeavor to dissuade these offenders against the peace and dignity of 
our State from further acts of lawlessness. 

To the Judiciary : I appeal for the prompt and rigid administration 
of justice in proceedings of this nature. 

To the Sheriffs of the several counties I commend a careful study of 
the duties imposed upon them by statute, which they have sworn to 
discharge. I admonish each to use the full power of his county in the 
preservation of order and the suppression of breaches of the peace, 
assuring them of my hearty co-operation with the power of the State 
at my command when satisfied that occasion requires its exercise. 

To those who have arrayed themselves against government and are 
subverting law and order and the best interests of society by the waste 
and destruction of property, the derangement of trade, and the ruin of 
all classes of labor, I appeal for an immediate abandonment of their 



276 HISTORY OP INDIANA. 

unwise and unlawful confederation. I convey to them the voice of the 
law, which they can not afford to disregard. I trust that its admonition 
may be so promptly heeded that a resort to extreme measures will be 
unnecessary, and that the authority of the law and the dignity of the 
State, against which they have so grievously offended, may be restored 
and duly respected hereafter. 
Given at Indianapolis the twenty-sixth day of July, 1877. 
Witness the seal of the State and signature of the Governor. 

JAMES D. WILLIAMS, 

Governor of Indiana. 
By the Governor : 

John E. Neff, Secretary of State. 

This closes the important events that have transpired during 
Governor Williams' administration to this time. The people 
of Indiana, as well as those of her sister States, have expe- 
rienced some adversity and loss from the effects of the finan- 
cial panic of 1873, whose shadow now seems to be passing 
away, but the excellent crops of the past years are dispelling 
the gloom that has so long hung over the country, and the 
indications of renewed vigor and prosperity in the common- 
wealth are unmistakable. 




MARION COUNTY COURT HOUSE. 




THE NEW STATE HOUSE. 
Dimensions. — Side and north fronts, one hundred and eighty-five feet ; east and west fronts, four 
liundred and ninety-two feet. Center — east to west, two hundred and eighty-two feet by one hucdred 
and eighteen feet in width. Hight of dome two hundred and thirty-four feet ; diameter of dome, 
seventy-two feet. Hight of east and west fronts, one hundred feet ; north and south fronts, ninety- 
two feet. First story, eighteen and one-half feet. Second story, nineteen feet. Representatives Hall, 
forty-eight feet. Senate Chamber, forty-eight feet. Supreme Court Room, forty feet. Third story, 
sixteen and one-half feet. 



CHAPTER XXXIII. 

EDUCATIONAL — GENERAL FEATURES. 

THE schools and school laws of Indiana existing previous 
to 1853 are sufficiently noticed in the local history of each 
county in another part of this volume. It will be expedient 



278 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

in this place to treat only of the law to provide for a uniform 
system of common schools, adopted in 1S52 ; its several 
amendments and the beneficient results that have been attained 
through its successful operation. These are, justly, the pride 
and boast of the j^eople. 

Although this law was passed in 1852, it did not becom 
practically operative until the first Monday of April, 1853, 
when the township trustees for school purposes were elected 
in the several townships of the State. This, law committed to 
the township trustees the charge of all tlie educational afiairs 
of the township. It gave them tlie control and disbursement 
of all the school funds; it left with them to determine the 
number and location of all the school-houses necessary for the 
accommodation of the children of the township; it left to 
them the making of all contracts for building, repairing and 
furnishing school-houses; the purchasing of fuel; tlie employ- 
ment of teachers, and, lastly, they were to determine the time 
of commencing and the period of the continuance of the 
schools. 

Immediately upon the passage of the law, it met with con- 
siderable opposition in all parts of the State. It was claimed 
that it would not be possible to select men in all the town- 
ships of the State capable of discharging properly the various 
duties required of township trustees; and, that in many in- 
stances, the summary and discretionary powers with which 
they were to be clothed, would be injudiciously exercised. 
This opposition, however, resulted only in the com])lote suc- 
cess of the law, for through it the people of the State were 
awakened to the great importance of electing the ablest and 
best men to the office — a commendable practice to which they 
still earnestly adhere. With hardly a single exception during 
the past twenty years, tJiey liave placed in these positions of 
usefulness and power of their township their most intelligent 
and efficient men. Hardly a single year elapsed when the 
friends of the new system saw that there was no cause longer 
to fear for its success through the want of capacity or of 
interest on the part of the trustees. 

The trustees, on entering on the duties of their office, were 



KPUCATIONAL GENERAL FEATURES. 279 (^ ' 

in nearly all cases, greatly embarrassed by the general want 
of correct information among the people concerning this new 
system of public instruction. Tlie law, in all points, was 
radically new, providing for a system wholly different from 
any to which the people had ever been accustomed. Few of 
the trustees, and still fewer of the people, had ever read, much 
less studied the law, hence they were unable to operate prop- 
erly under it. To remove these difficulties a ]^am])hlet of 
upwards of sixty pages, embracing the law, with its amend- 
ments and copious notes, explanations, instructions and forms 
of proceedings, was issued from the office of the Su])erintend- 
ent of Public Instruction. A large edition was printed and 
distributed to the several townships of the State, so that any 
person, by simply calling on any of the county officials, would 
receive a copy without charge. J3y this means all soon became 
acquainted with the whole system. 

The first duty of the Board of Trustees was to establish 
and conveniently locate a sufficient number of schools for the 
education of all the children of their township. In referring 
to this matter in his annual report of 1853, Hon. AV. C. Lar- 
rabee, the Superintendent of Public Instruction, made these 
remarks: "But the school-Jwiises^ where are they? and what 
are they? In some townships there is not a single school- 
house of any kind to be found. In other townships there are 
a few old, leaky, dilapidated log cabins, wholly unfit for use 
even in summer, and in winter worse than nothing, * * * 
Before the people can be tolerably accommodated with schools 
there must be erected in this State at least three thousand five 
hundred school houses." 

Previous to the enactment of the township sj'stem, school 
houses were erected by single districts, but under this law 
districts were abolished, district lines obliterated, and houses 
previously built by districts became the property of the town- 
ship, and all new houses were to be built at the expense of the 
township, by an appropriation of township funds, by the 
trustees. 

By a general law, enacted in conformity to the constitution 
of 1852, each and every township in the State was made a 



280 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

municipal corporation, with such powers and liabilities as, by 
common usage, belong to sncli corporations. Every voter in 
the township was made a member of the corporation. The 
business of the corporation was managed directly by tlie wliole 
body of the voters, in regular or special township meetings, or 
by persons chosen by the people, as directors of the corpora- 
tion, called township trustees. Among the inlierent and 
necessary powers of such corporations, stood first and most 
important, that of raising, by taxation on the property and 
polls of the township, an amount of funds sutiicicnt to defray 
all the legitimate expenses of the corporation. 

The most important interest of tlie township was that of 
educating the children — common schools. Under the new 
township system, as guaranteed by tlie constitution of 1S52, 
the authority to levy taxes, to build school liouscs and to carry 
on all parts of the system of public instruction, might have 
been constitutionally exercised either by the majority of the 
members of the corporation, that is, by the voters of the 
township, or by officers elected by the voters, but no power 
was givcu to the township trustees to levy this tax without the 
consent of the voters of the township. This pliasc of the law, 
authorizing the vote of the township on a special tax M'as 
questioned, and gave rise, at first, to some impediment to the 
success of tlie system. Tax -payers who were opposed to the 
special township tax, refused to pay the assessment, thereby not 
only retarding the progress of schools, but causing an unusual 
delinquency in the collection of taxes for general purposes. 
Contracts for building school houses were thrown up, houses 
half finished were abandoned, and all operations were sus- 
pended in several townshii:)S. 

In some townsliips a rumor was circulated by the enemies 
of the law, that the entire school law, I'rora beginning to end, 
had been declared by the Supreme Court unconstitutional and 
void. Believing this, the township trustees actually dismissed 
all their schools, and even considered themselves summarily 
deposed from office. In reference to this state of things, lion. 
W. C. Larrabee, Superintendent of Public Instruction, spoke 
OS follows in his report to the Governor, in 1S53: "As soon 



EDUCATIONAL — GENERAL FEATURES. 



281 



as information of these facts was received at this office, efforts 
were made, by private correspondence and by circuhirs, to 
correct public opinion and to arrest the downward tendency 
of the whole system. It is hoped that the real facts are now 




:rosscij?&west.phila. 



B. C. HOBBS, ESQ. 
See page 21. 

known and appreciated, and before an}'- more serious evil shall 
arise, we hope for a decision to settle the whole qnesiion." 

While the voting of special taxes was doubted on a consti- 
tutional point, it became apparent that it was weak in a prac- 
ticable point. The existence of this provision in the law 



282 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

greatly retarded the orfi^anization and impaired tlie efficiency 
of tlie schools. In many townsliips tlic trustees, on ex]»loring 
their territory, found few or no school houses fit to be occu- 
pied. They proposed a township tax for the erection of 
houses, hut the proposition was voted down. They i-cnewed 
the proposition at subsequent meetings, hut it was again and 
again voted down. Under these circumstances, the tirst year 
of the existence of the township system w^as not a very suc- 
cessful one. 

Another impediment to popular education, in 1853-4, was 
the great deficiency in number and qualifications of tcachei'S. 
In some townships teachers of no grade could be obtained in 
sufficient numbers to supply the schools. But few of the 
persons oflfering themselves for examination could pass accord- 
ing to law. 

The scarcity of well qualified teachers was well understood 
by those who framed the School Law of 1852. By that law 
the Superintendent was required to appoint deputies in each 
county to examine all applicants for license to teach, and to 
license them, if found qualified, for one or two years. The 
law, hoAvever, erected no specific standard of qualification. It 
left to the examiner the right of determining, at his discretion, 
the amount and variety of knowledge the applicant should 
exhibit in order to entitle him to a license. The examiner in 
each case took into consideration any peculiar circuTustances 
that might exist in the county or township in which the 
teacher was to be employed. In some counties and in some 
townships, where schools were few and teachers scarce, and 
the children few, young and backward, it was found expedient 
to employ persons to teach who were by no means qualified to 
take charge of schools in advanced towns. 

But in this respect the School Law was changed in 1853. 
The authority to appoint examiners, by the amendment, was 
transferred from the Superintendent to the County Commis- 
sioners, and a standard of qualification was erected. The 
committee on education who prepared the amendatory law, 
while erecting a standard of qualification for teachers, at which 
all persons proposing to teach should aim, at the same time 



EDUCATIONAL — GENERAL FEATURES. 283 

made provision to meet the emergencies existing at tliat time, 
and authorized a temporary license, at the discretion of the 
examiners, to persons who might not be able to pass a rigid 
examination in all the branches constituting the standard. 

The common school fund available in 1854, consisted of the 
Congressional Township fund, the sui-plus Revenue fund, the 
Saline fund, the Bank tax fund, and miscellaneous funds, 
amounting in all to two million four hundred and sixty 
thousand six hundred dollars. This amount was subse- 
quently increased to a very great extent from many sources. 
The common school fund was intrusted to the several counties 
of the State, which were held responsible for the preservation, 
thereof, and for the payment of the annual interest thereon. 
The fund was managed by the Auditors and Treasurers of the 
several counties, for which these officers were allowed one- 
tenth the income. It was loaned out to citizens of the county, 
in sums not exceeding three hundred dollars, on real estate 
eecurity. 

Under this phase of the school law the common school fund 
was consolidated and the proceeds equally distributed each 
year to all the townships, cities and towns of the State, in 
proportion to the number of children therein. This part of 
the law met with great opposition in 1854. 

In reference to the township libraries, which were organized 
in 1855, the Superintendent of Public Instruction, in 1854, 
says: " Much time and labor, and thought, have been devoted 
to the selection of books to form the libraries. * * * y^Q 
have made copious selections of historical works, deeming the 
reading of such books both interesting and useful." 

Caleb Mills entered upon his term of office as Superinten- 
Qcnt of Public Instruction at the close of the year 1854. In 
his report, presented to the legislature in January, 1855, he 
says: " It is distressing to know that many localities can have 
no schools, because instructors cannot be obtained; and it is 
but little mitigation of our grief to be assured by county 
examiners, that more than half the license could not be 
legally authorized to teach if a rigid construction of the stat- 
ute on this point should be pressed." The Superintendent, in 



284 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

thib report, called loudly for some means by which teachera 
could be qualified for the important duties of conducting the 
schools. 

In regard to the township libraries, which had previously 
been established under the new law, Mr. Mills remarked: 
"There is a peculiar felicity in this provision of tlie system 
inasmuch as it will prove, in no slight degree, especially in 
the rural portions of the commonwealth, an important substi- 
tute for the living teacher, and answer the purpose of a school 
of uninterrupted session. These volumes will be like gushing 
fountains to minds thirsting for knowledge. They will furnish 
to our youth, and adults of every age and pursuit, intellectual 
nutriment and mental stimulus. The wearied apprentice, the 
tired ploughboy, the exhausted clerk, and the secluded domes- 
tic, will find in them encouragement and solace under all 
their toils, privations and discouragements." And again, in 
the same report, in relation to school buildings, he says: 
" Among the pleasing signs of progress in educational mat- 
ters, may be named the tasteful and commodious school struc- 
tures that have been erected, or are now in the process of 
erection in various parts of the commonwealth. They have 
risen in all their beauty and symmetry of proportion, not only 
in the towns, but they have gone up in some of the rural por- 
tions of the State. 

During Mr. Mills' term the public schools were blessed 
with singular progress; attempts were made to establish' 
graded schools, but these met with much legal opposition, but 
were, as we shall see, eventually successful. The State Teach- 
ers' Association was organized with promises of success, and 
the number and efiiciency of teachers were on the increase. 

"W. C. Larrabee succeeded Mr. Mills as Superintendent, and 
during his term the school law was subjected to severe legal 
criticism, but some general progress was made. He was suc- 
ceeded by Samuel L. Rugg, who, in his report to the legisla- 
ture of 1860, informs us that there were, at that time, 7,233 
school districts within the State; 6,475 primary schools and 
73 high schools. The average number of pupils to each school 
was forty-one. During the same year there were 6,766 teach- 



EDUCATIONAL GENEKAL FEATURES. 285 

era employed in tlie primarj schools, of wliicli numLer 6,294 
were males and 1,359 females; sixty-two male and fifty-one 
female teachers were employed in the high schools. The 
average compensation of male teachers was one dollar and 
thirteen cents per day, and of female teachers eighty-six cents 
per day. 

SCHOOL STATISTICS OF 18G0. 

Whole No. of children between 5 and 21 years of age, 512,478 

Increase since previous enumeration 17,449 

Males 268,394 

Females 244,074 

Number of school districts in the State 7,309 

Increase within the year 463 

No. primary schools taught within the year 6,938 

Increase within the year 463 

No. of high schools 78 

Increase within the year 5 

No. pupils attending primary schools within the year, 297,882 

Increase within the year 71,509 

No. attending high schools 5,991 

Increase within the year 849 

Average attendance at each primary school 31 

Average attendance at each high school 102 

Male teachers employed in primary schools 5,614 

Increase within the year 320 

Female teachers employed in primary schools 1,611 

Increase within the year 252 

Male teachers employed in high school 77 

Increase within the year 15 

Female teachers employed in high school 55 

Increase within the year 4 

School houses erected within the year 750 

Increase over the previous year 84 

Yalue of school houses erected within the year $324,276 

No. of volumes in township libraries 221,523 

No. of select schools 694 

No. of pupils attending select scliools 11,805 



286 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Mr. Barnabas C. Hobbs, Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
tion, in his report in 1868, said: 

"The General Assembly, in 1865, incorporated into our 
school law a provision requiring that ' The Bible shall not be 
excluded from the public scliools of the State.' They spoke 
nobly for their heads and hearts. A sovereign State has given 
its insignia for the Divine Law. It marks the progress of 
Christian civilization, and indicates that toleration and mutual 
coniidence have taken the place of jealousy and suspicion. It 
shows that the teachers of the common schools of our State 
have reached that standard which indicates large and liberal 
views; that they are guarded by prudence, and guided by that 
Christian patriotism which seeks to inculcate those cardinal 
and catholic principles which teach obedience to God and duty 
to man. The Bible is the universal law-book of the world, 
and was given by inspiration of God, with the injunction that 
it should be taught diligently to the cJiildren.''^ 

And, in 1870, the same gentleman truthfully said: "Our 
State has a great future before it. * * * Industry 
and thrift are rapidly advancing the happiness and material 
wealth of the State. But for lasting success the interest of 
the capitalist and laborer must be blended. The laborer is 
contented only when he sees a pleasing future for his children. 
The free schools of the State afford this guarantee. They are 
alike the friends to both capital and labor." 



CHAPTEB XXXIII. 

EDUCATIONAL PRESENT FACILITIES. 

N the previous chapter we have traced the common school 
system of Indiana from its first organization down to 
1870. By the statistics and suggestions contained in that 
chapter it may be seen that the system has been a complete 
success. It shall be the pleasure of the reader of thi» cliapter 



I 



EDUCATIONAL GENERAL FEATURES. 



287 



to contemplate the present advanced condition oi the schools 
and colleges of the State. In speaking of the history of the 
common schools of Indiana, the late lamented Milton B. Hop- 
kins, then Superintendent of Public Instruction, in his report 
of 1872, said: "The fountain of knowledge and learning has 




JOHN BliOWNFlELD, ESQ. 
See page 21. 

been unsealed alike for all. Tlie children of the poor and tlie 
opulent have sat down together at this fountain. The contest 
in reference to the fundamental ])rinciples that lie at the basis 
of the system has ceased. Tlie enemies of free schools have 



288 inSTOKT OF indiajia. 

either been converted or have sunk away in snllcn silence. 
The friends of this precious cause can now afford to seize upon 
a moment's leisure, and review as a matter of history, the 
t)rigin, conflicts, strugi^les, reverses and triumphs of the great 
cause of popular schools." He continued: * 

ORIGIN OF FREE SCHOOLS. 

" In the year 152G Martin Luther propounded to the Elector 
of Saxony the following proposition: 'Government as the 
natural guardian of all the young has the right to compel tlie 
people to support schools.' This proposition he argued thus: 
' What is ncccssai-y to the well-being of a State, (and he might 
have added to its existence,) should be supported by those 
who enjoy the pi'ivileges of the State. Now nothing is more 
necessary than the training of those who are to come after us 
and bear rule.' Luther's proposition struck the mind of the 
Elector with all the force of an axiom, and just one year 
thereafter he invited the great reformer to draw up a plan for 
free schools, adapted to the exigencies of little Saxony. This 
Luther did, and in the year 1527 he produced with his o^vn 
hand what is known as tJie Saxon Free School System. 

"This inaugurated the era of public free schools supported 
by the State. Ilitherto the work of education had been car- 
ried on exclusively by the church and educational corporations. 
These educated the few, but left the many untouched. The 
result was the few did the thinking; the many the serving. 
Luther's plan opened the door alike to all. The contest thus 
begun in Germany continued there for several centuries with 
varied fortune. After Luther's death other friends of popular 
schools bore the ark of the sacred cause on their shoulders. 
One by one the German States adopted, in substance, Saxony's 
system. The light of their example shot across the sea and 
fell upon Scotland, and the eloquent John Knox was heard in 
successful advocacy of popular schools in his own country. 

" It is the part of candor, however, to confess that there was 

* As the State lias lost an efficient laborer in the cause of education in 
the death of Mr. Hopkins, we make a liberal extract from his able report 
of 1872, which our readers will not fail to appreciate. 



EDUCATIONAL TRESENT FACILITIES. 289 

one nnfortiinatc feature connected -svitli tliese systems. An 
nnliolj Jilliance liad been formed between the State and the 
church; and while the State was asked to provide the revenue 
for tlic education of all the children, the church dropped upon 
her knees and asked permission to execute the system. The 
privilege was granted, and liencc the schools of those times 
partook largely of the ecclesiastical. The pure waters of 
science and literature were muddied with the sediment of a 
dogmatic and speculative theology. The prevailing desire was 
to make, not the intelligent thinking man or woman, but a 
blind devotee to the church. For the true inodel of a free 
school we have to look to this side of the Atlantic. Here the 
contest lies between Massachusetts and Hartford, in Connecti- 
cut. As early as in IGiT Massachusetts made it obligatory 
upon the inhabitants of every township of fifty householders 
to provide for the education of all ; but the town of Hartford, 
six years before, in 1641, had established a town school, sup- 
ported from the public treasury of the city. The crown of 
this honor, therefore, must be placed upon the head of the city 
of Hartford. Other New England States early fell into line, 
and by the time we reach the Revolutionary era free public 
schools are fixtures in all those States. Luther's proposition 
that it is the right of government as the natural guardian of 
the young to compel the people to support schools by taxation, 
had been a steady and growing principle with these colonies 
from their earliest settlement. To this same principle and to 
that same Revolutionary period we must look for the origin 
of the free schools in Indiana. 

" In the year 1780, Congress, realizing what must be the 
barren condition of the national treasury at the close of the 
war, commenced prospecting for some fruitful source of reve- 
nue. And to whom could the people's representative look but 
to the States themselves. Tliej' possessed no divine wand by 
the touch of which all turns to gold. Virginia, standing in 
the front of the battle, her patriotic bosom bare to the leaden 
storm ; her giant arm uplifted to give a powerful blow for inde- 
pendence, was the owner of large possessions lying north of 
the Ohio, east of the Mississippi, and stretching north to 
19 



290 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Lake Superior, a territory out of wliicli have since been carved 
five i^rcat States, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wis- 
consin, containing an area of 239,522 square miles, 153,294,080 
acres of land, and capable of supporting a population of fifty 
millions of souls. 

" Congress ventured to hint to Virginia that a present of 
these lands for the benefit of the entire family of States would 
be very acceptable. A hint was all the patriotic heart of Vir- 
ginia then needed, and on the first day of March, 1784, through 
lier delegates in Congress, Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Hardy, 
Arthur Lee and James Monroe, she made the solemn, patri- 
otic and valuable conveyance. 

" Does liistory afford another instance of patriotism like 
this, a civil State ceding away, in fee simple, so vast an area 
of the richest country on earth, without one dollar in compen- 
sation? Virginia may liave committed errors since, but Avhen 
I remember that from her the people of Indiana have their 
liomes and firesides, I feel like spreading the cloak of universal 
amnesty upon my shouldcis, walking backward, and covering 
up those errors. 

" Kext, the surveyor, with chain and compass, passed over 
this beautiful land, and marked it off into squares of six miles 
each, called congressional townships, and these again were 
divided into smaller squares of one mile each, called sections, 
making thirty-six sections in each township. These were 
numbered, commencing with the section in the north-east cor- 
ner, counting westward and eastward, as a boy plows rows of 
corn, the sixteenth fulling near the centre. In 1787 a terri- 
torial government was established over this country, and in 
the third article of the ordinance of 1787, the Congress 
declared that 'religion, morality and knowledge being essen- 
tial to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools 
and the means of education shall forever be encouraged.' This 
was the grain of mustard seed planted by patriotic liands, 
which has grown into our great educational tree. 

"On the nineteenth of April, 181G, Congress invited Indi- 
ana to meet in convention, adopt a constitution, and take her 
position among the family of republican States, tendering for 



EDUCATION Ali — PRESENT FACILITIES. 291 

her free acceptance or rejection the following proposition: 
* That the section numbered sixteen, in every township, and, 
when such section has been sold, granted, or disposed of, other 
lands, equivalent thereto, and most contiguous to the same, 
shall be granted to the inhabitants of such township for the 
use of schools.' Indiana * chose the good part that shall 
never be taken from her,' and thus fell heir to about five hun- 
dred and seventy -six thousand acres of land. This became 
the comer stone of our system of free public schools." 

Let us now turn our attention to the present condition of 
the glorious system of popular schools in Indiana. First, 
then, as to the means of support. And just here we strike the 
great key note that makes the heart of every Indianian bound 
with patriotism. Indiana has a larger school fund, by two 

MILLIONS OF DOLLARS, THAN ANY OTHER StATE IN THE UnION. 

The following was, in 1872, the Indiana 

COMMON SCHOOL FUND: 

Non-negotiable bonds $3,591,316 15 

Common school fund 1,666,824 50 

Sinking fund, at 8 per cent 569,139 94 

Congressional township fund 2,281,076 69 

Value of unsold congressional township lands. . 94,245 00 

Saline fund 5,727 66 

Bank tax fund 1,744 94 

Escheated estates 17,866 55 

Sinking fund, last distribution 67,067 72 

Sinking fund, undistributed 100,165 92 

Swamp land fund 42,418 40 

Total $8,437,593 47 

These items are all embedded in the constitution, and form 
the principal of the common school fund, a perpetual fund 
which may be increased but never diminished. Let us com- 
pare this fund with the school fund of the other leading 
States in the Union: 

Indiana, $8,437,593 47 

Arlcansas 2.000,000 00 



292 msTOKT OF Indiana. 

Connecticut 2,809,770 70 

Florida 216,335 80 

Illinois 6,348,538 32 

Iowa 4,274,581 93 

Kansas 750,000 00 

Kentucky 1,400,270 01 

Maine 289,991 58 

Massachusetts 2,210,864 09 

Michigan 2,500,214 91 

Minnesota 2,471,199 31 

Missouri 2,525,252 52 

Nevada 29,263 80 

New Hampshire 336,745 45 

New Jersey 556,483 50 

New York 2,880,017 01 

North Carolina 968,242 43 

Ohio 6,614,816 50 

Rhode Island 412,685 00 

West Virginia 216,761 06 

Wisconsin 2,237,414 37 

We may add to this that the common school fund of Indi- 
ana is still increasing. 

The next grand feature of the educational facilities of Indi- 
ana is her numerous and commodious scliool houses. The 
school house is the unerring sign of cidlization; there is no 
better exponent of the educational progress of a people than 
the number and kind of their school houses. 

Two provisions have been made by the legislature of Indiana 
for the erection of these. The first autliorizcs the school 
trustees of the townships, incoi-porated towns and cities, to 
levy a special tax in their respective corporations, not exceed- 
ing twenty-live cents on each one hundred dollars' worth of 
taxable property, and fifty cents on each poll in any one year; 
the second authorizes the trustees of incorporated towns, and 
the city councils of incorporated cities to issue bonds to the 
extent of thirty thousand dollars. 

Cinder the operations of these two provisions of the law, 
school houses have sprung up in all parts of the State. 



EDUCATIONAL PKESENT FACILITTES. 



293 



Wherever the traveler passes through the rural districts, the 
neat frame or substantial brick greets him with a smile of 
cheerfulness, and as he enters the towns and cities of the State 
they arise before him in commanding proportions. Among 
the cities a commendable spirit of rivalry is at work. The 
following statement will show the progress in the number and 
cost of the school houses for each of the last nine years pre- 
ceding 1875; 



Year. 


Stone. 


Brick. 


Frame. 


Log. 


Total. 


Total valuation. 


1865 


65 


440 


5770 


1128 


7403 


$3,827,173 00 


1866 


78 


506 


6145 


1096 


8231 


4,515,734 00 


1867 


71 


554 


6672 


1063 


8360 


5,078,356 00 


1868 


74 


592 


6906 


831 


8403 


6,828,501 00 


1869 


76 


655 


7207 


723 


8661 


6,577,258 33 


1870 


83 


725 


7436 


583 


8827 


7,282,639 30 


1871 


125 


834 


7517 


513 


8989 


7,381,839 73 


1872 


88 


877 


7586 


547 


9080 


9,199,480 15 


1873 














1874 












12,000,000 00 



The more recent amendments of the school law provides for 
County Superintendents, and for a high standard of qualifica- 
tion of teachers. 

Having observed some of the general features of the educa- 
tional facilities of Indiana, we would naturally turn to notice 
the universities, colleges, normal and high schools, and other 
special educational agencies. A full history and description of 
these being included in the history of the town or city in 
which they are located, and presented in another part of thif 
volume, renders superfluous any mention of them in this con- 
nection. Readers are referred to the contents and indexes to 
find special features desired. The following table, however, 
will show the number and class of special educational institu 
tions that are noticed at length elsewlicrc: 



Common school fund held by counties, June 1st, 1876 S2, 523,988 33 

Non-negotiable bonds 3,901,783 21 

Congressional township school funds 2,442,100 89 

Total 88,870,872 43 

Increase since 1872.'. „ „ $J33,278 9S 



294 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



c 



'—.<^^ •-! — S m 















C- (^ ■ a P S 

IS r- — ^- — 






2 1:^ > O rj O rl O S !2; 

jL < S — 5' t^ '^3 = '■'.3- 5 

o'cpg'-j^ 2 i'P 5 r ^ 

— ^ ET S. t* 2;. EL c 
- c w c — I- 

■ ■ ■ O c ;r 



-^■x S'^r. 



£3 Kii-^i-n 



GH-' 



= nn 



t" s — 
5^5 



o 5" 



CB CXiO 

■*>. OS OD O 



C5 C5 



1-1 o ct 1-A 00 

*. 07 01 O J 

I i-i 00 to CO o *^ 



'»0 



^s ^^ to 

O i-i »0 CO 

H-i tS h-i rfi. CI -I Or CO --3 



~j ,70 ^- -'i CO 1*^ ,*. o CO ct 10 ■-' Ci 

OOOCO.t».>t»-CO*'tti.CTCpCitOCOCO-1IO>t^CCC5 

-jtott^cocotococo — oil— ccc;»t-ccccotr>»- 



tscs 

CO o >- hs c;» CO 

H- ^ CC C» -J CO 



cscc 
o to 

"O OT 

00 

00 



i-i ^^ tD 

o >-' ^ ^^ 

_jo _cc 4. cc rf^ j^j^ 

"»0 C5 tS "*' "< O -1 CO Ot CD 

-J -J CO o CO C-' J- o» a: ^ 

«;»►— «»-'-l^-in4---JC0 



o CT oj o 

0(000 

0000 



►J K^ _l o 

CD -J -J CC IS 

"O -1-1 '10 

ii o o 0,1 ct 

0000 »0 



to to 

o to 

to Ci 

01 

01 o 
to to 



en -I CD 



Sf 



CO OT 45 O O C3 
CO O »£i. CO 4^ 
1-1 O O OOi— 



•€» 

CO 

C5 to 

J— to 

"01 'co 



§■5 

2 M 

5.B 






M 



c = c o 

O S f' 

n't n 



u 
a 

I— t 

o 



t— 4 

»— 1 

O 
OQ 



296 



mSTOKT OF INDIANA. 



Connected with the educational institutions of the State are 
the libraries, prominent among which are the " township 
libraries," or common school libraries. In our table which 
follows, giving the statistics of libraries in the State, we have 
classed the " township libraries," as school libraries. These 
were established under the school law of 1852. By this law 
each township in the State — nearly one thousand — was sup- 
plied with a very complete library. Tlie selection of books 
for each of these libraries contemplates the literary wants of 
all classes, youth and adult, and is intended to gratify the 
tastes of every calling and pursuit of life. The merchant and 
the farmer, the mechanic and the physician, the lawyer and 
the preacher, all find something to amuse, entertain and 
instruct in these collections. These libraries fui-nish rich 
materials for the discipline of the mental and the culture of 
the moral powers. They are well calculated to refine the 
taste, chasten yet gratify the imagination, inculcate virtue, 
rebuke vice, foster temperance, strengthen patriotism, encour- 
age enterprise, confirm and establish whatever is lovely and of 
good report in character and praiseworthy in action. Is it 
any wonder that, with these splendid libraries, added to the 
other superior educational facilities of the State the people of 
Indiana liave already attained a high standard of literary, 
moral and religious culture : 

STATISTICS OF LIBKAKIES FROM 1850 TO 1870. 





1870. I 


1800. 1 


1850. 


KiudH and classes. 


No. 


Volumes. 


No. 


Volumes. 1 


No. 


Vols. 


All classes, public and private 
Libraries, other tliau private. 
State libraries 


5,301 

2,333 

1 

70 

92 

1,000 

1,075 

87 

20 

2,998 


1,125,553 

047,894 

10,147 

47,104 

10,308 

323,391 

204,029 

24,350 

8,294 

497,059! 


1,123 

341 

1 


407,002 

198,490 

12,000 


151 
58 


08,403 
40,238 


Town, city, etc .. 






Court and law 










Scliool, colles^e, etc 


534 

247 
1 


202,910 
C5,45G! 

20o; 

1 


85 

1 


10,500 


Sabbath school 


11,205 


Church 


400 


Circulating 




Private 


""" ::"::::i;;:: 





EDUCATIONAL — PRESENT FACTUTIES. 



297 



RELIGIOUS. 

" Knowledge is power," because wherever education prevails 
there will always be found a high moral and religious culture. 
In the State of Indiana, as may be seen by the following sta- 
tistical table, if compared with a similar showing of other 
States, there are a larger number of churches, in proportion to 
the population, than in any other State in the Union with but 
a single exception — that of Massachusetts. The largest 
religious denomination in the State is that of the Methodists, 
which has a membership of considerably more than double 
.that of any other religious society. The Methodiats had one 
thousand and six hundred churches in the State in 1874, as 
shown by the returns of the compilers of this work, which 
gives them an increase of over two hundred churches in four 
years, or fifty churches a year. By referring to the following 
table it will be seen that the increase has been above this ratio 
for the last twenty years. The value of Methodist church 
property in the State in 1874 was nearly four millions of dol- 
lars, or more than three times as great as that of any other 
church society in the State. 

Next to the Methodists, in point of numbers and wealth, 
are the Baptists; third in order, in this regard, are the Chris- 
tians; and fourth, the Roman Catholics. The following table 
will be interestinir : 



298 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 




»U >-i it^ Or 

OO CO >t>. >U 1-^ CJi Ci 01 

Ci or CT ^ -i C5 00 01 OD U> 



CO 

l-k , C5 CO 1 

80 -J ' 
' OOi' 



CO 00 CT 4^ or I-' 1 

oi oc o o ci o ' 
00000 o- 



»-> «0 O CI O CO CK -J 00 Ol 

JO 00 o o <o o o -J o -J 

01 Ci O O «;< O O O' O CT 



; -1 00 : 

CO I OS 00 i 

O " "tU O ' 

O' OO" 

O ' OO' 



t-> o -a o 

"i-T co'to'c.T'bi'o ' "o I 

o o o o Ot o I o 1 

O O 000 O' O' 



CO 
"jooi-'toi-'tii-i-'oo 

o>— •— CtlOCC — •-' 
i->O0iCC*.«.0ttO 
"(6^ "c: O 00 c: O' "i= CC 

to O O O C' O O -J 

^ O O O O O O Cl 



O -1 

o to 

O C>i 



.1 JO. . . ; 

. 1 So ' I I I 



to y-^ < 

CI Cn » ' 
CS O to CO I 



2= 



o 

c 

a 

w 
o 



CO I o [ I [ I 

O ' '»-" < • • 

to • CO • • I I 

to ' O' ' ' ' 



CI to o 

-^ CO I-' 1-' tU. I 

"o 00 en o"'-' ■ 
o o o -1 o ' 
o o o o CI ' 



CO *» tt' 
to C5 ^-^ , 

"^ CO ^'CO 1 
C5 (X Ct CO I 
O 4» O O ' 



O Cl C' O 4* 
"cc to 'ci'ii: -J 

C Ce o O !-■ 

00000 



col osl ! ; 1 

VI , -J ; ; J ; 

OO' 0D> ■ ■ • 

O ' OJ ' ' I ' 

>&' O' ■ ' ' 



I I I 

I— 1 • >-l I I 

cjj I Cn ' i-* ■ 



a 



*^ 



*.! ct' 



O' tO' 
O' O' 



I I I 



to -^ o 

CI C5 -3 <C C5 , 

"o ri cc'cc"*" I 

to O Ct Cl CO 1 

01 o o o C i ' 



CO 01 or CC to ' 



CI •-'>-' t-^ Cjt ; 

■>-'"'»-' "to CO "ci ■ 
I— CI -3 O OD I 

CI o CI o to ' 



VlCI ooci'ci < 
to o o CT to I 

CIOOOO' 



CI -i CC ■-' ; 
"0000 ■ 
CO o o ci ' 
CI o o o ' 



CC Ci CI CO CT 

o o ■— Ci — 
00 ci o o 



!£ 



to -J 00 00 



to 



tf>- 



"to ^-.'co'o ' "o 

Cl -I -J CI t ^ 

o to to o I CI 



»3j-» Cljt>- 00 

"co Vco o -1 

o o *- c CC 

O O ^ O CO 



rfi. 00 o *>■ to 

O o"-^'-'}'-! 

O O O *<■ CO 
O O O Ci CI 



s 



CHAPTEE XXXIV. 

BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 

TIIEEE is no State in tlie Union, not even Old Massachn- 
setts, which can boast a better or more humane system 
of benevolent institutions. Indiana has ever been mindful of 
the poor, the blind, the deaf and dumb, the friendless, the 
orphan, and the fallen. All have their institutions. These 
have ever been well supported by charitable donations from 
individuals, and by liberal appropriations from the State. 

The Benevolent Society of Indianapolis was organized in 
1843. Tliis organization was a pioneer benevolent institution, 
and, although at lirst its field of work was small, it has growTi 
into great usefulness, and has now a long history of good deeds. 

During the session of 1842-3, the legislature adopted mea- 
sures providing for a State Hospital for the Insane. "As 
early as 1839," says Mr. " Ilalloway's Indianapolis," "atten- 
tion had been directed to the subject, but the State was in no 
very good condition to undertake new enterprises, and an 
appeal was made to Congress for a grant." This appeal had 
no good results, and the State was left to its owai resources. 
Subsequently the County Assessors were ordered to make a 
return of the deaf mutes in their respective counties, in order 
that public sympathy for these unfortunates might be awak- 
ened. During the year 1842, the Governor, acting under the 
direction of the Legislature, procured considerable informa- 
tion in regard to hospitals for the insane in other States; and 
in 1843, Dr. John Evans lectured before the Legislature on 
the subject of Insanity and its Treatment. The result of this 
double effort was a determination to take some active steps in 
establishing a Hospital for the Insane in the State. On the 

299 



300 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

thirteenth of February, IS^S, the Governor was directed to 
obtain plans and suggestions from the Superintendents of 
Hospitals in other States, for submission to tlie Legislature at 
the next session. This lie faithfully performed, and at the 
session of the Legislature in 1S44, this information was exam- 
ined, a mode of operation determined, and a tax of one cent 
on the hundred dollars levied to carry it out. In the follow- 
ing year a commission was appointed to obtain a site, not to 
exceed two hundred acres, consisting of Dr. John Evans, Dr. 
L. Dunlap, and James Blake. Mount Jackson was selected — 
then the residence of Nathaniel Bolton. This site, with speci- 
fications for building, was reported to the Legislatui-e at the 
next session, and in 1846 the Commissioners were ordered to 
proceed with the work of building. Means were placed at 
the disposal of the commission, and in 1847 the central build- 
ing was completed, at a cost of $75,000. It has since been 
enlarged by wings, some of which are larger than the old cen- 
tral building, until it has become an immense structure, having 
cost over half a million of dollars. It is supplied with water 
b}' its own water works, from Eagle creek, and is in every 
respect a complete, well-regulated hospital. 

But while the State was providing for the insane, the deaf 
and dumb were not forgotten. In the same ^^ear that the 
Governor was instructed to obtain plans from Insane Hos- 
pitals, a tax was levied to provide for the mutes. The first 
one to agitate the subject, was William Willard, who was 
himself a mute. He visited Indiana in 1843, and opened a 
school for mutes on his own account, with sixteen pupils; and 
in 1844 the Legislature adopted his school as a Statei Institu- 
tion, and appointed a Board of Trustees for its management, 
consisting of the Governor, and Secretary of State, ex officio^ 
and Revs. Henry Ward Beecher, Phineas D. Gurley, L. H. 
Jameson, Dr. Dunlap, Hon. James Morrison, and Rev. Mat- 
thew Simpson. They rented the large building standing on 
the southeast corner of Illinois and Maryland streets, and 
opened the first State Asylum there, in 1844. In 1846, a site 
for a permanent building was selected, consisting, first of 
thirty acres, but afterwards of a hundred and thirty acres, just 



BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 301 

east of the city of Indianapolis. A. bnilding was begun on 
this site in 18-19, and was completed in the fall of 1850, at a 
cost of $30,000. The scliool was transferred to the new build- 
ing in, October, 1850, where it is still flourishing, with enlarged 
buildings, and ample facilities for instruction in agriculture. 

The blind were not provided for at this time; j^robably on 
account of the pressure of the wants of the insane, and the 
deaf and dumb, as also from the fact that their number had, 
at this time, not become very large. But the blind were not 
forgotten. Tlie first efibrt, on their behalf, "was instigated 
and directed by James M. Ray, to whom the Indiana Institute 
for the Blind is more indebted than it is to any other man 
living." It was through his efforts that William li. Church- 
man was induced to come to Indianapolis from Kentucky, and 
^ive exhibitions, in Mr. Beecher's church, with blind pupils 
from his State. These entertainments were attended by mem- 
bers of the legislature, for whom they were especially intended; 
and the effect upon them was so good that before the adjourn- 
ment of the session measures to establish a blind asylum were 
adopted. A commission was appointed to carry out the 
measure, consisting of James M. Bay, Geo. W. Mears and the 
Secretary, Treasurer and Auditor of the State. They engaged 
Mr. Churchman to make a lecturing tour through the State, 
and to collect statistics of the blind population. 

The Institute for the Education of the Blind was founded 
by an act of the general assembly in 1847; and was first 
opened, says Mr. Ilalloway, in a rented building, on the first 
of October of that year. The permanent buildings were first 
opened and occupied in the month of February, 1853. The 
original cost of the buildings and ground was $110,000. A 
more full description will be found in the histc»ry of Marion 
County in this work. 

Aside from the three institutions already mentioned, tho 
State early provided handsomely other needed charities. Among 
these are the Indiana Female Prison and Eeformatory, infir- 
maries, hospitals, homes for friendless women, homes for 
o-phans, asylums for friendless colored children, societies for 
the relief of the poor, and many other benevolent institutions, 



302 



HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 



all of which are fully noticed in this volume, in the history of 
the county in ■which they are located. 

Following are some statistics of the blind, deaf ai^u dumb, 
nsane, and idiotic, in the State: 

OTATISTICS OF TUE BLIND, DEAF AND DUMB, INSANE, AND 
IDIOTIC — 1 870. 





Blind. 


Dcnf and 
Dumb. 


Insane. 1 


Idiotic. 


Kacc and ecx. 




8 


5* 


1? 
B 
E. 
(T 

405 
403! 

'2 

l| 




a 

B 
£. 
a 

750 

747 
4 
5 




3 
2. 
a 


Tdal 


541 

521 

15 

5 


450 
441 

7 
2 


407 

4G2 

2 

2 


748 

739 

G 

3 


790 

787 

2 

3 


570 


While 


501 


O Aorcd 


5 


3Iul:itto 


4 


Indian 





As before mentioned, the Institution for the Education of 
the Deaf and Dumb was founded by the State, in IS-i-t. In 
18G0 it contained about one Imndrod and fifty pupils. During 
this year the sura of $115,000 was appropriated by the State 
to construct a complete steam heating apparatus in the Insti- 
tution. During the year 1870 the attendance was nearly two 
hundred, and it has since been constantly increasing. The 
school is conducted in the best possible manner, while the 
industrial interests are growing yearly. 

At the Insane Hospital, in 1860, there were about five 
hundred and twenty patients. The number of applications 
that year for admission, was two hundred and sixty, many 
being refused for want of room. In reference to this matter, 
the Superintendent of the hospital, in the same year, reported 
that there was not room enough in the institution to accom- 
modate all M'ho were pronounced unsafe in the community. 
He added: "The constitution contemplates provision for 
every insane person in the State, and humanity demands 
that each one should have an equal right to the benefits of 
treatment." 

It was not loMg until complete arrangements were made for 
the accommodalion of all the insane within the State. A« 



BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 



303 



soon as the "War for the Union was ended, the north wing of 
the Insane Hospital was erected. This greatly improved the 
institution, giving the required room, improving the venti- 





^^>0^'^^^^^^-z>^^ 



See page 21. 

lation, and bringing the hospital np to a standard equal to the 
demand upon it. During the jear 1870 there were seven 
hundred and ninety-two patients treated in this institution, 



304 HISTORY OF INDIAKA. 

with good results. Following are statistics of pauperism and 
crime. Full descriptions of the penal institutions will be given 
in the history of the counties in which they are located: 

STATISTICS OF POPULATION PATjrERISM AND CRIME. 

18T0. 1860. 1850. 

Population of the State 1,GS0,637 1,350,428 988,416 

AVliite population 1,G53,837 1,338,710 977,154 

Colored do 24,560 11,428 11,262 

Native do 1,539,163 1,232,144 930,458 

Foreign do 141,474 118,284 55,572 

Number of poor supported. . . 4,657 3,565 1,182 

Cost of supporting them $403,521 $151,851 $57,560 

Receiving support June 1 3,652 1,589 583 

Native do do 2,790 1,120 446 

Wliite do do 2,583 

Colored do do 207 

Foreign do do 862 469 137 

Persons convicted 1,374 1,184 175 

Persons in prison Jime 1 . . . . 907 284 59 

Native do do 755 129 41 

White do do 691 

Colored do do 64 .... 

Foreign do do 152 155 18 

In collecting the statistical tables for this Avork, the com- 
pilers have consulted the census reports of 1850, 1860, and 
1870, and aiso obtained much valuable information from travel 
through the State. The above table gives the statistics of the 
population, pauperism and crime in Indiana from 1850 to 
1870. In another part of this work a sketch will be found 
giving the same information covering a period from 1870 
to 1875. 

In this short cliapter mention has been made onl}' of the 
most distinguished features of the charities of the State. The 
reader will find special mention of the several benevolent 
institutions in the histories of the counties according to their 
location. 



CHATTEE XXXY. 



WEALTH AKD PEOQEESS. 



IT would be impossible to sum up, in a single chapter, or a 
single volume, all the wealth of Indiana; or to measure 
the progress of the great industries of the State. By studying 
the following table, and comparing these statistics, with a sim- 
ilar showing of other States, the reader will be astonished to 
learn, perhaps for the first time, that Indiana is no longer a 
third rate State in the American Union ; and had she sufficient 
territory within her limits, she would not long rank in the 
class of second rate States. Indeed it is only in point of terri- 
tory that Indiana can be ranked a second rate State. In regard 
to population, wealth, progress, enterprise, commerce, manu- 
factures, agriculture, intelligence, the State of Indiana, in 
comparison with other States, acre for acre, or square mile for 
square mile, is, in all senses, a Fmsr Rate State. In many 
thinccg she excells even the leadins: State of the Union. 

rOPULATION. 

The compilers of this work having visited all the cities, 
towns and villages in the State for the pui-pose of collecting 
the matei'ial for the county histories, were enabled to gather 
much valuable information concerning the probable number 
of inhabitants now living within the limits of the State. In 
1850, the total population of Indiana was 988,416; in 1860 it 
was 1,350,428; in 1870, it was 1,680,637; and from a careful 
estimate, by townships, the compilers of this work have arrived 
at the conclusion that the population of this State, in 1875, 
will be ovEE TWO millions. The following table, showing 
the population in 1850, 1860, 1870, and 1875, of all the to^vns 
20 305 



306 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

and cities in Indiana, containing over one tlionsand inhabit- 
ants, Avill exliibit the unparalleled growth of the State during 
the past live years: 

POPULATION OF THE PKINCIPAL CITIES AND VILLAGES IN INDIANA 

IN 1850, 18G0, AND 1870, wrrn keliable 

ESTIMATES FOR 1875. 

CltlcB. 1850. 1860. 

Anderson 382 1,169 

Angola 226 

Attica 1,698 

Aurora 1,945 2,984 

Bloomington - 1,295 

Bluffton 477 760 

Booneville 195 621 

Bourbon 

Brazil 84 

Brownstown - 

Cambridge City 1,143 1,544 

Cannelton 2,155 

Carthage 

Centreville 908 943 

Charlestown 243 

Columbus 1,004 1,840 

Columbia City 885 

Conncrsville 1,347 2,070 

Corydon 429 707 

Covington 1,104 1,347 

Crawfordsville 1,429 1,839 

Danville 338 883 

Decatur 231 531 

Delphi 1,354 1,395 

Dublin 658 895 

Edinburgh 1,097 

Elkhart 1,804 2,7C0 

Evansville 8,156 11,389 

Franklin City 873 1,710 

Frankfort 572 764 

Fort Waj'ne 4,201 

Greencastle 1,375 2,092 

Greenfield 738 

Greensburgh 

Goshen 769 2,043 

Gosport 584 

Hageratown 694 638 



1870. 


1875. 


3,126 


3,650 


1,072 


1,460 


2,273 


3,100 


8,304 


4,111 


1,038 


1,620 


1,131 


2,150 


1,039 


1,722 


874 


1,502 


2,186 


4,200 


903 


1,000 


2,162 


5,000 


2,481 


4,000 


481 


800 


1,077 


2,500 


2,204 


3,090 


3,359 


6,500 


1,663 


2,600 


2,490 


4,000 


747 


1,500 


1,888 


2,370 


3,701 


5,400 


1,040 


1,600 


858 


1,200 


1,614 


2,000 


1,076 


1,800 


1,799 


2,500 


3,205 


5,000 


21,830 


30,000 


2,707 


3,500 


1,300 


2,500 


17,718 


27,150 


3,237 


4,500 


1,203 


2,300 




3,000 


3,133 


5,000 


860 


1,500 


830 


1,500 



POPULATION. 307 

Cities. 1856. 1860. 1870. 1875. 

Hartford 250 878 1,G93 

Huntington 529 1,663 2,925 4,200 

Indianapolis 7,686 18,113 48,244 106,000 

Jamestown 603 1,000 

Jeffersonville 2,000 4,009 7,254 10,000 

Kcndallville 2,164 3,500 

Kentland 802 1,500 

Knightstown 1,528 2,500 

Kokomo 1,038 2,177 5,000 

La Fayette 5,997 9,254 13,506 18,000 

La Grange 646 1,038 1,875 

La Porte 1,783 4,973 6,581 8,000 

Lawrenceburg 2,604 3,159 4,300 

Lebanon 780 890 1,573 2,500 

Lexington 273 337 440 750 

Ligonier 1,514 2,500 

Liberty 420 567 700 1,000 

Logansport 2,199 2,928 8,950 14,000 

Mooresville 550 780 1,229 1,800 

Martinsville 334 613 1,131 2,000 

Mount Vernon 1,111 1,930 2,880 4,800 

Marion 703 1,658 2,500 

Middletown 188 364 711 1,000 

Madison 7,714 7,883 10,709 13,000 

Michigan City * 983 3,304 3,985 5,500 

Mitchell 1,087 1,500 

Mishawakee 1,410 1,486 3,617 4,000 

Milton 755 789 833 1,300 

Monticello 885 1,663 2,500 

Muncie 663 1,766 3,993 5,000 

Newburg 535 999 1,464 2,000 

Noblesville 659 1,090 1,435 2,500 

Newcastle 666 403 1,556 2,000 

North Madison 953 919 1,007 1,500 

North Manchester 1,500 

North Vernon 778 1,758 2,500 

New Harmony 812 836 2,500 

New Albany 7,786 12,620 15,395 20,000 

Orleans 905 1,500 

Patoka 99 409 844 1,500 

Princeton 782 1,357 1,847 4,000 

Plainfield 250 795 1,050 

Plymouth 3,500 

Pierceton 293 1,063 1,500 

Peru 1,256 2,486 3,617 7,400 

Petersburg 886 681 923 1,200 



308 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



Cities. 1850. 

Rising Sun 1,048 

Rockville 7.14 

liidgcville. 

Richmondl 1,292 

Rusbville 734 

Rochester 

Rockport 410 

Seymour 

Shelbyville 9SG 

Spencer 335 

South Bend 1,034 

8ul li van 

Salem 1,153 

Thorntown 

Tell City 

Tipton 197 

Terre Haute 3,824 

Union City 

Yincennes 1,849 

Valparaiso 520 

Versailles 412 

Vevay 

Wabash- 9G4 

"Warsaw 304 

Williamsport 279 

Winamac 

Winchester 532 

Westville 200 

West Logan 

Washington 

Waterloo City 

Worthingtoa 



1860. 


1870. 


1875. 


1,710 


1,700 


2,500 


711 


1,187 


2,000 





710 


1,000 


0,329 


9,445 


15,000 


930 


1,090 


2,500 


04.5 


1,528 


2,000 


834 


1,720 


2,500 


930 


2,372 


■ 3,000 


1,940 


2,731 


3,500 





971 


1,500 


3,735 


7,200 


12,000 


935 


1,390 


2,000 


1,298 


1,294 


2,000 


1,005 


1,520 


2,000 


l,0:iO 


1,000 


2,500 


500 


892 


1,500 


8,379 


10,103 


20,000 





1,439 


2,500 


3,703 


5,440 


8,000 


1,090 


2,705 


3,500 





495 


1,000 


1,195 


1,200 


1,000 


1,504 


2,881 


4,000 


— » 


2,200 


4,000 


520 


988 


1.500 


200 


900 


1,500 





1,450 


2,500 





008 


1,000 





987 


1,200 





2,901 


4,000 


343 


1,259 


2,500 







1,500 



WEALTH, TAXATION, AND PUBLIC INnEBTKDXKSS OF INDIANA 

FOR 1S70. 



Assessed valuation of real estate $ 400,120,974 

Assessed vahiation of ])ersonal estate 203,334,070 

True valuation of real and personal estate 1,2G8, 180,543 

TAXATION. 

State 2,943,078 

County 4,654,476 

Town, city, etc 3,193,577 



WEALTH, TAXATION. 
PUBLIC DEBT. 



County debt, for which bonds have been issued 

All other 

Town, citv, etc., for which bonds have issued. . 
All other 



309 



620,926 

506,843 

2,342,067 

181,867 




MAJOR ELISHA G. ENGLISH. 
See page 21. 

The total receipts into the State Treasury during the fiscal 
year 1870, were $3,589,889; of which $2,903,579 were from 
taxes; $360,688 from interest on school and sinking fund; 



310 HISTOEY OF INDIANA. 

$85,900 from liquor licences; $15,G26 from coUcfre fund; 
$140,870 from public institutions; $G4,GG7 from militia fund; 
and $18,549 from other sources; The total disbursements 
from the State Treasury during the same year, were $3,532,- 
537; of which, $3G,198 were for the Executive Department; 
$5,880 were for Legislative expenses; $73,119 for the Judi- 
ciary; $125,200 for Penitentiary expenses; $G2,5GG for IIousc 
of Refuge; $3G,055 for Female Prison; $137,155 for Hospital 
for Insane; $G8,042 for Deaf and Dumb Asylum; $35,594 for 
Soldiers' Home; $1,580,7G3 for educational purposes and 
schools; $44,881 for public printing; $1,108,778 for interest 
and redemption of public debt; $4,428 for military expenses; 
and $213,344 for repayments, and other purposes. 



WE^VLTH, TAXATION AND INDEBTEDNESS. 



311 




H 

> 

C 
!z! 

o 
a 

H 

w 
o 

CO 

O 

!^ 

O 

I— < 

t> 
!^ 



o 

o 

H 

1— < 



p5-<} 05C" «0 MOOpsCD^l^WpOCOps pOpt^Oi U* OCDOSk-^ODt-^COCO CO tS CO 

t-Joit--io:w^lo->a;c»l:.o^ci:'^ODVo5^iictV-'-^cocow 
»-^*icoi-coo*i^co'iooo»o^ooc;T^coi^*»'-'0". O'cni^^'-c-t'iocr. ui 
_j^c: -J *• CO C5 oaaos^c;? *o wojjD to^i^cDci ojo I*»i^iO GcoDco ^ tn 

^10iO^OUI-J*i-I-J-lC0'-»CDC0-J}i.>-^05"lCnCCOG0<^C0CC:OOt^4^ 

oocj^o~>oocn£ootoomt^ooc;^ooco>t*.cjTm~^o c7» m w o o i& 



[BSJ JO UOll 

-BuiBApassaesy 



Hjwi-ii-ijs >a>-'i-»>-'co i-iwj>-i>-ii-i Mi->(S)si~' i-i ►-'CO ffi 

OODO Wp *» O Ojt^jiCOpiC;'^^ W OMCJ< M OOjCkKJCOtfkCDIOjOCOGO 

§5 Q '-' s'^ q'2-» 'J'' c» o oo> oloaeo oo OQ p Q p w'Qb5'--'-i'>-' 
pS'-'iC'SSa'-iOTiQcr. S.-'-ipsSPPPpcpcj'OCJ'isioo 

§pC''J'OliOp"tu-jQpp'3>'pC0Opp''p''pp''Q 
QO-IO<wO5u»00p5p~JppCTpQPppp 
oo^omooooooooaoooooooooo 



p c: or -J en 
OSSpC-: 



-83 iBaosjod 
pn« jBDj JO 
aoiiBn[BA anjx 






•iiv 



Oil— 'OC*;*-*CiG005tS_ ,_ 

SOD -I <;. — ' ■--■ C-: --0 to CD c ^ 
m 05 K- ^ CO ■-' cocoOTO^w 



-■1 H "--■ ex. —' .£». a: :i w S^p^^^co Wj^^'Cooi h- ccti-uos coos *fct-*oDcc co 

§OT out"-- o'cciys w^ ^oiSOo^iooooco'tDcol^ 
05 QC -I 0- or CJ» w 'i cc Q c: -I CO to :o *-^ ^ (O -I -1 C-T '-' •-- cr. 1-' -> U» --C o -? 



•aitiag 



!8S2g5 



■ Oii/Ccosooiyt-ioiJ^ 



w Oi o Ci tn *i- '-' c to ~- o OT *c en 



'X;nno3 



C5 Cr. -1 JU CO to en ij3 -7 ti en -jD «t >-* O O '— tCi -1 O — CJ:^ -I O r: -^ --D 0» GC <C >^ 

SC^ OT •-' en XI -* -I 4* -I Q O' OO C» -J V* *■* en -J CC X*. -jD cc "-• c; W 'JD 'Xi X> i; CI 
t— OS -J ■-*'0>t&'-^cn.<*'0:D*->':oor'**'->cotOtoototocn03tocncico>t>.ga 




g ss 



jKc;" w 5 



•^}nnoo 



JOP I-' 



^coco 



•013 
'iClJO 'UMOJ, 



312 



HISTOKT OF INDIANA. 



5? 5 p =.£.2 ° 2 2 5-g = £ g g "^ g-"^ g 5 g-S §!^ § o = 2 2 5 » 



o o o _ 

- „»53 2.5 = 2S£g 

H o «> 

3 



So 



to 'v'^ ■■'•-' 'i 

>-- i* -I OD -1 0> 



K- *0 *i CC U* I 



o: -1 y» -1 O p --^ O '-C -I — C: oi O t™ o: -I ^ 



I O p ■-' p -^ -J 



Itjnosiad patj 
luaj JO uoi; 

-BU[T5Ap09SaSSV 






^ttpM^I^JOpOSJij^pC" OSJOp pOpO'pU'jC OSCOOTp O Jwp P iD 

"^jo po'lou' ppoo p J^ P o Ji^ o'er o o'y^ c p'p o p p'p po o 

i&iipo-jopppo-jppccpo^opcopooooPOQop 
Oj Li p ui ^.u p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 

§«pccui poppoccp'p'iioo'-' pQp ooooo'opppop 
-!O(0oppppp-ipp-x>pp-^oopppoooppppop 
m o OOC000OC2O0O0OCH0O000000O0O00O 



-sa jBnosjod 

pan («DJ JO 
UOIIBIUCA OIUJ, 



" '•' T ^ «3 w CO -t ^'i rf*. Jl — ■ 



3 -} ii 0-. 3; cj ic oo M CJ oi c 



-coiim-i-> 



■iiv 



•^ -> to -1 to c™ -t* GO 00 GO "^ oi to 1^ »-^ c: "-^ c;i .I* .u c;t c^ a» Crt c^ :D c; "-* UT 'JD 
'jrcoajCDOw-^I*.cDtoo:^to-i-.rgo^pr;-ii*^oo30-ito-i2*-? 



^^0?S K)K)MO'«lO>::;K>-lMC>5^^»0C0O5^t-'*»>->>-'W»J>0*kC;H0 

gH-"-^ 00"to"tO 05 O; O' OD-t C; Oi <0 -llo W C: p ':C V. ^^o'o to C-t -f ^""^ cr. CO 
i£*cj»ccopcri^o»030:JCj»->^po»'---— Scx:20-» — POC-. c.;T-l->oi 
oaccP::rcooaic:oto>-^c;T.fc^j,Occ- '-»-iOc;»-— c; oc^Hoo — -icou?^ 



•a}T?}S 



JO k^ ^ ff> 

^e»Wlo^o^o-■>o^oocOlUl-lcooi*.^-•^v-'^s^OIp»oo;tSl->4^-^•UlOlyIto 

JOWpp Ct CCp-JCOjl*.WpOkUp — GCpPOiV OO-iOO to ^p to — tOO' 

'c»-?"toc/:cD oo» c™-} o w co'^ yi p coV. "1:0 i. ^^^p"^ CO oo o^ 
piooecGoifcpco— 'vixi-^co4-'^otC'— •-roc;»^^cr. P-tcoc. tO'^-! — CO 

COCCOStCO^OtOQDOgOtOOCOOC tOC;U«OCOti^*^CO^^-CJ»tOC;»OOtOOD 



•jfjnnoo 



^s to CO 05 (t^ >s 



►-'Kifo; 



-_ , -- .- ,- , ,. > 15 i-^ to fo i;0 to CO »0 to *. CO CO to CO to i-i Ip »0 fO O" -' 

osoopoOT cip6bi*^opjo 3- cr. il -> yrjoto — ODtoo^*-'— 'J^osci-ii'ao 

^lo'i^'oi^ipmcoo'^V. I: pw-5 — -liot-t o-i— V't= p'-'V.w"^ 

CO 52 tc C-. i. o CO o I' " c oc C V" -' — -■" ^ P 10 en -1 X. CO 21 to -J5 -1 to O" o 



•oia 

'XJIO 'UAVOJ, 



ceo £« 



•jCjunoo 



JOCOOi. flop 

8" O 00 "^ in 

0-( ^ p 

OOCO *»0 






WEALTH, TAXATION AND INDEBTEDNESS. 



313 





' > oo o c o^ Q o w"i:;1o-'i^ Q o'-i* oocTtu coo o 



■ ™_pppppppo'pp_:oo O C 

c: '— ; ~ 5 Q 'o cc o o o o q o 

tnoiiocotcooooooo'oo— • 



»*- i_; ^ ^ ^ "_'—'-= ^^ —J ::_^ ^i w' Q 'i* o O' c Q Q o o p o -i*- ^- o c;» To c w 
►-■ p p 2 5 p 5 p p p p oi p p p p p p p 5 p p _5 p p. p 5 -^ ic' _S p 

£P*o "3 c: '-re'— o o Q cc'— c: o o Q o p ol:; c; 00 K-'zc c'ocr: o Q 
J~Q05S--^0£5-LjO<^-^p5oOO-tSQpOOQ:t'-OOC 
— ='='^-^- = ''^ OSPecoo 0-. c o o 



IBUOSJDd pnti 

|T!3J JO UOjl 
-BtllBApOSSOSSV 



•aii!1 
-S3 ^unosaofl 
pnu ina-i JO 
uotjBn[«A onJX 



td 

O 
12! 

O 
>^ 

o 
f> 



t3 i_i ►J i_. i_i (O ^ 



'1 fw c: JO CD o <;o a; ic *:/ cjT c 



_. ■; CO o o; g 



•iiv 



§-1 Qp (X -> -1 oj -> c^ :c 0^ 0"» VT '-5 - ; CO p 7J ^ ^ ii ^ 7: (- --? /w -1 ^ ~- -u j^ 
o is -} Ib-SS c -^ -i c icS" — Scr. £ToSco-!S->G^*ooco£?S 



co^oip*i'i^aiCO^'-^'-*OiO'-^*j-ic:rf^c;ii^-3-iu»<w-iCAippi*pjt- 
t-'C-. 2I->oiico2-cooi/''OD^iocooc;»cctnoc-'>^'^-^'^"^w"3-. CiCO-M:- 

l-n-*Oti*»-'OWiCCOOti;COC"CCOici"t*C: OC— ClC^OCXJCO ^} ■£*-> PC Qt 



•85b;S 



3 CO 10 CO ^o *-* *^ >:i. j^ JO CO c;t •-* >o CO CO io 

' *o»Ojio^-*I*cocoo;oo-2k^o;a)'-*^ 



CO to -l^ it^ 10 -1 CO *^ -1 00 (0 J» to Q 

Oicn opppp»jop c-T-ip^ip 

*»"!£» CO c-.c:3V1i'^'-''"~-'"->^Q'"-»" i^-i" 001 03'^ -1 CO *i •jt''^ :c j^cc 

OCOOOC: i'C"^0C0QC0t-*^OC0O*--tQQ:^C:r:■^-lOa^C5CC*-^•t• 
0i •-' *0 CO 05 i*. j-i (O o«o oc::coco-io:->c:ooc:5Ct 'r o co c;' r: >^ to co -t 



•iC^unoo 



>o to !-*»-» cotUcot-»c;»oiic»-*3:'-*»-'i^io to rfvOT£..i-*toco^^ 

>— topp.P'pppcop. COpjUpiOOp tolo-lpDJDCOtOCOCO^ tlp-Jp iH 
CO* C-J-JCO QMCo'^'tCCi-lC-. too-' OO^'U' -l'-- t" CO - 1 '-• 1p '— CC 00 - 1 GO 

(XtccDcr;c:c^Qc^c;'-i-icoco^iIc;iiotLopci — — ^ — i*to-iJ-^C5 

^ Co — C.1 0» ^ O ^ CO'l QD-t tw OT '-''— — OCOCOCCO CCtOCO Cn O !D CO O 



•010 

'jfljO 'UMOj, 



1^ i_>cn i_k ,-L 



to ^ O to C 0> CO c: -T 



o o S S o 



-I o co"^.i»otoc;tcs3» 



•Annoo 



•013 

'^110 'UMOX 



ejj SS 



314 



HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 



RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES FROM 1816 TO 1873. 



Tears. 


Population. 


Value of Taxa- 
bles. 


Receipts. 


Expenditures. 


1816 






glO.fMHl.OO 

17,95:5.15 

17.485.59 

12.412. tU 

17,000.17 

47.516.67 

25,174.45 

35.ti43.44 

61,705.89 

21,544.18 

30,867.10 

46..545.83 

43,:521 .08 

41,02.3.60 

65,:5-J4.48 

115,lti2.01 

97,68.3. :54 

122,1:59.38 

106,797.08 

107,714.6:5 

120,126.8:5 

98,206.97 

195,9t;5.54 

180,65.3. t>4 

1,644.158.13 

451.ti:57.22 

1,748.859.98 

891.9:5-1.17 

1,844,240.58 

1,1:52.413.76 

874.461.23 

79-1.025.31 

l,215.;506.:5tj 

872.243.35 

1,4.52,-H2.78 

984.:598.95 

1.28:i,0ti4.ai 

1.620.943.74 

2,094.818.03 

l,avt,tiS3.99 

l,495,48t).99 

l,774,ti75.14 

8-M.416.84 

1,288,445.72 

1,658,217.88 

3,672,657. ti4 

3,48il,:5lM.55 

2,2:i2,81l9.33 

2,;591.291.15 

2,742,989.19 

3,9.57.0.35.23 

4,210,:5:56.44 

4,279,f.87.07 

4.197,489.21 

3.589,889.40 

3,605,6:59.2:5 

2,415,269.59 




1817 






$21,428.33 
20 047 39 


1818 






1819 






11 869 24 


1820 


147,187 




20 ti;56 24 


1821 




2:5 806 14 


1822 






46 ;595 17 


182:5 






27 tl44 03 


1824 






3fi 852 09 


1825 






41 170 01 


1826 






32 Otl3 50 


1827 






33 208 19 


1828 






51.126 31 


1829 






42 247 93 


1830 


343,031 




41,408 23 


18:51 




105 173 90 


18:52 . . 






110,194.53 
i:56 776 97 


18:53 






1834 






121, .572 23 


18:55 






10:5.901.46 


1836 






12ti 264 14 


1837 






98.206.97 


1838 






172.494 01 


1839.. 




$107,0:57,715 
91,756,018 
95,518,763 
109,17:5,610 

m3,709.8r>:5 

115,.590,0ti5 
118.61.5.197 
122,265,686 
121,558,060 
128,960.986 
1:5.3.419,056 
137.4-1.3,565 
210,973,643 
2:50,009,189 
266,097,614 
290,418.148 
301,8.58,474 
306.797.819 
317,932,958 
318,201,964 
4.35.:567,862 
4.55,01 1,:578 
441,562,3:59 
421.406.9:56 
443.4.55,0:56 
516.805.999 
567,381,5.53 
578,484.109 
577,869.079 
587,970.^9 
65.5,521,479 
662,283,178 


179.658 25 


1840 


685,866 


1,684,9:36 90 


1841 


421,874 15 


1842 




1,177,218 73 


1843 




1,028.592.38 


1844 




1,472.494 14 


1845 




8:il.9,55.26 


1846 




l.O.^'ki 9^ 53 


1847 




9.55.404.78 


1848 




979,191 48 


1849 




l.i:57.:598.25 


1850 


988,416 


l,5l:5„5:54 04 


1851 


1.150.988 66 


1852 




1,061,605 58 


1853 




1.5I.W,:5()5.32 


18M 




l.t;4.-)„>14.95 


1855 




1.700.090.83 


1856 




l.:5;5.S,976 11 


1857 




1,748.756.69 


18.58 




l,:5ti3.72S 04 


1859 




1,218,185.64 


1860 


1350,428 


1,621,107 48 


1861 


3,546,224.07 


1862 




2.974,976.46 


1863 




2,503,246.53 


1864 




1,752.529.70 


1865 




3,899,993.04 


1866 




3,66.3,179.63 


1867 




4,44t;.69l .09 


1868 




3,842,:542.52 


1869 




4,473,129.66 


1870 


1,680,637 


3,532.309.04 


1871 


2,943.416.90 


1872 






2,686,601.70 


1873 









CHATTER XXXVI- 

AGRI CULTURE PIONEER HISTORY. 

THE first object of the pioneer settler of Indiana was to 
provide the means of subsistence, and for a considerable 
time all the surplus produce was limited to a few articles, and 
usually disposed of to other settlers. Every one, as soon as 
possible, prepared a corn field, a garden, procured a few swine, 
one or two horses, and a few cows. These made up the capital 
of the pioneer farmers of Indiana. Many of the citizens of the 
State who are now rich, can to-day point back to a beginning 
of this kind, and we doubt not they often do so with pride, 
as they justly should. They frequently entered on the public 
lands with even less stock than that above enumerated; they 
were generally protected in the improvements they made, and 
after- accumulating sufiicient means, entered and purchased 
the lands. Many of the wealthy farmers of to-day in Indiana 
can look back to the period when they began to erect the little 
log cabin with only an ax and some provisions — their capital 
consisting wholly in a persistent energy. They rented land 
on improvement leases, by which they were to have the use 
of from ten to twenty acres from seven to ten years, and, in 
most cases, at the end of that time, they were abundantly able 
to buy land for themselves. 

It was an easy matter in those days to maintain stock. The 
wild grass, nutritious roots, and several kinds of nuts and 
acorns, were so abundant that neither horses, cattle, nor hogs 
required much grain; and often, after a few years residence, 
the fiocks and herds of the settlers were very numerous. This 
condition of things soon produced a surplus of corn, beef, 
pork, etc. Low prices created a market, and even before the 

315 



316 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

fanners were fully aware of it, a profitable commerce was 
established. Fluctuations soon crept into tlie market, liow- 
ever, and the farmers became much exercised as to what arti- 
cles of produce to expend tlie most labor on. This led to a 
greater diversity of crops, and as a consequence, a wider range 
of commerce; and thus, step by step, year by year, the pro- 
duce market of Indiana has been extended, until to-day it is 
one of the largest in the Union — certainly the best regulated. 
Many causes combined to render a great diversity of crops 
necessary. The soil, though very rich, demands this, as it will 
not yield a large crop of one kind of produce lor many years 
in succession, frequent changes being required. Hemp has 
been tried, and although at first unsuccessful, owing to an 
injudicious management, will eventually result in ])rolit to the 
producer. Flax, tobacco, fruit of various kinds, and a great 
variety of seeds from which oil can be manufactured, are now 
cultivated to a great extent, and many valuable experiments 
are being made yearly in beet and corn sugar. The cultiva- 
tion of grapes in many parts of the State, is attended with 
profitable results. 

Corn is the great staple of the State; many farmers have 
become wealthy in raising it. It is easily cultivated, and 
almost every farmer has from forty to one hundred and fifty 
acres. Two persons can prepare the ground, plant and attend 
to and gather from forty to fifty acres, and the product is gen- 
erally from thirty to seventy bushels an acre, averaging, per- 
haps, forty or forty-five. Good land, with the proper prepara- 
tion and care, will, in a good season, produce from seventy to 
ninety bushels to the acre. Corn, in former days, say from 
1840 to 1850, usually sold at from ten to thirty cents a bushel. 
Millions and millions of bushels have been used at the former 
price to fatten hogs in the interior; but in this respec-t things 
have undergone a change — a change in favor of the farmer. 
As we pen these lines, September twenty-fifth, 1874, corn is 
in good demand in New York city at from 95c. to $1.00, while 
in the western markets the price is firm at from 85 to 95c., 
according to quality. This year, however, is not a representa- 
tive in regard to the price of corn of the last decade. The 



AGRICULTURE PIONEER HISTORY. 



317 



prices are ranging unusually liigli, owing to tlie lightness of 
the crop, in many parts, and, also, to the great demand exist- 
ing among pork producers for this cereal. 

The cultivation of corn is admirably adapted to ihe climate 
and soil of the State, and to the customs of the farmers. The 




G. W. BOBBINS, ESQ. 

See page 21. 

soil is very rich, loamy, and with proper cultivation the corn 
does not often suffer either from cold, rains or drouth. 

Following are statistical tables showing the growth of agri- 
culture in all its branches, from the year 1841 down to the 
present time: 



318 



mSTORT OF INDIANA. 



p o o o o 
-re Dec 

g D cc p t3 

«> Co e-ci' 

C cc •-^ CO tft 
■^o t-O O 



i| 

CC Q O CD O O) 



g.3 



g (6 



o o 

O CO 



P " 2 

o ^ >-. o CO 



see 

BCD 









cr cr cr 


C^P^ 


Oreo 












O o O 


"^ -^ 


►15 1-.5 "-I; 




2.P D- 


a-c- 




= CO 


(t) n 



S CO to CO 

^ o c^ O 

CO CO CO (Zl 

2.0 O „ 



CD 

CO CO CO CO 

■D-D- D-D- 
O fD f^ CD 






I "3 "^ (0 n> i-j 2 o 



S-V; D — 
00 cc C- CD 

D 
o 
o 

•-« 

p 



_C0 h-i 1 

63 -1 OS OS 05 

"^"J O 05'iJl O I 
CO 10 if^ CO ^-- I 
cn o -1 1-1 CO . 



O C2 O^ , 
(-' JO -J 

«o OS 01 , 
"to mo ' 
00 o 00' 

000 lO' 



g: 



63tO>^tOOOtOOTi4^ 
"cO Vj O O Ci C5 00 CO 

ooi-'>-'Oiooo^ 

CSff».O0T0l>-i-30l 



"05 'rf^ -^lo'h-i. OS C5 OC O'O 1-^ 



-m^ pr" >™-' WJ rt* "--r iv-^ r— ^^ <_^ \ju t^^ t_^ r» i_,j i.;^ cw 

J.OOOSOhj^7i-'C5 10 l-'J0C0hK00hfe.*^O?-3C;i-» 
J-'jW pI_lOjO pO_h(i. OS j:0_Ci_j;^jUj-* >t^ C0_O 01 01 CD *» t<i. 

V' 'to OS V} ~io or o -> '»;». "ci 'o "oT "or C5 OS "-3 "t;^ "o "--j os "►?»- 
«oosio?ciooo»c:-jo^oc;c.otoosit>.ooi-^cDcicn 

tOOOCi-3C;TC500SOO><^C.TO-;iOOS>l^tOOSQC 



to c;i 

O p— 



y-^ JjOH-ih-ioS 00 -3 OS Ol 

ci"to "cT 00 o'o c3 c;? cs'bs'o "bo OS OS "bs *>. 
tocTtocTCicJoototooooooooH^c; 
_p jco J--J to ca _p o ^ jX _p 01 _p OS Ci Ci M -1 OS 

'fp' "O '00 M 'br OS 't-' 'h-i 1» "C5 "^ « OS Ci o 'to "bo "4^ 

to«— c»i-io;c»i-'-30^iiooi-jif^&Oh^oso 

O>(^rf>-00'O>f^OC;i0S-30»i-^00~3OOTl-^Ot 



Or 00 

00 1*^ 
00 00 
o to 

■-' C5 
?0 -3 



■«(6 



63 l-A 

00 

OS tK 

OS o 



65 



_tO COj-'JWj-' to -3 )t>. 
K)0 "*^'"-''<i"c;t O 05 ot'c.t'o'^ OS *i."lK w'o 05 

Of-'i-i-atorf^ooH-.osooooc-io^i-'-ioo 
OjXijn pojyi^j;^ o_t-'_o» o o o o_p os 1-' os w o o 
o o'tolo'os 00^1-' OS OS to *>. o o o o oo"o o 

O(«^C»0SC5 OT to to ►^i.rfk — ^} 00000000 
O^OCiOOOOOOOSOOOOOOOOO 



OS h-l l-l 



•6© 

00 

o? OS i-i Ki i-i 



to 



o OS o 1^ _"o'iJt o Qocs *>. to o os''rf». i-i osVi *>. 

f(i.OSt0 005tOOlO-3i-'>t».OOOi-'i-'OSCHCl»0003 
_50 to 05j-J OS_p rfi. Ci_tO 63 OS__-i OSOTCiC5*.tOi+i--a 

to OS o OS 00 o to '^ "to 05 63 00 00 'os O O O O O "»f^ 

QOOSOOSOOlOtOOOOSOOOlOOOOOOOOOOCS 
OcO»-3rfi.lOlOifi.OOOOS-Q4JIOOOOOOO 



-^63 

CO -J 

'tot-' 

O CO 
or O 

'00 
o o 
00 



> 

o 

w 

Q 

d 
d 

H 



o 

M 



CO 



00 

o 



AGRICULTTJEAL STATISTICS. 



319 



AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS OF 1850, 18G0 AND 1870 COM- 

PARED. 



1850. 



1860. 



1870. 



Acres of land in farms, improved 

Acres of land in farms, woodland 

Acres of laud in farms, other unimproved.. 

Present cash value of farms 

Present cash value of farm impletnents 

Total amount of wages paid during; the year, in- 
cluding value of board 

Total valae of all farm products 

Orchard products 

Produce of market gardens. 

Forest products 

Value of home manufactures 

Value of animals Blauj;htered or sold for 
slaughter 

Value of all live stock 

Number of horses on farms 

Number of horses not on farms 

Number of mules and asses 

Milch cows on farms 

Working oxen, number of, on farms 

Other cattle, number of, on farms 

Cattle not on farms 

Sheep, number of 

Swine, number of 

Wheat, spring, bushels 

Wheat, winter, bushels 

Kye, bushels 

Indian corn, bushels 

Oats, bushels 

Barley, bushels 

Buckwheat, bushels .. 

Tobacco, pounds 

Cotton, bales 

Wool, pounds 

Wool, average of fleeces, pounds 

Peas and beans, bushels 

Potatoes, Irish, bushels 

Potatoes, sweet, bushels 

Wine, gallons 

Butter, pounds .' 

Cheese, |)ound8 

Milk sold, gallons 

Hay, tons 

Clover seed, bushels 

Grass seed, bushels 

Hops, pounds 

Hem J), tons 

Flax, pounds 

Flaxseed, bushels 

Sugar, maple, pounds 

jtolasses, sorghum, gallons 

Molasses, maple, gallons 

Beeswax, xjounds 

Honey, pounds 



8,'i42,183 



7,746,879 

i;}().:-i,s.-,,17:5 

ti,704,444 



8,146,109 

S356,71:i.l7.5 

10,457,897 



3-^,940 
72,804 



1,631,039 

6,567,935 

22,478,555 

314,299 



6,.599 

28'4.5.->4 

4(l,--'21 

389,991 



1,132,493 
2,2(>5,77ti 



6,214,458 

78.79i 

52,9f')4.303 

5,6.55.014 

45,483 

149,740 

1,014,620 

14 

2,610,387 



35,773 

2,0,S.-i,337 

21)1,7] 1 

14,(05 

13.881,535 



283,80- 

403,2:)0 

18.3'iO 

11,951 

92,796 



584,469 

36,888 

2,921, l!l2 



130,325 
939,329 



1,2.58,942 
5-16,153 



986,393 

9.824,204 

41,825,.539 

520,67'; 

39,4-J,'- 

28.893 

363..5:';5 

117,687 

588,144 

79,:M0 

991,175 

3,099,110 



16,848.267 

463.495 

71..^H8.91!l 

5,317,831 

;W2,;M5 

.396,989 

7,993,378 



2,5.53,318 

2,57-100 

79,9l>2 

3,866,(>17 

299.516 

102.89.- 

18,306,651 



605.79.= 

622.421 

61 •.726 

87,914 

27,8W 

4 22' 

97,119 

119,42(1 

1,511,761 

881,049 

292,908 

34.525 

1,224,489 



10,1(M,279 

7,189,:iM 

82,635 

$634,804,189 

17,676,591 

9,675,.348 

132,914,302 

2,8.58,086 

487,479 
2,045,679 

605,639 

30,346,962 

83,776,782 

497,883 

55,320 

43,259 

393,736 

14,088 

618,360 

156,804 

1,612,680 

1,872,3:50 

161,991 

27,.5H.5,3:51 

4,57,468 

8,590,409 

356.352 

80,2:n 

9,325,392 

3 

5,029,023 

313-100 

35..526 

5,399,(^4.1 

150,705 

19,479 

22,91 5,:i85 

936,{t03 

624,. 564 

l,0;-6,768 

61,168 

17,377 

63,884 

37,771 

401,931 

1,.3;^2.333 

2,026,21a 

227,880 

12,049 

395,278 



CHAPTEE XXXYII. 



MANUFACTURES AND COMMERCE. 



THE manufacture and trade of tlie State will be more par- 
ticularly noticed in the descriptions of the towns and 
places where they are carried on, Madison and some of the 
other towns on the Ohio, above the falls, have good natural 
advantages for manufactures. These are being employed to a 
good advantage, and every year carries the prosperous State 
of Indiana further along the highway of commercial prosperity. 
In the whole southwestern part of the State, and for three 
hundred miles up tlie celebrated Wabash, coal exists in good 
quality and abundance; and in the central portion of the State, 
as well as in the north, there is every facility for water power, 
and in the latter inexhaustible beds of bog-ore, so that when- 
ever labor for agriculture ceases to be in demand, it can be 
turned to manufacturing with good results. And, indeed, it 
is true that much labor is being profitably employed in the 
latter, while yet the pursuit of agriculture is on the advance. 
This is one of the many evidences of the steady growth in all 
the great industries of civilization applicable to the resources 
of the State. The wheat raised within the State is almost 
cntirelj'' manufactured into flour within its limits, though 
large quantities in the southeastern part are sent to Cincinnati, 
and some is transported north by the Wabash and Erie canal, 
and by the lakes to Canada and western New York. 

There is no commanding position in the State at which even 
a fifth of the whole business will ever be concentrated. Madi- 
son, Indianapolis, Tiichmond, Fort Wayne, Logansport, Lafay- 
ette, Terre Haute, South Ccnd, Michigan City, Evansville, and 
many places on the Ohio, are all fast becoming great commer- 

320 



MANUFACTURES AND COMMEBCE. 321 

cial centers, and the railroads and other improvements now in 
progress, and the facilities that shall hereafter be afforded to 
the enterprising business men of the State, point to no par- 
ticular city with any assurance of its precedence. All parts 
and sections are progressing. It has truthfully been said that 
" the public convenience and the general good, not State pride, 
is building our cities." 

The principal articles of export from the State, at the pres- 
ent time are pork and flour. The former is mostly produced 
in the southern, and the latter in the northern part of the 
State. To these great staples may be added horses, mules, fat 
cattle, corn, poultry, butter, most of the agricultural products 
of the West, and a wide range of articles of manufacture. 
The numerous canals and railroads which intersect each other 
at many points in the State, afford great fkcilities for trans- 
portation, so that our producers can reach any market desired 
at a nominal expense. 

Tlie disposition to monopolize in the trade of the State does 
not exist to a greater degree than is desirable or necessary in 
a healthy commercial State. During the civil war many 
attempts of this kind were made, which resulted either in 
making very large profits or in the utter failure of the specu- 
lator who engaged in them. Tlie prospect of securing a large 
profit in a vast amount of produce which was made reasonably 
certain by the increasing demand for this merchandise became 
very exciting, and the flour and pork trader found it quite 
impossible to practice moderation in their calculations. The 
result was always damaging on the general trade. When the 
trader failed the farmer generally suffered in pocket, and when 
he made heavy profits their feelings were outraged. This 
state of tilings led to a better regulated commerce. Farmers 
united in maintaining prices and protecting each other, and so 
great has been their strength and influence in the making and 
administration of the laws touching matters of trade that they 
have been enabled to regulate the cost of transportation, and 
to prevent, in a great measure, damaging fluctuations in the 
markets. 

Commerce in the productions of the soil, for many years, 
21 



322 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



absorbed the attention of traders and speculators; but no 
sooner had the prosperity of trade created a demand for a 
general development of the agricultural resources of the State, 
than a special interest was directed to manufacturing. This 
was manifested as early as 1840, and, from that year do^^m to 
the present, a general prosperity has attended almost every 
manufacturing establishment in the State, [t is said that the 
largest carriage factory in the whole world, to-day, is located 
in the State of Indiana, at the flourishing city of South Bend. 
This is the greater evidence of the enterprise of Indiana man- 
ufactures, when taken in consideration with the celebrated 
carriage factories of Connecticut, many of which have sup- 
plied, to a great extent, the markets of the old world. Fol- 
lowino: are some statistical observations. 



MANUFACTURING STATIS'HCS. 



Claseee. 


1875. 


isro. 


ISliO. 


1850. 


Mfg. establishments 

Steam engines emploj-ed.. 

Total horsepower 

Total No. waterwhecls 

Horse power waterwhecls. . 
Hands employed 


16,812 

3,684 

114,961 

1,641 

38,614 

86,402 

81,621 

3,791 

2,000 

$117,462,161 

35,461,987 

104,321,632 

301,304,271 


11,847 

2,881 

70,851 

1,090 

23,518 

58,852 

54,412 

2 272 

2!l08 

$ 52,052,425 

18,306,780 

63,135,492 

108,617,278 


5,323 

2Y,29.5 

20,563 

732 

$18,45Y,i2i 

6,318,335 

27,142,.597 

42,803,469 


4,393 

lY,446 


No. males over 16 years 

No. females over 15 years. . 
No. of youths .- 


13,748 
692 


Capital employed 


$ 7,750,402 


Wages paid 


3,728,844 


Cost of material 


10,369,700 


Value of products 


18,725,423 



The above statistics of manufacturing in Indiana, for the 
years 1850, 18G0, and 1870, were compiled from the re- 
ports of the Bureau of Statistics; those for the year 1875 
have been gathered by the compilers of this work, while trav- 
eling through the State, and are, in nearly all cases, as correct 
as those taken from the reports. The column representing 
1875 will show the unparalleled increase in manufactures iu 
Indiana during the last five years. As a manufacturing State, 
Indiana is now considerably in advance of Illinois and Mich- 
igan, in proportion to her population, and she is rapidly 
leaving them in the rear in this great branch of industry, 



MANUFACTURING STATISTICS. 323 

which must, in some future day, become the great source of 
wealth in the States, instead of agriculture. 

From careful estimates by the compilers of this work, it is 
shown that there is over $100,000,000 now invested in manu- 
facturing in tliis State. Five years ago Illinois had less than 




H. BATES, ESQ. 

See page 21. 

$90,000,000 invested in this branch of business, while at the 
same time Michigan had but $70,000,000. Indiana, in the 
same year had but little over $50,000,000 invested in her fac- 
tories. How has this comparison been affected by a growth 



324 msTOET OF Indiana. 

of five years! It was estimated, in 1S74, by one of tlie leading 
journals of Illinois, that the manufacturing capital of that 
State had increased thirty per cent, in live years. This Avould 
give Illinois $117,000 000 in manufacturing, in 1S75, against 
$100,000,000 in Indiana. From this basis it will be safe to 
predict that in ISSO Indiana, in proportion to her population, 
will greatly exceed the State of Illinois in manufacturing 
enterprise. The comparison with Michigan, during the same 
period, is still more flattering to Indiana, than that with 
Illinois. 

The same increase of prosperity is noticeable in the pro- 
ducts of Indiana factories. In 1S70 they were estimated at 
$103,617,278. From careful estimates by the compilers of 
this work, it appears that the products of the various factories 
in the State, for the year ending September thirtieth, 1874, 
will exceed $300,000,000, showing an increase in live years of 
nearly $200,000,000. These estimates have been made with the 
greatest of care, and although they seem to overstate the pros- 
perity of the State during the last five years, yet they may be 
regarded as reliable. 

It is true that the inquiries as to the amount of capital 
invested, and the amount of products, were not always suc- 
cessful, but means have been employed to correct errors, into 
which the answers of over-ambitious persons were calculated 
to lead us. 

But the manufacturing industry of Indiana has not pros- 
jicred in the last five years more than it will in the next. 
There is a brilliant prospect for a great future advancement 
in this branch of business. Indeed, this department of enter- 
prise cannot be regarded as more than fully begun; and from 
the present indications, its future growth is guaranteed. 



CHAPTEE XXXYIII. 

THE MINERAL WEALTH OF INDIANA. 

SECOND in importance among tlie material resources of 
Indiana are lier minerals, as jet only partly discovered, 
and almost entirely undeveloped. In agricultural wealth the 
State has no equal, acre for acre, in North America; in min- 
eral wealth she is scarcely behind the richest States in the 
Union. In short, she possesses Mithin her ])orders every ele- 
ment required to produce wealth, and stimulate progress. 
Physically, the surface of the country is, for the most part, 
gently rolling. In the southern portion, along the Ohio river, 
there are a few hills ranging from fifty to four hundred feet 
in height, but the average height is probably not more than 
one hundred feet. About one-eighth part of the State is 
prairie land, and the remaining seven-eighths, when in a state 
of nature, was set with a dense forest.* 

About one-third of the State is still well timbered. Tlie 
surface of the territory is well supplied with water courses. 
The Ohio river, one of the largest tributaries of the Missis- 
sippi river, flows along its southern border, and is navigable 
by the largest class of steamboats during the greater part of 
the year. The Wabash river rises in the State of Ohio, crosses 
Indiana in a southwesterly direction, and thence to its junction 
with the Ohio river forms the boundary line between Indiana 
and Illinois. For a part of the season this tine stream is 
navigable for steamboats as far up as Lafayette, about three 
hundred miles above its mouth. When the improvements 
now going on under authority of the General Government, 

•We have been kindly permitted to use, in this chapter, the materials 
imbraced in a pamphlet edited by Prof. E. T. Cox, State Geologist. 

325 



326 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

are completed, it is believed by competent engineers that it 
will be navigable as far up as Terre Ilaute, at all times except 
when stopped by ice. 

Lake Michigan, one of the chain of great lakes between 
Canada and the United States, extends down into the north- 
west corner of Indiana, and furnishes ship communication 
with the immense iron ore deposits of the Lake Superior 
regions, as well as a channel of commerce with the Atlantic 
seaboard. In the northern part of the State there are numer- 
ous small fresh water lakes, from half a mile to ten miles in 
length, and from a quarter of a mile to a mile in width; the 
water is clear and pure, and in many of them very deep. 
They abound with fish of the finest quality for table use, and 
together with flocks of wild ducks and geese that frequent 
them in the fall and spring, afford fine amusement for sports- 
men, as well as an abundance of cheap and wholesome food. 
It must be borne in mind that in this country tliere are no 
laws against hunting or fishing on the public domain, water 
courses or lakes, but they are open alike to all.* 

But more particularly as to the mineral resources. Coal, 
the most valuable of all minerals, exists in the State in srreat 
abundance. The measures, says Prof. E. T. Cox, cover an area 
of about six thousand five hundred square miles, in the south- 
western part of the State, and extend from Warren county, on 
the north, to the Ohio river, on the soutli, a distance of about 
one hundred and fifty miles. The fulluwing counties lie within 
its area: Warren, Fountain, I'arke, Yermillion, Vigo, Clay, 
Sullivan, Greene, Knox, Daviess, ]\[artin, GibsoTi, Pike, Dubois, 
Yandcrburg, Warrick, Spencer, Peny, and a small part of 
Crawford, Monroe, Putnam and Montgojuery. The coal is all 
bituminous, but is divisible into three well marked varieties: 
Caking-coal, non-caking-coal or Block coal, and Cannel coal. 

The total depth of the seams or measures is from six hun- 
dred to eight hundred feet, with twelve to fourteen distinct 
seams of coal, though they are not all to be found throughout 
the entire area of the field. The seams range from one foot 

•Prof. E. T. Cox. 



MINERAL WEALTH. 327 

to eleven feet in tliickness, and tlie field may, from the charac- 
ter of the coal, be divided from north to south into two zones; 
the western contains the seams of caking coal, and the east- 
ern the non-calving or block coal. 

There are, continues Prof Cox — and this gentleman is our 
authority oji questions pertaining to minerals — from three to 
four workable seams of caking coal, ranging from three and a 
half to eleven feet in thickness. At most of the localities, 
when these are being worked, the coal is mined by adits driven 
in on the face of the ridges, and the deepest shafts in the State 
are less than three hundred feet; the average dcptli to win coal 
being not over seventy-live feet. The analysis of samples of 
caking coal, from different counties, are here inserted, and will 
serve to indicate its value. 

The five feet scam at Washington, Daviess county, is as fol- 
lows: Specific gravity, 1,294; one cubic foot weighs 80.87 lbs. 

Coke 64.50 \ ^^^^^"^^ @ 212° F. . . . 5.50 

( Fixed Carbon GO.OO 

Volatile matter 35.50 \ ^'^^' '''^''^'^ ^-^^ 

( Gas 30.00 

100.00 100.00 

This is a bright black coal, makes a very fair quality of 
coke and yields four cubic feet of gas per pound, with an illu- 
minating power equal to fifteen standard candles. The five 
feet seam in Sullivan county is as follows: Specific gravity, 
1,228 ; one cubic foot weighs 76.75 lbs. 

Coke 525^1 Moisture® 212° F.... 2.85 

Fixed Carbon 51.10 

80 

45.25 



Volatile matter 47.50 \ ^'^^' ^^^^^ 

( Gas 



100.00 100.00 

Tliis is a glossy, jet black coal, makes a good coke and con- 
tains a very large percentage of pure illuminating gas. One 
pound of coal yields 4.22 cubic feet of gas, with a candle- 
power equal to fifteen standard sperm candles. The average 
calculated calorific power of the caking coals is 7745 heat 



328 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

tnits; carbon being equal to 8080. Both in the northern and 
southern portions of the field, the caking coals present similar 
good qualities, and will be a great source of private and pub- 
lic wealth. 

The eastern zone of the coal measures has an area of more 
than four hundred and fifty square miles. It is here that we 
find the celebrated Block coal, a fossil fuel which is used in 
the raw state for making pig iron. In fact this coal, from its 
physical structure and freedom from impurities, is peculiarly 
suited to metallurgical purposes. It has a laminated structure 
with carbonaceous matter, like charcoal, between the lamina, 
slaty cleavage and rings under the hammer. It is free burn- 
ing, makes an open fire, and without caking, swelling, scaf- 
folding in the furnace or changing form, burns like hickory 
wood until it is consumed to a white ash and loaves no clink- 
ers. It is likewise valuable for generating steam and for 
household uses. Many of the principal railway lines in the 
State are using it in preference to any other coal, as it does 
not burn out the fire-boxes and gives as little trouble as wood. 

There are as many as eight distinct scams of block-coal in 
this zone, three of which are workable, having an average 
thickness of four feet. In some places this coal is mined by 
adits, but generally from shafts, forty to eighty feet deep. 
The seams are crossed by cleavage lines and the coal is usually 
mined without powder, and may be taken out in blocks weigh- 
ing a ton or more. When entries or rooms are driven angling 
across the cleavage lines, the walls of the mine present a zig- 
zag notched appearance, resembling a Yirginia worm fence.* 

In 1871, there were about twenty-four block coal mines in 
operation, and about fifteen hundred tons were mined daily. 
Wow there are more than fifty mines in operation, and the 
amount mined daily will reach nearly five thousand tons, and 
the demand is increasing faster than the facilities for raising 
it. Miners are paid from one dollar to one dollar and twenty 
cents per ton, and the coal sells, on the cars at the mines, for 
two dollars and seventy-five cents per ton of two thousand 
pounds. The usual estimate, to cover all expenses for running 

• Prof. E. T. Cox's pamphlet. 



MINERAL WEALTH. 329 

a mine, is fifty cents per ton, wliich leaves a net profit of from 
one dollar to one dollar and twentj-five cents per ton. Coal 
lands sell at from fifty dollars to five hundred dollars per acre, 
according to location and the extent of the investigations that 
have been made to prove the quality and quantity. 

The following analysis will serve to indicate the quality of 
the block coal : 

CLAY COUNTY, STAK MINE, PLANET FURNACE. 

No. 1. No. 3. 

Ash, white 2.74 1.68 

Carbon 81.60 83.68 

Hydrogen 4.39 4.10 

Nitrogen 1.67 1.67 

Oxygen 8.88 8.17 

Sulphur 72 .70 

100.00 100.00 

Calculated calorific power equal to 8283 heat units. 

These examples show a fair average quality of the block 
coal used in the blast furnaces of Indiana for makine: -Bessc- 
mer pig. Tlie quality is alike good, both in the northern and 
Bouthem parts of the field. Kine blast furnaces in Indiana, 
and others at Carondelet, near St. Louis, are using the raw 
block coal for smelting iron ores, and it gives universal satis- 
faction. 

The Brazil blast furnace is sixty-one feet high, fourteen feet 
across the boshes, and has a closed top. It is using the Mis- 
souri specular hematite and red hematite iron ores. With 
three parts of the former and one part of the latter, the make 
is forty tons of two thousand two hundred and sixty-eight 
pounds per day, and with equal parts of each the make is 
thirty-five to thirty-six tons per day. Four thousand pounds 
of block coal are used to the ton of iron. The Missouri ores 
now cost, on an average, twelve dollars per ton at the furnace, 
being an advance over the year 1874 of more than three dol- 
lars per ton. One and a half tons of the specular ore will 
produce a ton of pig iron; of the red hematite it requires a 
little more than this quantity to make a ton of pig. 



330 niSTOKY OF INDIA.NA. 

This certainly speaks liiglily for the block coal, as avcII as of 
the superior advantages ofi'ered in Indiana for the manufacture 
of iron and Bessemer steel rails. The cost of labor to make a 
ton of pig iron at the furnace in Indiana, is about three dol- 
lars and fifty cents* 

The great Indiana coal field is less than one hundred and 
fifty miles, by railroad, from Chicago, Illinois, or Michigan 
City, in this State, from which ports the Lake Superior spec- 
ular and red hermatite ores are landed from vessels that arc 
able to run in a direct course from the ore banks. Lake 
Superior ore is similar in quality to that from the Iron Moun- 
tain in Missouri, and is as well ada])ted for making Bessemer 
pig. From the Iron Mountain to the block coal field, the dis- 
tance is two hundred and sixty-six miles by railroad. There 
are five railroads running from the coal field to St. Louis, and 
three to Chicago, and two to Michigan City. 

Any carefully thinking business man can easily observe the 
advantages of this immense coal field to the future prosperity 
of Indiana. From it untold wealth will flow into ])rivate and 
public treasuries. To-day it lays comparatively dormant, 
awaiting only the combined efforts of capital and labor to 
make it the centre of activity and the fountain of material 
prosperity. 

But we must not forget the cannel coal. One of the finest 
seams of this coal to be found in the country is to be seen in 
Daviess county, Indiana. Ilere we have a coal five feet thick, 
of which the upper three and a half feet is cannel, and the 
lower one and a half feet is a beautiful jet-black caking coal. 
The two qualities are united, and show no intervening clay or 
shale, so that in mining, fragments of the caking coal are 
often found adhering to the cannel. There is no gradual 
change from one to the other, or blending of the varieties 
where united, but the change is sudden and the character of 
the cannel coal is homogeneous from top to bottom. 

The cannel coal makes a delightful fire in open grates, and 
does not pop and throw off scales into the room, as is usually 
the case with this variety of coal. The following is Prof. 

♦Prof. E.T. Cox. 



MINERAL WEALTB. 331 

Cox's analysis of this coal: Specific gravity, 1.229; one cubic 
foot weighs 7G.87 lbs. 

Coke 48.00 ] ^'^^' ^^^^^^ ^-^^ 

( Fixed carbon 42.00 

Volatile matter 52.00 | ^oisture @ 213° F. . . . 3.50 

Gas 48.50 



100.00 100.00 

Ultimate analysis of the same coal by the same gentleman: 

Carbon 71.10 

Ash 7.65 

Hydrogen » 6.06 

Nitrogen 1.45 

Oxygen 12.74 

Sulphur 1.00 



100.00 

From the above analysis it will be seen that this coal is 
admirably adapted to the manufacture of illuminating gas, 
both from the quantity it yields and its high illuminating 
power. One ton of two thousand pounds of this cannel coal 
yields ten thousand four hundred feet of gas, while the best 
Youghioghcny coal used at the Indianapolis gas works, yields 
but eight thousand six hundred and eighty cubic feet. This 
gas has an illuminating power of 25.3 candles, while the 
Youghioghcny coal gas has an illuminating power of seven- 
teen candles. 

Cannel coal is also found in great abundance in Perry, 
Greene, Parke and Fountain counties, where its commercial 
value has already been attested. 

There arc numerous deposits of bog iron ore in the north- 
ern part of the State, and clay iron stones and impure carbo- 
nates and brown oxides ai-e found scattered over the vicinity 
of the coal fields. At some localities the beds arc quite thick, 
and of considerable commercial value. Investigation i* 
already showing that Indiana contains valuable ore beds, that 
will, at no distant day, contribute largely to her importance. 

Indiana also contains immense and inexhaustible quantities 
ol building stone, sufficient for all future purposes, of the very 



332 msTOKT OF Indiana. 

best quality. Nnmcrons quarries are already open and in suc- 
cessful operation. 

There is an abundance of excellent lime in the State. This 
is gaining a wide reputation, and largely adding to the volume 
of the State commerce. It abounds in Huntington county in 
extensive beds, where numerous large kilns arc kept in prof- 
itable operation. 



CnATTEE XXXIX. 

LAWS AND COURTS OF INDIANA. 

AS a work for reference, this volume would not be com- 
plete without a brief digest of the laws and courts of 
Indiana. Hence this chapter, in which we shall endeavor to 
give a complete, concise and simple exhibit of the latest revis- 
ion of the State laws. We have been aided in our selection 
of materials for this feature by some of the leading members 
of the Indianapolis bar.* The last revision of the State laws 
was accomplished in 1852, and the latest publication of the 
revised code, as amended, comprises all the public acts and 
general laws now in force. "Practice in civil suits," says Mr. 
Pierce, " is under the code of 1852, in which all distinction 
between law and equity, and all forms of action are abolished. 
All defenses, except the denial of the facts alleged by the 
plaintiff, are pleaded specially. On the second and following 
days of the term, the dockets are called by the court for plead- 
ings or defaults. Amendments to pleadings are allowed with 
liberality, somewhat in the discretion of the court." 

Actions must be commenced by filing in the office of the 
clerk of the court, a complaint, in the name of the person or 
party interested, and the service of summons at least ten days 

• We are especially indebted to Henry D. Pierce, Esq. 



334 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

before the first day of the term. Service may he made by 
publication. "A judgment rendered on service by publica- 
tion may be opened witliin five years, except in divorce cases, 
when the judgment may be opened within two years as to the 
subject of alimony and custody of children," and as to the 
merits of the divorce, when granted upon service by publica- 
tion. In the latter case the party obtaining the divorce is 
prohibited from marrying within two years from the date of 
the decree. 

Ari-ests are permitted in civil cases where the plaintifi" or 
his attorney lodges with the clerk of the court an affidavit, 
specifying the right to recover existing debt or damages, and 
that the defendant is about to leave the State, with property, 
with intent to defraud the plaintifi*. " An undertaking of the 
plaintiff" must first be filed, with sufficient sureties, to pay all 
damages sustained by the arrest, if wrongful, not to exceed 
double the amount of the claim." 

Attachments .may be issued against the property of a 
defendant, when the action is for the recovery of money, at 
the beginning of the action, or any time thereafter, only upon 
the affidavit of the complainant, or his attorney, showing the 
exact nature of the claim, and that it is just, as also the 
amount to be recovered, and the existence of one of the fol- 
lowing canses: 1. That the defendant is a non-resident, or a 
foreio-n corporation. 2. That the defendant is secretly leav- 
ino-, or has left the State, with intent to defraud his creditors. 
3. Or conceals himself so that summons cannot be served. 4. 
Removal of property out of tlie State. 5. That the defend- 
ant has sold or is about to sell or dispose of property with 
intent to defraud creditors. With certain exceptions no attach, 
ment can issue against a debtor while his wife and family 
remains settled in good faith within the county where the 
debtor's usual place of residence had been prior to his absence. 
All creditors share pro rata who file their claims under an 
original attachment before final judgment. 

CLAIMS AGAINST ESTATES. 

In order to recover costs, claims against estates of persona 
deceased, except judgment and mortgage liens created durirg 



LAWS AND COURTS. 335 

the life-time, must be filed with the clerk of the circuit court, 
within one year from the appointment of the executor or 
administrator. " After one year, if not filed at least thirty 
days before final settlement, the claim is, with few exceptions, 
barred. A succinct statement of its nature and amount is 
sufficient, if it have attached the affidavit of the claimant, that 
it is justly due and wholly unpaid. The entry by the clerk 
upon the appearance docket of the court is the only notice of 
the filing necessary. When the claim has been so entered ten 
days before the first day of the ensuing term, the executor or 
administrator may admit or refuse it, on the margin of the 
docket; if not admitted, it is to stand for trial at the next 
term. After allowance it has the force of a judgment, and 
bears interest at six per cent."* 

In deeds, mortgages, acknowledgments and recording, pri- 
vate seals are abolished, and one witness is sufficient, and, 
when the deed is acknowledged by the party, no witness is 
necessary, " The certificate of acknowledgment may be annexed 
or indorsed. All conveyances of land must be by deed in writ- 
ing, subscribed and duly acknowledged by the grantor or his 
attorney, empowered by a like instrument. The joint deed of 
husband and wife passes the lands of the Avife, but does not 
bind her to any of the covenants. Conveyances, to be valid 
against any other than the grantor, his heirs, or those having 
notice thereof, must be recorded within ninety days from their 
execution. To enable deeds and mortgages to be recorded, 
they must be acknowledged or proved before a judge, or clerk 
of some court of record, justice of the peace, auditor, recorder, 
notary public, or mayor of a city, in this or any other State, or 
before a commissioner of this State residing in another State, 
or before a minister, cJiarge (Taffair^es, or consul of the United 
States in a foreign country. Acknowledgments before an 
officer having an official seal require no further attestation. 
Acknowledgment is essential to admit a deed to record, but 
not to its validity, which may be proved by attesting wit- 
nesses. A married woman need make no acknowledgment 
difierent from that of an unmarried woman. A married 

♦ From Hemy D. Pierce's Digest of the Laws and Courts of Indiana, 



336 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

woman under twenty-one and over eighteen may join her liua- 
band in conveying Jiis property, if her father, or if he be dead, 
her mother, declare before the officer taking tlie acknowledg- 
ment, that it would be prejudicial to her and her husband not 
to convey, and that it is for the interest of the Avoman to con- 
vey; this declaration, with the name of the father or mother, 
to be inserted in the certificate. The conveyance by a corpo- 
ration must, of course, be under its corporate seal. All con- 
veyances and mortgages of lands, and every lease for three 
years, must be recorded in the recorder's office of the county 
where the lands are situated, within ninety days from the 
execution thereof, otherwise they are held fraudulent and void 
as against subsequent purchasers or mortgages in good faith 
for a valuable consideration." Chattel mortgage must be 
recorded within ten days from the date of execution, in the 
county where the mortgagee resides ; otherwise they are void 
as against creditors. 

In regard to depositions, they may be taken out of the State 
under a commission issued by the clerk of the court where the 
cause is pending. In such cases, " notice must be served upon 
the adverse party, and reasonable time given to reach the place 
of taking the deposition by the ordinary facilities of travel, 
excluding the day of service of notice, intervening Sundays, 
and the day of taking. Depositions of witnesses may be taken 
within or without the State, before a judge, justice of the 
peace, notary public, mayor, or recorder of a city, clerk of a 
court of record, or a commissioner appointed by a court; but 
not before any person being of kin to either party, or inter- 
ested in the action. Unless waived by agreement, officers in 
other States must act under a commission {detimus fotestatem) 
from the court in Indiana where the cause is pending. Objec- 
tion to a deponent, as not competent, or to any questions pro- 
posed to or answers given by him, may be made at the exam- 
ination and embodied in the deposition, or subsequently in 
open court."* 

And now in regard to executions. There are a lien on per- 

* Henry D. Pierce, Esq., Indianapolis. 



LAWS AKD COURTS. 337 

Bonal property "witliin tlie jurisdiction of the officer fromL> 
tlie time of delivery, but if tliere be several executions in the 
hands of different officers, the first levy has the preference, 
and divests all liens created by prior delivery. An execution 
to another county from that in Tvliich judgment is rendered, is 
a lien only from time of levy. Executions may issue at any 
time "svithin five years after rendition of the judgment; after 
that period, leave of court must be obtained, upon notice and 
motion. Executions from a court of record may issue to any 
county in the State. Property sold on execution, unless oth- 
erwise directed by the judgment, must be appraised and sold 
for at least two-thirds its appraised value. When notes or 
other instruments or contracts in writing contain the clause 
'without relief from valuation or appraisement laws,' the 
property of the judgment-debtor is sold upon execution for 
what it will bring. Stay of execution is allowed on nearly all 
judgments, by presenting one or more sufficient freehold 
securities as follows: On sums not exceeding six dollars, thirty 
days; over six and under twelve dollars, sixty days; over 
twelve and under twenty dollars, ninety days; over twenty 
and under forty dollars, one hundred and twenty days; over 
forty and under one hundred dollars, one hundred and fifty 
days; over one hundred dollars, one hundred and eighty days. 
Stays are not allowed on judgments for moneys received in a 
fiduciary capacity; or for breach of official duty." Eveiy 
recognizance of this character operates as against the bail, aa 
a judgment confessed. The property of the judgment-debtor 
must be exhausted before that of the bail. 

As to redemptions, personal property taken upon execution 
may be redeemed by delivering bond. All lands sold under 
judgments upon contracts, since June 4, ISGl, may be 
redeemed within one year from sale, by the payment ot 
the purchase money, with interest at the rate of ten per cent, 
per annum. The exemption or stay laws cannot be waived in 
a binding form. 

In regard to exemptions and homestead laws, " every resi- 
dent householder may claim as exempt from execution, prop- 
erty, real or personal, to the amount of three hundred dollars, 
22 



338 mSTOKY OF INDIANA. 

on nny debt founded on contract made since May 6, 1S53. 
Tliis riglit exists while in transitu from one residence to 
another, within the State, Tlierc is no homestead exemp- 
tion." 

Tiie kgal rate of interest is six per cent. ; but any other 
rate, not exceeding ten per cent., may be provided for by con- 
tract in writing. All interest over ten per cent, is illegal, as 
to the excess only. The rate of interest on judgments is six 
per cent, in the absence of a contract, but any rate may b6 
provided for by contract, not exceeding, liowever, ten per cent. 

Kcgardiug judgments of the supreme and superior courts, 
^ey arc liens upon all real estate of defendant liable to execu- 
tion in the county where rendered, for the space of ten years^ 
and after the expiration of twenty years are deemed satisfied. 
A transcript of the judgment of any court of record may bo 
filed in another county, and from the time of filing becomes a 
Ben on the real estate of the judgment debtor in that county. 
An order of attachment binds the defendant's property in the 
county where issued, and becomes a lien from the time of 
delivery to the shcrifl'. Goods in the hands of a consignee arc 
subject to a lien for any debt due from the consignor. Jus- 
tices' judgments become a lien on real estate from the time of 
filing transcript in the common pleas court. Judgments on 
bonds payable to the State become a lien on the real estate of 
the debtor from the commencement of the action. Every 
recognizance binds the real estate of the principal from the 
time it is taken, but that of the surety only from the time 
judgment of forfeiture is taken; those taken by justices in 
criminal cases become a lien from the time of filing in circuit 
or criminal courts.* 

The law regarding liens of mechanics, etc., is also impor- 
tant. Mechanics and all persons furnishing materials for, or 
performing labor upon, any building, or machinery tlicrefor, 
have a lien on the building and real estate on which it is sit- 
uated for their pay, either jointly or separately, by filing notice 
of intention to hold such lien in the recorder's oflice within 

• Manual of Laws and CourtB. 



LAWS AND COURTS. 331) 

sixty days after conclusion of the work or completion of build- 
ing. The lien relates to the time when the work or repairs 
commenced, and has priority over any subsequent claims only. 
All who " lile nnder" on action pending prior to judgment 
are allowed a yro rata decree. Sub-contractors can acquire 
lien in tiic same manner, whether the original contractor is 
paid or not, or they may give notice to the owner to stop pay- 
ment, and recover whatever is due the contractor. The stat- 
ute gives a lien on all boats and water craft for debts contracted 
for supplies, wages, repairs, etc. A mortgage for purchase- 
money has preference over a prior judgment against the pur- 
chaser. Mechanics and tradesmen have a lien on goods left 
for alteration or repair, liverymen and feeders on stock left 
with them, forwarding and commission merchants on goods in 
storage. Attorneys have a lien for their fees on all judgments 
taken by them, upon entering notice on the docket or order 
book at the time of taking, giving the amount of such fees. 

Touching the law on limitation of actions, we quote from 
the digest of Henry D. Pierce, Esq., as follows: "Actions for 
injuries to person or character, and for penalty or forfeiture 
by statute, must be commenced within two years; against 
public officer or his sureties, within three years; for the recov- 
efy of real property sold by executors, etc., on a judgment 
directing such sale, by a party to the judgment, his heirs or 
assigns, subsccpicnt to the date of judgment, within five years 
after confirmation of sale; on accounts and contracts not in 
writing, for use, rents, and proiits of real property, for inju- 
ries to property, and for the recovery of personal property and 
damages for the detention thereof, for relief against frauds and 
for money collected by public oflicer, within six years; for the 
recovery of real property sold on execution, when action is 
brought by execution debtor, his heirs or assigns, after dato 
of judgment, within ten years. All actions not limited by 
Btatute sluill be brought within fifteen years after the same 
shall have accrued; actions on written contracts, judgments of 
a court of record, and for the recovery of real estate, within 
twenty years. Persons under legal disability may bring their 
actions within two years after such disability is removed. Set- 



3iO HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

off or payment may be pleaded, iiotAvitlistandlng the same are 
barred by statute. When a canse of action is barred by the 
statute of the State where tlie defendant resided at date of 
contract, the lex loci contractus shall govern the limitation. 
An acknowledgment or new promise, in order to operate as a 
new or continuing contract, must be in writing, signed by the 
party to be charged." 

In reference to the law bearing upon the rights of married 
women, we have the following brief resume from the pen of 
the same writer: "A married woman may sue and defend 
alone where the action concerns her separate pi-operty, or where 
the action is between herself and husband. The wife may 
claim the benefit of the exemption law for her husband in his 
absence. She may qualify as an executrix with the consent 
in writing of her husband. Marriage, after having been 
appointed an administratrix, does not cause her removal if 
her husband consents in writing. Married women may make 
wills as if single. A wife of an insane husband may contract 
in relation to her separate property as a feme sole. A mar- 
ried woman holds her real and personal property and all profits 
therefrom absolutely as her separate property, and they are not 
liable for the debts of her husband, but she cannot alien or 
encumber her personal or real estate unless her husband join 
in the conveyance. The separate deed of the husband conveys 
no interest in his wife's land. The courts may authorize her 
to sell and convey her own real estate in case of abandonment 
bv her husband, or his confinement in the penitentiary, and to 
make any contracts. By the statute of 1S52, tenancies by the 
courtesy and dower arc abolished. A widow takes one-third 
of her deceased husband's real estate in fee, free from all 
demands of creditors, wdiere the estate does not exceed ten 
thousand dollars; where it does not exceed twenty thousand 
dollars one-fourth only; and where it exceeds twenty thousand 
dollars one-fifth only as against creditors. She takes one-third 
of the personalty. In all cases she takes three hundred dol- 
lars from the estate without accounting. If a widow marry a 
second husband, she cannot alienate real estate held by virtue 
of her previous marriage, but it goes to her children by the 



LAWS AND COURTS. 



311 



former marriage. A second or subsequent wife, if there are 
children by a former wife, takes only a life estate in her hus- 
band's lands unless she have children alive. A widow may 
elect to take under her husband's will, or the law. Alienage 
of the wife does not affect her rights if the husband is a eit- 




PROP. GEORGE W. HOSS. 
See page 21. 

izen, or if an alien he be authorized to hold lands. The wife's 
interest is saved from reversion in the absence of heirs, where 
an estate is given to the husband in consideration of love and 
affection. A widow may occupy the dwelling and forty acres 
of land of her deceased husband, free of rent for one year." 



342 DISTORY OF IKOIANA. 

In relation to notes, bills and protest, tlio law is interesting 
nnd important: "Bills of exchange aj\d promissory notes 
payable in Lanl<s within the State, are p-overncd by the ' law 
merchant.' On all bills of exchani^e payable within the State, 
whether sight or time bills, three days of grace are allowed. 
Notes and bills not payable in bank are governed by statutory 
provisions as follows: All notes and bills are negotiable by 
endorsement. The assignee may, in his own name, recover 
against the maker. The suit must be brought in the name of 
the real party in interest. "Whatever defense or set-oft' the 
maker of any such instrument liad before notice of assign- 
ment against an assignor, or the original payee, he shall liave 
also against their assignee. The maker is entitled to all 
defenses against the note in the hands of the assignee which 
lie could make against it in the hands of the payee. All notes 
and bills should contain the clause, 'without any relief what- 
ever from the Valuation or Appraisement Laws of Indiana.* 
The holder of a note or bill, whether negotiable by the law 
merchant or by the law of this State, may institute suit against 
the whole or any number of the parties liable; but no more 
than one suit at the same term. Damages of live per cent, 
are allowed upon protested bills drawn or negotiated in this 
State, if drawn upon a person at a place out of the State; and 
ten per cent, if drawn upon a person out of the United States. 
Beyond suc]i damages no interest or chai-ges arc allowed, 
except from date of protest. A holder, without consideration, 
cannot recover damages. Protest must, of course, be made on 
the last day of grace, in the usual form. If the notary's cer- 
tificate shows that written notices were duly given to the sev- 
eral parties, naming them, it is sufficient evidence of the fact." 

The law in relation to taxes is important. Taxes attach as 
n lien on real estate on the first day of April in each year. 
Corporation taxes mostly attach on the first day of January. 
Penalties attach on the third !Monday in March, annually, and 
after that day all unpaid taxes are collectable by distress and 
€ale of ])ei-sonality. Sales of real estate for taxes occur in each 
county on the first IMonday of February annually. All lands 
on which taxes are delinquent for two years are offered. After 



LAWS AND CJOUETS. 34^ 

sale, the owner has two years in wliich he may redeem. If 
not redeemed within the time, a deed is made to the purchaser 
by the county auditor. In order to sustain a tax sale, tho 
party chiiming imder it must show a substantial compliance 
with every provision of tlie law authorizing the sale. After 
four years no suit to review the title can he bi-ought. A tax 
deed is oi\\y prima facie evidence of regularity of the pro- 
ceedings, and may be contradicted. Possession under a tax 
deed is adverse though the title be invalid. 

As to wills, all persons of a sound mind, who are twenty- 
one years of age, may make wills and devise all their estate, 
of every kind, to any person or corporation, saving the legal 
provision for the widow. ]\rarried women may devise their 
separate ])roperty. Wills must be in writing (except nuncu- 
pation, bequeathing not to exceed one hundred dollars), signed 
by the testator or some person by his direction and in his 
presence, and attested by two persons subscribing as witnesses. 
Wills may be probated b}' the court of any county where tho 
testator resided, or in which he shall die leaving assets, on 
proof of execution by one or more subscribing witnesses, or 
by proof of handwriting of the testator and of the witnesses, 
in case of their incompetency, death or absence. Provisions 
are made by statute for contesting the validity and probate of 
wills, either before or within three years after offered to pro- 
bate. Wills executed without the State, and probated in another 
State or country, according to the laws thereof, may in most 
cases be recorded, and shall have the same cflect as if executed 
in the State. 

Ilegarding witnesses, no party in a civil suit is disqualified 
as a witness by reason of interest, and one party to the suit 
may compel the other to testify. Husband and wife are not 
competent witnesses as to matters for or against each other, or 
communications made during marriage. When an executor, 
administrator or guardian is a party, and the judgment afl'ccts 
the estate, neither party can testify unless called by the adverse 
party. A want of belief in the Supreme Being only aflects 
the credibility. 

The criminal laws of the State of Indiana consist of well 



344 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

defined penalties for the various crimes. The list is very longj, 
and too tedioiis for insertion in this volume. 

We will close this chapter with a brief notice of the courts. 
The supreme court of Indiana has appellate jurisdiction only 
from the superior, criminal and circuit courts of the State. 
Injunctions are granted by it in certain cases. There is no 
distinction among the judges; each acts as chief justice in 
rotation, for a single term. The present judges of the supreme 
court are, five in number, as follows : John Pettit, of La Fay- 
ette; James L. Worden, of Fort Wayne; Samuel H. Buskirk, 
of Bloomington; Alexander C. Downey, of Kising Sun, and 
Horace P. Biddle, of Logansport. The terms of the supremo 
court commence at Indianapolis on the fourth Mondays of 
May and November. The court sits at chambers during the 
greater part of the year, and causes can be submitted, by agree- 
ment, on briefs, at any time. 

The circuit and superior courts have original concurrent 
jurisdiction in most civil cases, such as actions on contracts, 
etc. The circuit court has exclusive jurisdiction in actions 
for slander. In all cases of concurrent jurisdiction the court 
first obtaining cognizance, retains it exclusively. There are 
four terms of the circuit court. The terms of the superior 
court commence on the first Monday of each month, except 
July and August. An appeal from the special to the general 
term of the superior court is granted as a matter of right, 
without bond except in special cases. The superior court was 
established in 1871. It exists at present only in Marion 
county, the latter being the only county containing a city 
(Indianapolis) of over forty thousand inhabitants, that being 
requisite to the organization of this court. Judgment may 
be had at the first term after suit commenced, unless good 
cause of defense is shown. A judgment in either of these 
courts for less than fifty dollars does not carry costs. 

Justices of the peace have jurisdiction in collections and 
other civil cases, to the amount of two hundred dollars, within 
the township where the debtor resides; but they may render 
judgment upon confession to the amount of three hundred 
dollars. Judgment can be had generally within a week or ten 
days. 



CHAPTER XL. 

OFFICIAL REGISTER OF INDIANA. 

WE will close the first part of this Volume with a list 
of the State olHccrs who have served the people of 
iDcliana, through the various grades of governmeiit, from 
1800 to 1877. 

TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS. 

Arthur St. Clair, Governor Northwest Territory. 
William II. Harrison, from 1800 to 1812. 
Thomas Posey, from 1812 to 1816. 

GOVERNORS OF THE STATE. 

Jonathan Jennings, from 181G to 1819. 
Jonathan Jennings, (second term,) from 1819 to 1822. 
William Hendricks, from 1822 to 1825. 
James B. Ray, (acting,) February, 1825. 
James B. Ray, from 1825 to 1828. 
James B. Ray, (second terra,) from 1828 to 1831. 
Noah Noble, from 1831 to 1834. 
Noah Noble, (second term,) from 1831: to 1837. 
David Wallace, from 1837 to 1840. 
Samuel Bigger, from 1840 to 1843. 
James Whitcomb, from 1843 to 1846. 
James Whitcomb, from 1846 to 1848. 
Parris C. Dunning, (acting,) from 1848 to 1849. 
Joseph A. Wright, from 1849 to 1852. 
Joseph A. Wright, from 1853 to 1857. 
Ashbel P. Willard, from 1857 to 1860. 
Abram A. nammond, acting from 1860 to 1861. 

345 



346 rasTOKT OF Indiana. 

Henry S. Lane, (a few days,) ISGO. 

Oliver P. Jiforton, (acting,) from 1860 to 1865. 

Oliver r. :^[orton, from 1S65 to 1867. 

Conrad JJuker, (acting,) from 1867 to 1869. 

Conrad Uaker, from 1869 to 1873. 

Tliomas A. Ucudricks, from 1873 to 1877. 

James D. Williams, irom 1»77 to 

LIEUTENANT GOVEKNOKS. 

Christopher Harrison, from 1816 to 1819. 

Katlilie Boone, from 1819 to 1825. 

John II. Thompson, from 1825 to 1828. 

Milton Stapp, from 1828 to 1831. 

David Wallace, from 1831 to 1837. 

David Ilillis, from 1837 to 1840. 

Samuel Hall, from 1840 to 1843. 

Jesse D. Bright, from 1843 to 1845. 

Godlove S. Orth, (acting,) 1845. 

James G. Eccd, (acting,) 1846. 

Parris C. Dunning, from 1846 to 1848. 

James G. Keed, (acting,) 1849. 

James H. Lane, from 1849 to 1852. 

Ashbel P. AVillard, from 1853 to 1857. 

Abram A. Hammond, from 1857 to 1859. 

John E. Cravens, (acting,) from 1859 to 1863. 

Parris C. Dunning, (acting,) from 1663 to 1865. 

Conrad Baker, from 1865 to 1867. 

Will. Cumback, (acting,) from 1867 to 1869. 

Will. Cumback, from 1869 to 1873. 

Leonidas Sexton, from 1873 to 1877. 

Isaac P. Gray, from 1877 to 

SECRETAKIES OF STATE. 

John Gibson, Territorial, from 1800 to 1816. 
Eobert A. New, from 1816 to 1825. 
William W. Wick, from 1825 to 1829. 
James Morrison, from 1829 to 1833. 
William Sheets, from 1833 to 1837. 
William J. Brown, from 1837 to 1841. 



OFFICIAL EEGISTEK. 347 



William Sheets, from 1841 to 1845. 
John II. Thompson, from 1845 to 1849. 
Charles 11. Test, from 1849 to 1853. 
Nchemiah Ilayden, from 1853 to 1855. 
Erasmus B. Collins, from 1855 to 1857. 
Daniel McClure, from 1857 to 1858. 
Cyrus L. Dunham, from 1S5S to 1859. 
Daniel McClure, from 1859 to 18G1. 
William A. rcelle, from 18G1 to 18G3. 
James S. Atlion, from 18G3 to 18G5. 
Nelson Trusler, from 18G5 to 18G9. 
Max F. A. Koffinan, from 1869 to 1871. 
Norman Eddy, from 1871 to 1872. 
John II. Farquhar, from 1872 to 1873. 
William W. Curry, from 1873 to 1875. 
John E. Neff, from 1875 to 1879. 
Xjt. Shanklin, from 1879 to— - 

AUDITORS OF STATE. 

William II. Lilley, from 181G to 1829. 
Morris Morris, from 1829 to 1844. 
Iloratio J. Harris, from 1844 to 1847. 
Douglass McGuiie, from 1847 to 1850. 
Erastus W. II. Ellis, from 1850 to 1853.- 
John P. Dunn, from 1853 to 1855. 
Iliram E. Talbott, from 1855 to 1857. 
John W. Dodd, from 1857 to ISGO. 
Albert Lange, from ISGl to 1SG3. 
Joseph Kistinc, from 18G3 to 18G5. 
Thomas B. McCarty, from 18G5 to 1869. 
John D. Evans, from 1SC9 to 1871. 
John C. Shoemaker, from 1871 to 1873. 
James A. Wildman, from 1873 to 1875. 
Ebcnezer Henderson, from 1875 to 1879» 
Mahlon D. Mauson, fro.n 1879 to 

TREASURERS OF STATK. 

Daniel C. Lane, from 1816 to 1823. 
Samuel Merrill, from 1823 to 1835. 



348 msTOKY OF Indiana. 

Nathan B. ralmer, from 1835 to 1841. 
George II. Dunn, from 1841 to 1844. 
lloyal Majhew, from 1844 to 1847. 
Samuel Ilanna, from 1847 to 1850. 
James P. Drake, from 1850 to 1853. 
Elijah Newland, from 1853 to 1855. 
William B. Noffsinger, from 1855 to 1857. 
Aquilla Jones, from 1857 to 1859, 
Nathaniel F. Cunningham, from 1859 to ISGl. 
Jonathan S. Harvey, from 18G1 to 1SG3. 
Matthew L. Brett, trom 1SG3 to 18G5. 
John I. Morrison, from 18G5 to 1867. 
Nathan Kimball, from 1867 to 1871. 
James B. Eyan, from 1871 to 1873. 
John B. Glover, from 1873 to 1875. 
B. C. Shaw, from 1875 to 1879. 
William Fleming, 1879 to 

ATTORNEYS GENERAL. 

James Morrison, from March 5, 1855. 
Joseph E, McDonald, from December 17, 1857. 
James G. Jones, from December 17, 1859. 
John P. Usher, from November 10, 1861. 
Oscar B. Hord, from November 3, 1862. 
Delano E. Williamson, from November 3, 1864- 
Bayliss W. Ilanna, from November 3, 1870. 
James C. Denny, from November 6, 1872. 
Clarence A. Buskirk, from November 6, 1874. 
Thoraas W. Woollen, from November 6, 1878. 

JUDGES OF THE SUPREilE COURT 

James Scott, from 1816 to 1831. 
John Johnston, from 1816 to 1817. 
Jesse L. Holman, from 1816 to 1831. 
Isaac Blackford, from 1817 to 1853. 
Steven C. Stevens, from 1831 to 1836. 
John T. McKinney, from 1831 to 1837. 
Charles Dewey, from 1836 to 1847. 
Jeremiah SuUivan, from 1837 to 1846. 



OFFICIAL EEGISTEE. 349 

Ramuel E. Perkins, from 1846 to 1865. 
Tliomas L. Smith, from 1847 to 1853. 
Andrew Davidson, from 1853 to 1865. 
William L. Stewart, from 1853 to 1857. 
Addison L. Roache, from 1853 to 1854. 

Alvin P. Ilovej, (appointed,) from to 1854. 

Samuel B. Gookins, from 1854 to 1857. 

James L. AVorden, (appointed,) from 1858 to 1S65. 

James M. Ilanna, (appointed,) from 1858 to 1865. 

Charles A. Eay, from 1865 to 1871. 

John P. Elliott, from 1865 to 1871. 

James S. Frazier, from 1865 to 1S71. 

Pobert S. Gregory, from 1S65 to 1871. 

James L. Wordcn, from 1871 to . 

Alexander C. Downey, from 1871 to 1877. 
Samuel II. Bnskirk, from 1871 to 1877. 
John Pottit, from 1871 to 1877 
Andrew L, Osborn, from 1872 to 1874. 

Horace P. Piddle, from 1874 to . 

William E. Niblack, from 1877 to 

George V. Howk, from 1877 to 

Samuel E. Perkins, from 1877 to 



TINITED STATES SENATOHS. 

Class 1. James Noble, from 1816 to 1831. 

Class 3. Waller Taylor, from 1816 to 1825. 

Class 3. William Hendricks, from 1825 to 1S37. 

Class 1. Pobcrt Ilanna (appointed), 1831. 

Class 1. John Tipton, from 1831 to 1839. 

Class 3. Oliver U. Smith, from 1837 to 1843. 

Class 1. Albert S. White, from 1839 to 1845. 

Class 3. Edward A. Ilanncgan, from 1843 to 1849. 

Class 1. Jesse D. Bright, from 1845 to 1861. 

Class 3. James Whitcomb, from 1849 to 1852. 

Class 3. Charles ^V. Cathcart (appointed), from 18§S t» 
1853. 



350 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Class 3. John Pcttit, from 1S53 to 1S57. 

Class 3. Graham N. Fitch, from 1857 to 1861. 

Class 1. Joseph A. Wright, from 18G1 to 1863. 

Class 3. Henrj S. Lane, from 1861 to 1867. 

Class 1. David Turpie, 1863. 

Class 1. Thomas A. Hendricks, from 1863 to 1869. 

Class 3. Oliver V. Morton, from 18G7 to 1877. 

Class 1. Daniel D. Pratt, from 1869 to 1875. 

Class 3. Joseph E. McDonald, 1875 to . 

Class 3. Daniel W. Voorhees, 1877 to 



PART SECOND. 

COUNTY HISTORIES. 



CnATTEK XLI. 

INTRODUCTORY. 

IK the first part of this M'ork wc have treated only of mat- 
ters pertaining to the State, in a general sense. It is our 
purpose, from this point, to present sketches of the moral and 
material progress of different localities %nthin the State, or, 
of each county. In taking up these county histories, we shall 
observe no particular order, unless it be to follow the lines 
of early immigration through the State. Otic, and the most 
important of these, is by the way of the Maumee, and the 
"Wabash, to the Ohio, the oldest route ever traveled by the 
whites, on the territory now within the borders of the State 
of Indiana. "We shall first take up this route, observing the 
pioneer history, and giving brief sketches of the condition of 
each county during our progress. 

A good many people, and some modem writers, arc not a 
little mixed on the question of the date of the first settlement 
in Indiana. It must be admitted that the question is an 
important, and interesting one, and yet, after all, no great 
good would follow an authentic elucidation of the subject. 
It is important only as a starting point for the subject of the 
following chapter, and to satisfy one species of curiosity not 

351 



352 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

altogether worthless. We shall take more pride in pointing 
to the canscs that led to the first settlement of tlie territory, 
and in defining their relationship with the government of the 
county, than to demonstrate, exactly, when and where the 
first outpost of civilization in Indiana was established, l^cv- 
ertheless, we shall be able to draw our lines, with some degree 
of certainty as to the latter. 

The lirst white man who visited the territory was a French 
Jesuit missionary, who came from the old French mission of 
tiic St. Joseph of Lake Micliigan, which was one of the oldest 
Jesuit missions in the lake region. This missionary (or mis- 
sionaries) came among the Miamis in the latter part of the 
seventeenth century, probably in 1GT5. It M-as through the 
adventurous spirit of these early representatives of the Cross, 
that the route from " New France " to "Louisiana," by the 
Maumce, Wabash, and Ohio rivers was discovered. This dis- 
covery has directly to do with the early settlement of Indiana, 
for with the knowledge of the route mentioned, and the con- 
sequent travel over it, came tlie necessity of military estab- 
lishments along the line for its protection. It will be remem- 
bered tliat at the close of t]ie seventeenth century, France held 
extensive possessions in Louisiana and in Canada. There was 
no established trade between tiio two colonies, as the former 
had direct communication witii tlie mother country by the 
way of the Mississippi and tlie Gulf, and the latter by the way 
of the river St. Lawrence and the Gulf of that name. Not- 
withstanding this, there was, at the date mentioned, a commu- 
nication established between them. About the same period, 
the French Government, from its knowledge of the wealth and 
extent of the Mississippi Yalley, as Avell as of the adjacent 
territory on either side, resolved on the full possession of the 
country. The English appeared to be content with but a nar- 
row strip of land on the Atlantic seaboard, while the French 
were constantly pushing their conquests or discoveries west- 
ward. In 1700, the French foresaw the conflict that termi- 
nated with the fall of Quebec, over fifty years later, and with 
a view to strengthen themselves in their new and valuable 
possessions, they adopted measures looking to the speedy 



ALLEN COUNTY EARLY HISTORY. 353 

establishment of a chain of fortifications, extending from 
Canada to Louisiana. For a time, the great question with 
the French colonial authorities was the location of these for- 
tifications. The route bj the llaumcc and the Wabash was, 
at length, ado])tcd, and in 1701 a fortification was established 
on the Detroit river. This was the first step towards carry- 
ing the measure into effect, but it was not the last. During 
the fo7^r years that followed, forts with military garrisons 
were established at l»hc head of the Maumee, where the city 
of Fort Wayne now stands; at Ountanon, on the Wea prairie, 
in what is now Ti]v^)eeanoc county, and at Vincennes. These 
posts were probably garrisoned first in 1704—5, but as to which 
of them should take ]>recedence in point of antiquity, there is 
considerable doubt. They were, however, all established about 
the same time. 

In the foregoing we have pointed out, with some clearness, 
the causes that led to the first settlement of Indiana by the 
French. We ^vill now speak of the characteristics and growth 
of those settlements. 



CnAPTEE XLIl. 



ALLEN COUNTY EARLY HISTORY. 



IT was at Fort Wayne, or near where the St. Mary's and 
St. Joseph rivers form the Maumee, that the somcAvhat 
celebrated family of Indians of the Algonquin nation, the 
Miamis, jiad their ancient capita,!. Around this spot, for 
many years, perhaps for centuries, the Miami chiefs assem- 
bled in council to deliberate upon the affairs of their confed- 
eracy, or to decide for war or peace. IIow often have the 
echoes of Indian oratory sounded along the valley of the 
Maumee, and the St. Joseph and St. Marys rivers! It baa 
23 



354 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

broken tlie silence of the forests many times in defense of 
justice; it lias excited the savages to "svar to repel an Indian 
enemy; it lias eloquently pleaded the cause of the red man 
against the oppressions of the whites. 

Kekionga was, to the patriotic Miami, the dearest of all 
places in his broad domain. There was an eloquence in tlic 
scenery around the place that won high admiration in his 
savage heart. To the simple Indian mind there was some- 
thing supernatural, something unspeakably grand, in the 
quiet of this fertile valley. It was here that they buried 
their illustrious dead. It was in this valley, and particularly 
at the head of the Maumee, where all their important cer- 
emonies were commemorated. Keturning from the chase, 
these Indians would assemble in the beautiful groves along 
the banks of these rivers, and pass the time in their usual 
sports. Games of chance, feats of strength and agility, and 
the feast were all enacted here with native enthusiasm. But, 
at length, say in 1676, the white adventurer found his way to 
the Miami capital. lie was not a warrior, not a trader, but a 
simple, pious, yet zealous Jesuit, who came, in his mysterious 
robe, telling the story of the Cross, which tlie savages could 
never fully appreciate. 

Here, at once, wo pass from tradition to history, in which 
connection it is expedient to state that the sources of much 
of the information following is through the recollections of 
the oldest settlers of Fort Wayne, still living. The compiler 
being aware that previous efforts to produce a history of Fort 
Wayne have not resulted to the satisfaction of those inter- 
ested, first sought to learn the errors already committed by 
hasty writers. Collecting every scrap of history pertaining 
to the settlement of the place, he proceeded to Fort Wayne, 
where he remained some three weeks, interviewing the oldest 
Bettlers, and comparing their statements with the incomplete 
writings previously published. By this method he has been 
enabled to present a straightforward, truthful and complete 
history of Allen county. 

It has not been our custom in this work to present inter- 
views verbatim, but in this single instance the ends in view 



ALLEN COUNTY EARLY HISTORY. 355 

can best be accomplished b}' departing from the rnle. On the 
twcntj-sixth of October, 1874, a compiler of this work called 

upon Judge , a gentleman well informed on matters of 

local history, at his residence in Fort Wayne, and was kindly 
favored by the following conversation: 

Compiler. — " Judge, I have been frequently referred to yon 
as a person well qualified to give me much information con- 
cerning tlie early history of Fort Wayne. Have you any 
objection to state to mo what you Icnow about the early his- 
tory of Allen county, and the sources of your information?" 

Judge. — " I cannot boast of any particular knowledge on 
the subject, and there are others of our citizens who could 
give you much more accurate information than I can, but 
what I have collected is at your service. I must premise, 
however, that most of it is mere tradition of the Indians, and. 
therefore, not to be relied upon implicitly. When in Europe, 
in 18G1-2, I spent most of tlie summer of the latter year in 
London and Paris. Through the influence of Mr. Dayton, 
our French minister, and the kindness of Mr. Peabody, J 
obtained access to the colonial documents and records in the 
archives of those governments, from which I obtained some 
information, and when I located here, about thirty-five years 
ago, I had frequent interviews with the late Miami chief, 
Richardville, as also with Messrs. Coquillard and Comparet, 
the earliest French traders then living. I took down in writ- 
ing their statements, but do not place so much confidence in 
the tradition of the Indians as some do, yet, I have no doubt, 
but that the ancient Indian route between the Ottawa (Mau- 
raee) river and down the Wabash to the Ohio and Mississippi, 
was first made known to the French in Canada by a visit of 
one of the French priests from their mission on Lake Mich- 
igan to Ivekionga, about the year 1676. Nor can there be the 
least doubt but that Baron La Salle was at Kekionga in the 
year 1680, as his letter to the Governor-General of Canada 
states that fact, and also mentions that the route alluded to 
had been already traveled by French traders from Canada, who 
had pursued this route in their trade with the Indians on the 
Lower Wabash." 



35 G HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Compiler. — ""Wlio "vvcrc tlic first white men to visit this 
place?" 

Judge. — "T]ic tradition of tlie Indians, whicli is nndonbt- 
cdly true, is that one of tlie missionaries from St. Joseph 
came to Kckiojiga about four years before La Salle came in 
IGSO. La Salle was the next to follow the missionaries." 

Comjyiler. — "When and where was the first stockade built 
at Fort Wayne?" 

Jxulije. — " In one local history already published, it is stated 
that La Salic was at Kekion<^a in IGSO, and at that time caused 
a small stockade fort to be built here.* The statement is made 
on the authority of Mr. Goodman, who claims to have obtained 
liis information from the French records at Montreal and 
Quebec. But in tlio year 1705, Santer Yincennes, of the 
French army, was at Kckionga, and found here, at that time, 
several Indian traders from Pennsylvania. It has been gen- 
erally supposed that then it was that Yincennes, by the direc- 
tion of the Governor-General of Canada, erected the French 
stockade north of the present Catholic hospital, between the 
canal and the St. Mary's river, in the old Tipton or Hock Hill 
orchard, near the residence of Judge McCulloch, our late sec- 
retary of the treasury, on the same spot where Mass was first 
said by the Catholic priest in 1G7G. This was the stockade, 
' the dim outlines of which Avcre traced by General Wayne i» 
1794.' " 

Compiler. — "What became of this fort?" 

Judge. — "It was destro3'ed by the Indians at the time of 
'Nicholas's' conspiracy." 

Compiler. — " Judge, a good many people get this conspir- 
acy mixed up with Pontiac's conspiraoy. This is a sorry mis- 
take. Will you state your recollections of Nicholas's con- 
spiracy ? ' 

*Thc statement that La Salle built a fort at the head of the Maumee in 
1G80, is probably incorrect. He was at that time returning from his some- 
what disastrous Mississippi expedition, and being on a journey to Caa- 
ada, in search of the Griffin, and out of supplies, it is unreasonable to 
assume that he erected a fort at this place. The author is of the opinion 
that the early records in Quebec and Montreal show only that La Salic 
reported the place as well suited for a fort. 



358 msTORT OF Indiana. 

Judge. — " About the year 1Y45 the celebrated Indian chief 
of the Huron tribe, called by the French and English, Nich- 
olas, but whose Indian name is said to have been Sandosket, 
and who lived at the Indian village where the city of San- 
dusky, Ohio, now stands, formed a conspiracy to destroy all 
the French ports and settlements northwest of the Ohio. The 
French post at Kekionga, erected by Yincennes in 1705, fell in 
this war. It was burnt by the Indians — the Miamis, the Otta- 
was and the Pottawatomies assisting the lEurons." 

Compiler. — " Did the French government cause another fort 
to be erected here? " 

Judge. — "Yes; Captain Dubuisson, of the corps ot royal 
engineers, was sent here, and erected a new fort in 1748. He 
did not erect this fort on the same spot where Yincennes 
erected the stockade in 1705, but at a point not far distant 
to the west, and near the present canal aqueduct, and a little 
to the east of the residence of Judge Lowry. The fort, or 
rather a part of its foundation, was still standing when Colonel 
John Johnson came here in 1800."* 

In the conversation which we have given with Judge , 

it will be seen that there were two French forts or stockades 
erected at Fort Wayne, one in 1705 and the other in 1748. 
Following this chain of events, we next come to the English 
fort which was erected on the east bank of the St. Joseph's 
river, by Ensign Holmes, in the fall of 1760, or winter of 
17G0-G1. With the fall of Canada in 1750, all the French 
forts in the northwest fell into the hands of the British, and 
Major Kogers was sent to Detroit with an army to occupy 
them. Ensign Holmes, with a small detachment, came to 
Fort AYayne, but finding the old French post here unlit to pro- 
tect the garrison, at once commenced the erection of the Eng- 
lish fort. 

Our readers will remember that the British occupation of 
the northwestern outposts was distasteful to the Indians, who, 

* The compiler of this work, who visited Fort Wayne, received much 
more valuable information from John P. Hedges and Judge Borden. He 
■was also aided by J. L. Williams, F. P. Randall, John Ilough, Mr. Edger- 
ton, and many others. 



ALLEN COUNTY EAKLY HISTORY. 359 

during tlic old Frcncli war, liad continued fast allies of their 
French father. This dissatisfaction was soon augmented into 
a spirit of revenge by the insolence of British officers, and the 
Indians, in the Spring of 1763, were strongly united under 
the great Ottawa chief, Pontiac, determined upon driving the 
red coats from their country. Francis Parkman, the ablest 
American writer on the Indian wars of North America, has 
given us a volume on this Pontiac war — a literary treasure of 
rare merit — in which he gives us a graphic and thrilling 
account of the fate of Ensign Holmes and his feeble garri- 
son at Fort "Wayne. Our mention of this aflair is necessarily 
brief. 

The Miamis of the Maumee had taken up the hatchet at 
the will of the Ottawa chief, and in the Spring of 1763, the 
valley around Kekionga resounded with many a savage war- 
whoop. Holmes had observed the savages gathering with 
unusual demonstrations, and, suspecting their designs, kept a 
close watch upon their movements. Nevertheless he became 
a victim to savage ingenuity. 

An Indian girl with whom Holmes was intimate, and in 
whom he placed too much confidence, by compulsion, it is 
said, went into the fort and told Holmes that there was a sick 
squaw lying in a wigwam not far from the fort, and expressed 
a desire that he should go and see her. The fatal hour had 
come.* Unsuspectingly, and with a view to serve and per- 
haps relieve the supposed sick squaw, (knowing perhaps some- 
thing of medicine; for, it would seem, had there been a surgeon 
in the fort, he would have been more likely to have at least 
been called on by the Ensign than for Holmes to have gone 
himself,) preceded by tlic Indian girl, he was soon without the 
enclosure of the garrison, and advancing with cautious steps 
in the direction of the hut wherein lay the object of his jdIiI- 
lanthropic mission. Nearing a cluster of huts, which are 
described to have been situated at the edge of an open space, 
" hidden from view by an intervening spur of the woodland," 
the squaw directed him to the hut wherein lay the supposed 

* Parkman's Conspiracy of Pontiac ; Bryce's History of Fort Wayne, etc. 



360 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

invalid. Another instant — a few more paces — and the sud- 
den crack of two rifles from behind the Mi^wam in view, felled 
ITolmes to the earth, and echoed over the little garrison, start- 
ling the guards and inmates into momentary surprise and 
wonder. Amid the confusion, the sergeant nnthoughtedly 
passed without the fort to ascertain the cause of the rille 
shots. But a few paces were gained, when, with loud, tri- 
umphant shouts, he was sprung upon by the savages and 
made a captive; which, in turn, brought the soldiei'S within, 
about nine in all, to the palisades of the garrison, who clam- 
bered up to sec the movement without, when a Canadian, of 
the name of Godfroi, (or GodlVi) accompanied by "two other 
white men," stepped defiantly forth, and demanded a surrender 
of the fort, with the assurance to the soldiers that, if at once 
complied with, their lives would be spared; but, refusing, they 
should " all be killed without mercy." The aspect before them 
was now sadly embarrassing. Without a commander — with- 
out hope, and full of fear, to hesitate, seemed only to make 
death the more certain, and the garrison gate soon swung back 
upon its hinges; the surrender was complete, and English 
rule, at this point, and for a time, at least, had ceased to exer- 
cise its power. 

But we have some local traditions of this affair. Mrs. Laura 
Suttenfield, one of the " Mothers " of Fort Wayne, living there 
since 1814, whose portrait appears in another place in this work 
informed one of the compilers that she became acquainted with 
this woman in 1815; that she and her family lived nefghbors 
to her for several years. At the period of Mrs. S.'s acquaint- 
ance with the woman, she had a son, a man 'of some years. 
On one occasion, being at the hut of the woman, the man, her 
son, came in intoxicated, and somewhat noisy, and the woman, 
by way of an apology to Mi's. S., remarked that he was a little 
SQUABUY, or drunk; and concluded with the remark that he was 
a SAGiNAsrr, (English); and from the a^c of the man, the infer- 
encc is drawn that he was a son of Holmes. After leaving 
here, the woman took up her residence at Baccoon Village. 
She lived to a very old age, and was known to many of the 
early settlers of Fort Wayne. Mrs. Suttenfield's recollections 



ALLEN COUNTY — FOKT WAYNE. 361 

of the account she received aic, that tlie Indians at the time 
of the conspiracy, (probably induced by Godfroi and his asso- 
ciates) forced her to act as she did to^vards Ilohnes, which is 
quite probable. 

In 1764, Captain Morris was sent with a small detachment 
of English soldiers, and again the English fort on the St. 
Joseph was garrisoned. 



CHAPTER XLII. 

ALLEN COUNTY FOKT WAYNE. 

FROM 1764 to 1794, there is but little to record in the 
history of Fort "Wayne, except those general events of 
war which are sufficiently noticed elsewhere, and which form, 
more properly, a part of the general history of the State. 
Passing on to Wayne's campaign, and over that part of its 
progress which brought his army into the field, we find him 
at the head of the Maumcc in October, 1794. The work of 
erecting a fort was immediately commenced, and was com- 
pleted on the twenty-second of the month, when Lieut.-Col. 
Ilamtramck gave it the name of Fort Wayne. Previous to 
this date the place was not known by that name. 

This was the starting point of tho present city, the nucleus 
around which the civilization, industry and wealth of northern 
Indiana early began to accumulate, and to which it still 
centres. 

Colonel Ilamtramck commanded at Fort Wayne from its 
erection in 1794 to 1796, during which time nothing of any 
great importance transpired. 

After the surrender of Detroit to the British, Tecumseh 
devised a scheme for the reduction of Forts Wayne and Har- 
rison, and in September, IS 12, began to assemble his warriors 



362 HISTOKT OF INDIANA. 

in the vicinity of the forts. Tlie garrison at Fort Wayne, at 
this time, was under the command of Captain Ehea, " whose 
habits of intemperance," says Mr. Knapp, " disqualified liim 
for the place; and during a period of two weeks the safety of 
the fort, principally owing to the incompetency of the com- 
mander, was in jeopardy," 

An express had been sent to General Harrison requesting 
reinforcements, but many long weary days passed, bringing 
no tidings of the expected assistance. At length, one day a 
white man and four Indians arrived at the fort on horseback. 
The white man was Major William Oliver. lie was accompa- 
nied by four friendly Indians, among whom was the brave 
Logan. The garrison had been in a state of cruel suspense 
for more than two weeks, wishing ardently for reinforcements 
on the one hand, and fearfully expecting the approach of the 
British forces on the other. It is not surprising, then, that 
in this extremity they were anxious to hear news from any 
quarter. 

The little party, with Oliver at its head, had reached the 
fort in defiance of five hundred Indians — "had broken their 
ranks and reached the fort in safety," Oliver reported that 
Harrison, having been informed of the dangerous situation 
of Fort Wayne, had determined to march to its relief, Ohio 
was raisin^: volunteers, Eirrht hundred were then assembled 
at St. Mary's, Ohio, sixty miles south of Fort Wayne, and 
would march to the relief of the fort in three or four days, or 
as soon as they were joined by reinforcements from Kentucky. 
Oliver prepared a letter, announcing to General Harrison his 
safe arrival at the besieged fort, and giving an account of its 
beleagured situation, which he dispatched by his friendly 
Shawanoes, while he determined to take his chances with the 
occupants of the post. As soon as an opportunity presented 
itself, the brave Logan and his companions started with the 
message to Governor Harrison, They had scarcely left the 
fort when they were discovered and pursued by the hostile 
Indians, but, passing the Indian lines in safety, they were 
Boon out of reach. 

The Indians now began a furious attack upon the fort, but 



ALLEN COUNTY — FORT WAYNE. 3G3 

the little garrison, with Oliver to cheer them on, bi-avcly met 
the assault, repelling the attack day after day, until the army 
approached to their relief. During this seige the comuiand- 
ing oflicer, whose habits of intemperance rendered him unfit 
for the command, was confined in the "black-hole," and the 
junior oflicer assumed charge. This course was a] )p roved by 
the General, on iiis arrival, but Captain Rhea received but 
little censure, undoubtedly owing to his services in the Ivevo- 
lutionary war. In those days, to have been a gallant oflicer 
in the Revolutionary war was, to oflicial imperfections, as 
charity is to sins. 

On the sixth of September, the army under Genei-al Harri- 
son moved forward to relieve Fort AV^ayne. On the se\enth 
it reached a point to within three miles of tlie St. Mary's 
river, making the remaining distance to the river on the 
eighth, on the eve of which they were joined by two hundred 
mounted volunteers, under Colonel Richard M. Johnson. On 
the ninth the army marched eighteen miles, reaching " Shane's 
crossing," on the St. Mary's, where it was joined by eight 
hundred men from Ohio, under Colonels Adams and Hawkins. 
At this place, chief Logan and four other Indians oflci'cd their 
services as spies to General Harrison, and were accepted. 
Logan was immediately disguised and sent forward. Passing 
through the lines of the hostile Indians, he ascertained their 
number to be about fifteen hundred, and entering the fort, he 
encouraged the soldiers to hold out, as relief was at hand. 
General IIar)-ison'8 force, at this time, was about tliree 
thousand five hundred. "Friday morning," says Mr. Rnapp, 
" we wci-e under marching orders after an early breakfast. It 
had rained, and the guns were damp ; we were ordered to 
discharge them and re-load, as we were then getting into the 
vicinity of the enemy, and knew not how soon we might be 
attacked. A strong detachment of spies, under Captain James 
Suggett, of Scott county, Ohio, marched considerably ahead 
of the army. Indications of the enemy having advanced from 
their position at Fort Wayne, for the purpose of watching the 
movements of our army, were manifest, and Captain Suggett 
came upon the trail of a large party, which he immediately 



364 DISTORT OF INDIANA. 

pursued. After following the trail for some distance, lie was 
Hred on by an Indian who liad secreted himself in a clump of 
bushes so near to Snirii;ctt that the powder burnt his clothes, 
but the ball missed him. The Indian jumped from his covert 
and attempted to escape, but Andrew Johnson, of Scott county, 
Ohio, shot him.-' 

On the return of Suggett's party, a breastwork was erected 
in expectation of an attack from the Indians, but the night 
passed with repeated alarms but no formidable onset. 

Mr. Bryce, in liis history, tells us that on the tenth of Sep- 
tember the army expected to reach Fort Wayne, but thought, 
in all probability, that the march would be a fighting one, as 
the Indians M-ere encamped directly on their route at the 
BUick Swamp, but this expectation was happily disaj^pointed, 
as " at the first grey of the morning of the tenth of September, 
the distant halloos of the disappointed savages revealed to the 
anxious inmates of the fort the glorious news of the ap])i'oach 
of the army. Great clouds of dust could be seen from the 
fort, rolling up in the distance, as the valiant soldiery under 
General Harrison moved forward to the rescue of the garrison, 
and soon after daybreak the army stood before the fort. The 
Indians had beat a retreat to the eastward and northward, 
and the air about the old fort resounded with the glad shouts 
of welcome to General Harrison and the brave boys of Ohio 
and Kentucky." 

This siege of Fort "Wayne occasioned great inconvenience 
and considerable loss to the few settlers who had gathered 
around the fort. At the date of its commencement there was 
quite a little village clustered around the military works, but 
with the first demonstrations of the enemy, the occupants of 
these dwellings lied within the fort, leaving their improve- 
ments to be destroyed by the savages. Every building out of 
the reach of the guns of the fort was leveled to the ground, 
and thus was the infant settlement totally destroyed. 

During the siege the garrison lost but three men, while the 
Indians lost about twenty-five. There was a plenty of j^rovi- 
sions in the fort, and the soldiers sufl'ered only from anxiotj 
and a fear of slaughter at the hands of the savages. 



36 G HISTORY OF INDIAJNA. 

The followinfi: information conccrnini; tbc movements of 
General Harrison at Fort Wayne, on the occasion, is compiled 
from the writiiii^s of Messrs. Knapp and Bryce: 

" The second day following the arrival of the army at Fort 
Wayne, General Harrison sent out two detachments, with the 
view of destroying the Indian villages in the region of country 
lying some miles around Fort Wayne, the first division being 
composed of the regiments under Colonels Lewis and Allen, 
and Captain Garrard's troop of horse, under General Payne, 
accompanied by General Harrison. The second division, under 
Colonel Wells, accompanied by a battalion of his own regi- 
ment under Major Davenport, (Scott's regiment,) the mounted 
battalion under Johnson, and the mounted Ohio men under 
Adams. These expeditions were all successful; and after the 
return of the divisions under Payne and Wells, General Har- 
rison sent them to destroy Little Turtle Town, some twenty 
miles northwest of the fort, with orders not to molest the 
buildings formerly erected by the United States for the benefit 
of Little Turtle, whose friendship for the Americans had ever 
been firm after the treaty of Greenville. Colonel Simrall most 
faithfully performed the task assigned him, and on the even- 
ing of the nineteenth returned to the fort. 

" In addition to these movements. General Harrison took 
precaution to remove all the undergrowth in the locality sur- 
rounding the fort, extending toward the confluence of the St. 
Joseph and St. Mary, to where now stands Rudisill's mill, and 
westward as far as St. Mary, to the point where now stands 
the Fort Wayne College; thence southeast to about the point 
of the residence of the late Allen Hamilton, and to the east 
down the Maumee a short distance. And so well cleared was 
the ground, including a very large part of the entire limits 
of the present site of the city of Fort Wayne, that it was said 
by those who were here at that early day, and to a later period, 
a sentinel ' on the bastions of the fort looking westward, could 
see a rabbit runnin2: across the grounds as far as so small an 
object was discernible to the naked eye.' The seclusive points 
were thus cut oflf, and the Indians now had no longer any 
means of concealing thcii approach upon the fort. Some 



FORT "WAYNE EARLY SETTLEMENT. 367 

thirty or forty acres of -^-liat is no^y known as tLe Cole farm, 
extending to the junction of tlie rivers, and just opposite tho 
Maumee, was then ]vnoA\Ti as the Puhlic Meadow, which of 
course was then, as it liad long before been, a considerable 
open space. The soldiers were thus readily enabled to observe 
the approach of any hostile movement against the fort, and to 
open the batteries, Avith formidable efiect, upon any advance 
that might be made against the garrison from any direction," 
It will be observed that Fort Wayne, up to this period, and 
for several years after, was but little else than a military post. 
This may be said of it during the whole period of its exist- 
ence, or from 1705, when the first French stockade was erected, 
until the iinal evacuation of Fort "Wayne in ISIO. During 
this time it had been in charge of diilerent commanders. 
Captain Hugh JMoore succeeded Captain Ilhca, in 1S12, who, 
in 1813, was superseded by Joseph Jenkinson. In the spring 
of 1814, Major Whistler took charge of the post and repaired 
it, or built an addition to it, which he occupied until 1817, 
when he was succeeded by Major J, II. Vase, who held the 
command until tlie post was permanently evacuated in 1819. 



OnArTER XLIII. 

FORT WAYNE EARLY SETTLEMENT. 

ASIDE from a mere military post, we may date the first 
settlement of the town of Fort Wayne in 1815. In this 
year a few houses began to appear some distance from the fort, 
but usually under the protection of its guns. One of these, 
and perhaps the first, was built about the center of what is 
now Barr street, near the corner of Columbia, which, some 
years afterwards, being removed from its original location, 
formed a part of the old Washington Hall building, on the 



368 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Boutliwcst corner of Columbia and Barr streets, Tvnicli Tvas 
destroyed by fire in 1858. In referring to incidents of pioneer 
life in tliese years, Mr. Brycc, in liis work, says tliat during 
1818, "a year remarkable for the congregation of many Indi- 
ans here, the red man is referred to as presenting a general 
spirit of oi'der and love of peace, not surpassed by many of the 
whites of the time, and Avell worthy of emulation in many 
instances. It was no uncommon thing, in their visits to 
Ke-ki-on-ga, seeing a new hut, to inquire whether the new- 
comer was quiet — if he 'make no trouble for Injun,' etc. 
And their intuition and close observation were j)resented very 
often in the most striking and remarkable light. On one 
occasion, about this period, an elderly Miami had come to the 
villaije to trade a little. Soon mcctino: his old friend, Jas. 
Peltier, the interpreter, his observing eye, in looking about 
the place, soon fell upon a hut near, that had but recently 
been built. 'Ugh!' ejaculated the Indian; 'new wigwam!' 
lie now became most anxious to know if the white man was 
peaceable — whether he come to make trouble for Injun? The 
two now soon entered the hut of the new-comers, and shook 
hands with the inmates. Tlie Indian at once began to look 
about him, and to inquire how many warriors (children) they 
had, etc. Eyeing the matron of the house or squaw, as the 
Indian called her, and observing that she was quite sad, the 
Indian became anxious to know M'hat was the matter with 
her- — he was sure she was sick. The woman averred that she 
was not sick. But the Indian knew she was. Turning to his 
old friend P. again, after looking at the woman and striking 
his hand upon his breast, exclaimed, ' White squaw sick at 
heart;' and was anxious to know if she had not left something 
behind at the settlement from which they came to Fort AVayne. 
In response to this, the woman quickly replied that she had 
left her only son, by her first husband, at Piqua, and that she 
was anxious to have him with her, but her present husband 
did not M-ant him to come. 'Didn't I tell you white squaw 
sick at heart!' replied the Indian, much elated; and he at once 
proposed to go to Piqua and bring her son to her, if Mr. P. 
would give him a blanket — which was readily agreed to. 



FOKT WAYXE — EARLY SETTLEMENT. 3G9 

Kcceiving a note from the motlier, the next morning earlj, 
^vitli two Indian ponies, the generous red man was on the road 
to Piqua, and in five days Irom that time returned witli the 
boy ! The woman's lieart was eased, and as the faitliful Indian 
gazed upon the happy meeting of the mother and the son, his 
heart warmed within him, and turning to liis friend Peltier, 
he exclaimed: ' Isn't that good medicine for the Mdiite squaw!' 
The Indian now became the faithful protector and friend of 
the woman and her son, assuming the special guardianship of 
the latter; telling the husband that if he ever heard a word of 
complaint, either from the son or mother, as to ill treatment, 
*he would have his hide, if he had to lay in the Maumee river 
until the moss had grown six inches on liis back.' " 

Attached to the fort, and extending west of it, to about 
where the " Old Fort House " afterwards stood, and embracing 
about one acre of land, was a well cultivated garden, belonging 
to the commanding officer, alwaj's filled, in season, with the 
choicest vegetables, AVest of this was the company's garden, 
extending to about where the Iledekin House afterwards stood. 
This was also well tilled, aflbrding suitable labor for the 
soldiers when military discipline was slackened. The main 
thoroughfare in those days, extended westward from the fort 
along what is now the canal, 

Not far south of the fort in what is now known as "Taber's 
addition," was located the burial ground of the garrison, and 
where also were deposited others who died, not immediately 
connected with the garrison. Lieutenant Ostrander, who had 
one day unthoughtedly fired upon a flock of birds passing 
over the fort, had been reprimanded by Captain Eliea, and 
because of his refusal to be tried by a court-martial, was con- 
fined in a small room in the garrison, where he subsequently 
died, was among the number buried in this old place of inter- 
ment. Another place of burial, where also a number of Indi- 
ans were interred, extended along the nortliwest corner of 
Columbia and Clinton streets, and to the adjoining block. 
Many bones were removed from this point some years ago, in 
digging cellars, and laying the foundations of buildings. 

In 1846, while some parties were making an excavation for 
24 



370 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

a foundation wall, in the vicinity of Main and Calhoun streets, 
they dug np and removed the remains of an Indian, who had 
long before that been buried, with a gun excellently mounted, 
some trinkets of silver, and a glass pint flask of whisky, which 
liquid was still preserved in at least as good a state as when 
buried. The hair was also in a fair state of preservation, 
though the skull was much decayed, as were the gun mount- 
ings corroded. 

At that date, the old Indian burying ground was still a 
scene of attraction. The stranger would often see swinging 
from the bough of a tree, in some grove near the bank of the 
river, the infant of the Indian motlier; or a few little log 
enclosures, where the bodies of adults sat upright, with all 
their former apparel wrapped about them, and their trinkets, 
tomahawks, etc., by their sides. Such were a few of the 
features of pioneer Fort Wayne. 

In those days a " new comer " was hailed with delight. He 
was welcome. There was " enough and to spare " of every- 
thing but money. Land was plenty and cheap, and the few 
pioneers, tired of seeing only each other, always extended a 
cordial welcome to new settlers. 

One of the most general ways by wliicli Fort Wayne was 
reached in early days, was by water, either by way of the St. 
Mary's or Maumee rivers, usually in flat l)oats, and what was 
then called pirogues. Tlie old boat landing was just below 
the fort, about where the Maumee bridge was ai'terwards 
erected. For many years, and down to 1S3S, it was a common 
sight for residents to see pirogues and flat boats, laden with 
various articles of merchandise, whisky, flour, furs, etc., load 
and unload at tliis little commercial center. This system of 
river navigation was Anally impeded, and con}pletely obstructed 
by dams which were erected on the St. Mary's for mill pur- 
poses. The first of these was built on the St. Mary's in 1822, 
at the " Devil's Race Ground," by Captain James Itiley. Two 
years later, Samuel Hanna and Joseph Barnett built a mill 
about three miles from Fort Wayne, at the present site of 
"Beaver's Mill." 

Fort W ayne was, for many years, one of the principal depots 



FOET WAYNE EARLY SETTLEMENT. 371 

of tlie fur trade. Many persons became \realtliy in the busi- 
ness. Indeed it was the principal commerce of the place 
during the lirst ten or fifteen years of its settlement. Kich- 
ardvillc, the last celebrated chief of the once great Miami 
nation of Indians, who was licensed as a trader with his 
people at Fort Wayne, as early as 1815, is said to have accu- 
mulated an immense fortune mainly by this trade and the sale 
of lands. Mr. Schoolcraft estimated his wealth some years 
prior to his death at about two hundred thousand dollars in 
specie, much of which he had had so long buried in the earth 
that the boxes in which the money was inclosed had mainly 
decayed, and the silver itself considerably blackened. 

T\e following short sketch of the early history of Fort 
Wayne is taken from Mr. Bryce's work : " When Major Wliist- 
ler assumed command of the garrison, in May, 1814, aside 
from the little band of soldiers here, were the two daughters 
of the commandant, Mrs. Laura Suttenfield, George and John 
E. Hunt; Lieutenant Curtiss, and William Suttenfield, hus- 
band of Mrs. L. Suttenfield. Soon after the war broke out, 
with many other members of the tribe, including his family, 
Chief Eichardville made his Avay to the British lines for pro- 
tection, and with a view, doubtless, to render some aid to the 
enemy; for, as the reader already knows, but few among the 
tribes of tlie northwest remained neutral, or failed to give aid 
in some way to the British cause. At the close of the troubles 
in 1814, he again returned to this point, and soon passed on 
up the St. Mary's, about three miles from Fort Wayne, where 
he encamped. Major Wliistler, desiring to see him, at once 
sent an interpreter to him by the name of Crozier, requesting 
him to come immediately to the fort, with which he readily 
complied. Tlie treaty of Greenville, already referred to, was 
now about to take place, and the Major desired that the chief 
should be present, and so requested him; but Eichardville was 
very indifllerent about the matter, hesitated, and soon returned 
to his camp again. A few days subsequently, however, he 
came back to the fort, where he was now held as a hostage for 
some ten days, when he at length consented to attend tlie 
treaty, and was soon after accompanied thither by Chief 



372 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Cliondonnai, of one of the lower tribes, ^Robert E. Forsyth, 
and William Suttenficld. 

"Much of the season of 1815 was spent in rebuilding the 
fort; and when completed as with the first erected in 1794, 
was a most substantial affair. The timber with which it had 
been built was obtained principally from what is now the east 
end, about where stands the dwellings of H. B. Taylor, James 
Emery, and the late Samuel Ilanna. 

"At this early j^eriod, the roads leading from the fort were 
mere traces; one leading to Fort Recovery, and known as the 
' Wayne trace,' passing through what is now Allen county, 
thence into Adams, to the north of Monmouth; from thence 
passing not far from Willshire to ' Shane's Crossing,' and so 
on. There was also a trace to Captain Wells' place, on the 
banks of Spy Eun; two traces led down the Maumee on either 
side; and one extended in the direction of Fort Dearborn, 
(Chicago;) between which point and Fort Wayne no house 
was then visible, nor indeed in any other direction, with per- 
haps one or two exceptions, short of the settlements in Ohio. 
The two common fording places at that time, and for some 
years later, were above and below the Maumee bridge; the 
one below the bridge was better known as ' Ilarraer's Ford,' 
both of which are now most entirely obliterated. 

" It was below this latter ford, near a path leading toward 
Detroit, under the cheerful shade of what was then and long 
after known as the 'Big Elm,' on the fourth of July, 1810, 
that Captain Hay and a few others from the fort, were enjoy- 
ing themselves most agreeably, partaking of a dinner in honor 
of the glorious occasion, when an express came up the trace 
from Detroit with the private mail and government dispatches. 
Here Captain Kay took possession of the 'mail matter,' all 
gathering around to receive their favors, which were then duly 
distributed by first Postmaster Ray; and the old Elm was 
thereafter known as ' the Post Office.' What has become of 
this ' old familiar tree,' whose o'erhanging boughs formed the 
shadow of the first post office in the region of Fort Wayne, is 
now unknown. Perhaps some unsparing axeman long since 
cut it down. It was by way of Fort Wayne at this period, 



374 msTORY OF Indiana. 

and some years after, that the troops at Chicago and Green Bay 
received their regular mail by military express. 

"Major Whistler, in 1817, being removed from this point 
to what is now St. Charles, Mo., was succeeded by Major J. II. 
Vose, of the fifth regiment of regulars, who held command 
until permanently evacuated in April, 1819. The departure 
of the troops is said to have left the little band of citizens 
then here extremely lonesome and unprotected. The cessa- 
tion of the therefore daily music of the troops in the fort was 
supplied by the stillness of nature, almost overwhelming. 
The Indians were numerous, and their camp fires and rude 
music, the drum, made night more dreaded; but to this the 
inhabitants of Fort Wayne soon became familiarized. The 
punctilio of military life was gradually infused into the social 
circle, and gave tone to the etiquette and moral habits of the 
citizens of the fort." 

Payment season at Fort Wayne was for many years a lively 
business period. On these occasions, traders from Ohio, 
Michigan, and even New York, visited the jDlace for purposes 
of trade, taking with them large quantities of whisky, which 
they dealt out to the Indians so freely as to keep them con- 
tinually drunk and unfit for business; horse racing, drinking, 
gambling, debauchery, extravagance, and waste, were the order 
of the day and night. 

When Indiana was admitted into the Union as a State, in 
1816, what is now Allen county formed a part of Knox county. 
The seat of government for the county was located at Yin- 
cennes up to 1818, when Eandolph county was organized, 
including the present Allen county and a large extent of ter- 
ritory to the north. Winchester was the county seat until 
the formation of Allen, in 1823. 

By an act of Congress, a land ofiice was established in Fort 
Wayne in 1822. Joseph Ilolman, of Wayne county, was 
appointed Register, and Captain Samuel C. Yance, of Dear- 
born county. Receiver. After the survey of the lands, the 
President issued a proclamation for their sale, to tlie highest 
bidder, the minimum price being $1.25 per acre; and the sale 
began on the 22d of October, 1823, at the fort. Considerable 



•TOKT WAYNE EAELY SEITLEMENT. 375 

rivalry having been awakened, toiicliing that portion whicli 
embraced the town and immediate settlement — some forty 
acres, in the immediate locality of the fort, being reserved for 
the use of the Indian Agent — the most extensive purchasers 
thereof were Barr, of Baltimore, Maryland, and McCorkle, of 
Piqua, Ohio. This portion of the city is marked on the city 
maps "• Old Plat to Fort Wayne," and originally designated as 
"the north fraction of the southeast quarter of section two, 
township thirty, north of range twelve east;" and it was on 
this that Messrs. Barr and McCorkle laid off the original plat 
of the " Town of Fort Wayne," as surveyed by Robert Young, 
of Piqua, Ohio. This plat was embraced in one hundred and 
eighteen lots. 

Subsequently, Hon. Samuel Ilanna purchased all the Barr 
and McCorkle claims, and therefore became one of the orig-inal 
proprietors of the town. There was a school-house erected on 
this original plat, at an early day, of which the Fort Wayne 
Times e])oke as follows in 1858: " In this old school-house, 
many of those, then young, but now past middle life who yet 
live here, many dead, and others absent, had their early train- 
ing for usefulness; and many there experienced that joy only 
once to be enjoyed in a life-time; while, perhaps, nearly every 
teacher, who there disciplined the youthful mind, has gone to 
liis final account, and soon here to be entirely forgotten. * * 
This old school-house was built of brick, in 1825, and was 
then quite large enough for all needed purposes. * * * It 
was only one story iji height, and served for many years, not 
only as a school-house, but as the j^lacc of religious worship, 
town meetings, masonic installations, political speeches," etc. 

John P. Iledgcs,* one of the earliest settlers of Fort Wayne, 
Btill living, was among the first teachers in this old pioneer 
Bchool-house. In the winter of 1826, he had it repaired at his 
own expense. Mr. A. Aughinbaugh also taught in this build- 
ing. The old county jail, which, until 1847, stood on the 
southwest corner of Calhoun street and the court-house square, 

*Mr. Iled'TS called upon one of the compilers of this work, while he 
was in Fort Wayne, in October, 1874, and related many interesting inci- 
dents of pioneer life in the vicinity of the old fort. 



376 mSTORT OF Indiana. 

was also used for several years as a school -house. It was in 
this building that Mr. Henry Cooper tanglit, who is claimed 
to be the lirst regular teacher in Fort AVayne. 

Among the events of 1819, was the erection of a log house 
by Samuel Ilanna, at the northwest corner of Barr and Colum- 
bia streets. In this log structure he and James Barnett opened 
a considerable wholesale store, which they successfully con- 
tinued for several years. They brought their goods from the 
East, by the way of Toledo and the rapids of the Maumee. 

At the time of the first land sale at Fort Wayne, the pur- 
chasers, other than Messrs. Barr and McCorkle, were Alexan- 
der Ewing, who entered the east half, southwest quarter of 
section two — being the same land on which Ewing's and 
Iiockhill's additions were afterwards laid out. The section 
of land across the river, in the forks of the St. Mary's and 
St. Joseph's rivers, known as the "Wells pre-emption," had 
been, by an act of Congress of May, 1808, set apart as a pre- 
emption to Captain Wells, who was authorized to enter it, 
M'hen adjacent lands should be offered at $1.25 per acre; but 
having lost his life in the massacre at Fort Dearborn, in 1812, 
his heirs being authorized, entered it at the land sale refer- 
red to. 

Tlie establishment of the land office, and the influx of pop- 
ulation opened the way for the settlement of Fort Wayne, and 
in a few years quite a town sprang up at the forks, which has 
grown into the present populous city. 



CHAPTEE XLIY. 

ALLKN COUNTY EARLY SETTLEMENT. 

ALLEN county was organized in 1823. Previous to that 
date it formed a part of U; iidolph county. The com- 
missioners appointed to determi. e upon a site for the county 



ALLEN COUNTY — EAKLY SETTLEMENT. 377 

seat, were James M. Ivaj, of Indianapolis, "W. M. Conner, of 
Hamilton county, and Abaithes Hathaway. In the early part 
of 1S24, tliey agreed npon Fort Wayne as the proper place, 
and in the last week in May, in the same year, the first elec- 
tion for county officers for Allen county took place. The first 
session of the " County Board " was held on the last day of 
May in the same year, the Board consisting of William llock- 
hill, James Wyman, and Francis Comparet. The county ofii- 
cers, elected at the first election, were: Anthony L. Davis, 
Clerk; Allen Hamilton, Sheriff; Samuel Ilanna and Benja- 
min Cushman, Associate Judges; Joseph Holman, Treasurer; 
H. B. McKcen, First Assessor; Lambert Cushovis, First Con- 
stable; W. T. Daviss, Overseer of the Poor; R. Hors, Inspec- 
tor of Elections; Israel Taylor, Joseph Troutner, and Moses 
Scott, Fence Viewers; Samuel Hood, Supervisor. At the first 
session of the Board, three Justices of the Peace were elected, 
as follows: Alexander Ewing, "William N. Hood, and William 
ItockhiU. These gentlemen assumed the position, ex offixiio, 
of the "Board of Justices," taking the place of County Com- 
missioners. The first session of this body was held on the 
twent}^- second of October, 1824. On this occasion the Board 
gave notice of the location of a State road from Vernon, in 
Jennings county, by way of Greensburg, Bushville, and Ne"W 
Castle to Fort AVayne. 

These were true pioneer days in Fort Wayne. There were 
none of the present fine buildings that grace the city; no lead- 
ing thoroughfares adorned with fancy teams; no colleges; no 
fine church buildings; nothing of the modern, fiishionable 
order. But there were the rude taverns, the straggling Indian, 
the hardy fur-trader — in short, the uniDretending pioneer. But 
few, if any, at this day, thought that Fort Wayne would ever 
become a leading city. Yet the place had its advantages for 
trade, and the penetrating business men of early times were 
not slow to improve them. Pioneer hotel life in Fort Wayne 
in 1824, is, to some extent, portrayed by an old bill of " tav- 
ern rates" which has been preserved. It reads as follows: 
"Per day, 50 cts.; breakfast, dinner and supper, each 25 cts.; 
lodging, per night, 12^ cts.; whisky, per quart, 12^ cts.; 



378 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

brandy, per quart, 50 cts.; gin, per quart, 37J cts.; porter, 
per bottle, 37-| cts.; cider, per quart, 18f cts." 

Allen county liad its taxation, and, we suspect, it was both- 
ersome, too. Every male over twentj^-one years of age had to 
pay fifty cents. And for each horse, gelding or mare over 
three years old, thirty-seven and a half cents; every work ox, 
eighteen cents; every gold watch, twenty-tivc cents; every 
pinchback, twenty-five cents; every four-wheeled pleasure car- 
riage, one dollar. The State taxes Avere generally paid in wolf 
scalps, on M'hich a bounty was allowed. 

The first circuit court held in Allen county was on the ninth 
of August, 1824. The judicial circuit then included Adams, 
"Wells, Huntington, and AVHiitlcy counties. At this time, C. 
W. Ewing was made prosecuting attorney, and John Tipton 
foreman of the grand jury. "W". G. Ewing was, on this occa- 
sion, admitted to the bar as a practitioner at law. At this 
session of the court an application was made for a divorce, 
and, says Mr. Bryce, " some indictments were found against 
parties for selling liquor without license, etc., at this term of 
the court — each being fined three dollars and cost. In one 
instance, for gambling, a man was fined ten dollars.'^ The first 
master in chancery of this court, was Charles W. Ewing, then 
a young lawyer of much ability. " To show the difference 
between the manner of allowances of that day and this, when 
six times as much service was rendered in a given time, * * 
the records show that Robert Ilood (well remembered by old 
citizens,) was allowed seventy-five cents per day for three days' 
service as bailiff to the circuit court; Allen Hamilton, sixteen 
dollars and sixty-six cents for four months' service as sheriff 
of Allen county ; and Charles AV. Ewing, for his services as 
prosecuting attorney, for the term, five dollars. This court, 
after a session of three days, adjourned on the twelfth of 
Auirust, 1824, to convene aijain as the court in course. The 
following year, 1825, the board of justices appointed AV. G. 
Ewing county treasurer; and the second term of the circuit 
court was convened at the residence of Alexander Ewing, on 
the sixth of June — lion. F. Morris, of the fifth judicial cir- 
cuit, a resident of Indianapolis, presiding — Judge Ilanna 



ALLEN COUNTY EAKLT SETTLEMENT. 379 

ofBciating in the capacity of associate justice. James Hari- 
dcn, and Calvin Fletcher were admitted as practitioners of 
law at this term — both men of considei'able distinction in 
after years. Henry Cooper, a man of many estimable quali- 
ties, long since deceased, was also admitted to the bar at this 
term of the court, which continued only five days." 

The third term of this court was convened at the house of 
"William Suttenfield, on the twenty-first of November, 1825, 
Judges Ilanna and Cushman presiding. It was at this session 
of the court tliat a device for a seal was ])resented by Charles 
"W. Ewing. Calvin Fletcher presented his commission and 
was sworn in as prosecuting attorney. The term in the fol- 
lowing year, 1826, was held at the residence of Alexander 
Ewing, the same judges presiding; but at the next regular 
term, which was opened on the thirteenth of August, in the 
same year, Hon. Miles C. Egglcston, of Madison, presented 
his commission, as president judge, was sworn in, and pre- 
sided during the term. I3cnjamin Cushman acted as associate 
judge; Cyrus Taber as sheriff, and Amos Lane as ])rosccuting 
attorney. A singular story is told of the trial and conviction, 
on a chai'ge of murder, of Big-Leg, an Indian, who resided 
near Fort Wajme, at the term of the court held in 1830. "A 
half Indian and negro M'oman, whom he claimed as his slave, 
liad been in the habit of entering his cabin during his absence, 
and taking his meat. After repeatedly warning her to desist, 
he at length told her that if she disobeyed him again, he would 
kill her. From her residence among the clan, of Avhich Big- 
Leg was chief, whose village was on the Wabash, a few miles 
from Fort AV'aync,with a view to escape the fate that she knew 
must befall her, after a further disregard of the commands of 
the chief, the woman came to Fort "Wayne, and was soon 
employed by some of the citizens. Shortly after her depar- 
ture, Big-Leg came to town, too, and wandering about, he 
soon discovered her washing, at a house then standing about 
what is now the southeast corner of Clinton and Columbia 
streets. Stealing suddenly upon her, with his long knife ready 
for her destruction, he plunged it into her with such force, 
that it is said the blade passed through her body, and she fell 



380 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

dead at his- feet; wlicrenpon lie proudly ejaculated, 'Was'nt 
that nice!' Thougli no uncommon thing, at that period, for 
the Indians visiting here to kill each other, and for which no 
redress had ever been sought by the authorities, the citizens 
here, who were then largely outnumbered by the Indians of 
the region, were greatly incensed at this terrible ]U'occdure 
of Bi"*-Leg, and the civil authorities at once had the chief 
arrested, and placed in the old county jail. His main plea 
was that the woman belonged to him — was his propci-ty, and 
that he had a right to do what he pleased with her. When 
told that he was to be hanged for the offense, he could not 
comprehend- it, but seemed to get the idea that it was some 
such operation as that he had often witnessed in the use of 
the old steelyards by the traders in weighing venison, etc., and 
concluded that he was to be iceighcd ii7it'd he teas dead; which 
fact soon became commonly understood among the Indians of 
his tribe and the region here; and as he was a chief much 
regarded by his clan, they early sought to exchange him for 
one of their number, whom they considered rather M'orthless; 
but without avail. Having received some explanations as to 
his probable fate by hanging, or weighing, as he understood 
it, which he seemed to regard as iixed, he, with his friends, 
thought to have the experiment tried upon a dog, in order to 
see how the animal would act. Accordingly, while the chief 
was still confined in the jail, a number of his Indian friends 
collected about the outside of the prison, in view of a small 
opening, where the chief could look out and see the action of 
the canine as his Indian friends proceeded to execute him. 
Placing a rope around the animars neck, and suspending him 
from a pole that had been arranged for the purpose, at the 
height of a few feet from the ground, by means of crossed 
stakes driven into the earth, the dog was soon dangling in the 
air. Observing the animal very closely through the grates of 
the jail, the violent throes and contortions of the dog at once 
gave him a great aversion to hanging, or being thus weighed 
till he was dead; and when the jailor again made his appear- 
ance, he urged that he might be shot, rather than be killed by 
such a process as that he had seen tried on the dog. When 



ALLEN COIJNTT EAKLT SITITLEMENT. 381 

his trial came on, Jolm B. Bonric and chief Bicliardvillc acted 
as interpreters. He was convicted, but being recommended 
to mercy by the jury, the governor subsequently granted him 
a pardon; and in 1848, with a body of Miamis, he removed 
to Kansas."* 

From 1823 to 1830, Fort "Wayne was a scene of pioneer life. 
Tlic general style of the dwellings Avas that of the usual log 
cabin, or the "hewed log house," which was quite a luxury. 
There were a few frame houses, but the interior of all was 
pretty much the same. !Not a vestige of aristocracy could bo 
seen in any quarter. Young ladies were then plain, common- 
sense girls. Courting was conducted in the vivid presence of 
a "big log fire," unaided by the soi't notes of the piano, as at 
the present time. The lovers talked of plain matter-of-fact 
subjects. But little, if anything, was said of the opera. The 
theatre had'a chai-m, but only as something to be talked about. 
But things have changed. With 1S'27-2S, there came rumors 
of a canal, and iinally, the canal itself This was a vast inno- 
vation — an important im])rovement; but the advanced idea 
did not rest here. A railroad was agitated — Tiay, constructed. 
Brick and stone buildings took the place of log houses; the 
pioneer trader became, a merchant ; elegant residences were 
erected; churches were built; society was formed; line tastes 
were cultivated; elegant furniture, costly pictures and the 
piano were introduced. In short, a po]iulous, pros]^crous city 
grew up with all its attendant luxuries. Pioneer life disap- 
peared and modern extravagance took its place. 

It would be tedious to follow along the dry current of the 
modern history of Fort Wayne and Allen county. It has 
been a history of continued progress. Enterprise has marked 
every page, and success croAmed almost every effort. Wo 
shall be content now, to notice the present condition and 
future prospects of Fort Wayne and Allen county, and to 
give a few pe* pictures of the pioneers of civilization in that 
section. 

♦Brycc's Work — Recollections of Mr. Hood. 



CHAPTEE XLV 

ALLEN COUNTY — FORT WAYNE MODERN HISTORY. 

A LLEN County was named, at the suggestion of General 
^-J^ Tipton, in honor of Colonel John Allen, of Kentucky, a 
distinguished lawyer, who met his death at the Massacre of the 
River Ttaisin. The county has an area of G54.35 square miles, 
embracing 413,007.08 acres, and a population of about 50,000, 
with a taxable valuation of over $20,000,000. In 1830, the 
population of the whole county was only 990, and the taxable 
valuation of real and personal property scarcely $100,000. 
These statistics give some idea of the immense growth of the 
county in both population and wealth. The following table 
shows the growth of the different townships in population, 
from 1850 to 1875: 

Townships and Cities. 1875 1870 1860 1850 

Aboste, 1200 900 870 539 

Adams, 3000 2388 1773 1012 

New Haven, 2500 912 

Cedar Creek, 2100 1713 1228 814 

Eel Paver, •. 1900 1217 1003 055 

Fort WajTio, 25150 19400 10319 4282 

Jackson, 304 202 93 

Jefferson, 1800 1445 1001 503 

Lafayette, 1700 1471 1320 529 

Lake, lOOO 1309 951 578 

Madison, 1500 1278 919 501 

Marion, 1400 1319 1358 1095 

Maumee, 500 394 104 93 

Milan, 1300 1183 780 301 

Monroe, 1000 1479 010 414 

Monrocville, 900 030 • 

382 



ALLEN COUNTY FORT "SVATNE. 383 

Perry, 1400 12S0 1180 849 

Pleasant, 1300 1280 1207 658 

Scipio, COO 420 346 173 

Springfield, 2100 1749 1505 702 

St. Joseph, 1500 1373 1065 748 

Washington, 1900 1628 1487 1305 

Aside from the city of Fort Wayne, tlicre are no hirge towns 
or cities in Allen county. The soil is generally Avell adapted 
to agriculture, and corn and wheat arc produced in abundance. 
For the most part, the farmers arc M-ealthy; and within the 
last ten or fifteen years, the small, incommodious j^ioneer farm 
houses have been cxchanoed for handsome dwellings. Farmers 
and farmers' children arc well educated. The young ladies of 
the rural districts are in happy contrast with the "girls" of 
1850. Most of them are accomplished in music, and possess 
a good education. 

Tiie public schools of Allen county arc in an excellent con- 
dition. Well furnished buildings are provided in all parts of 
the county, and these arc generally supplied with well qualified 
teachers. There is, perhaps, no other county in the State, 
where the schools are in a better condition. 

The public schools of Fort Wayne are justly the pride of 
the city. At the present date, there are in the city thirteen 
excellent school buildings, well furnished, valued at $185,000. 
Seventy-five teachers are employed to teach 3,500 pupils. The 
high school building is located on beautiful grounds, with an 
area of 18,000 square feet. The basement of the structure is 
of dressed stone, nine feet high; the main building, of brick, 
is two stories high, each fifteen feet in height; and the whole 
is covered by a " mansard," twelve feet in the clear. The 
tower has a porch finished with a balustrade so as to form a 
balcony. The interior is tastefully and elaborately appointed. 
Tlie Jefferson, or Fourth Ward, school building is also an 
ornament to the city. Tliis building is of brick, three stories 
in height, and covers an area of 3,600 feet. It contains twelve 
rooms, with a seating capacity of six hundred, and is supplied 
with twelve teachers. 
The Clay, or First Ward, school is also a line three-story 



884 msTORY OF Indiana. 

brick bnildin*^, containing eight rooms, 405 seats, and is snp- 
plied with eight tcaclicrs. The others are, the "West German, 
wood, corner Webster and Washington, rented; Jetfcrson, 
brick, corner Jefferson and GrilHth, $iJ7,500; Washington, 
brick, corner Washington and Union, $20,750; Iloagland, 
wood, corner IIoagLind avenne and Butler, $17,000; Hanna, 
brick, corner Ilanna and AVallace, $16,000; Ilanner, wood, 
corner Harmer and Jefferson, $5,650; Bloomingdale, wood, 
corner Bowser and Marion, $3,900; North Bloomingdale Ger- 
man, wood, north of Feeder, rented; Korth Bloomingdale 
English, wood, north of Feeder, rented. 

ENROLLMENT FOR 1874. 
Schools. Boys. Girls. Tota». 

Clav, 252 255 507 

High, 25 42 07 

West German, 70 69 139 

Jeiferson, 318 300 618 

AVasliington, 132 172 304 

Hoagland, 204 211 415 

Hanna, 136 125 261 

Harmer, 53 51 104 

Bloomingdale 85 121 206 

North J31oomingdale German 13 15 28 

North Bloomingdale English, 18 14 32 

Total, 1495 1554 3049 

The folloAving comparative table, giving the various items 
concerning the public schools, for a period of ten j'cars, will 
not only show the growth of the pnblic schools, but of the 
city as well: 

Years. Ennmc- 

ration. 

1864 5270. 

1865 5673. 

1866 6321. 

1867 7255. 

1868 7846. 

1869 8365. 

1870 8256. 

1871 8239. 

1872 8637. 

1873 8777. 

1874 9060. 



Enroll- 
ment. 


No. of 
Teachers. 


Value of 
School Prop'y 


.1385.. 


..19... 


.$ 33,150 


. 1400 . . 


... 


. 30,000 


.1629.. 


..18... 


. 38,000 


.1937.. 


..23... 


. 58,500 


.2181.. 


..34... 


. 115,110 


.2457.. 


..44... 


. 140,000 


.2537.. 


..49... 


. 165,000 


.2640.. 


..54... 


. 165,000 


. 2472 . . 


..55... 


. 168,000 


.2682.. 


..56... 


. 173,000 


.3056.. 


..65... 


. 180,000 



386 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Tlic Catholics liavc a large number of parochial schools, as 
well as the Lutlierans, who liave several coininodious cdiliccs. 
The Lutlierans have also a large college within the city limits, 
known as the Concordia College. This is under the Synod of 
their church, under M'hosc jurisdiction this district is. The 
Convent of the Sacred Heart, under the charge of the Sisters 
of the IIolj Cross, is in close proximity to the city. The 
Methodist University occupies a large and well -arranged build- 
ing in the western part of the city. It has been established 
for a number of years, occupying their present quarters since 
1850. The Rev. Iv. D. Robinson, D. D., has charge of it, and 
under his able management it is rajudly reaching success. 
The Methodists have a well-conducted college at Fort Wayne. 
The building is a line one, and adds something to the appear- 
ance of the city. 

Religious. — There are more than twenty fine, elegant, and 
well-furnished churches in Fort Wayne. The architecture is 
generally handsome, and the material is substantial. Among 
them should be mentioned the Roman Catholic Cathedral. 
This is a very beautiful structure of brick, surmounted by two 
steeples. Trinity Church (Episcopal) on West Rcny- street, is 
one of the liandsomest church ediiices in the State, though by 
no means as large as some others in that city. The Lutherans, 
Presbyterians, Methodists, and Christians have all built them- 
selves line and costly churches. 

Railroads. — The lines of railroad leading from Fort Wayne 
in eight diflerent directions, give to the city a decided metro- 
politan appearance, and bring untold wealth to its doors. 
These roads are all important lines, that connect the "Summit 
City " with all the ])rinci]>al cities of the country. The tracks 
and equipments of these roads are first-class, while the accom- 
modation for all kinds of transportation is as good as could be 
desired. It is estimated that thirty-four passenger trains arrive 
at, and depart from, the city every day, while freight trains 
may be estimated by the hundred daily. Other important 
roads are in contemplation, but even at the present day Fort 
Wayne is the great railroad city of Northern Indiana. 

Wabasd and Erie Canal. — The importance of canals as a 



ALLEN COUNTY FOKT WAYNE. 387 

means of inland navigation, attracted nuicli attention in the 
early days of this country, and it is due to them, in a great 
measure, that our country has been settled and cities founded. 
In 1820 an act was passed by the Ohio legislature, appointing 
three commissioners to locate a route for a canal between Lake 
Erie and the Ohio river, but it was not until 1824 that a 
Burvcy was made of what is now the Wabash and Erie Canal. 
The members of Congress from Indiana then procured a 
survey of the canal by a corps of United States toiwgraphical 
engineers. This survey was commenced at Fort Wayne, about 
June, 182G, and at its completion, Congress passed an act, 
granting to the State of Indiana one-half of five miles in 
width of the public lands on each side of the proposed canal, 
from Lake Erie to the navigable waters of the Wabash river. 
This grant amounted to three thousand two hundred acres per 
mile. It was accepted by the State legislature, during its 
session of 1827-28, and Samuel Ilanna, David Barr, and 
Itobert Johns, were appointed a Eoard of Commissioners. 
This grant was the first of any importance made by Congress 
for the furtherance of any public works, and may be considered 
the inception of the policy afterwards adopted, of granting so 
much of the public domain for public improvements. In 1828 
the- State granted to Ohio all the land which had been granted 
for canal purposes in that State, upon the condition that they 
would, in consideration therefor, construct the Avorks through 
their territory. In 1843 the canal was opened for navigation, 
and two years afterwards the Miami extension was completed, 
thus perfecting a continuous lino of canal between Maumee 
bay and the Ohio river at Cincinnati. The Mahon Brothers 
commenced running two small packets between Toledo and 
Port Wayne, in 1843, but not with any regularity, and it was 
not until the summer of 1844 that a line making regular trips 
was established. Samuel Doyle and William Dickey, of 
Dayton, Ohio, were the pioneers in this enterprise, running 
ten boats and one steam propeller between Toledo and Lafay- 
ette, and Toledo and Cincinnati. In 1846, the act knoAra as 
the "Butler Bill " was passed by the legislature, by which the 
canal was transferred to three trustees, two of whom were 



388 msTOKY OF Indiana. 

appointed by tlic bondholders, tbc rcniainini^ one by the State. 

Public Buildings. — The County Court House and County 
Jail, both located at Fort Wayne, arc substantial Inilldings, 
well adapted to the purposes soui^ht. There is yet no coinnio- 
dious city hall, nor is any needed at the pi-csent day, that 
would impose a heavy tax u]>on tlie city. Tlie buildinp^ in 
which the headquarters of the tire dciiartnient ai'c located, is 
well suited to that oranch of the municijiality. Fui'ther 
remarks on the present condition and futui-c pi\>s]iects of Fort 
Wayne, financially and commercially, are noticed in another 
part of this work, under the department of tlie " Great Indus- 
tries of Indiana." Sec Index to Bioi^raphies to lind interesting 
biof^raphical sketches of pioneers and prominent men of Allen 
county. 

The leading newspapers published in Fort Wayne arc the 
Gazette and Sentinel, both well conducted and inlluential 
journals. 



CIIAFTER XLVI. 

HUNTINGTON COUNTY IIISTOKICAL AND DESCKirTIYE. 

T" EAYIKG Allen county by the route uientioned in the 
-L ^ foregoing chapter, m'c soon reach Huntington county, now 
rich in agriculture and commerce, and minerals, but once a 
dense forest. The county was named in honor of Samuel 
Huntington, a delegate in the Continental Congress from Con- 
necticut, and one of the signers of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. A small portion of the county is hilly, but for the 
most part it is level, or only sufficiently undulating to consti- 
tute a natural drain. The soil is a mixture of sand and clay, 
is very deep and fertile, and well adapted to all the products 
indigenous to the climate and country. At an early day the 



HUNTINGTON COUNTY. 389? 

county was .icavilj timbered tlirougliout, witli tlic exception 
of a few small ])i-airics. 

The lirst settlement, as near as wo can learn, was made in 
Huntington county in 1S21). Messrs. Artimedee AVoodworth 
and Elias Murray were the first settlers. They came in 1820. 
]Mr. "Woodward settled north of Silver creek, on the Wabash. 
Here he Iniilt a log house and began pioneer life in earnest. 
Mr. Murray settled a mile east on the 0])]iosite side of the 
river, wlicrc he also built a calun. In 1832-3, a settlement 
was made on the Salamony river, near the ]U"eseiit town of 
AFarren. Samuel Jones erected a log house at this ])lace in 
1833, and moved into it with his family in Seiitember of tlio 
same year. James Morrison settled at the same place about 
the same time, and in the following winter Lewis Purviancc, 
Lewis Kichards, and George Helm, located with them. 

The first settlers of the present prosperous city of Hunting- 
ton were C. and J. Helvey, mIio came from the "White river 
scct'on, originally frora Clinton county, Ohio, to Huntington, 
in 1830, with their sisters. They built a hewed log tavern, 
■which is known in history as the " Flint S})rings Hotel." It 
remained a tavern until 1857, and was for a long time a favor- 
ite stopping place on the old " Fort "Wayne and Lafjiyctte 
trace." A few now living in Huntington county remember 
this trace. It was nearly the same pathway over which the 
bold Ivobert do La Salle traveled with his military escort in 
1680, and the same trace upon which many a zealous French 
priest journeyed alone, before Americans explored the head 
waters of the "Wabash. 

There was another log tavern erected near the cabin of Mr. 
Woodworth in 1832, but that region remained unsettled until 
18^7. Clear creek, two and a half miles north from Hunting- 
ton, was first settled by Michael Doyle, in 1834. In that year 
he erected the pioneer log cabin of that section, and moved into 
it with his family. 

The Helveys, who first settled at Huntington, sold their 
lands to General Tipton and Captain Murray, soon after they 
were located, and the latter gentlemen laid out the town in 
1832. Mr. Murray moved to Huntington to reside, with his 



390 nisTouY OF Indiana. 

famil}', about one year previous. Tlie "\Vabasli and Erie Canal 
was connnenccd in 1S32, wliicli may be regarded as the imme- 
diate cause tliat led to tlic settlement of Huntington. The 
work on tiiis important State internal im])rovemcnt prospered, 
and the new town of Jluntington shared in the prosperity. 
In LSoT) the permanent population of Huntington was probably 
two hundred and lifty, although previous to that time gangs 
of canal men frequently visited the place, swelling its popula- 
tion tempoi'arily to four and iive hundred. 

JJuntington county was organized in 1S34, previous to 
which it i'ormcd a part of Grant county. The iirst county 
election was held in tlie fall of 1S34, as also the first court. 
The latter was held in the well known "Flint Springs Hotel." 
From this the court was soon after taken to the school house, 
which shows that Huntington, now so justly celebrated for 
her excellent schools, began the good work of education in hci 
youth. 

The first school teacher in Huntington was a Mr. Scrgant. 
They called him a " down east Yankee," but he had consider- 
able inlluence, probably because he was the son of a Presby- 
terian clcrirvnuin. He "boarded round," and beinor a little on 
the ]iarticular order, it is not a wonder that the old settlers of 
nuntington tell some funny stories of his expei'icnce of this 
phase of his residence in their town. It is very probable, 
however, that he had enough to contend with, both in the 
Bchool room and in society. But we shall not tax the reader 
with every step in the growth of Huntington county. Such 
was its social and political beginning. Let us look at results — 
its present condition. 

The Huntington of to-da}' has a population of three thousand 
five hundred, and is surrounded by well settled, well cultivated 
agricultural lands, in every direction. It is the county seat, 
and a smart, thriving city. The streets have been admirably 
laid off, and the general appearance of the buildings favors the 
substantial. The new court house is a fine building, located 
in the center of a spacious square enclosed by a substantial 
iron fence. The churches arc, for the most part, fine build- 
ings, erected in a modern style of architecture, and present 



HUNTINGTON COUNTY. 391 

striking evidence of the liigli moral laste of the people. Tlie 
city schools are, at present, in a nourishing condition. For 
many years they lagged for Avant of the proper management, 
but Avithin tlie last few years a splendid tlirce story hi-ick 
building lias been erected, in Avhich the city graded schools 
are now located, excellent teachers are provided, and the public 
schools of Huntington to-day are a credit to the State. 

There is ])robably no other city in Indiana of equal popula- 
tion tliat can boast as much success in manufacturing aa 
Iluntington. The manufacture from wood has increased until 
the city is now supplying many of the towns in northern 
Indiaiui with staves, headings, plow handles, etc. In this 
particular industry Huntington possesses many advantages. 
"Wood of nearly all kinds exists in large quantities in many 
parts of the county. Labor is cheap, and the surrounding 
country affords an ample and remunerative market. However, 
the manufacture of lime is perhaps the largest industrial 
interest of Iluntington. During the present year there were 
over thirty kilns in successful operation, employing a capital 
of over one hundred thousand dollars, and giving employment 
CO an army of men either in immediate connection with the 
Kilns or in chopping wood to supply them with fuel. Over 
ten thousand cords of wood were consumed during the year 
just closed, for which over twenty-five thousand dollars have 
been disbursed throughout the county. The product of the 
Huntington lime kilns is unsurpassed in quality. "Hunting- 
ton white lime," has become a favorite brand in the northwest, 
and is sought after even to the full extent of the supply. The 
lime business of Huntington shows a steady and healthy 
increase, and is capable of great extension. The total product 
in 1S74 was over four hundred thousand bushels. 

Iluntington county is rich in agricultural wealth, and most 
of the tarmers have become wealthy. Old-time log houses 
have, for the most part, disappeared, and new and elegant 
rural residences are scattered over the entire county. Villages 
have sjirung up, and in every quarter there are indications of 
thrift and prosperity. With the increase of wealth have come 
all the other desirable acquisitions. Education, once so sadly 



392 HISTORY OF INDIAIJA. 

neglected in tlic coiintj, Las now its full share of attention, 
and tlie youths are as far advanced in tlie usual course of study 
as in any other rural section of the State. 



CHAPTER XLYII. 

CASS COUNTY inSTOBrCAL AND DESCliTTTrrE. 

PASSING over Wabash and Miami counties, for the pres- 
ent, we will take up Cass county. This jump in our 
route is made necessary by the absence of data, at tliis writing, 
for the complete history of those conntics, as well as by the 
fact that the settlement of Cass county is of earlier date.* 

Cass county was organized on the thirteenth of April, 1S29: 
previous to which it was under the jurisdiction of Carroll 
county, being originally, however, under the jurisdiction of 
Tippecanoe county. Previous to its existence as Cass county, 
it was known as Eel township, in Carroll county. 

"The mouth of Eel," which, in early times, acquired con- 
siderable notoriety as tlie point where the main lino of travel 
crossed the Wabash, is the point where the lirst settlement 
was made in Cass county. As early as the foil of lS24,f Ed- 
ward McCartney came down from Fort Wayne, under the 
auspices of a company of "fur-traders" located there, with 
head-quarters at Detroit, and erected a small trading-house on 
the north side of the Wabash, a little below the "mouth of 
Eel," which was, perhaps, the first house built for the occu- 
pancy of a white man within the present limits of Cass county. 
A year and a half later, about August, 1S2G, Alexander Cham- 
l>crlain, a native of Xinderhook, New York, but more recently 
from the vicinity of Fort Harrison, in Vigo county, Indiana, 
^>rought his fiunily and settled on the 50uth side of the Wabash, 

* Sec Index to find skctcbcs of Wabash iind]\Ii;uiii counties. 
f From MS. furnished by T. B. Holm, of Logiuisport. 



CASS COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRirTIVK. 393 

jnst opposite tlie inontli of Eel river. Here, with tlic assist- 
ance of liis Jiciglibors from the "Deer Creek scttlcnieuts," 
more tlian twenty miles clown the river, he built the iirst res- 
idence, also used as a " hotel," (a double hewed-log cabin, two 
stories hii^h,) in the county. 

About the same time, William Kewman settled witli his 
family and built a cabin, also situated on the soutli baidv of 
tlie AV^abash, and tlirce miles below Chamberlain's. The same 
season, James Burch made a settlement less than one mile 
below the former, and on the same side of the river, on what 
is since known as the Simons' farm. These two last remained 
but a short time, selling out their claims and returning to 
older settlements. 

. Mr. Chamberlain, after selling out his first residence to 
General Tipton, who lived there afterward and established the 
Indian Agency formerly at Fort AVayne, built another liousc, 
a little further down, where he lived and "kept tavern" until 
the year 1S35, when he moved to llochester, in Fulton county^ 
and died there a few years since. 

On the twenty-seventh day of March, 1S27, Major Daniel 
Dell, a son-in-law of Captain Spear Spencer, who was killed 
in the battle of Tippecanoe, and brother-in-law of GeneraJ 
John Tipton, crossed the AVabash river and built his cabin,, 
the Hrst one built between the rivers, within the present limits 
of the city of Logansport. It was situated just south of the 
canal, and a few feet Avest of Berkley street. lie lived tlierc 
until sometime in the spring of 1S30, removing thence to a 
claim, subsequently purchased, a little Avay north of Eel river^ 
in what is now Clay township. 

Kot long after the settlement of Major Bell, Hugh B". 
McKeen, an Indian trader, from Fort AVa3'nc, erected a tra- 
ding-house and domicil on the banks of the AVabash, a few 
rods above the mouth of Eel river, near where McKccn street, 
in the city of Logansport, strikes the AVabash river. 

In the fall of the same year, Joseph Barron, an interpreter 
of considerable celebrity, with his family, moved also from 
Fort AVayne, and settled on the reservation granted to his 
cliildrcn by the treaty of October 16, 1S26, below the mouth 



394 mSTORY OF I^T)TA^rA. 

of Eel river, residing temporarily in tlic lionsc before bnilt 
and occn])icd by Edward ^McCartney as a trading-house, until 
the completion of Ids own house, a half mile above. 

Lesidc those named, there Averc numerous other settlers who 
came shortly atler, adding rapidly to the population from time 
to time, so that, by the spring following, the inhabitants num- 
tcreil about one hundred souls, 

]Iy the treaty with the PottaAvatomies, at the mouth of the 
Mississinaway, in October, 1820, one section of land, "at the 
falls of Eel river," was reserved to George Cicott, which, hav- 
ing been surveyed in the month of July following, negotiations 
were at once entered into between McKeen, Chuuncey Carter 
and General Tipton, for the purpose of acquiring an interest 
in, if not the entire control, of the Cicott grant. Mr. Carter 
succeeded in obtaining the control, and, on the tenth day of 
April, 1S2S, laid out the original plat of Logansport, between 
the A\''abash and Eel rivers, just above their junction. 

On the eighteenth of December, 1S2S, the legislative act 
authorizing the organization of Cass county, was approved by 
the governor, to take elfoct from and after Monday, April 13, 
1820. Accordingly, on that day, an election was held by tlic 
qualified voters of the county, under proclamation from the 
governor, and the following othcers chosen, as prescribed by 
Baid act, to wit.: Chauncey Carter, James Smith aiid Moses 
Thor])c, County Commissioners; John T>. Durst, Clerk and 
Kecorder; James II. Kintner, Sheriif; John Smith, Senior, 
and Hiram Todd, Associate Judges; Job B. Eldridge and 
Peter Johnson, Justices of the I'cace. For the purpose of 
conducting this election and carrying the enabling act into 
effect, "William Scott had been previously appointed by the 
governor, special sheriff, to serve as such until his si;ccessor 
was elected and qualified. 

By the supplemental act of January 19, 1829, the territory 
included within the present limits of Fulton, Kosciusko, 
Miami, "Wabash, Marshall, Elkhart, St, Joseph, with portions 
of La Porte, Pulaski and Starke counties, was attached to 
Cass county, for civil and criminal jurisdiction. 

The first session of the Board of Commissioners was held 



CASS COUNTY — IIISTOKIOVL AND DESCRimVE. 395 

on the iirst day of Mav, James Siiiitli and Moses Thorpe, 
CoiTiTiiissioiicrs, witli AViUinm Scott, SlierifF, being present. 
Ai this session, Cass connty and the territory nnuer its juris- 
dicrjon, were snh-divided into J^el towtis/i ij^, cwihracmg "all 
that ])art ol' Cass connty Ij'ing sonth of the Tippecanoe and 
west of tlie Avest boundary of tlie live-mile reservation"; 
Wal/asA fo2cns/i!j) embracing all that part of the territory 
attached, "south of Eel river," and east of the eastern boun- 
dary of Eel toMMiship, and St. JoscplCs townsJtip^ embracing 
all that part of the attached territory "lying north of the 
Tippecanoe rivei", to the north line of the State." 

On Thursday, ]\[ay 21, 1S2!>, the Cass circuit court held 
its first session in tlie old seminary building, occupying only 
one day, lion. IJethuel F. ]\[orris, Judge of the Fifth Judicial 
Circuit of the State, presiding, M'ith Iliram Todd and John 
Smith Associate Judges, William Scott, Sherift', and John B. 
Duret, Clei-k. 

A seal lor said court was adopted on the same day, the 
device of which commemorates the agreement of Aub-bee- 
naub-bee, a princijial chief of the Pottawatomies, and General 
Lewis Cass, one of the commissioners on the part of the 
United States to the terms of the treaty of October 16, 1S26, 
by which the major part of the territory within the bounda- 
ries of Cass county came into the possession of the United 
States — "An Indian and a white man joining hands." 

Henry Ilistine, Erasmus Powell and Harris Tyner, appointed 
by the act of organization, Commissioners to locate the seat of 
justice of Cass county, by their rc]>ort dated August 12, 1829, 
submitted to the Board of County Commissioners, then in 
session, selected LooANsroitr, in consideration of certain dona^ 
tions made by Mr. Carter, the proprietor. 

The settlements in the outer townships, Miami in the cast. 
Clay, Noble and Jefferson immediately north of the Wabash 
and Eel rivers, Boone, Harrison, Bethlehem and Adams on 
the extreme north, Clinton, Washington and Tipton south of 
the river, with Deer Creek and Jackson on the extreme south, 
as the public lands came into market from time to time, were 
filled up rajjidly with an enterprising population. The last 



396 niSTOKY OF ixdiaxa. 

(settlements wore in tlic lower townships, that part having been 
enrvejcd in the winter and spring of 1S4C-7, came into market 
imnicdlately after, thongh ]>rior to that time and subsequent 
to the treaty of 1843, many settlemeiits were made by i)rc- 
cmption. 

For several years succeeding tlie year 1S29, the growth of 
town and country kept nearly even pace in the progress of 
settlements and improvements, reacliing, perhaps, the year 
183G, M-hcn the country liaving fallen behind in the race, as 
a consequence, the trade being yet diieily of a local character 
the town came nearly to a stand still, while the country moved 
steadily forward, producing, ere long, a large excess over tho 
demands of home trade, for transportation to other localities. 
The completion of the canal to this point, in the fall of 1837, 
opened an avenue to trade with other points of commercial 
importance, which advantages the people were not slow to 
improve. The improvement of the JMichigan road, also, from 
the fall of 1828 to 1834-5, tended to the development of 
resources scarcely known to exist before. The canal having 
been completed from Toledo to the lower Wabash, was about 
the only means of shipment of surplus products until 1852-3, 
and from that time forward, v.'hen the Richmond and New 
Castle, and the Lake Erie, Wabash and St. Louis Ilailroad 
that began to be operated about that time with telling effect 
upon the producing interests of the county, adding greatly to 
the wealth and prosperity of our citizens. Since that time 
other roads of equal importance traverse the county in various 
directions. 

Beside Logansport, other smaller towns have sprung up, of 
greater or less importance, in different parts of the county; 
among these, Galveston, Walton, lioyal Center, New Waverly 
are of most consequence, embracing a population of from 
three hundred to five hundred each in their own localities, car- 
rying on a substantial trade. 

There are now published in the county, all of them in 
Logansport, the Logansport P/iaros, daily and weekly; the 
Logansport Journal^ weekly; Logansport Star^ daily and 
weekly, and the Siui^ weekly. 



CASS COUNTY HISTOEICAL AND DESCKIPTIVE. 397 

And now, more particularly of the present city of Logans- 
port, The seat of justice of Cass county, as originally laid 
out, was a small, unpretentious plat, in tlie shape of a right 
angled triangle, its base, along the margin of the Wabash, 
being of the length of live, and its perpendicular of four 
squares, embracing one hundred and eleven lots and fractions. 
These lots contained an area of lifty square rods, and such of 
them as occupied a position on the corner of a square were 
oiFered- and sold for seventy-five dollars, the others for fifty 
dollars. Some of the lots were sold on condition that the 
purchaser should erect thereon, within a prescribed time, a 
Louse not less tlian eighteen by twenty feet, and one story 
high. It was laid out on the tenth day of April, 1S28, and 
the plat recorded in Carroll county, in which jurisdiction it 
then was. In connection with the name, the following inci- 
dent is related: "While the survey was in process of comple- 
tion, the name of the new town site became the subject of 
conversation between Mr. Carter, the proprietor, General Tip- 
ton, Hugh B. McKeen, Colonel John B. Duret, and others 
present. General Tipton suggested a Latin compound, sig- 
nifj'iug " the mouth of Eel," of historic fame, or otherwise, 
commemorative of the location above the junction of the two 
rivers known as the " Ouabache and Eel " rivers. Another 
submitted an Indian name by which the locality had before 
been known. Then Mr. McKeen, who had formerly resided 
on the Maumee, in the vicinity where Captain Logan, tho 
Shawanoe chief, a nephew of Tecumseh, who lost his life while 
attesting his fidelity to the white people, in the month of 
November, 1812, proposed that his memory be perpetuated in 
the name of the new town. Colonel Duret agreed Avith 
the idea, and thought Logan's port would be appropriate. 
These dificrences of opinion were then submitted to the arbi- 
trament of "shooting at a mark," an exercise common ia 
those days. The several names proposed were "shot for," 
and that having " four best out of seven," should have it. 
Tlie exercise was finally brought to a close by the declaration 
that Colonel Duret had "won." Hence, the name as now 
known — " Logan's-Poet." 



398 HISTORY OF I^•DIANA. 

By the action of the coinniissioiicrs appointed for tlie pur- 
pose, Logansport was selected as tlic scat of justice of CasB 
county, on tlie twelfth day of August, 1S29. 

At the time it Avas laid out, and for several years succeed- 
ing, its importance was chielly recognized in the light of a 
central " trading post " for a large extent of Indian territory 
surrounding, and as such it acquired a well merited fame. 
Tlie consequence was that as soon as the sources of trade 
began to diminish, the producing population outside the 
town being inadequate to meet the demands of consum])tion, 
and the growth of the town was retarded for several years 
subsequent to 1S3G-7, indeed, until the country products 
equalled, overbalanced the consumption account of the non- 
producers in town, and the avenues of trade were oi^cned 
between this and other more commanding markets. 

The increase in population and business facilities was steady 
for many years succeeding the depression of trade in 1837-8, 
but not rapid. Up to 1SG0-G5, the spirit of improvement 
and enterprise was only in process of development. After 
that time, however, new life seemed to be infused, and rapid 
advances were observable in every department of industry, 
and capital — bclbre withheld from investment promising 
extensive accumulations, as if a dollar out of sight was for- 
ever lost — began to seek investment in public and private 
enterprises which have since yielded liberal profits. For a 
few years past, the character of the impi-ovements have been 
more healthy and permanent than ever before, the population 
increasing in the last decade more than three hundred per 
cent. To-day it contains fourteen church ediiices, one college, 
eight public school buildings, including seven ward and one 
high school building, in addition to four private school build- 
ings, representing conspicuously the educiitional interest of 
the citizens. 



CHAPTER XLYIII. 

TirrECANOE COUNTY HISIORICAL AND DESCKIPTrVE. 

TIPPECAJNOE county contains witliin its limits one of 
the oldest historical landmarks in Indiana — Ountanou. 
This ^vas the Frcncli name given to the military post which 
■was established on tlic Wea prairie, near the Wabash, about 
the same time that Fort Miami, at the head of the Mauniec, 
was erected, probably in 1705. 

At Ountanon, (unlike otlier pioneer French outposts in 
Indiana,) but few French settled, except the transient trader, 
who was coming and going with the demands of his vocation, 
and the military occupation of the place was not permanent. 
There were long intervals when no garrison was maintained to 
restrain the savages, which may be given as a reason for the 
tardiness of the place as a general French settlement. How- 
ever, in 1759-60, when all the French forts in the northwest 
fell into the hands of the British, Ountanon was enjoying the 
benefits of a garrison, and was surrounded by a small number 
of rude French dwellings. The post, with all others in the 
vicinity, passed into the hands of the English, and was garri- 
soned by the latter in 1760. At this time most of the French 
inhabitants removed to Yincennes, a few families only remain- 
ing. 

The Wea Indian village surrounding the fort, was one of 
the most important Indian settlements in the Miami con- 
federacy, and remained such until its destruction under the 
military administration of General George Pogers Clark, in 
1788-9. 

In 1763, during the memorable Pontiac war. Fort Ountanon 
fell among the "fated nine," a victim to Indian stratagem. 

399 



400 nifeTOKY OF INDIANA. 

At that time the little fort was commanded by Edward Jen- 
kins, who, in a letter to Major Gladwyn, of Detroit, dated 
June iirst, 17G3, gives ns an account of the reduction of the 
fort in the followinf; lanmiaffe: 

Sni; I liavc heard of your situation, which gives nic great pain ; indeed, 
we are not in much better; for tli is morning the Indians sent for mc to 
speak to me, and immediately bound me. Wlien I got to their cabin I 
found some of my soldiers in the same condition. They told nie Detroit, 
Miami, and all those pot:ts were cut off, and that it was a folly to make 
any resistance. They therefore desired me to make the few soldiers in 
the fort surrender, otherwise they would i)ut us all to death in case one 
man was killed. They were to have fell on us and killed us all last 
niglit, but Mr. Maisongvillc and Lorain gave them wampum not to kill us, 
and when they told the interpreter that we were all to be killed, and he, 
knowing the condition of the fort, lx;gged of them to make us prisoners. 
They have put us into French liouses, and both Indians and French use 
us veiy well. All these nations say they arc very sorry, but that they 
were obliged to do it by the other nations. The belt did not arrive 
here till last night about eight o'clock. Mr. Lorain can inform you of 
all. I have just received the news of St. Josephs' being taken. Eleven 
men were killed, and three taken prisoners with the ollicers. I have 
nothing more to sa}', but tliat I sincerely wish you a speedy succor, and 
that we may be able to revenge ourselves on those that deserve it. 

This letter was written by Mr, Jenkins while a prisoner of 
the Indians before his dcpartm-e from Wea to Illinois, whence 
he was taken by his captors. 

These incidents were enacted on the soil of Tippccatiue 
county, in 17C3, long before it was settled by Americans. 
The fort had been erected ])robably in 1705, and was garri- 
soned, at intervals, by the French until 17G0, when it was 
occupied by the English, Avho maintained a garrison at the 
post until its destruction by the Indians in 17G3, which termi- 
nated its existence. It was never rebuilt, and to-day not a 
vestige of it remains to mark the phice where it stood. The 
soil has been cultivated, and most of the old rusty swords, 
tomahawks, etc., have been uncovered and carried away by the 
aurrounding settlers. 

When the fort was reduced, in 1763, the few remaining 
French settlers removed to Vincennes, leaving thoir rude 
dwellings, as well as the old fort to the Won Indians, who 
demolished them. 



TIPPECANOE COUNTY. 



401 



The first American settlers who came to Tippecanoe coimtj, 
settled in 1823, seven years after the date of the orgauization 
of the State, and at an era in its history when immigration 
was flowing in from the east in a steady volume. From 1763 
to the date of the settlement of the county, there is but little 
of importance to record. In 1808, the " Prophet's Town," 




OPERA HOUSE, LAFAYETTE. 



which has become famous in history, was established. It was 
located near the junction of the Tij^pecanoe and Wabash 
rivers, about one mile from the spot M'here the celebrated 
"Battle of Tippecanoe " was afterwards fought, and about 
seven miles from the present city of La Fayette. When 
General Harrison invaded this town, on the seventh of 
26 



402 niSTOKY OF INDIANA. 

KoYcmbcr, ISll, it contained about two tlionsand inhabit.iTits, 
men, women and cliildreii, and was tlic largest Indian settle- 
ment in the State; but, with the Prophet's defeat, and the 
return of his brother, Tecnmseh, in the lullowin:^ sprinj^, it 
was broken np, and the remaining followers of the brave 
Shawanoe went with him to Canada, where they established 
themselves near Maiden. 

In 1823, when the first settlers came to the county, Craw- 
fordsville was the center of civilization in the Wabash valley 
for several miles in both directions. It was at this place 
that the iirst land ollice was opened, and where the first 
Bottlers of Tippecanoe county entered their lands. For 
three years after the settlement of Tippecanoe county, or 
until 1S2G, when the county was organized, the settlers were 
obliged to go to Crawfurdsville for all judicial purposes, as 
well as for sujiplies. As we have said, the county was organ- 
ized in 1820. "In due time commissioners were appointed to 
survey and lay out the new county according to law, aiid to 
locate the county seat. The natural beauty aiul eligil)ility of 
the site now occupied by La Fayette, together with its sui'round- 
ings, immediately determined the said commissioners to award 
to this locality the county honors. At the time there wei'e rival 
towns, but that rivalry soon ceased to be, as La Fayette soon 
outstrii^ped them in the race of progress, some of Avhich joined 
with her and added to her population, being satisfied that La 
Fayette was soon to be the 'pride of the valley,' her location 
being at the head of navigation, bounded by the beautiful 
wooded hills, beyond which lies the dilfercut prairies, teeming 
with fertility, the abundance of whose harvests have more 
than made real the hopes of the most hopeful, gladdening the 
hearts of the industrious farmer, filling his home Avith the 
necessities of life, giving him a libej'al jnirsc, a liberal mind, 
and manly qualities,"* 

In lS25,f or about one year previous to the creation of 
Tippecanoe coimtj'-, one William Digby was induced by a few 
enterprising gentlemen from Crawfordsvillc, to lay out the first 

* Loren Ilarsman's pamphlet. 

f From a sketch written hy Mr. A. J. Rouse, of La Fayette. 



TIPPECANOE COUNTY. 



403 



plat of tlie town of La Fayette, on liis little tract of land on the 
east bank of the river Wabash, near the center of what would 
be a reasonable sized county, with the view that ultimately it 
might become the county seat of the then projected count) 
Digby was not a man of enterprise or forethought, and conse- 
quently sold his entire town plat of the city on the same day 




FORD SCHOOL, LA FAYETTE. 

it was laid out, to Samuel Sargent, for tw^o hundred and forty 
dollars, reserving for himself only one fractional lot, and 
twenty acres adjoining the town. The original plat was soon 
divided between Isaac C. Ellston, John Wilson, and Jonathan 
Powers, all of the same town of Crawfordsville. As yet it 
was a mere city on paper, located in a dense forest, wdtli rivals 



404 mSTORY OF IXDL\NA. 

botli above and below, M-hosc claims were not to be ii^norcd, 
Ciiiciiniatus, two miles below, on the west bank of the river, 
and Americiis, above, on the east bank, had each claims that 
were thong^ht by the parties interested, sulHcient to induce the 
proper authorities to locate the county seat at eitlier place. 
But the joint proprietors of the new city in the woods were 
liberal as well as enterprising, and offered to the new county 
authorities half of their town plat for the location; besides, 
Sargent, Kesey, and Alexandei', each donated ten acres adjoin- 
ing the plat, as a further inducement to the authorities, which 
liberal donation was accepted, and the location of the county 
scat made the same year the county merged into existence. 
The choice was a wise one, that has given entire satisfaction 
to the inhabitants ever since, because of its central and healthy 
location. 

With the completion of the old Wabash and Erie Canal to 
La Fayette, that place began to improve and increase in popu- 
lation, and although for several years it had man}' rivals in 
the Wabash valley, it has outgrown them all, and is now one 
of the leading cities in the State in point of ])opulation, 
wealth and influence. LaFa^-ctte is beautifully situated, and 
is one of the handsomest places in the State. 

Its educational advantages are second to no city in Indiana; 
its commei'ce is very good, and in manufactures it is consider- 
ably behind, but there are ample facilities for this branch of 
industry in La Fayette, and many bright prospects of their 
being improved at an early day. The city has now a popula- 
tion of about twenty thousand, and is growing rapidly. 

The history of the public schools of La Fayette is full of 
interest and instruction. It has been very pleasantly written 
by Mr. Sanford C. Cox, an affable old gentleman of La Fayette, 
who himself has spent many valuable years as a teacher of 
pioneer schools, and who has kindly permitted the use of the 
pioneer schooh. and who has kindly peri-^ttcd the use ot the 
following in this volume: 

In the fall and M'intcr of 1827-28, Josrpli Tatman, Esq., fani^lit school in 
La Fayette, in a log cabin that stood near Avhere Brockenrid,i;e & Jenkins' 
mill now stands. Like all other cabins of those days, the floor was laid 
witli puncheons, the door made of shaved clapboards, hung on wooden 



TIPl'ECANOE COUNTY. 



405 



hinges, the chimney built of cat-an-clay, with back wall and jambs. The 
seats and writing-tables were also made of puncheons, and the windows 
Avere covered with greased paper instead of glass. The furniture con- 
sisted of a splint-bottom chair for the teacher, a water bucket, gourd, and 
some pegs in the wall on which to hang hats, cloaks and dinner-baskets. 
He taught two or three terms in this cabin. He also taught vocal music, 
and phiyed well on the flute. The next school was taught by John D. 
Farmer in the same cabin, who afterwards removed his sclu^d to the old 
court-liouse, that stood near the ferry landing at the foot of JMain street, 
which was afterwards occupied as a residence by Moses Micluuds, the 
ferryman, and the widow Riley, who baked and sold the first ginger-cakes 
baked in La Fayette. How many terms Mr. Farmer taught is not remem- 
bered.* 

Hugh M. King, in the year 1839, taught school in a one story frame 




PURDUE UNIVERSITY. 



that stood on the lot now occupied by Handley's block, on the east side 
of Fourth street, between Columbia and South streets. These were sub- 
scription schools — the employers paying according to the number of 
pupils subscribed, at the rate stipulated in the articles, which was gener- 
ally from one dollar and fifty cents to two dollars per scholar per quarter. 
The branches taught were spelling, reading, writing, aritlimetic, English 
grammar and geography. In but few instances was the teacher called 
upon to instruct his pupils in more than the four first named branches. 
The athletic sports of the boys, at the noon play-time, consisted in playing 
corner ball (bull-pen), cat, town ball, and a game called shinny. Rase 



*The sketch of the pioneer schools of La Fayette may be applied, in a great measure, 
to the pioneer schools of every city and county in the State. 



406 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

ball, now gO popular among grown up boys, who go from city to city to 
play with other liopcful "nines" whose ages range from eighteen to forty- 
five, is a perversion of town-ball. It is a rough and dangerous game. The 
girls amused themselves jumping the rope, gathering flowers, swinging, 
and other healthful amusements. There were then no male and female 
Dolly Varden Croquet Clubs, playing out-door billiards on the green, with 
painted mallets and balls, large shoe-buckles, and a stock of allccta'Jon to 
match. 

The next on the list of teachers was Ezckiel Timmons, who taught in a 
small frame house which stood on the northeast corner of the lot occupied 
by the Milwaukee block. lie taught several terms. lie also taught sing- 
ing schools In the village, and in several neighborhoods in the country, 
and served as surveyor of Tippecanoe county for many years. He wrote 
excellent poetry. Rufus Webb followed Mr. Timmons in teaching the 
young idea how to shoot. He taught in a one-story frame on the "Miller 
property," east of Henry Taylor's residence, near the corner of Third and 
Alabama streets. He tiiught two or three terms. Miss Abigail Huff, in 
the summer of 1833, taught school in a ono-story frame tli.at stood on JIain 
street, nortli of the public-square, between the First National Bank and 
"Wilson & Hanna's bank. Colonel Henry Oilar, a few years later, t;uight 
three terms in the Jennings' brick, which stood where the Lahr House 
now stands. He was also county suiTcyor lor several years. 

In 183o, the Presbyterians built their brick church, on the corner of 
Fourth and South streets, and had, by an agrc-emeut with those who con- 
tributed funds for its erection, a room struck off at the west end for a 
school-house. Rev, Joseph G. Wilson and his wife, and Rufus A. Lock- 
wood, Esq., were among tlie first who taught in this house. Hon. David 
Turpie, Hon. Joseph E. JVIcDonald, and other distinguished personages, 
can look back to this little house where they received tlieir first academic 
honors. In a few years, the congregation being straitened for room, the 
partition was taken out, and the whole building was used as a church, 
literary hall, and public lecture-room, where many distinguished strangers 
entertained tJiu literati of the village. The first County Lyceum (inaugu- 
rated by Mr. Town, the grammarian,) was held in this house. Some of 
the most pleasant recollections of by-gone yeai's of many of our older 
citizens, date back to the literary meetings held in this house. 

Tiic first regular school-house built in the town, was a one-story frame, 
"which stood north of JIain strcet,near where the German Catholic Church 
now stands. In tliis house John E. Jleald, Frederick Stone and Jacob 
G. "Wallace successively swaj-ed the birch; also, a gentleman, and scholar, 
whose name is fortunately forgotten, generally known as the "Educator." 
The wa}' he obtained that souhriquet was as follows: Having a high opin- 
ion of himself, and his qualifications as a teaclier, ho imprudently (per- 
haps playfully) told some of his chums that he was no common pedagogue, 
but an educator. His remark was regarded as rather pedantic for a new 
cotmtry, and was the occasion of a severe pun. One afternoon, on return- 
ing to school from his boarding-house, he espied the word " Educator," 



TIPPECANOE COUNTY. 



407 



carved in large Roman letters on a plank of the weather-boarding of the 
house facing Main stiect. It could be seen and read plainly from the 
middle of the street. His wrath was kindled, and he declared that he 
would punish any one who had the audacity to engrave that word on the 
wall, to insult him. On an investigation of the case, lie found it had been 
carved by a blue-eyed, golden-haired miss of some twelve summerSj a 
member of one of the most wealthy and influential families in the town. 
He changed his mind in regard to inflicting corporeal punishment. The 
miscliievous urchins, in going to and returning from school, would often 
stop and spell aloud the hand-writing on the wall, in the hearing of the 
teacher, which so worried him that in a short time he left the town in dis 
gust — but the word "Educator" was for many years seen standing out in 
bold relief, as the only m( nument of the departed school-master. 

The white school-house that stood on the corner of Fourth and Alabama 
streets, east of the new jail, was the next school-house erected in the town. 




LABORATORV. 

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, 



It became the principal seat of learning for the youth of La Fayette, as 
well as a hall of the Moot Legislature that met there for several winters; 
the County Lyceum, and other interesting literary, religious and political 
meetings. The interesting discussions in the Moot Legislature, which 
numbered some hundred members, were participated in by many who 
afterwards became distinguished as jurists, legislators, scholars and busi- 
ness men. It Avas in this house Miss Sarah Webb, Rev. P. R. Vannatta, 
James B. Heatley and several others taught prior to the erection of the 
county seminary. Reuben Robinson taught one or two terms in the old 
frame Methodist Church, on the lot occupied by the late Fifth Street 
Church — now used as a town hall. Solomon Hathaway taught two or 
three terms in the basement of the Baptist Church, on Sixth street, betAveea 
Main and Ferry. Mrs. McCune taught in the southern part of the city, 



408 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

near the old Junction House, and afterwards on Fifth street, about cue 
square soutli of tlie New Albany Railroad depot. Mrs. Goodwin's bigh 
school was taught on the Oakland Hill, near the Oakland House. Among 
the first teachers in the graded schools, under our common school system, 
were Laura ]\Ia3'nard, Ellen Merrill, INIary E. Smith, Nancy J. Skinner, 
Margaret E. Iloes, Sarah C. Comstock, Elmira Sleeker, I^Iary G. Cline and 
Orpine Hathaway. C. M. Bishop taught a grammar school. In 18G3-C3, 
Professor Rouse Iiad a Classical Acadeni}' in the old State Bank, corner 
of Main and Sixth streets. Professor Kennedy conducted a commercial 
college in Taylor's block, west side of the public square. There was also 
a commercial college and writing school taught by a Mr. Hollingsworth 
in the Barbec block, opposite the Lahr House, about the j-ears 1862 and 
18G3. 

P. B. Began taught in the school-house at the St. ]SIary's (Catholic) 
Church, on Fifth street. Father M. J. Clark, pastor. At St. JIary's Church 
and Seminary, on Columbia street. Rev. Father Hamilton and Hallinan, 
pastors; Christian Brothers' School, Superior Brother Bernard and five 
brother assistants; Sisters' School of the Order of Sisters of Providence; 
Superior, Sister Mary John, and eight sister assistants. At St. Boniface, 
(German Catholic Church and Schools) pastor, Rev. Bicne; assistant. Rev. 
Gregory; Franciscan, (German School), taught by three Ursuline Sisters; 
and at St. Ann's (Catholic) Church and Scliool, on Wabash avenue — three 
primary schools for children under eight years of age — under charge of 
the Brothers of the Holy Cross. 

There were several select schools kept in different portions of the town 
by the Misses Boyer, Garland, Campbell, Stiles, Carpenters, Shaw, Jason, 
Dame, !Mrs. Underwood, Rev. Mr. Barton, Rev. IMr. Leveredge, Naylor and 
■wife. Rev. Mr. Tenbrook and others, whose names and places of teaching 
are not remembered with sullicient delinitencss to be described by the 
"writer, nor by those with whom he has conferred on the subject — whose 
assistance has greatly aided him in the preparation of this paper, which, 
althougli correct in the main, he can not hope will be entirely free from 
inaccuracies. 

The success in after years of a majority of these Lang Syne teachers is 
well known to our citizens. The most of them have passed to the Spirit 
land — while a few remain to witness the good results of their labors of 
"long time ago." May their hearts never grow old. 

The erection of the County Seminary in 1841-42, by R. S. Ford, Joseph 
8. Hanna and Jacob Benedict, Trustees of the Seminary funds of Tippe- 
canoe county, formed a new epoch in the literary advantages of our county. 
It was built on the side of the hill in the eastern portion of La Fayette, on 
the site now occupied by the Catholic Church and Seminary. It was 
opened luider favorable auspices under the charge of Rev. Joseph G. Wil- 
60U and his wife, as principals, aided by other competent teachers in the 
primary and higher grades of the Academy. Public exhibitions were 
given at the close of each session, giving satisfaction to the parents and 
guaidiuns of the pupils attending the school. But county seminaries did 



TIPPECANOE COUNTY. 



409 



HOt supply the wants of the people of the different counties in the State. 
Few were able to pay the expenses of boarding and tuition of their chil- 
dren ; besides tliey were deprived of the society of their sous and daugh- 
ters, who were removed from tlie social endearments and wholesome 
restraints of home, where tlieir welfare coukl be looked after by those 
wlio loved them best. The system became unpopular, and tlie law was 
repealed by the new Constitution of the State which took effect Novem- 
ber first, 1851, and the county seminary and land on wliich it was erected 
reverted to L. B. Stockton, Esq , who had convejed it to the board of sem- 
inary trustees on the condition that it was forever to be used for school 
purposes and as a public hall for the town — and for no other purpose 
whatever. Resort was then had to the old system of select and high 
schools. A high school was erected on the corner of South and Seventh 
streets, under the auspices of Messrs. M. L. Pierce, R. H. Eldridge, Wil- 




;fi f ^ -'^ v< ™w 



UORMITORV. 

PURDUE UNIVERSITY. 

Ham P. Heath, R. Brackenridge and others. It was conducted success- 
fully for several years, by Rev. Mr. Stone Allen and Prof Winters and his 
wife. 

But, at length, tlie present excellent common school sjstem 
came to the relief of those who wished to educate their chil- 
dren, and three large scliool -houses — the Central, Southern 
and Eastern — were erected in localities to suit the conven- 
ience of the residents. But educational enterprise, under the 
new sjstem, did not stop here. The Ford school building 
was soon after erected, which is one of the finest public school 
buildings in the State. O'ther school buildings have from time 
to time been erected, until La Fayette has to-day very com- 



410 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



plete and most admirable scliool facilities. The present year 
required the labor of thirty-seven teachers, and there was an 
average attendance of two thousand pupils. The school prop- 
erty of the city proper is valued at one hundred and fifty 
thousand dollars. 

Aside from the public schools, the Purdue University, or 
Indiana State Agricultural College, is also a pride and boast 
of the citizens of La Fayette. There is sufficient reason to 
hope that, at no distant day, the Purdue University will be 
one of the most popular institutions of learning in the West. 
Its founder, M'hose name it bears, together with the trustees,- 
have thus far spared nothing which might add to its advan- 




PURDUE UNIVERSITY. 

tages. Its endowments are large enough to bring it up to a 
high standard, and, with proper management, it will surely 
become a lasting blessing to the State and a solid honor to its 
venerable founder. The funds available at present are as fol- 
lows: Educational fund converted into government bonds, 
$300,000; county funds, $50,000; donation by Hon. John 
Purdue, $150,000. There are now one hundred and eighty- 
four acres of laiid connected with this college, with a prospect 
of increasing the same to three hundred. 

Hon. John Purdue, of La Fayette, has the honor, not only 
of founding this college, but of securing its location at La 



MONTGOMERY COITNTY EARLY HISTORY. 411 

Fayette. He li.as already donated two linndrcd thousand dol- 
lars to it, in the way of money and land, and there is a ]>rob- 
ability that he will increase this amount belbre his death to 
live hundred thousand dollars. The writer, when in Tippeca- 
noe county, called on Mr. Purdue, at his private rooms in the 
Lahr House, and was handsomely entertained. ]\[r. Purdue 
is a genial, kind-hearted okl bachelor, having never married, 
lie is rii)e in years, sound in intellect, fully convei'sant with 
the ad'airs of the world, and very pleasant in con\'ersation. 

The St. Mary's Academy is another of the valuable educa- 
'tional advantages of La Fayette, as is also the Sisters' School. 
The buildings and grounds of these institutions are valued at 
one hundred thousand dollars. 

Tippecanoe county is one of the best agricultural counties 
in the State. Throughout the county the farmers are nearly 
all wealthy, the schools are in good condition, and general 
prosi>erity is noticeable to the observing traveler on every 
hand. 



CnAPTER XLIX. 

MONTGOMERY COUNTY EARLY mSTORY. 

MONTGOMERY county was named in honor of the dis- 
tinguished General Richard Montgomery, who gave his 
life for the American cause at the battle of Quebec. It was 
first settled in 1S22-3. In the latter year the county was 
organized, including a much larger tract of country than that 
now embraced within its limits. Crawfordville, the county 
scat of Montgomery county, was early a central point on the 
Wabash, and for several years the principal town in that sec- 
tion. It is one of the oldest settlements in the valley. It 
was the depot from which the early settlers of La Fayette and 



412 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Tippecanoe county, drew their supplies from 1823 to 1S2G-7. 
Until 1826, all the settlements for tliirtj, and even forty miles 
in any direction, were compelled to visit Crawfordsville for 
judicial purposes. 

Among the prominent early settlers was IMajor Ambrose 
"Wliitlock, who located in Monti^omery county in 1822. Tliis 
pioneer laid oft' the town of Crawfordsville in 1823. lie was 
appoinled receiver of public moneys by John Qnincy Adams 
in 182.5, one year after the land otlicc was o])ened in Craw- 
fordsville. Major Wliitlock was one of the leadiui^ men of 
the olden time; he was an active and efticient ofticer under 
General Wayne, and a useful man in tlie towii which ho 
assisted in foundiui^, lie died in Crawfordsville in June, 
18G-1, leaving a widow, who livTd until ninety years of age. 
She died in Crawfordsville in 1S73. 

In 1824, or about two years ai'ter tlie county was first settled, 
and one year after the county was organized, the land ollico 
was opened at Crawfordsville. The first general land sale 
took place on the twenty-fourth of December of that year. 
Up to this date the numerous settlers were mere " squatters," 
having no title to the land which they occu]ued, and, as a con- 
sequence, there was considerable rivalry at the sale. At this 
period Crawfordsville was a small settlement, surrounded on 
every side by a dense wilderness. 

The first white settlers in Montgomery county were William 
Oflield and William Miller. Mr. Onield settled near the mouth 
of Offield creek in 1822, where he built a rude cabin and began 
pioneer life with energy. ]\Ir. j\[iller settled near the pi'escnt 
town of Crawfordsville in the same year. lie ei'ccted a round 
log cabin, which was the first building of any kind erected in 
the vicinity. Both of these pioneers have passed away. Mr. 
Oftield left the county in 183G, and Mr. Miller died in the city 
which he was useful in founding, early in 1874. 

Among those who settled in 1823, in the vicinity of Craw- 
fordsville, was John Beard. He was born in North Carolina 
in 1795, and at the age of twenty-seven, came as a pioneer to 
the State of Indiana. lie became prominent in the aftairs of 
Montgomery county at an early day. In lS2'i he was elected 



MONTGOMERY COUKTY — EARLY HIOTORY. 413 

reprcsertative of tlic county in the State legislature, and was 
continued for fifteen years, with tlic single exception of one 
term, as a representative either in tlie Senate or in the IJonse. 
Mr. Beard distinguished himself in legislative duties, render- 
ing an eficctive support to the bills for tiie abolition of impris- 
onment for debt, liberal exemption of property from execution, 
investing the governor Avith power to commute capital pun- 
ishment to imprisonment for life, and for the construction of 
the AVabash and Erie canal. 

There is no better tribute to the memory of the public ser- 
vices of Hon. John Beard than that which has been con- 
tributed by Hon. John Coburn, of Moorsville, Morgan county, 
Ind., which is in tliese words: "I venture to say again, that 
not one man in a hundred in our State knows the name of 
liira who proposed that the surplus of the proceeds of tho 
stock of the State in the State Bank of Indiana should be 
appropriated as a school fund. He is one of our greatest 
public benefactors, a venerable, simple-hearted, clear-headed, 
sound-minded old gentleman, living in Montgomery county, 
named John Beard. His name ought to be precious in the 
heart of every boy and girl who enjoys the benefit of free 
schools. When he proposed the measure, it was hardly treated 
seriously. Nobody thought anything would be left as a 
surplus; he himself, doubtless, did not realize its importance. 
But so it was he put the net where it caught the golden fish, 
and we thank him for it ten thonsand times; and we thank 
those steady, straightforward, strictly upright financiers who 
Imsbanded these funds for ns. This measure has been the 
means of producing our present fund of eight hundred thou- 
sand dollars for the support of common schools."* 

But M'c must discontinue onr sketches of biography, and 
refer the reader to the regular department of biograpliies in 
this work for l^fc sketches of Messrs. Beard, Lane, and many 
other pioneer settlers of Montgomery county. 

Montgomery county was organized in 1823, with the follow- 
ing county oflicers: John AYilson, clerk of the circuit court, 
recorder of deeds, and clerk of the commissioners' court; 

• The fund is now $8,000,000. 



414 HISTORY OF nODTANA. 

William Onicld, James Ijlevins, and John ]\rcCnllongh, connty 
commissioners; Samnel D. ]\raxwell, slierlfK 

INTunti^omerj conntj is located in the M'cstern part of the 
State, haviiii^ good facilities for the transportation of its mer- 
chandise. The soil is well adapted to the cultivation of the 
various kinds of grain indigenous to the northwest. "It bor- 
ders upon those fertile prairie lands in the northern part of 
the State, and partakes partiallj of both timbered and prairio 
goils. Indeed, the northern portion of the county contains 
several small prairies, ■wdiich give to it the appearance of 
liaving been settled much longer than it really has. The soil 
of these prairies is very rich and productive, yielding in favor- 
able seasons, very profitable crops of corn, wheat, rye, oats, 
and barley. Considerable tracts of this prairie remain uncul- 
tivated, being used principally for pastures. 

Kearly two-thirds of the county was originallj' very lieavily 
timbered, but much of it has been consumed; yet there is an 
abundance remaining for all immediate needs. The county is 
laid out into eleven townships, and is twenty-four miles long 
north and south, and twenty-one miles wide. The soil is 
watered by Sugar creek and its tributai-ies. This strcain used 
to be known by the name of Hock river. There are a consider- 
able number of mills located on this stream. The next priii- 
cipal stream is the Walnut fork of Sugar creek, which em])tie8 
into the main stream near Crawfordsville. "The county," 
Bays Mr. James Ilcaton, Sen., "is well supplied with good 
public highways. The public improvements, in the way of 
Bchool houses and bridges, arc of the most substantial charac- 
ter. There ai-c but few counties in the State so well supplied 
with railroads. Every township in the county, except two, 
has a railroad; and the two exceptions are so near to a road 
that it may be said that every township lias a direct advantage 
in the way of railway traffic. Tliesc roads all center at Craw- 
fordsville, making that city a desirable location for manufac- 
turing enterju-ises." 

Crawfoi-dsvillc is the county seat, and the principal business 
center of the county. It is an enterprising city of over four 
thousand inhabitants, many of whom may be ranked among 



MONTGOMERY COUNTY — EAKLY HISTOKY. 415 

the most enterprising citizens of the State. Tlie city has three 
railroads, givinp: six different directions of railroad trans- 
portation. These roads have constnicted a very fine Union 
Depot at the junction, about one mile from tlic city. 

Crawfordsville is taking great pride in her sti-cets, expend- 
ing considerable means in grading and paving tliem. They 
are very broad, and are bordered on either side with beautiful 
shade trees, which lend an enchanting scene to the place. 
Good turnpike roads lead from the city in almost every 
direction. 

The medical, or mineral springs, just northwest of the 
town, promise to become no inconsiderable attraction to this 
city, and seem to add another assurance that the future of 
CrawfordJvillc will partake largely of a resort for summer 
recreation and literary pursuits. These springs are already 
enclosed in light and airy summer houses, and the gentlemen 
who have control of them contemplate erecting a five story 
hotel just north of the springs. The waters of these springs 
are said to contain ingredients of great medical importance. 

The material resources of Crawfordsville for manufacturing 
purposes are equal to those of any town in the State of its 
size. There is an abundance of good timber, coal, iron ore, 
limestone and sand, and brown stone. 

In educational and religious enterprises, Crawfordsville is 
not behind any other point in Indiana. She has nine 
churches, most of which are constructed in an attractive and 
substantial stj-le. The public schools are well conducted in 
one of the finest school buildings in the State, having been 
erected at a cost of over sixty thousand dollars. 

Wabash College is the pride of the city, and is one of the 
finest educational institutions in the West. It is located just 
west of the city limits, "in a campus containing thirty-three 
acres, shaded with beautiful native forest trees, affording to 
the students a healthful atmosphere, as well as abundant space 
for drill and field sports." There are four buildings, viz.: 
Central Hall, the Academy, the Dormitory, and the Polytech- 
nic Building, all of which are tastefully appointed and well 
equipped with all modern appliances. 



416 mSTOET OF INDIANA. 

This coUcsre was founded in 1832-3, and in tlie latter rear 
the institution was opened with only twelve students. 
Through a long and tedious effort, however, it has reached a 
firm financial footing. 



CEAPTEE L. 

VIGO C50UNTY niSTOEICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

THE first settlement made in Yigo county was around Fort 
Harrison. The march of Harrison's army to the Upper 
"Wabash, the battle of Tippecanoe and the establishment of Fort 
Harrison, seemed to impress the people of the West with the 
importance of this region of country, and soon after the close 
of the war of 1812, public attention was drawn toward it. The 
Indians of the Wabash, who had been mainly hostile during 
the war, were far from being reconciled to peace, and the sur- 
veys of the land in that section were not only opposed by 
them, but frequently interrupted; and in the spring of 1815 a 
company of Ilangers, on Bnsseron creek, were defeated and 
dispersed by Indians, and a number of children taken prisoners, 
who were never recovered. 

At the close of the war, in 1S14, an act was passed by Con- 
gress granting lands to certain Canadian volunteers, who had 
been citizens of the United States, but who had during the 
war joined our forces, and whose j)roperty in Canada had been 
confiscated in consequence. This act permitted these lands to 
be located in the Land District which included Vigo county, 
even before the public sale. The sale was announced to take 
place in June, ISIG, and in anticipation of this many settlers, 
in the early springof that year, had i-csorted hither and selected 
favorite spots, with the intention of purchasing at the sale, 
and several had erected log houses thereon; but previous to 



nCO COUNTY UISTOKICAL AND DESCKIITIVE. 417 

the sale, tliclr lands so selected, together with a large propor- 
tion of the most valuable of the county, were located by tho 
claims rclcrred to. This so disheartened and discouraged the 
early settlers that many left and located on the eastern border 
of the Great Prairie, in Illinois. This, together with the 
nnconcilatory bearing of many of the prominent Canadian set- 
tlers, engendered hostile feeling, M'hich, for j-ears, it seemed 
impossible to allay, and which tended greatly to retard the 
settlement of the country. 

In 1815, Fort Harrison* was garrisoned by a rifle regiment 
nndcr the (command of Major W. Morgan. In this year he 
rebuilt the fort. In the following year this regiment was 
ordered west, and the garrison succeeded by a company I'rom 
Fort Knox, under command of Major John T. Chunn, who had 
command of the fort up to the summer of 1817, when he was 
ordered to Detroit and the post finally abandoned as a military 
fortification. 

Tlie early settlers at the fort, in 1815, were Isaac Lambort, 
John Dickson, Joseph Dickson and John Handy. These then 
were the only reputed settlers north of Turman's creek, or 
Fort Turman, as it was then called. The Indian traders at tho 
fort in 1815, were John A. LaFonde, John Eolland, A. Dash- 
ney.and Pierro Laplant. Mitchell Bronillet was the Indian 
agent and also the intei-preter. 

The early settlers around Fort Harrison prairie, were Mr. 
Lane, at Strawberry Hill; R. Plackman, Thos. Packet, and 
some others, nt the ra^^ne near Hiram Smith's place; a Mr. 
Austin, on tha hill now occupied by Joseph Gilbert; John 
M. Coleman, at the Early Grove; Capt. John Hamilton, at 
the old Dawson place; Peter Allen, tM'o miles east of the fort; 
Maj. Markle, at the mill; Truman Blackman, also east of the 
fort; Caleb Crawford, Pobert Graham and Solomon Taver- 
baugh, at Otter creek; Alexander Chambcrlin and Elisha U. 
Brown, on the bluff north of the Hovey Creek Locks; Isaae 
Lambert, John Dickson, George Clem, Moses Hoggatt, Eobcrt 

♦ /Vn account ol tlic erection of Fort Harrison is given in tlie first part of 
this work. 

27 



418 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

IToplvins, Williarn "Wall^cr, and others, on IIovcj creek, and 
Ezra Jones, at the AVallace farm. 

In tlie tall of 181G the town of Torre Ilantc was laid 
out, and the first sale of lots took place on the thirty-first of 
Octohcr, of that year, and its settlement commenced immedi- 
ately thereafter. Dr. Charles B. Modcsitt, who had lately 
come on from Virginia, and who then resided near the fort, 
was perhaps the first to settle at Terre Ilante. lie built a log 
cahin on the alley, on lot No. 257, at the mouth of Ohio street. 
Soon thereafter followed Lewis Hodge, Eobert S. McCahe, 
John Bailey, Adam Weaver, Nicholas Ycager, Samuel IMc- 
Quilkin, Ilenrj' Bedford, John Harris, Malcom McFadden, 
Wm. Ilaynes, Bichard Jaques, Bobert Brasher, Nathan Kirk, 
Bobcrt Kerr, Gideon Sleeper, Ichabod "Wood, John Britton 
and Lucius II. Scott, and in 1818, came Dr. E. Aspinwall, Dr. 
Davenport, Lewis B. Lawrence, Demas Dening and Channcy 
Rose, w4io had the year previous been at the fort. These per- 
sons, with but two exceptions, have finished their labors and 
gone to rest. 

The second sale of lots took place in May, 1818. It was 
made by the county, of lots donated by the original proprie- 
tors, on account of the seat of justice being established there. 
The sale was, in all respects, a good success, but from tliia 
period the value of lots began to decline, and in 1821, when a 
final sale of the company's property took place, it had declined 
more than fifty per cent., and had severely affected those who 
had made large purcliases. 

In 1820, the river became remarkably low, the wells were all 
dried up, and general sickness prevailed, and not a f\\mily 
escaped. Many deaths occurred, taliiug oft' some of the most 
prominent citizens, including Dr. Aspinwall, Dr. Davenport, 
Lewis B. Lawrence, Samuel Hill, a Miss Collett, and Mrs. 
Hussey. This seemed to strike a fatal blow to the health of 
Terre Haute, which was felt for years, and from which it did 
not fulley recover until after the draining of Lost creek, in 
1837. This creek, previous to being drained, had washed down 
the prairie cast and south of the city, creating an immense 



VIGO COUNTY niSrORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 419 

morass of several hundred acres, without any outlet except by 
absorption and evaporation. 

As already mentioned, nearly all of the first settlers of Vigo 
county have passed away. The iirst white male child born in 
the county was William Earl, who became a successful navi- 
gator in foreign seas. He was born in Terre Haute, September 
22, 1818. Tlie first female child born here was Mary McFad- 
den, now Widow Markle, of Terre Ilaute. 

Yigo county was organized in 1818, and the first county 
officers were: Curtis Gilbert, clerk and recorder; Truman 
Blackman, sheriff; Alexander Barnes, coroner; Moses Ilag- 
gett and James Barnes, associate judges; John Hamilton, 
Isaac Lambert and Ezra Jones, county commissioners. 

The first session of the circuit court held in the county, 
was commenced April twenty-seventh, 1818, and was conducted 
by the associate judges, at the house of Truman Blackman. 
The county was then attached to the first judicial circuit. 
The first attorneys were George B. C. Sullivan, Samuel Whit- 
tlesey, Jonathan Doty, and Wm. P. Bennett. The regular term 
of court in 1819 was held at the house of Richard Bedford, in 
Terre Ilaute, by Hon. Thomas 11. Blake, presiding judge. 

The first court house was erected on the public square in 
Terre Haute, in 1821-2. It was built for the county by Mr. 
John Brocklebank. In 1SG8, becoming unfit for use, it was 
torn down. The present building occupied by the county 
offices, was erected in 18GG. The following persons have been 
judges of the circuit court of Vigo county since its organiza- 
tion, in the order named: Thomas II. Blake, Gen. W. John- 
son, John B. Potter, David McDonald, John Law, Elisha H. 
Huntington, Amory Kinney, Delaney B. Eckels, Wm. P. Bry- 
ant, James Hughes, Solomon Claypool, B. W. Thompson, and 
C. Y. Patterson. 

fhe old judicial system required associate judges to set in 
tlie circuit courts, and also probate judges, without separate 
jurisdiction; but in 1851 the system was changed by a revis- 
ion of the constitution of the State into circuit courts and 
courts of common pleas. This system continued until 1872, 
when the legislature dispensed with the courts of common 



420 HISTOKT or INDIANA. 

picas, since wliicli time all business lias been done by the 
circuit courts. 

TiiK CrrY or Terke Haute, one of tlie larpjest and most 
flourishing business centres in the State, is beautifully situ- 
ated, and, with the possible exception of Evausvillc, is the 
handsomest city in Indiana. It is situated on the eastern 
banks of the Wabash river, and is, of course, the county scat 
of Yigo county. It derived its name (which signifies high 
land), from the site on M'liicli it is located, being elevated 
about fifty feet above the level of the river, on a rolling 
table land, M'hich extends back to the adjoining prairie. Terre 
Haute is admirably laid out, and has quite a metropolitan 
appearance. Many of the business houses are among the 
largest in the State, and the principal thoroughfares will com- 
pare favorably with those of any city in the west. 

The town of Terre Haute was laid out in 181G, by a com- 
pany styled the Terre Haute Company. The company con- 
sisted of Cuthbert andThonuas Bullitt, of Louisville, Kentucky; 
Abraham MarMe, of Fort Harrison ; Hyacinth LaSalle, of Vin- 
ccnnes ; and Jonathan Lindley, of Orange county, Indiana. The 
articles of association of the company bear date of September 
nineteentli, 1816. The company licld patents from the United 
States to lands described in their articles as " thirteen tracts 
of land on the river Wabash, in the vicinity of Fort Harrison." 
These lands were divided into twelve shares, of which Lindley 
had four, Markle three, LaSalle three, and the Bullitts two. 
They were the original proprietors, from whom the first title 
to lots were derived. 

The original site selected for the toAvn was a spot some 
three miles below the present location, but it was sool aband- 
oned for the more desirable situation now occupied. One of 
the principal objects, however, in moving was that the national 
road crossed the Wabash at the latter point. In 1817, this 
town presented a truly pioneer appeai-ancc. There were only 
a few log cabins, situated along the river, and these Averc of 
the rudest style of architecture. But in 1818, when the town 
was made the county scat, there was a new life difTused among 
the somewhat dull inhabitants, and the village settlement im- 



VIGO COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCKIPTIVE. 421 

proved. The compaDj referred to, tliat laid out tlie town, 
deeded to the CQuntj eiglity lots, besides the public square, 
and paid into the county treasurer four thousand dollars in 
cash and mortgage bonds. These liberal inducements secured 
the location of the county seat at Terre Ilaute, The spirit of 
liberality, as well as the location of the county seat at Terro 
Ilaute, was instrumental in creatiug a new feeling of enter- 
prise. 

The first settlers of Terre Ilaute were Dr. C. B. Modesitt, 
Lewis Ilodge, Ilenry Keedford, Eobert Carr, John Earle, 
Abner Scott, Ezekiel Biixton, and "William Hamage. These 
pioneers settled in 1816, and built the first cabins in the 
town. The settlement grew very slow, at first, from the 
causes noted in the previous chapter; but, in 1S23-4:, it took 
a new stai-t, and has prospered until the present. 

Terre Ilaute was incorporated as a town in 1832. The town 
was dinded into five wards, and one trustee elected from each. 
These trustees elected the first municipal ofiicers of the town 
as follows : James B. McCall, president; James T. Mofiat, 
derk; Charles B. Taylor, assessor; Samuel Crawford, treas- 
urer; "William Mars, constable and collector. 

In 1838, a new charter was granted to the town by the 
Legislature, which provided for the election of a mayor and 
ten councilmen. This charter was adopted by the inhabitanta 
in March, 1838, and, in the May following, an election was 
held, which resulted in the election of Elijah Tillotson as the 
first mayor of the town. 

In 1853, Terre Ilaute was incorporated as a city under the 
general laws of the State, and the first city election was held 
in May, 1853, at which "William K. Edwards was chosen the 
first mayor. 

Present Condition. — A popular city directory, of recent 
date, gives the population of Terre Ilaute at 28,000. This is, 
probably, a little too high. It is about 23,500, or, perhaps, 
24,000. The census of 1870 places it at a little more than 
1G,000 at that date. The growth since then, however, has been 
marvelous. No city in Indiana has made greater progress in 
all material interests. Only ten years ago Terre Ilaute was 



422 niSTOKY OF Indiana. 

but an af^riciiltural town, " and liad," says a recent writer, 
" readied about the liciglit in population and business usually 
attained by towns whose chief dependence is on the farming 
interests immediately around tliem; but, by a system of ex- 
pansion through railroads, manufacturing interests, and whole- 
Bale business, the area of its influence and resources has been 
greatly extended, so that now Terre Haute draws its sustenance 
and wealth from a wnde extent of country, and from many 
cities connected with it by its numerous railroads. As the 
country itself is iuexliaustible, and the channels of trade and 
communication are already fixed, like the veins and arteries 
which circulate the blood through the human s^'stem, wc may 
expect no premature decay or death of a city which has become 
the vital center of so extensive a commercial and business 
Bystem." The business interests of the city are increasing 
every year. Some of the largest wholesale houses are located 
there. The manufacturing interest of the city is represented 
by blast furnaces, with a capacity of fifty tons of iron daily; 
nail works, 3,000 kegs, weekly; waterworks, 3,000,000 gallons, 
daily ; a successful rolling mill, and other very extensive 
establishments. Terre Haute is fast becoming one of the 
leading manufacturing cities of the west. 

The schools and churches of Terre Haute, and, indeed, the 
whole of Yigo county, are in a high and eflicient condition. 
In the various professions are found men of superior talent 
and education, under whose care the schools and churches 
Lave attained the highest degree of usefulness. 

The State Normal School is located there. The building is 
one of the finest in the United States, having a capacity of 
accommodating over a thousand pupils. This institution has 
already achieved a national good name, and is fast becoming 
the pride of Indiana. 

Another educational institution is now being established in 
Terre Haute, which has already elicited the attention of the 
p]iilanthro])ic citizens of half the world. We refer to the 
" Terre Haute School of Industrial Sciences," in support of 
which the Hon. Chaunccy Eose is devoting his immense for- 
tune. In short, Terre Haute lacks none of those higher phases 



KNOX CX)UNTr HISTOKICAL AND DESCKimVE. 423 

of material and intellectual enterprise tliat characterize the 
modern American city, while, on the other hand, it excels in 
many of them. 



CHATTEE LI. 

KNOX COUNTY niSTORICAL AND DP:SCRII'TIVE. 

IN a view of Knox county, historically, our attention must 
at once centre round Yincennes, one of the oldest — and 
possibly the oldest — settlements in the State of Indiana, This 
city — once a French trading post and military station — is 
situated on the east bank of the AVabash river, about one 
hundred and ten miles southwest of Indianapolis, and, of 
course, is the county seat of Knox county. It was on this 
spot where a French Jesuit missionary from Canada, or New 
France, said mass before astonished savages in the year 1702.* 
Tliis act may be regarded as the very beginning of French 
civilization in Indiana, for, although missionaries had been in 
the iiabit of visiting the territory during the fifteen years pre- 
ceding, and notwithstanding Kobert dc La Salle passed through 
it on the old "Wabash and ]\faumec route, erecting some tem- 
porary stockades in 16S0, there was no permanent mission 
established within the limits of Indiana until 1702. This was 
one year after the establishment of Detroit by La Motte Ca- 
dillic; and the French records show that this missionary came 
from that post, or from some point in JMichigan. Three years 
later, or in 1705, the date at which the French fort at the con- 
fluence of the St. Mary's and St. Jose])h rivers, where the city 
of Fort Wayne now stands, was erected, a French trading post 
and stockade were established at Yiticennes.f Thus it will be 

* Quebec Annals. 
f Quebec Records. 



424 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

80cn tliat Fort "Wayne and Vincenncs stand on an equal foot, 
ing in the important point of antiquity. The first ibrt, or 
more properly stockade, was established at both places in the 
Bame year, and it is said by the same man. 

There was not, however, any considerable settlement aronnd 
Post Vincennes until 1745. In the latter year quite a nnmbor 
of traders were found there, who, nndcr the protection of the 
slight garrison, conducted a profitable commerce with the 
Indians, — rum and tobacco being the chief articles of mer- 
chandise on the one side, and peltries on the other. 

There is no authentic record of the affairs at Yincennes 
from its first settlement down to 1749 — a period of about 
forty years — outside of the government records at Quebec. 
From the latter date, however, a very complete record has been 
presei ved by the Catholics of the place. 

"While Vincennes may be regarded as one of the first settle- 
ments in Indiana, Knox comity must be looked nj)on as the 
oldest county. As Virginia has been called the mother of 
States, so may Knox county be called the mother of Indiana 
counti>iS. Its organization dates back to a period anterior to 
the teifitorial government, and finds a place among the earliest 
actb of the government formed for the ten-itorj' northwest of 
the Ohio river. Its original boundaries extended from the Ohio 
river cm the south to the lakes on the north, and from the 
"Wabash river on the west castwardly to a line bisecting the 
State cast and west. Its original aiea emlu-aced one-third the 
territory of the entire State, arid from it have been carved, 
from lime to time, thirty of the richest and most prosperous 
counties of the State. 

The site of the present city of Vincennes was for a long 
time only a trading post, and impi-oved but slowly in Avcalth 
and population, as the tradei's were generally transient parties, 
permanently investing the means elsewhere acquired at this 
point. The organization of the territorial government and the 
location of its capital at Vincennes, in the beginning of the 
nineteenth century, added greatly, for a time, to its prosperity, 
and from that time down to a period as late as ISIS it 
promised to become one of the great centres of trade and 



KNOX COUNTY IIISTOIZICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 425 

wealth and population in the JCorthwcst. But the removal of 
the territorial cajiital to Corydon, prematurely and urie.\])ect- 
edly, was a fatal blow, for the time, to its pro^^ress, Altliough 
it lost the stiinulatin:,^ impetns of political fa\or and the 
ex]KMi(liturc of ])nl)lic money — the creative ]»owci-s of ti-ade 
and conunci'ce of late years — Irom its own inti'insic resources 
it has more than met the iioj)es of its ]K'oj)le, and full}' demon- 
strated the saij^acity of tiie early French, who years ai;(j visited 
its site in the then wildei'iiess, and with pro])hctic vision 
marked it as a future seat of ein})Ii'e, wealtli and jiower. 

Ajtlioui:;h the name of A'inccnnes is a household word 
tlirouj^huut the State, and even the wliole land, and in a Iiis- 
torical sense it is an old ]»Iace, yet tlie present city of Vin- 
ccnnes is but thechikl of yesterday, and is jnst spi-iii<;inii^ into 
vigorous and active life. The mud-tliatchcd hut and the two- 
wheeled cart of the early settlers, lioth consti-ucted witliotit 
the use of any metal implement whatever, have entirely dis* 
appeared within a very few years before the advancing wave 
of civilized progress, and tlie material appearance of Yin- 
ccnnes to-day will compare with that of any city in the State. 
The old-time business iiouses liavo all given ]>lace to fine 
business blocks, three and four stories high, of brick and stone, 
and of improved architecture. And only a few old-time j-esi- 
dcnccs I'cmain as landmarks, as it weie, to i-emind us of the 
days of yore. The ])rivate residences of the citizens are 
among the linest in the State. Among them we may mention 
tlie S])lendid and costly mansions of l)r. Ivobb, Caj)tain Ross 
and ]\[r. Pollock, l)uilt of wood, in a magnificent style, and 
those of Messrs. ]\IcKinne3', ]3ayard and Wise, of brick and 
stone. The residence of General William II. Harrison, the 
first Governor of the territory, is still standing, atid is one of 
tlie most substantial buildings in the State. It is built of 
brick, and was constructed in 1S04, and its walls and inside 
finish are as good and ];)crfcct in all respects as when first 
put up. 

The public buildings of Vinccnnes arc numerous, and some 
of them arc fine specimens of architecture. Among them 
may be mentioned the city hall, a substantial brick building, 



426 rasTOKY OF Indiana. 

two stories high, erected in tlie centre of the city square, in 
the heart of the business portion of tlie city, cuntainiu',^ i-ooms 
for the mayor's office, city clerk, enijjineer, and treasurer, and 
a hall for the meetings of the common cuuncil. The Knox 
county court-house, erected on the P(|uarc owned by the c<iunty, 
and being the most elevated site in the city, is one of the liiicst 
buildings in the "West, and, excepting tlie one at Indianaj»olis, 
the grandest, finest and costliest structure of the kind in the 
Stiite, It was built after designs and ])Ians furnished by 
Edwin May, architect, and Frank L. Furman, buildei-, and, 
unlike most other public buildings, its iinit^hed appearance 
surpasses the best representation tliat can be given of it on 
paper. It is built of a beautiful light-colored and durable 
limestone. It has a front of ninety-three feet on Seventh 
Btrect, and extends back between Broadway and 13 usseron 
fltrect one hundred and thirty-one feet. It is three stories 
high, and each corner is ornamented with a tower of beautiful 
proportion and design, each diflering from the otlicr. The 
tower on the west corner is the principal one, and is one 
hundred and forty-eight feet high, and has a clock with a dial 
fronting each point of the com])ass, and a large bell, of 
eighteen liundred pounds, of a line and musical tone. Tho 
outside face of the walls are beautifully and elaborately carved, 
and ornamented with marble statues, in ap})ropriate niches, 
representing the celebrated General George llogers Clark,* 
the Goddess of Liberty, and a Federal soldier, and also two 
large monumental tablets of marble on the Seventh street 
front. 

The building is furnished in the finest style throughout. 
It was commenced in the spring of 1S72, and comi)letcd in 
tlie spring of 1875, and cost over $275,000. 

The public high school edifice is another of Yinccnnes' 
splendid buildings. It is of brick, three stories high, built on 
an elevated plateau, and can be seen from all parts of the 
city, and for a considerable distance on approaching it. The 
German Catholics have also a very large and commodious 

♦See General ilistoiy to find account of Clark's operations at Vinccnnca 
ial778. 



KNOX COUNTY niSTOKICAL AND DESCRirXIVE. 427 

scliool building, of brick, of modern architecture, two stories 
high. The school building of the Cathedral congregation ia 
another fine edifice of brick, two stories high, and of line ap- 
pearance. The buildings of the Vincennes University, for the 
accommodation of males and females, are also line looking 
structures. The St. Eose Academy, for females, under the 
cliargc of the Sisters of Providence, is a commodious and neat 
building. The various school buildings of the city are suiii- 
cient to accommodate 1,500 pupils, and are all supplied with 
excellent schools in the proper seasons. So high in the public 
estimation are the schools of the city, that children from a 
radius of thirty miles around, in both Illinois and Indiana, are 
Bent to Yinccnncs to receive the benefit of them. 

The churches of the city are numerous, and many of them 
are of beautiful design; and on approaching it from the 
elevated points in the vicinity, a dozen lofty spires, sur- 
mounting churches of various denominations in diifcrent 
parts of the city, meet the eye, and present a beautiful appear- 
ance. The Catholic Cathedral is as fine a church edifice as can 
be found anywhere. It is built of brick, and was commenced 
in 1835, and improved from time to time, and ornamented 
elaborately, until, to-day, it is a perfect gem. The interior 
decorations are costly, and it is ornamented with splendid 
paintings. This church building is surmounted by a spire 
one hundred and sixty-eight feet high, of beautiful propor- 
tions, and contains a clock and the largest bell in the State. 
The German Catholics have also a splendid church edifice, 
built of brick, in a cruciform, and capable of accommodating 
1,500 worshipers. Its walls arc beautifully frescoed, and it 
is also surmoimted by a spire about one hundred and twenty- 
live feet high. The Presbyterians have two large and fine 
churches, finished within and without in the finest style. The 
one on Main street was built in 1863, and is in tlie most 
approved style of architecture. The Methodists, Baptists, and 
Christians have each fine church edifices. 

The buildings of the banking and business houses in the 
city are among the finest in the State. The city possesses 
many supeiior advantages, which cannot fail to make it one 



428 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

of tlio most prominent and important places in tlie Avest. It 
lias unrivaled advantages for trade, nianulactures, and com- 
merce combined, such as ai"e possessed by no other single 
point in the State, and only need the talisinanic touch of 
capital and labor to nudcc them toll upon the future of tho 
place. It is situated in the midst of the lincv;t timliercd region 
in the west, where all kinds of wood muteriul fur nuinufactur- 
ing ai'e at hand, in inexhaustible quantities. It is also in the 
centre of the finest coal region in the State — the coal lields of 
Daviess, Pike and Knox counties being the richest and most 
productive in Indiana. It is also situated on a gravel founda- 
tion, and is blessed with the best streets and sidewalks and the 
finest water. The streets are never muddy, and the natural 
gravel foundation makes a better sidewalk than cither brick or 
Btone. Vincennes is also situated in the midst of one of tho 
most fertile agricultural drstricts in the West. The county of 
Knox is bounded on all sides, except the north, by natnnil 
boundaries — the "Wabash and White rivers — and the pocket of 
land enclosed Ixitwccn them forming the county, contains a 
vast area of rich alluvial bottom land, unsurpassed for fertility 
anywhere. The annual r>se of the Wabash and A\niite rivers 
overflowed a large extent of territory tributary to Yincennes, 
and prevented its settlement aTid development. The Wabash 
river opposite Yincennes has often, from overflow, been eight 
or nine miles wide, but, within the past few years, the con- 
struction of levees in Illinois and Indiana, have eilbctually 
restrained the water and protected these lands fi'om overflow, 
and they are rapidly being brought into cultivation, thus in- 
creasing the agricultural products that find a market at Yin- 
cennes. The levcc on the Illinois side, extending from tho 
high land some ten miles above Yincennes, to a point four or 
live miles below, will effectually protect from the overflow of 
the Wabash river a rich prairie, some ten miles long and six 
miles broad, immediatel}' adjoining the city and the west, 
which heretofore could not be cultivated with profit, on 
account of the annual overflow of the river, and will make it 
the finest agricultural district in cither of the States. Yin- 



KNOX COUNTY IIISTOKICAL AND DESCKIITIVE. 429 

ccnncs, of course, ^vilI Ijccoinc the depot for tlic accnmnlation 
of the products of these improved hinds. 

I'esides these adv;inta<^es, Vincennes has avaihxble coiumuni- 
cation \vith all parts of the country, botli natural and artilieial. 
The Wabash river is navigable six months of the year by 
steamboats of as large a draught as can navigate the Ohio 
river; besides, it has become, within the past two years, a 
great railroad centre, and from it the iron bands radiate in all 
directions, like the spokes of a wheel from the hub. Tho 
Ohio and Mississippi railroad gives an outlet to the markets of 
the East and the West, and connects the Ohio and Mississippi 
rivers at this central point by a direct line at the cities of 
Cincinnati and St. Louis. The Indianapolis and Yincennes 
railroad connects it with the State capital, the great railroad 
centre of the AVest, and the Cairo and Vincennes railroad, 
with the head waters of the continuous navigation on the Mis- 
sissippi. The Evansville and Crawlbrdsville railroad connects 
it with the Ohio river at Evansville, and with the northwest 
of the State by the way of Terre Haute; and the Cliicago rail- 
road, now nearly completed, will give direct communication 
with the entire Is'^orthwost. The various advantages, botli 
natural and artificial, arc attracting the attention of capital 
and- labor, and, in consequence, the city is improving rapidly 
in wealth and population. In ISGO, it contained less than 
2,000 inhabitants ; in 1870, about 4,000 ; and, to-day, Vin- 
ccimes has a po})ulation of over 8,000. The city has an effi- 
cient fire department, and is in every respect a delightful, 
safe, comfortable, and healthy place to reside. 

In t-he foregoing brief sketch of Vincennes and Knox county, 
the compiler has, no doubt, disappointed the reader, who, of 
course, expected to lind only accounts of the thrilling incidents 
of war and pioneer life in the days of Clark and Bowman. 
Suflicient of this has been given in the general history of tho 
State, in another part of this volume, and in this sketch tho 
writer has given a history of the modern rather than the an- 
cient. This will be appreciated.* 

*"We are indebted to Jlr. Henry Cauthorn, one of the leading attorneys 
— a very intelligent and aflable gentleman — of Vincennes, for assistance 
La producing the above sketch. 



CHAPTEE LII. 

VANDERBUEGH COUNTY EVANSVILLE. 

AN historical and descriptive sketch of Yanderbnrgh 
can be but little else tlian of Evansville. The county 
has but few attractions outside of that city. In 1S12, Col. 
Hugh McGary, of Kentucky, settled on the site of Evansville, 
erecting a log house — the first white man's dwelling in that 
section. At the time of this settlement there was an Indian 
village, of the Shawanoe tribe, near Pigeon creek. " In 1813," 
Bays ]\Ir. Pobert, "Warrick county was formed out of that 
portion of Knox county lying south of ' Pcctor's Ease Line,' 
and extending from tlie boundary of Harrison county to the 
Wabash river, and Col. McGary, who owned the lower part 
of the present site of Evansville, laid out a number of lots, 
and donated some land toAVarrick county, provided they would 
fix on this place as the permanent scat of justice. In 1814, 
the territorial legislature of Indiana divided Warrick county, 
creating Posey county on the west and Peny county on the 
cast, which left the site of Evansville near the southwest 
corner of the then existing county of Warrick; for which 
reason the legislature ordered ' that the seat of justice be 
removed from Evansville to a certain tract of land owned by 
Nathaniel Ewing,' which was afterwards called ' Darlington.' 
This removal came near nippng the existence of the embryo 
city in the bud, and from this period until 1817, Evansville 
made very little progress, hardly having an existence as a vil- 
lage." However, it was not destined to remain long in ob- 
scurity. In 1816 and 1817, Gen. Pobert M. Evans and James 
W. Jonee, united with Col. McGary, and established the town 
on an enlarged plan. Tliey purchased additional land, and 

430 



VANDEEBTTEOn COUNTY EVANSVTLLE. 431 

made some general preparations for improvements. It is said 
that Col. McGary entered the land soon after his arrival, and 
endeavored to make a survey; but, when Gen, Evans arrived, 
he made another survey, and had the Avhole tract platted. 

This town, in its unsettled state, was called Evansville, in 
honor of one of its founders — General Evans. Gen. Evans 
was a Virginian, having been born in that State in 1783. lie 
settled in or near Princeton, Gibson county, in 1805, and re- 
moved to Evansville to reside permanently, in 1824. 

So soon as the town had been remodeled on its enlarjrcd 
Bcale, a number of lots were sold and attention was attracted 
to the place as a convenient landing point for Vincennes (the 
Old French Fort), and other interior towns in the Wabash 
valley, which then gave promise of far outstripping Evans- 
ville, In 1818, Vanderburgh county was formed from the 
western portion of Warrick, and named in honor of Judge 
Henry Vanderburgh, one of the territorial judges and early 
settlers of Indiana. In tlie same year commissioners were 
appointed to fix the seat of justice of the new county, who 
reported to the county commissioners that, in consideration 
of the local advantages of Evansville, and of a liberal donation 
by the proprietors, of one hundred lots and five hundred dol- 
lars- in cash, or such materials as will suit in the erection of 
the public buildings, they have establislicd and fixed the per- 
manent seat of justice of Vanderburgh county at Evansville. 
The town for a while made considerable progress. The first 
election was held in August, 1818, when twenty-five votes 
were polled. In one year from its establishment as a county 
Beat, it became an incorporated town, by the election of Hugh 
McGary, Isaac Fairchild, Everton Kinnerly, Alfred O. Warner, 
and Francis J. Bentley, trustees. Hugh McGary was chosen 
president; Elisha Ilarrison, secretary, and lister of taxable 
property; John Conner, treasurer; and Alpheus Fairchild, 
collector and marshal. The first tax levy was twenty cents on 
the one hundred dollars of real property, and a specific tax on 
several kinds of personal property. The value of taxable 
property is not given in the records, but the total of tax dup- 
licate for that year amounted to $191 28f. On the twentieth 



432 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

of Marcli, 1S19, the first meeting of the board of town trustcoa 
was licld." 

In IS ID, Evansville had a population of one Inindrcd sor.ls. 
A liotel. kept by Mr. Ansel AVood, was situated on the 
State road, now Main street, and stood in rear of the ])iesent 
site of Armstrong's furniture warerooms. In the same year, 
a Frenchman opened a store near the river bank. Other stores 
followed. "Their stocks were scant, but amply suilicieut for 
the pioneers, with whom hard cash was a great rarity, indeed. 
Coon skins, and barter of that character, formed tlie medium 
of exchange, not only with themselves, but with the outside 
world." In this year, Amos Clark was made prosecuting 
attorney of the county; and Daniel Warner, postmaster of 
the new town. In 1820, John IL Dunham, David F. Gold- 
smith, Tj-iestly Pritchett, William Mills, Jr., and John A. 
Chandler, were elected trustees; and James A. Boiss was 
appointed secretary; and Alanson AVarner, treasurer. These 
early ofHcers were, for many years, distinguished citizens of 
Evansville. They have all passed on to another stage of action. 
The first church in Evansville was built in 1S21, under the 
auspices of liev. D. C. Banks, of Ohio, a zealous Prcsbyteiian 
clergyman. 

We quote from Mr. Eobert's somewhat remarkable pam])hlet 
this authentic information concerning the early schools of 
Evansville: "The first school liouse was erected in 1S24. It 
was a small brick building, and stood at the corner of Third 
and Main streets. Mr. Chute, an elderly gentleman, was ap- 
pointed and empowered to ' teach the young idea how to 
shoot.'' As early as 1818, he liad occasionally received pupils 
at his cabin ; but now, for the first time, a school was instituted 
to which all could send children hitherto unprovided and un- 
afFordcd regular educational privileges. Tlie school house was 
also regularly used for religious purposes. Eev. Mr. AVood, 
a Presbyterian minister, often preached there, as well as clergy- 
men of other denominations. From 1825 to 1830, Evansville 
was under a deep shadow of commercial depression; but, in 

*Mr. Houcrrswork — Evansville and her Commerce and Manufactures. 



VANDEEBUKOn COUNTY EVANSVILLE. 433 

the latter year, new hope and spirit seem to have possessed 
the people, and, as a consequence, improvement and develop- 
ment were visible. Produce began to find its way to southern 
markets in flat boats, on the Wabash and White rivers, and 
the convenient proximity of Evansvillc to these water-courses, 
made it a favorite landing place. During the spring and sum- 
mer months trade was quite lively, and hundreds of boatmen 
returning from the Lower Mississijipi made Evansville their 
point of debarkation, and it thus became known and appre- 
ciated as tlie 'Landing for the Wabash.' Some lively 'scenes* 
and gay fandangos characterized those times, but it grew to be 
a point of supply for much of the interior region of country 
watered by the Wabash and White rivers, and in this way laid 
the foundation for its present mercantile prosperity and im- 
portance. 

"In 1834, on the establishment of the first State bank, 
Evansville was designated as one of the points for the organ- 
ization of its branches. This greatly enlarged its finajicial 
facilities, and gave additional and timely impetus to all de- 
partments of business. In 1S35-G, the State legislature having 
passed the Internal Improvement Bill, Evansville Avas made 
the southern terminus of the Central and Wabash and Erie 
canals. The Wabash and Erie canal, commencing at Toledo, 
Ohio, was to strike the head \vaters of the Wabash river, and 
follow the rich and prolific valleys of that and White river, 
terminating on the Ohio at Evansville. The Central canal was 
intended to pass from Muncietown, through Indianapolis, to 
Point Commerce, on AVhite river, where it would be united 
with the Wabash and Erie canal. Thus Evansville, by a grand 
scheme of hydrographical inosculation, was to be placed in con- 
trol of these stupendous works, commanding the outlet of two 
of the richest and most productive valleys on the globe. Ko 
wonder there was liberal impartment of new energy, new vigor 
and high hopes of the future. In June, 183G, the awarding of 
the contracts for the construction of the canal commenced, and 
a large immigration at once began to pour in; real estate ad- 
vanced to high and fancy speculative rates, and the town 
appeared to have again taken a hold on prospei-ity, and deter- 
28 



434 HISTORY OF I^T)IA^^A. 

mined to prove Phccnix-likc. But licrc anotlicr drawback 
occurred, and energy was hampered and enterprise lettered. 
A great iinancial revulsion occurred in 1S37-8, M-liicli caused 
a suspension of sjtccie payment by our banks, and a very con- 
eiderablc depreciation in tlie value of real estate. The crisis 
was general, and was severely felt all over the country in its 
sweeping damage, tluis, for a time, blighting the fair prospects 
of Evansville. The work of internal improvement was aban- 
doned, general stagnation in trade was prevalent, and the town 
not only ceased to jirosper, but actually decreased in popula- 
tion. Much of tlie property of Evansville passed into the 
hands of Eastern creditors, in ]iaymcnt of the indebtedness of 
merchants and speculators, and for several years possessed very 
little market value. In 1840, the number of inhabitants had 
increased to 2,121, which shows quite a substantial gain for 
the time. 

"Some time about the year 1845-G, Evansville began to 
recover from the prostration occasioned by the fiiilnre of the 
internal improvement system and the commercial crisis of the 
country, and business generally began to revive. The natural 
advantages of location which it possessed, attracted to it the 
trade of the surrounding country, and its mercantile interests 
re-began to advance and thrive. From that period the growth 
of Evansville has been steady and substantial; for many years, 
it is true, laggard and hardly perceptible, but never stationary 
orrecedins:. ller course and career has been nothiui:: less than 
a succession of progress and pause, but the latter seemed to 
have given strength rather than detriment; and if the ability 
of our people to recover after such damaging and discouraging 
impediments were repeatedly thrown in their way be any 
criteria, certainly such trials are brightly prognostic of an 
attainable power and excellence commensurate with what we 
to-da}' proudly claim for her. During the legislative session 
of 1856-7, a grant of laud was obtained to extend the Wabash 
and Erie canal to Terrc Haute, and subsequently another 
grant was obtained to aid in the construction of this work to 
the Ohio river at Evansville. This concession was made the 
basis of an arrangement by the State with her bondholders for 



VANDERUCKCn COUNTY — EVAN5VILLK. 435 

the sale of the Wubasli aiul Erie canal, and a resumption of 
payment of State interest. The completion of the canal be- 
came a iixed fact, and the anticipation of the benefits to be 
derived from its successful workin<rs did much to strenfrthen 
confidence in our future." * 

In 1S47, Evansville was incorporated as a city. This was 
another stroke in favor of her proi^rcss. AVharf improvements 
were made, and in 1S50 the Ci'awfordsville and EvansvilJo 
railroad was commenced. In 1S5T the limits of Evansville were 
extended by the annexation of Lamasco, then an adjoininn' 
town. The city public Scliools of Evansville were established 
in 1S53. Thus, it will be seen that during these years the city 
was growing rapidly, and also preparing for continual advance- 
ment. Kor was her interests, commercially, injured in 18G1. 
The civil war proved a ])erfect God -send to her trade. Stand- 
ing as she did upon the verge and dividing line of the con- 
sumptive region and ])roductive sections, her position was one 
of advantage, and, consequently, the growth dimng this period 
was decidedly great. 

To-day, Evansville has a population of over 30,000, and is 
the second city in Indiana, in wealth and importance. Her 
public schools arc fully up to an advanced metropolitan grado, 
and. her religious and literary institutions do credit to the 
State. Evansville is believed by many to be the handsomest 
city in the State. It is certainly a very beautiful city, and the 
streets always present a scene of wholesome activity. 

AV^e will close our historical and descriptive sketch of Evans- 
ville with a brief notice of her ])ublic schools, for which we are 
in a great measure indebted to Mr. Charles E. Kobert, of that 
city: Evansville has fostered her educational interests M-itli 
peculiar care, and has sought by a liberal and judicious expen- 
diture of money, and by the employment of first-class educators 
to manage her institutes, to place her schools among the very 
first in the country. So well has she succeeded in attaining 
this desired object that the splendid facilities here ofifered for 
the free education of the young, more than any other cause has 

* Robert's Evansville. 



436 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

induced immigration to that point, from a large section of the 
surroui)ding country. Tliis is a potent argument witli tliose 
citizens from other states and countries who arc invited to 
settle there. Many of them have families of growing children 
— all of them, it is hoped, education and tastes, or natural 
instincts that would make them prefer the elevated to the 
degraded, the moral to the immoral, in the intellectual atmos- 
phere of a new home. All that has been said in behalf of 
Evansville as a commercial centre, as an inviting tield for new 
enterprises, for the investment of capital, and for the transfer 
of manufocturing or mechanical skill from the old to this new 
home of labor, would be unavailing with many, if something 
more could not be presented than mere appeals to selfish 
moneyed interests. Those whom Evansville most desires as 
citizens, hesitate to remove from Eastern cities to identify their 
interests with Western communities, no matter what the 
inducements for the employment of their capital, business exper- 
ience or skill, to new fields, because they fear it will be at the 
sacrifice of educational advantages, moral influences, a thousand 
individual comforts, the loss or practical deprivation of which 
might not be compensated for by the pecuniary advantages to 
be gained. 

But the social and practical characteristics of the citizens of 
Evansville are in nothing more clearly and favorable mani- 
fested, than in their zealous support of their scholastic interests. 
The city abounds in public, semi-public and private schools 
and colleges. Yet the quantity of the instruction given is, 
perhaps, less noteworthy than its quality. Public teachers 
compete with private teachers, and vice versa; and the result 
is, a lively spirit of emulation has ensued and been prodiictive 
of some very beneficial results. The central location, the fer- 
tility and beauty of the surrounding country and the salubrity 
and healthfulness of its climate, have doubtless been among 
the causes which have led to the concentration there of those 
Intellectual elements which have given tone and tenor to the 
society. And in addition to all this we may state that Indiana 
has the largest school fund of any State in the Union, and 
Evansville has taken full Fha>-e of this great advantage, tliU8 



VA^^)EKBUEGH COUNTY EVANSVILLE. 437 

eccuring permanent and satisfactory basis for her scholastic 
etructure. 

From tlie report of the State Superintendent of Public 
Instruction made in September, 1874, we glean the following 
valuable facts: 

Estimated value of school propertj' including grounds, seats, 

etc $10,015,844.49 

Estimated value of school apparatus 358,298.10 

Total $10,373,042.58 

No. of pupils in attendance 489,0'14 

" " teachers 12,055 

" " volumes in township libraries 205,029 

Amount of revenue on hand September 1, 1874 $1,704,413.81 

Amount special " " " " " " 498,390.90 

This admirable system of free public schools was established 
in 1S53. They were organized under the assiduous efforts of 
H. Q. Wheeler, Esq., who having been made the first Superin- 
tendent, to his credit very much of their after success is to be 
set down. Each year, however, has witnessed additional growth 
and improvement, until at present the public school property 
will amount to $4G0,000, including fifteen supurb and costly 
buildings, erected in the most modern and excellent manner, 
finely ventilated and so located as to afford convenient school 
privileges to children in all quarters of the city. 

The schools arc under the supervision of a Board of Trustees, 
three in number, elected by the Common Council, and at pres- 
ent is as follows: Luke Wood, president; Dr. H. W. Cloud, 
treasurer; J. H. Polsdorfer, secretary. The direct manage- 
ment is under Prof. Alexander M. Gow, as Superintendent, 
with the following excellently appointed staff: Prof. Phil. 
Baker, first supcrnumery teacher; Prof. M. Z. Tinker, teacher 
of music; Prof. A. Bourgeois, teacher of writing; Prof, F. W. 
E. Pcschau, teacher of German, and Simon Ilecht and Miss 
Huldali Pahm, assistant teachers of German; assisted by a 
corps of one hundred and seven teachers, many of them ladies 
and gentlemen of superior talents and accomplishments fur 
their work, and all laboring faithfully to build up this most 
important and fundamental interest of the city. The total 



438 HISTORY OF INDUNA. 

number of pupils enrolled December first, 1874, was 4,316; 
wliicli was increased to 4.G00 February iii-st, 1ST5, when tliixjo 
new school buildings were completed. We can but congratu- 
late Evansville on tlie rare fortune which lias placed lier edu- 
cational interests in the hands of so al)lc, experienced aiid suc- 
cessful an educator as Prof. Gow. Under the wise discipline 
of mind and coixluct wliicli he, during the past four years, lias 
inaugurated, the schools are becoming nurseries of right and 
honorable principle, and diffusers of an invigorating atmos- 
phere of thoughtful study. Any community that builds up 
such a system of schools as, from personal knowledge, we 
know those of Evansville to be, is deserving of the credit of 
being known as a national benefactor — for it is to that extent 
helping to meet the greatest demand of the nation, — the 
demand for men o^ brains and honesty. 



P 



CIIAPTEE LIII. 

PARKE COUKTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

ARKE county was organized in 1821, and was named in 
honor of Benjamin Parke, the first member of Congress 
from the territory. The county contains about four hundred 
and forty square miles, with a population of nearly 25,000. 
The county was first settled in 1818, by John M. Doty, who 
located on Henry's prairie. Judge Joseph Walker settled 
near where Numa now is, in Florida township, in 1819. 
Judge Seybold settled on Big Raccoon, not far from Bridge- 
ton, in the same year. The mills at Roseville were erected by 
Chtiuncey Rose, Moses Robbins and Andrew Brooks, as early as 
1820. AVhcn the county was organized, an Indian reservation 
was made, running up and down the Wabash, from the mouth 
of Sugar creek to the mouth of Big Raccoon, and about seven 



FAKKE COUNTY — HISTOKICAL AND DESCRIITIVE. 439 

mijes in width. Most of tliis territory was .afterwards included 
in Ecserve township. Tlic last Indian rcprcsuntative who 
lived on these lands was a half-breed named Christmas Dozney. 
John Adams settled in 1S20, at the forks of the two llaccoon 
creeks, and Judge Steele, now a prominent residcTit of Terro 
Haute, settled at Portland mills in 1S21. Moses Ilart settled 
at the same place about one year before. Judge Strange and 
Tobias Miller settled in llaccoon valley, in 1820, as also Georgo 
and Alexander Xirkpatrick. James Kelsey and Francis Dick- 
son built Dickson's mills (now Mansfield mills), in 1821. 
Thomas "White and James Allen were also among the early 
settlers. Daniel Buchanan settled in the county in 1S22, and 
Selmau Lusk settled at the narrows of Sugar creek in 1821, 
where he built a mill and had a postoflice. John Beard built 
mills near the mouth of Sugar creek, in 1822. In 1821, Perlcy 
Mitchell setttled in Penn township. 

In the year 1825, the friends settled in Penn township. 
Prominent among them may be mentioned Peyton Wilson, 
James Morrison, Solomon Allen, James Pickard and Jeremiah 
SilLir. The Friends added much to the settlement, in the way 
of industry and thrift. They have now an excellent church and 
liigh school at Bloom ingdale. The latter is under the super- 
vision of Prof. B. C. Ilobbs, who has made it a superior school 
for the education of boys. Dr. E. Allen was one of the lirst 
settlers in lleserve township. His associate pioneers were 
William Cook and Joseph and Daniel Wolfe. Mr. Cook was 
father-in-law to Governor Joseph A. AVright. 

The first settlers of Wabash townshij^ were James and John 
Laverty, Samuel Hill, Dr. Taylor, Colonel Hays and A. 
Punteny. Quite a number of the old log cabins of pioneer 
days arc still standing — some that were erected in 1820. 

The first county court was held in 1821, at Poseville, and 
■was removed permanently to Pockville, in 1824. 

With regard to the soil and productions, we will remark that 
Parke is a county of timbered land. Although situated on the 
very margin of the great western prairie region, it has, with 
but the exception of a few acres, or bottom ])i-airie along the 
Wabash river, nothing deserving the name of prairie iu tho 



440 mSTOET OF INDIANA. 

county. Kcarly every other variety of soil found in tlie north- 
west is represented in the county. However, for agricultural 
purposes, the soil is excellent, and most of the farmers havo 
become wealthy. 

The available coal in Parke county belongs to the lower 
members of the great western coal field. Measuring from the 
base of the coal measures upward, the seams number one and 
two are the only reliable coal beds in the county; but these are 
productive, and sufficient for all practical purposes. 

Ilockville, the county seat of Parke county, county, was laid 
out in the fall of 1S23, and became the permanent county seat 
in the following year. Previous to the latter date, the county 
courts had been held in Eoseville and Armiesburjr. "The 
donors of the land on which Rockville is situated, were the 
first settlers of the town," viz. : Arthur Patterson, Andrew 
Eay, Aaron Hand and James B. McCall. Andrew Pay built 
the first house, which was a log cabin, situated on the public 
square. It was the place of entertainment for all land ''pros- 
pectors " in that section of the country for many years. lie 
also built and conducted tlie first hotel in Pockville, which was 
opened first in 1S24. Mr. Pay was a careful pioneer, lived 
economically, practiced industry, and died in 1S72, a wealthy 
an(< respectable citizen of Parke county. The first white child 
bo^n in Pockville, was James B. Pay, son of Andrew Pay, 
in 1824. 

Rockvillc being situated some distance from the "Wabash, 
and only accessible over almost impassable roads, it was for 
many years backMard in its growth and improvements. The 
first house built expressly for school purj)oses, was a small 
b-ick structure, north of the old Baptist cliurch, and the first 
toacher was a Mr. Patterson. The celebrated Lorenzo Dow 
jn-eached in Pockville in 1832, in the woods, on a lot south of 
the public square. That was a great day for the infant town. 
The settlers gathered from far and near to see and hear tlie 
-eccentric preacher, "A man came into the meeting with a 
cigar in his mouth, and was jicrcmptoril}' challenged and 
ordered to throw it away." There were some other interesting 
incidents connected with the meetinsr. 



JOHNSON COUNTY inSTOKICAL. 441 

The first clnireli organized in Rockville was bj tlic Baptists. 
Thcj lield tlicir first meeting in tlie old county conrt liouse. 

During tlie last ten or fifteen years Eockvillc, and, indeed, 
the M'liole of Parke county, has improved rapidly. The man- 
ufacturing and commercial interests of the former are now full 
of ])roniisc, while the agricultural prospects of the latter are a 
source of material comfort to the farmers. The railroad facili- 
ties of Tiockville have done considerable to promote its com- 
mercial enterprise, and have been largely instrumental in 
placing it on a solid footing. 

The educational facilities of Kockville are second to no other 
town of equal population in the State. The new public school 
house was begun in the fall of 1872, and finished in January, 
1874, at a cost, including grounds, of $3G,000. It is a fine 
three story brick, containing ten rooms, besides the large 
cha])cl, or lecture room, and is arranged to accommodate five 
hundred pupils. Rockville is a pleasant place to reside. The 
people are intelligent, sociable, and sensible; and the same 
remark holds good wherever you go in Parke county. 



CHAPTER LIY. 

JOHNSON COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DP:SCRIPTIVE. 

THE surface of Johnson county is quite level. There ia 
scarcely an acre in the county that may not be cultivated. 
The only elevations that can be called hills, are to be found in 
the southwestern corner, and along the western border. The 
soil is rich and deep, and is underlaid by extensive beds of 
gravel. The streams are sluggish, and there are no rock-quar- 
ries of consequence in the county. The gravel beds are a 
source of immense wealth. Dirt roads are really impassable 
during three or four months of the year, so that before the 



442 H16T0KT OF INTTIAlfA. 

introduction of grave] roads, farmers, and, to a great extent, 
mannfactiircrs and villagers, were obliged to su5})cn(l business. 
Now these roads extend in all directions from Fraiil<liii, the 
county seat, and as a consequence, all classes arc ncaily as 
active in business during winter as sumnicr. Owing to the 
level surface, and the vast accumulations of carbon and other 
elements from the old forests, the prevalence of fever and ague 
was very manifest for many years. But owing to tlio later 
very general use of nnderdrainage, the miasma lias almost 
disap])eared. At least it may be truthfully said that Jolinson 
is as free from fever and ague as any of the river counties* 
'Die main industry of the county is agrictdturc and stock- 
raising. The leading products are wheat, corn, and hogs. 
Most of the grain and stock iind a ready sale in the county at 
the very highest prices. Vawter, Ilerriott & Co., shuightcr 
from twenty-five to fifty thousand hogs each year at their 
establishment in Franklin, while Tilford & Co., of Edinburg, 
could find use for all the surplus corn in their immense starch 
factory. Flouring mills are abundant, and the railroads that 
cross at right angles at Franklin furnish as many shi})j)ing- 
posts as the farmers and manufacturers need. 

The county was organized in 1S22. Among the very first 
settlers were Jacob Whitzel, John Campbell, and Abi-aham 
Sells. Elizabeth Campbell, (born in 1S21,) is said to be the 
first white child born in the county. 

Among others who came in tlie early settlement, arc George 
Cutsinger, Samuel Ilerriott, William R. Ilinsley, AVilliam 
Hunt, James liitchey, Daniel Trout, James Jacobs, George 
King, David W. McCaslin, the Webbs, the Davidsons, the 
Adamses, the Thompsons, the Wishards, and the eveiywhere- 
present Jonscs and Smiths. The county was named in honor 
of Judge John Johnson, of the supreme court. 

The district aiid graded schools of Franklin county have 
made very decided progress within ten years. The old log 
houses were replaced by frame ones, and these are now giving 
place to substantial and commodious brick houses. 

The school-term has come u]) from two months to over six 
months. The standard of teaching has materially advanced, 



JOnNSOX COUNTY DESCRimVE. 443 

and better wages arc paid teacliers. Tlicre arc about one 
hundred district scliools in the county, and teachers' institutes 
arc lield in nearly every townsliip during terni-tinie. 

Thei'c arc several graded schools in the county, and this fact 
speaks well tor tiic prosperity of education. At Ilopewell, 
four miles west of Franklin, is a school of long standing, and 
a good record. It is now under the supcrintendency of Prof. 
Cole, formerly of the State University. 

At Williamsburg, in the southwestern portion of tlic county, 
is a ]irospcrous graded school, under the care of Prof. JVIoorc, 
formerly of Ilopewell. At Greenwood, on the northern bor- 
der, is a prosperous graded school, at present under the care 
of Mr. Purdick. Edinburg, on the southern border, has an 
efficient graded school. Prof Martin is superintendent, and 
lias the assistance cf from eight to ten teachers. The citizens 
Lave also presented the school with a very fair supply of 
philosophical apparatus. The trustees feel the necessity of 
adding to their school building. Franklin has one of the 
most convenient city school-buildings in the State. Prof. 
Hunter is the superintendent, and is aided by from ten to 
twelve teachers. The trustees have spared no expense in pro- 
viding the school Avith ample apparatus. There is also a good 
supply of philosophical apparatus, besides maps, charts, 
blocks, etc., and one of Estel's programme clocks in each 
room. The high school organizes a lecture course each year 
and the proceeds are a2)plied to the purchase of a library for 
the school. 

Franklin College, the State Institution for Baptists, is sit- 
uated on a pleasant rise of ground in East Franklin. It was 
founded in 1834, as a " Manual Labor Institute," and it was so 
in fact. The students built log huts in which to study, and 
chopped wood to defray their necessary expenses. For many 
years the school had no endowment, but the endowment of 
earnest Christian workers, both in its Faculty and Poard of 
Trustees. In 1844, Rev. G. C. Cliandlcr, D. D., (now of 
Oregon) became President, and brought the school up to a 
high state of efficiency, and a liigh grade of scholarship. He 
resigned in 1852, and Rev. Silas Pailey, D. D., LL.D., became 



444 nisTOEY OF Indiana. 

President. He worlced ia the Institntion ten years with rare 
power and self-sacrifice. A nominal endowment of sixty 
thousand dollars was raised, but a real endowment of only 
twenty-seven thousand dollars. Seventeen thousand dollars 
of this was expended in buildings and the liquidation of debts, 
in accordance with the agreement of the subscription. Under 
Dr. Bailey's administration a large number of young men 
were sent out into the State prepared for work, and they have 
uniformly done good work. In ISGl, the war called almost 
all the students into the United States service. In 1862, 
declining health obliged Dr. Bailey to resign, and for lack of 
students the Institution suspended instruction till 1SG9. Bat 
it suspended only after a long struggle. For six weeks pre- 
vious to suspension there were but two students — and they 
were hoth lame. Their names are Oliver II. Stout and !Mar- 
ehall Grinstead. In 1SG9 college instruction was begun again. 
In 1870, Kev. II. L. Wayland, D. D., of Michigan, was elected 
to the presidency. lie resigned in 1871. 

The present financial status of the college is: Kcal estate, 
forty thousand dollars; endowment subscription, fifty thou- 
eand dollars; bequests, representing, forty thousand dollars. 

Besides this, the board has com])leted a conditional addition 
to the endowment of twenty-five thousand dollars. 

Dr. Bailey, the former president, has given his private 
library (consisting of eight hundred volumes) to the college, 
and also his estate, valued at ten thousand dollars. 

The institution has had long and severe struggles, but it is 
now emerging into the sunlight of prosperity. It aflbrds its 
advantages alike to young men and young women. 

Its present faculty of instruction are: Bev. "W. T. Stott, 
A. M., president and professor of intellectual and moral phi- 
losophy; Miss R. A. Thompson, A. M., professor of math- 
ematics; , professor of ancient languages; J. 

W. Moncrief, A. B., tutor in preparatoi'y department; Miss 
T. Parks, A. B., instructor in preparatory department ; 
Mrs. Belle P. Stott, teacher of painting and drawing; Misa 
Cattie McCoy, teacher of instrumental music. 



CHAPTER LV. 

"WABASn COUNTY niSTORICAL AND BBfiCRirTIVE. 

^"^IIEIiE are four hundred and twcntj-six square miles in 
-L Wabasli county, tlie surface of which is generally level. 
Tliere are no very high hills,* notwithstanding the land is 
rolling or undulating, near all of the water courses, exce])ting 
at the head of them, where it is generally level, and taken as 
a whole the face of the country is very pleasantly diversified. 
Almost the whole county is abundantly supplied with water 
by fine springs and running streams. The northern portion 
is watered by Eel river and its tributaries. Wabash passes 
through the centre, and is intersected by the Salamonie, four 
miles from the county line on the east, and Mississinawa runs 
tiirough the southern part of the count}'. Among the larger 
streams are Josina, Grant and Ten Mile creeks, emptying 
into the Mississinawa, Rush, Lagro, Treaty, Mill and Charley 
creeks which emj^ty into the Wabash; Clear, Paw- Paw and 
Squirrel creeks emptying into the Eel river. These rivers 
and streams are of sutlicient size, and finely adapted for man- 
ufacturing purposes. The land north of Eel river being about 
fifty-five sections, is composed of prairie barrens, interspersed 
with small and beautiful lakes. The balance of the county 
was heavily timbered with walnut (black and white), hickory, 
oak, maple, beech, poplar, linn, cherry, etc. Along the Wa- 
bash and Mississinawa there are many fine quarries of lime- 
stone, suitable for building pui-poses. Tlie soil is rich and 
very productive. There are few, if any counties in the Stato 
that promise a greater reward to the manufacturer or hus- 

* From a sketch by Hon. Elijah Ilackleiiian- 

445 



446 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

l)andman than tills. Tlic county was organized in 1835, and 
is divided into six townships. 

Not long after the general treaty witli the Indians, in 1818, 
a mill was erected in the agency of Lenjamin Level, on Mill 
creek, by order of the general government. This mill was 
located a])out four miles and a half southwest of the present 
town of Wabash, and was intended for the use of the Indians. 
The place of its location is known by the name of the Indian 
Mills. The mill was kc])t up ibr several years, and proved 
efficient for the puii^oses designed by its projectors, but it has 
long since been demolished. In the autumn of 1S2G, General 
Tipton and Mr. Barron, the Indian interpreter, selected the 
Paradise Sju-ings, on the north bank of the AVabash, as a suit- 
able place to hold a treaty with the Indians. James II. Kent- 
ncr (now of Logansport) was present when the location was 
made. Suitable buildings were erected for the accommoda- 
tion of the commissioners, military, etc. The treaty was 
eigned on the sixteenth and twenty-third days of October, 

1826, respectively by the Pottawatomies and Miamis. The 
commissioners for the United States were General Lewis Cass, 
General John Tipton and Governor James B. Bay. The site 
of the treaty grounds and Paradise Springs are those near the 
residence and now owned by Colonel Hugh Ilanna, on the 
east side of the town of Wabash. The land south of the 
Wabash river and west of a line running due south from the 
mouth of the Salamonie, were reserved for the Indians, and 
constituted a part of the thii'ty miles reserve. In the year 

1827, the land between the Wabash and Eel river was sur- 
veyed, and the following year that north of Eel river was S\ir 
veyed. On the fifteenth day of January, 1S27, three months 
eftcr the treaty, Samuel ]\IcClure moved from Ohio into the 
cabins at the treaty grounds, and during that wintei- he cleared 
fifteen acres of ground, and in the spring planted it in corn, 
and in May, when the section reserved to the Indian, Charley, 
was surv^cyed, McCl tire's clearing was included in its eastern 
limits. On the tenth of June of the same year, jMcClure built 
a log house on the north bank of the AV^abash, three miles 
below the treaty grounds, where his son-in-law, Jonas Carter, 



WABASH COUNTY — DESCRIPTIVE 447 

now lives. Tliis was the first house built within the limits of 
this county for a permanent residence. In the spring of tlie 
same year, Champion and Josc])h Ilelvy arrived at the treaty 
ground, and shortly after settled opposite tlie mouth of the 
Salamonie river. The next settlers were Benjamin Ilurst and 
Hobcrt Wilson, who arrived at the treaty grounds in May of 
the same year; soon after Mr. Wilson was employed as gov- 
ernment blacksmith at the Indian Mills. The next settlers 
were David Burr, who settled at the treaty grounds, Jonathan 
Keller at the Indian mills, and Frederick and James II. Kent- 
ner, avIio settled at the moutli of Iventner's creek, and estab- 
lished a saddle and harness shop (tlie first in the county). In 
1830 a post ollice was established at the treaty grounds. 
David Burr, postmaster, and Jonathan Keller had a contract 
to carry a weekly mail fi*om the treaty grounds to IMarion, 
Grant county. Samuel McClure, Jr., now a citizen of Marion, 
opened the first dry goods store on the twenty-eighth day of 
August, 1827, in a log building at the blufis, where Jonas 
Carter now lives. 

The town of Wabash was laid off" in the spring of 1834, by 
Colonel II. Ilanna and David Burr. It is situated on the 
north bank of the Wabash river, at the treaty grounds, partly 
on the first and partly on the second bottoms. The latter is 
elevated about forty feet above the former, and contains an 
abundance of excellent building stone but a few feet below the 
surface of the ground. It is about ninety miles northeast 
from Indianapolis. The sale of town lots was on the fourth 
of May, 1834. The first settlers in the town were George 
Shepherd, Colonel William Steel, Allen Smith, Ali)heus Black- 
man, Jacob D. Cassett, John Smith, Zara Suthei-land, Michael 
Dufty, Andrew Murphy, Dr. J. R. Cox, Colonel Hugh Ilanna, 
David Cassett, Dr. I. Finley, Dr. James Ilackleinan, and 
James W. Wilson. 

The first lot cleared and enclosed was lot number 22, im- 
proved by Colonel Steel and Allen Smith. George Shepherd 
built the first house, which was on lot G3. Colonel Steel built 
the second on lot 22. These were built in May, 1834. This 
eame year Alpheus Blackman made a kiln of brick, and Dr. 



448 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Finlcj bnilt a small brick house (in tlic fall) on lot 54. Tins 
house is still standing, and occupied Lj William Ditton; 
Colonel Steel and Colonel Ilanna built of the same kiln of 
brick. Colonel Steel opened the first provision store, and 
Colonel Ilanna the first drj good store; this was in the spring 
of 1S34. From this time forward the town improved rapidly. 
The first tavern was kept bj A. Murphy, on lot 37. The first 
lawyers were Colonel Steel (still a resident) and William H. 
Coombs, now a resident of Fort Wayne. Colonel Steel was 
elected the first justice of the peace, in June, 1S34. By an 
act of legislature, Gillis Smith, of Grant county, Daniel 
AVorth, of Randolph county, Jesse Carter, of Clinton county, 
Bartholomew Aj^plegate, of Johnson county, and Thomas 
Watson, of Tippecanoe county, were appointed commissioners 
to locate a seat of justice for said county of Wabash. Said 
commissioners met at the house of David Burr, at the treaty 
grounds, on the third Monday in May, 1S35, and after exam- 
ining difterent locations, selected Wabash as the permanent 
seat of justice for this county. The present poj^ulation of this 
town is 1,522. 

A log jail was built on the northwest corner of the public 
square, in the fall of 1835, by Jonas Carter and J. U. Keller. 
(It was destroyed by fire some years ago.) The present court- 
house was built in 1839 and 1840, under the agency of Colonel 
Hugh Ilanna. It is a square building, two stories high, forty 
feet front, and terminates with a spire on the centre of the 
building. Court-room in second story, and jury-rooms below. 
The present jail was built in 1853. 

Tlie Wabash circuit court met for the first time at the house 
of David Burr, on the fourth Monday (24th) of August, 1835. 
Present, Hon. Augustus A. Everts, judge of the eighth 
judicial circuit, also Hon. Daniel Jackson and Hon. Daniel 
Ballanger, associate judges; Samuel C. Sample, Esq., prose- 
cuting attorney; William Steel, clerk; and William Johnson, 
sherift*. After calling the court, they adjourned to the house 
of Andrew Murphy, in the tovra of Wabash, on lot number 
37. Charles W. Ewing, S. C. Sample, Thomas Johnson, J. 



ELKHART COUNTY — HISTORICAL. 449 

W. Tfi-i^lit and William C. Coombs were admitted to practice 
as attorneys in this court. 

We have no spacrc in tliis work to mention the carlj settlers 
of all the towns in "Wabash county. The county is thickly 
settled. The iarmers ai'c all ])rosperous and wealthy and 
intellii^ent. The district schools are in an excellent condition; 
f^ood buildings and teachers are supplied in all parts of the 
county. 

The city of Wabash has grown to be quite a flourishing 
centre, and is to-day one of the most thrifty places in the» 
State of its size. The Union high school at Wabash is an 
excellent edifice. It is situated on the summit of the hill, in 
the uj)per town, with a coinmanding prospect. It is three 
stories high, and contains six rooms, and is of sufhcient size 
to accommodate six hundred pupils. It was erected in the 
year 1S58, at a cost of thirteen thousand dollars. 

On a Saturday afternoon the streets of Wabash present a 
lively appearance. There arc to be seeji on every hand evi- 
dences of thrift and prosperity. The population is between 
four and five thousand. 



CIIAPTEE LVI. 

ELKIIAKT COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

ELKHART county was organized in 1830, by James Math- 
ews, John Jackson and A. E. Pcnwell, constituting the 
board of commissioners. At a meeting of this board, in July 
of the same year, all the territory in the State east of the 
present limits of the county was created into a township, and 
called Mong-go-qua-nong. The territory constituting this 
extensive township was attached to Elkhart county, for judicial 
and other purposes, and has since been organized into several 
counties. „„ 



450 HTS.TOEY OF INDIANA. 

In IMay, 1S30, tlie same commissioners located the connty 
scat in Concord townsliip; but in 1S31 tins location was 
changed, and the scat of justice Avas linallj established at 
Go.shen, where it still remains. 

The county contains over 302,080 acres of land, all suitable 
for agricultural purposes. The soil is well watered. The St. 
Joseph river enters the county near the northwest corner of 
Washington township, and runs southwesterly through Jjristol 
to Elkhart, thence nearly due west to St. Joseph county. The 
Elkhart river enters the county near the northwest corner of 
Benton township, and runs nearly west through the village of 
Benton to Jackson township, thence it pursues a northwesterly 
course through Waterford and Goshen to Elkhart, where it 
enters the St. Joseph. It is quite a stream, and has been 
valuable to mill owners. At Goshen it is made available for 
manufacturing purposes to a large extent. The little Elkhart 
passes through Middlcbnry, and joins the St. Joseph at Bristol. 
Christian creek rises in Michigan, enters Elkhart county in 
Osolo township, and runs thence nearly south to Elkhart, 
where it falls into the St. Joseph. Turkey creek entei-s into 
the Elkhart river about four miles south of Goshen, while 
Bang's creek and its tributaries water much of the western 
portion of the county. 

Elkhart county is also well provided with railroad conven- 
iences, and being one of the finest agricultural counties in the 
State, its business- centres have grown into nourishing cities. 
Elkh-art city is one of the most delightful ])laces in the State. 
The visitor is at once impressed with the great beauty of the 
locality and its wonderful adaptation to purposes of business, 
and especially to manufacturing. The city is situated on a 
gentle declivity, bounded on the north by the St. Joseijh river. 
Tire streets are tastefully laid out and excellently improved. 
The whole ])lace has the appearance of cleanliness and thrift. 
The citizens are among the most intelligent and enterprising 
in the State. They are justly proud of their city and its 
improvements. The bridge facilities, educational advantages, 
religious and literary institutions, combine to make Elkhart 
all that the intelligent resident could desire. But in addition 



ELKHART COU>rTr — DESCRimVE. 451 

to these, Klkliart is an important railroad point and a com- 
mercial aiid niaiiul:icturing centre. 

Goshen is the county seat of Elkhart county. It is sitnated 
on the east bank of the Elkhart I'iver, and near Elkhart prairie. 
This prairie is about live miles long and abont three miles in 
width, and is noted fur the depth and i-ichness of its soil. The 
Bite of the city was formerly oak openings. The land upon 
which the city stands was entered by the county, and the first 
lots were sold in the fall of 1S31. William Bissell was the 
first permanent white settler. The first mill was built on 
Hock Hun, about half a mile from the centre of the town, by 
John Carpenter, in 1831. Goshen, as a town, began in true 
pioneer style; but, step by step, she has gro\n], until to-day, 
with a po]»ulation of nearly six thousand, and rapidly increas- 
ing commercial and manufacturing industries, she stands 
among the important centres of wealth and population in the 
State. It will not be necessary to enumerate all the special 
features of Elkhart and Goshen ; what can be said of one may 
be said of the other. They are both flourishing and prosperous 
cities, with a bright prospect for the near future. Goshen has 
excellent sciiools, and the higher educational advantages of the 
city are the pride of its citizens. 

Elkhart county aflTords to-day a happy contrast with its con- 
dition twenty years ago. Then the farmers were struggling 
for a living; now they are mostly independent, live in neat 
and comniodi(nis residences, and take a vast deal of solid com- 
fort. The youth have all the advantages of our great common 
school system, and the moral and intellectual condition of tile 
people is not only improving, but already at a high standard. 
There are numerous thrifty villages in the county, all of which 
arc graced with incorporated schools, fine churches, and other 
public improvcincnts. 

A portion of this sketcli is compiled from Mr. Turner's work. 



CHAPTER LYII. 

ST. JOSEPH COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

THE surface of St. Joseph county is greatly diversified, and 
is thoronglily adapted to agriculture in all its branches. 
Tlie soil is divided into four classes: 1st, The light, sandy 
soil of the original oak springs, or barrens; 2d, The black, 
sandy loam of the thick woods; 3d, Tlie deep vegetable mould 
of the prairies ; 4th, The natural meadows and marshes. 
There arc some extensive prairies in the county, all of Avhicli 
arc similar to the genci'al prairies of the great west. "The 
marshes," says Mr. Turner, in his work on the St. Joseph 
valley, "are quite numerous, but none of them of much mag- 
nitude, except the celebrated Kankakee, which commences two 
miles from the St. Joseph river, near South Bend. It is but 
a few years since these lands began to be prized at something 
near their real value. At })rcsent, however, under a proper 
system of drainage, they have become very desirable. In 
many localities, the coarse marsh grass and useless weeds have 
given way to fields cultivated in wheat, corn, or other crops, 
or to pasture, or meadow lauds, thickly set in timothy or blue 
grass. The Kankakee mai'sh, or ])crliaps more properly, the 
valley of the Kankakee, in ])articular, presents a remarkable 
illustration of the beitcfits of judicious drainage. Here, on 
four square miles of land, or about two thousand five hundred 
acres, thci-e have been constructed over twenty miles of ditch, 
averaging eight feet in width by f(»ur feet in depth. These 
ditches have an average fall of about four feet to the mile. 
Three-quarters of this drainage is through the outlet of the 
Kankakee lake into the St. Joseph river, some two miles dis- 
tant, and more than forty feet below the lake and the sur- 

452 



ST. JOSEPH COUNTY 



HISTOKICAL. 



453 



rounding country. Along liere is the dividing line between 
the waters Howing into the St. Lawrence on the one hand, and 
into the Gulf of Mexico on the other. Indeed, so equal is the 
poise here, that it is frequently impossible to tell in which 
direction the water is inclined to run when unobstructed and 
unassisted by art." 

St. Joseph county is well watered by fine springs, clear run- 
ning streams, and several j)onds and lakes, and at almost every 
point the best of water is found by sinking wells from fifteen 
to twenty-five feet. 

St. Joseph county was organized on the twenty-seventh of 




'MJ 



o^r::i; 1^,1 J I, 




iiiiiir-'TjlS;;;?;,;;;; 

lll'lIirHirinniiflni'tmrttYn 
II T"' 



STUDEBAKER BROS. CARRIAGE WORKS, SOUTH BEND 

August, 1830. "On that day," says the author last quoted, 
" in pursuance of the act of the general assembly, Adam 
Smith, Lambert McComb, and Levi F. Arnold, met at the 
house of Alexis Coquillard, and having each presented his 
commission as a justice of the peace, from James B. Ray, gov- 
ernor of the State, took the oath of ofiice before L. M. Taylor, 
clerk of the county. They then proceeded to elect Lambert 
McComb president of the board, and St. Joseph had a legal 
existence." The first act of the newly-created board was to 
appoint John D. Lasy treasurer of the county. Panels of 
grand and petit jurors were drawn to serve at the term of the 



154 



HISTOET OF INDIANA. 



circuit court, to be held in the following Xovcraber. It is 
Enid, however, that this court was never liekl. The first court 
of record, of which thei'C lias been any record ])referved, was 
lield at South Bend on the twenty-ninth day of October, 1S32, 
by lion. John K. Porter, jn-esidcnt judge of the first judicial 
circuit to which the county was then attaclied for judicial pur- 
poses. The session of this court lasted but one day, and was 
held in the bar-room of Calvin Lilloy's lioteh 

The first steamboat arrived at South Bend in the spring of 
lS3i. " She was propelled by a stern wheel, and was called 
the Matilda Barrey. She was hailed with great rejoicings, 
and her advent ccleljratcd with numerous and full-sized liba- 
tions of red-eye and tangle-leg decoctions." 

It should be observed, in this connection, (as it should more 
properly have been in the first ])art of this %'olume,) that in 
1S31, by an act of the general assembly of the State, the 
boards of justices of the ])cace, in whom tlie government of 
counties had previously been vested, were abolished, and the 
election of county commissioners provided for. The first 
election under tliis laAV was held in St. Joseph county, in the 
summer of 1831, and resulted in the election of Aaron Staun- 
ton, David Miller, and Jose])!i Barer. 

In May, 1S30, the commissioners appointed by the general 
assembly, met and located the county seat on the " McCartney 
farm," then owned by William Brookficld, about two miles 
below the center of the present city of South Bend. "Each 
of the commissioners," says Mv. Turner, in liis appropriate 
work, " was honored by having his name given to a street — 
an honor which, however brilliant in antici])ation, has only 
been realized in successive crops of corn." In May, 1831, the 
county seat was located at Soutli Bend. The first court house 
WHS completed in 1837, and this was taken down in 1854, to 
give place to the present one. 

The city of South Bend is located on both banks of the St. 
Joseph, " near a point where the river suddenly turns from a 
nearly west course and stretches away with a rapid current 
northward, into the State of jMichigan. Tlie site of the citj 
is extremely picturesq^ue and beautiful. * * The location is 



ST. JOSEPH OODNTY DESCIJIPTn'E. 455 

elevated and commanding, and the character of tlie soil, and 
the excellent facilities fur perfect drainage, are a pcr[>etnal 
guarantee of healthy and atlractivc places of resideuce, and 
dry, hard thoroughfares for L 'coniotiun." We rpiuic siiil fur- 
ther fiom Mr, Turner, concerning the beautiful city of South 
Cend: "The rich sandy loam, of which the soil is composed, 
forms abundant nutriment for the healthy and rapid growth 
of innumerable shade and ornamental trees, indigenous to the 
locality, among which may be mentioned the sugar and silver 
maple, the elm, the sycamore, the walnut, and the oak; while 
gardens are filled with thrifty apple, pear, j^each, ]>lum, cherry, 
and quince trees, and an abundance of the smaller fruits. 
The streets are wide and resrular, crossinij each other at ri'T'ht 
angles, and at convenient intervals. The grades are uniform, 
with a suflicient fall toward the river to secure perfect drain- 
age, and alibrd a never-failing auxiliary to the natural health- 
fulness of the place. The business houses are capacious and 
convenient, while many of them, by their imposing a]ii)ear- 
ance, impart a metropolitan air to the city. The private res- 
idences, many of which are of brick, are generally neat and 
tasteful, and frequently illustrate some of the most modern 
and artistic achievements in architecture. 

The first white settlement at South Bend was made by 
Alexis Coquillard, in the Spring of 182-:l-. This was also the 
first in the county. This gentleman was an Indian-trader, 
and agent for the North American Fur Company, then under 
the control of John Jacob Astor. lie was a Frenchman, 
originally from Montreal, and, having lived a great portion 
of his life with the Indians, became a thorough pioneer of the 
old school. As a business man he was enterprising, prudent 
and successful. Other settlers soon followed, and step by step 
the little town grew into a city, and from an infant city to an 
important raanutacturing and commercial centre. 

We have no space in this volume to speak of the educa- 
tional advantages of South Eend in the manner in which their 
importance deserves. Notre Dame! AVho is not familiar with 
the name, and with its great merits? "Notre Dame Univer- 
sity " is one of the few institutions of learning in the Stato 



45G HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

which have taken a hif^h stand in the estimation of the world. 
It is a Catholic institution, ai d is justly the boast of that 
people. From all parts of th ; world it attracts its pupils; 
foreign countries as well as all ] arts of our own fair land, con- 
tributing their quota to swell the number who haunt the lovely 
shades of Xotre Dame and imbibe instruction and knowledge 
in its princely halls. The professors, who deal out learning in 
the ablest manner, are selected with wondrous care, and by 
their attainments and power of imparting the gleanings of 
studious years of research, have made an education gained at 
this university a high honor to any young man. Kot only iu 
the more substantial elements of learning docs this famed 
institution excel. The aesthetic is given a prominent ])laco in 
the curriculum of study, and combines with the more solid and 
practical branches to form a result but little short of ])erfcc- 
tion. The extent and magnitude of the grounds and build- 
ings are ever the wonder of the admiring stranger. He had 
di'camed of something on an enormous scale, but falling short 
of this. To the guest of South Lend, Kotrc Dame is a ])rom- 
inent place of interest, and the afi'abiiity of its ])olite brothers 
tends not a little to make it so. The ])residing genius of the 
institution is well and widely known as Father Lemonnicr, 
revered, and loved of all. It is the headquarters of Father 
Sorin, general of the order. 

" St. Mary's is none the less perfect in its own peculiar attri- 
butes. Erected on a garden spot of earth, and in the midst 
of grounds which nature and art have both tried their most 
skillful hands upon, it aflbrds within its hallowed shades a 
perfect home and school together. The common branches 
and the rugged paths of learning arc by no means ignored 
nor slighted; but St. Mary's jmrticularly excels in the ])crl'ect- 
iug of those accom])lishments which adorn the mind of lovely 
woman and which send the elegancies of art into an otherwise 
sordid and too common-jdace existence. Music, ])ainting and 
needlework here receive that critical attention so often disre- 
garded in other academies of this kind. From 'early morn 
till dewy eve' music, drop]>ing from rose-bud mouths, like 
pearls, or brought from ivory keys in some mysterious man- 



458 HiSTOur of Indiana. 

ner, sounds through these stately Luildiugs. Prominent among 
the dcliglitt'ul features here seen is the care hestowed u\>c]\ the 
amenities oi* lile. The polished manners of the Sisters of the 
Holy Cross are insensihly comma iiioated to the students, giv- 
ing a well-bred and courteous air wlucli a pupil ot" St. Clary's 
never loses. At commcneen\eiit there are gala days here; 
crowds of iViends, from afar, come to see and hear the 'sweet 
girl graduates with their golden hair,' and to }>raise the skill 
and excellence evinced in their instruction. 

"St. Joseph's Academy is under the same supervision, but 
situated on a commanding spot in our city, instead of some 
distance down the banks of the beautiful rivei-, as is St. Mai-y's. 
It possesses the same excellencies, however, although on a less 
colossal scale. At both of these institutions S])Ceial attention 
is given to health, and the "watchful care and tender nursing 
of these gentle sisters is a great object to ])arents \v]\n would 
not otherwise dare to send their little ones away iVom home."* 

The public schools of South Dend are in a good. eHicient 
condition. The high school has all the attractions of the 
metropolitan high school, and is under a wry able manage- 
ment. The schools throughout the whole county ai-e above 
the average county schools of the State. 

The manufacturing interests of South Bend are veiy exten- 
sive, and are yearly incivasing. The city has excellent baidc- 
ing facilities; and the commercial im.lusti'ies ai'e full of 
promise. There is no city in Indiana growing fastei'. The 
population is about twelve thousand. f 

* Compiled from Turner's Annual. 

f There arc many of Ihc special features of the county which wc are 
compelled to pass over for wan* of space. 



CnAPTEK LYIII. 

MADISON" COUNIT IIISTOKICAL AND DESCRirXIVE. 

1% /f'ADISON county was first settled in 1S20, or during the 
ItX yc.ar])rccediiig. InlS20,tlic county contained, probably, 
one hundred settlers, who were located, for the most part, near 
the falls of Fall creek. Among this number may be mentioned 
the names of Elias Ilolliugsworth, Samuel Ilolliday, Thomaa 
and "\V' illiam McCartney, Thomas Scott, Israel Cocks, and Saul 
Sliaul. Adam Dobson, Parmer Patrick, and "William and 
Thomas Silver followed soon after. "From this infant settle- 
ment," says Mr. Harding, "wc have grown to a population of 
25,000." 

The county, as a rule, might be called level; " tb.ero are, 
however, on White river and Fall creek, hills of considerable 
Bize. There is comparatively little waste land in the county. 
The ]u-airie, between Pcndelton and Anderson, for many years 
considered as waste land, is gradually being subdued, and will 
6oon become the garden spot of the county, instead of being 
the home of miasma and noxious weeds."* Improvements in 
this land, by a system of ditching, arc rapidly going foi'ward. 
The county is well watered by numerous creeks, which have 
served a valuable day for mill owners, and which drain the 
Boil admirably. 

iMadison county was organized in 1S23. At that time tlio 
county scat was located at Pendleton, where it remained until 
183G, when is was permanently located at Anderson. The 
po})ulation of the county in 1S30, was 2,238; in 1840, it was 
8,874; in 1850, it was 12,375; in ISGO, it was 16,518; in 1870, 
it was 22,770; and, in 1875, is estimated in round numbers at 

* Mr. Ilarding's work. 

459 



460 mSTORY OF INDIAIJA. 

25,000, with a voting population of 5,272. The number of 
acres of improved land in 1S70, was 133,190. Tlic number 
of acres of woodland was 87,521. A survey of the county at 
this time would show an extension of the former, not a little 
flattering to the husbandman. The cash value of farms in 
1870, was $0,399,441; the value of farm implements and 
machinery, $242,571; value of oi-chard ])i-oducts, $70,262. 
The com])ilers of this work have ascertained that the inci'caso 
in these items during the last live years has been over sixty 
per cent, per annum. 

Tiiere is nothing remarhablc in the early history of the 
30unty, except the Indian murders of 1824, of which we have 
the following account in Mr. O. II. Smith's "Earl}' lieminis- 
senccs of Indiana:" 

At the time of the Indian murders on Fall creek, the country wns new 
and the population scattered here and there in the woods. The game \va3 
plenty, and the Indian hunting grounds liad not been forsaken by several 
of the tribes. The while settlers felt some alarm at the news of an Indian 
encampment, in the neighborhood, and although they were all fricndl}-, a 
•watchful eye was kept on all their movements. The county of ISladison 
had been organized but a sliort time before. Pendleton, witli a few houses 
at the falls, was Uic seat of the new county. Anderson, on AVhite river, 
was a small village. Chesterfield and Iluntsfield were not then heard of. 
There Averc onl}- a few houses between Indianapolis and the falls, and still 
fewer in other directions from the capital. Early in the spring of 1834, a 
hunting party of Seneca Indians, consisting of two men, three squaws, and 
four children, encamped on the cast side of Fall creek, about eight miles 
above the falls. The country around their camping ground was a dense, 
unbroken forest, filled with game. The principal Indian was calkd Lud- 
low, and was said to Ijc named for Stcjihen Ludlow, of Lawrcnceburg. 
The other man I call Mingo. The Indians commenced their seasons hunt- 
ing and trajiping — the men with their guns, and the sepiaws selling the 
traps, pieparing and cooking the game, and caring fi)r the children — two 
boys, some ten years old, and two girls of more lender years. A week liad 
rolled around, and the success of the Indians had been ver^- fair, Avith bet- 
ter prospects ahead, as the spring was opening, and racoons were begin- 
ning to leave tiieir holes in the trees in search of frogs tha-t had begun to 
leave their muddy beds at the bottom of the creeks. The trapping season 
was only just commencing. Ludlow and his band, wholly unsuspicious 
of harm, and unconscious of any approaching enemies, were seated around 
tlieir camp fire, when there approached through tlie woods five while men 
— Harper, Sawyer, Hudson, Bridge, Sen., and Bridge, .Jr. Harper was the 
leader, and stepping up to Ludlow, took him by the baud and told him hij 



MADISON COUNTY — niSTORICAL. 461 

partj"- had lost their horses, and wanted Ludlow and Min^o to hclji find 
tlicm. The Indians agreed to gn in scarcli of the horses. Ludlow took 
one path, and Jliniro another. Harper followed Ludlow, Hudson trailed 
IMingo, keeping sonic fifty yards behind. Tliey traveled some short dis- 
tance from tlic camp, wlien H;irper sliot Ludlow through the body. He 
fell dead on his face. Hudson, on hearing the crack of the rific of Harper, 
immediately shot INIingo, the ball entering just below liis shoulders, and 
passing clear tlirougli his body. JMingo fell dead. Tiio party llien met 
and proceeded to witliin gunsliot of tlie camp. S<i\vyer shot one of the 
squaws througli the head. ISlie fell and died without a struggle. Bridge, 
Sen., shot another squaw, and Bridge, Jr., the oilier squaw. Both fell 
dead. Sawyer then fired at tlie oldest boy, but only wounded him. The 
other children were shot by some of the party. Harper then led on to tlie 
camp. 

Tlic tlirec squaws, one boy, and the two little girls lay dead, but the 
oldest boy was still living. Sawyer took him by the legs, and knocked 
his brains out against tlie end of a log. The camp was then robbed of 
overytliing worth carrj'ing away. Harper, the ring leader, left immediately 
for Oliio, and was never taken. Hudson, Sawyer, Bridge, Sen., and Bridge, 
Jr., were arrested, and when I first saw them they were confined in a square 
log jail, fitting tight above, below, and on the sides. I entered with the 
sheriff. The prisoners were all heavily ironed and sitting on the straw on 
tlie floor. Hudson was a man of about middle size, with a bad look, dark 
eye and bushy hair, about thirty-five years of age in appearance. Sa\\ycr 
was about the same age, rather heavier than Hudson, but there was nothing 
in his appearance that could have marked him in a crowd, as any otlier 
than a common Airmer. Bridge, Sen., was much older than Sawyer; liia 
head was quite grey, he was above the common height, slender, and a little 
bent while standing. Bridge, Jr., was some eighteen years of age, a tall 
stripling. Bridge, Sen., was the father of Bridge, Jr., and the brother-in- 
law of Sawyer. 

The news of these Indian murders flew upon the wings of the wind. 
The settlers became greatly alarmed, fo«iring the retaliatory vengeance of 
the tribes, and especially of the other bands of the Senecas. The facts 
reached Mr. John Johnston, at the Indian agency at I'iqua, Ohio. An 
account of the murders was sent from the agency to the war department 
at "Washington City. Colonel Johnston and William Conner visited all 
the Indian tribes, and assured them that the government would punish 
the offenders, and obtaining the promises of the chiefs and warriors tliat 
they would wait and see what their " Great Father " would do before they 
took the matter into their own hands. This quieted the fears of the set- 
tlers, and preparation was commenced for the trials. A new log building 
was erected at the north part of Pendleton, with two rooms, one for the 
court and the other for the grand jury. The court room was about twenty 
by thirty feet, with a heavy "puncheon " floor, a platform at one end, three 
feet high, with a strong railing in front, a bench for the judges, a plain 
table for the clerk, in front a long bench for the counsel, a little pen for 



462 IllSTOKY OF INDIANA. 

the prisoners, Ji su"!el)cncli fm- the witnesses, and a long pole in front, sub- 
stantially .viipportril, to scjiarate the crowd from the court aud bar. A 
guard l>y day and niirht was jdaccd around the jail. The court was com- 
posed of Wiu. W. "Wick, i)rcsiding jutlgo; Samuel Ilolliday and Adam 
"Winriieli, associates. Judge "Wick was young on the bench, but with 
much eN[ifrienee in criminal trials. Judge Ilolliday was one of the best 
and most (••inscicntious men I ever knew. Judge Wincliell was a black- 
smith, and had ironed tlic prisoners; he was an honest, rough, frank, ill- 
iterate man, witliout any pretensions to legal knowledge. Closes Cox was 
the clerk; lie ci)uld barely write his name, and when a candidate for 
justice of the peace at Connersville, he boasted of his sui)erior qualitica- 
tions : " I have been sued on every section of the statute, and know ail about 
the law, wliiie my competitor has never been sued, and knov/s nothing 
about the statute." Samuel Cory, the shcrill", was a fine specimen of a 
woods' Iloosie'r, tall and strong boned, with hearty laugh, without fear of 
man or bea;-t, wiili a voice that made the woods ring as he called the jurors 
and witnesses, 'i'he county was thus prepared for the trials. In the mean 
time the government was not sleeping. Colonel Johnston, the Indian 
agent, was directetl to attend the trials to see that the witnesses were pre- 
sent and to pay their fees. Gen. James Noble, then a United States sen- 
ator, was employed by the secretary of war to prosecute, with power to fee 
an assistant. i'hili|) Sweetzer, a young son-in-law of the general, of high 
promit-o in his ]>rolession, was selected by the general as liis assistant; 
Calvin Fletcher was the regular prosecuting attorney, then a young man 
of more than ordinary ability, and a good criminal lawyer. The only inn 
at Pemlleton was a ncAv iVame house near the creek, still standing by the 
Bide of ihe railroad bridge. 

The term of the court was about being held. The Sunday before the 
term commenced the lawyers began to arrive, and, as the custom was in 
those days, they were invited out to dine on the Sabbath by the most 
wealthy citizens, as a favor and compliment, not to the lawyers, but to 
their hosts. "We had a statute in those days imposing a fine of one dollar 
on each person who should " profanely curse, swear, or damn," and making 
it the duty of all judges and magistrates to see that the law M-as enforced 
upon ollendcrs in their presence. Judge Ilolliday invited Calvin Fletcher, 
the circuit prosecuting attorney, and his Indianapolis friend, Daniel B. 
Wijk — the brother of the judge — to dine with him. The invitation was 
accejited, of course, there being no previous engagement in the way. Din- 
ner was announced; Judge Ilolliday asked a " blessing" at the table — Mr. 
Flelelier de(diniug. The judge had killed a fat goose for the extraordinary 
occasion, which was nicely stull'ed with well seasoned bread and onions 
and i)laced in the centre of the table. Mr. "Wick, who was not a church 
member, fixed his eye upon the goose, and said, by way of comj^liment, 
"That is a damned fine goose, judge." "Yes, it is a fine goose, and you are 
fined one dollar for swearing." Not a word more was spoken at the table. 
Dinner over. Judge Ilolliday said, " 'Squire Wick, pay me the dollar." " I 
have not a cent wil'i me, judge." " Perhaps Mr. Fletcher will lend it to 



MADISON COUNTY HISTORICAL. 403 

you." Mr. Fletcher: "I really have only enough witli me to pay my 
tavern bill." Judge llolliday: "What is to l)c (lone?" Flcli her: " Lend 
him the money, judge, and take his note, or hind him over to court." " I'll 
bind l;im over; you'll go his security.?" "The rules of the cmirt forhid 
lawyers from going security for any one, hut you can go it yourself; just 
draw the recognizance that 'Daniel B. "Wick and Samuel Ilollid.-iy ap- 
peared hefore Samuel llolliday, associate judge of the ]\Iailisf)n ciri'iiit 
court, ami acknowledged themselves to be indebted to tiie State in tlie 
penalty of twenty-five dollars each for the appearance of Daniel II. \Vi(;k 
at the ne.vt term of the court to answer.' " The reasonable prnpositiDn of 
lilr. Fletcher was at once accepted by all parties. The recognizance Avaa 
taken in due form, and forfeited at the next term, hy the absence of Mr. 
^Vick. Judgment was rendered againHt Judge IloUidiiy for twenty-five dol- 
lars. A petition to the governor was drawn up, and signed by the whole 
bar; a remittance soon followed. 

The trial of Hudson commenced the next day after the Sabbath dinner 
at Judge Jlolliday's, and will now be sketclied. 

The day for tlie trial of Hudson, one of the prisoners, arrived. A 
numl)er of distinguislied lawyers were in attendance from this State, and 
several from the State of Ohio. Among tlie most prominent I name 
General James Noble, Philips Sweetzer, Harvey Cre gg, Lot Bloomfield, 
James Bariden, Charles IL Test, Calvin Fletcher, Daniel B. Wick, and 
William K. Morris, of this State; Generr:! Sampson JIason, and Moses 
Vance, of Ohio. Judge Wick being temporarily absent in the morning, 
William B. ^lorris arose and moved the associate judges — "I ask that 
these gentlemen be admitted as attorneys and counsellors at this bar; 
they are regular practitioners, Init have not brought their license with 
them.'' Judge AVinchell — "Have they come here to defend the prison- 
ers?" "The most of them have." "Let them be sworn; nobody but a 
lawyer would defend a murderer." 

]VIr. Morris — "I move the court for a writ of habeas corpus, to bring 
up the prisoners now illegally confined in jail." Judge Wiuchell — "For 
what ?" " A writ of hiibeas corpus." " What do you want to do with it?" 
"To bring up the prisoners and have them discluirged." "Is there any 
law for that?" Morris read the statute regulating the writ of habeas 
corpus. "That act, Mr. jilorris, has been rejiealed long ago." "Your 
honor is mistaken, it is a constitutional writ, as old as IVIagna Charta, 
itself." "Well, Mr. Morris, to cut the matter short, it would do you no 
good to bring out the prisoners. I ironed them myself, and you will 
never get them irons oil' until the)' have been tried, luibeas corpus or no 
habeas corpus." /*e?'c«na "motion overruled." Judge AVick entered and 
took his seat between the two side judges. "Call the grand jury." All 
answer to their names and are sworn. Court adjourned for dinner. Court 
met; the grand jurj' brought into court an indictment for murder, drawn 
by Jlr. Fletcher, against Hudson. Counsel on both sides — "Bring the 
prisoner into court." The court — "SherilF, put in the box a jury." 
BherifT — "May it please the court, Dr. llighday just handed mc a list 



464 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

of jurors to call on the jury." Judge "Wick — "Bring Dr. nigliday into 
court." "Did j'our honor wish to see me?" "Dr. Iligiiday, is tliis your 
hand writing?" "I presume it is." " Dr. High day, we have no juil to 
put you in, tlie one we liave is Tull; hear your sentence: it is the judg- 
ment of tlic court tliat you be banished from these court grounds till the 
trials are over. Sheriff, sec tlie judgment of the court carried strictly into 
execution." 

I digress to give the scene in court, published by General Sampson 
Mason, in a Springfield, Ohio, paper. "As I entered the court room, the 
judge was silling on a block, paring his toe nails, when the sheriff 
entered, out of breath, and informed the court that he had six jurors tied, 
and his deputies were running down the others." General Mason, with 
all his candor, unquestionably drew upon his imagination in thia 
instance. 

Hudson, the prisoner, Avas brought into court by the deputy sheriff and 
two of the guard. His appearance had greatly changed since I first saw 
liini in the log pen with his comrades in crime: lie was now pale, 
haggard, and downcast; and with a faltering voice, ansAvercd upon his 
arraignment, "Not guilty." The petit jury were hardy, honest pioneers, 
wearing moccasins and side knives. The evidence occupied but a single 
day, and was positive, closing every door of hope to the prisoner. The 
prosecuting attorney read the statute creating and affixing the punish- 
ment to the homicide, and plainly stated the substance of the evidence, 
lie was followed for the prisoner, in able, eloquent, and powerful 
speeches, appealing to the prejudice of the jury against the Indians; 
relating in glowing colors the early massacres of white men, women and 
children, b}' the Indians; reading the principal incidents in the history of 
Daniel Boone and Simon Kenton; relating their cruelties at the battle of 
Blue Licks and Bryant's st;ition, and not forgetting the defeat of Brad- 
dock, St. Clair, and Ilarmar. General James Noble closed the argument 
for the State in one of his forcible speeches, holding up to the jury the 
bloody clothes of the Indians, and appealing to the justice, patriotism, 
p.nd love of the law.s of the jury, not forgetting that the safety of the 
settlers might depend upon the conviction of the prisoners, as the chiefs 
nnd warriors exi)ected justice to be done. The speech of the general had 
a. marked effect upon the crowd, as well as the jury. Judge "Wick 
charged the jury at some length, laying down the law of homicide in its 
different degrees, and distinctly impressing upon the jury that the law 
knew no distinction as to nation or color; that the murder of an Indian 
was equally as criminal in law as the murder of a white man. The jury 
retired, and next morning brought into court a verdict of "guilty of 
murder in the first degree," motion for a new trial overruled. The pris- 
oner was brought into court, and sentence of death pronounced in the most 
solemn manner, by Judge AVick. The time for the execution was fixed, 
as is usual, for a distant day. In the meantime Hudson made his escape 
from the guard one dark night, and hid himself in a hollow log in the 
woods, where he was found and arrested. 



MADISON COUNTY HISTORICAL. 465 

Time rolled on, Ibe fatal day for execution arrived, multitudes of people 
were llierc. Amonj; them were seen several Scnecas, relatives of tbo 
murdered Indians. The gallows was erecled just above the falls, on the 
north side. The people covered the surrounding liills, and at the 
appointed hour, Hudson, by the forfeiture of his life, made the last 
cartlily atonement for his crimes. 

Sucii was the result of the first case on record in America where a 
white man was hung for killing an Indian. Tlie other cases were con- 
tinued until the next term of the court, and will be the subject of a 
distinct sketch. 

TRIAL OF SAWYER. 

^Monday morning came. Court met. Judge Eggleston, in fine health, 
on the bench in the center; Adam "Wincholl on his left, and Samuel 
Ilolliday on his right, Closes Cox at tlie clerk's desk, Samuel Cory on the 
sheritrs platform, and Colonel Jolin Berry, captain of the guard, leaning 
against the logs. The grand jury were called, sworn and charged, and 
court adjourned for dinner. In tlie afternoon, the evidence of the main 
witness was heard. I had prepared the indictments in my office and had 
them with me. The foreman signed the bills on his knee, and they were 
all returned into court before the adjournment. That night. Colonel John 
Jolinston, the Indian agent, called at my room and offered me one 
hundre<l dollars on belialf of the United States. I informed him tliat I 
was a State officer and could not accept the money, however tempting it 
might bo under other circumstances. 

The court met in the morning. "We agreed to try Sawyer first for slioot^ 
ing one of the squaws. The prisoner was brought into court by the sher- 
111. He appeared so haggard and clianged by his long confinement, that I 
scarcely knew him. The court-room was crowded. General James Noble, 
riiilips Sweetzer and myself for the State; James Rariden, Lot Bloom- 
field, William R. Morris and Charles II. Test, for tlie prisoner. Judge 
Eggleston — " Sheriff, call the petit jury." Judge Winchell — " Slieriff, call 
Squire IMakepeace on the jury, he Avill be a good juror; he will not let 
one of these murderers get away." Judge Eggleston, turning to Judge 
Winchell: "This will never do. What! the court pack a jury to try a 
capital case?" The jury was soon impanneled. The evidence was con- 
clusive that tlie prisoner had shot one of the squaws at the camp with ht.'j 
rifle after the killing of Ludlow and Mingo by Harper and Hudson in the 
woods. The jury were a hardy, heavy-bearded set of men, with side 
knives in their belts, and not a pair of shoes among the whole of them ; 
all wore moccasins. 

Mr. Sweetzer opened for the State with a strong matter-of-fact speech; 
that was his forte. He was followed in able speeches by Mr. jMorris, Mr. 
Tq§t and ]Mr. Iluridcn, for the prisoner. General Noble closed for the 
prosecution, with a powerful speech. The general was one of the strong. 
est and most effective speakers before a jury, or a promiscuous assembly 



i66 HISTORT OF INDIANA. 

I have ever heard. The case went to the jury under an able charge from 
Judge Egglcston, and court adjourned for dinner. 

At tlie meeting of the court in the afternoon, the jury returned a verdict 
of "guilty of manslaughter," two years hard labor in the penitentiary. 
!Mr. Kariden sprang to his feet, "If the court please, we let judgment go 
on the verdict, and are ready for the case of Sawyer, for killing the Indian 
boy at the camp." " Ready for the State." The same jury were accepted 
by both sides — being in the box. They were immediately sworn. The 
evidence was heard again conclusive against the prisoner. General Noble 
opened for the prosecution, and -was followed by Charles II. Test, William 
R. Morris and James Raridcn, with powerful speeches. The jury were 
referred to their verdict in tlie previous case, and their judgment warmly 
eulogized. This was, by arrangement, my case to close. I saw my posi- 
tion, and that the only point I had to meet, was to draw the distinction 
between the two cases, so as to justifj' the jury in finding a verdict for 
manslaughter in the one case, and of murder in the case before them. In 
law there was no difference whatever. They were both cold-blooded mur- 
ders. The calico shirt of the murdered boy, stained with blood, lay upon" 
the table. I was closing a speech of an hour. Stepping forward, I took 
up the bloody shirt, and holding it up to the jury: "Yes, gentlemen of 
the jury, the cases are very different. You might find the prisoner guilty 
of only manslaughter, in using his rifle on a grown squaw; that was the 
act of a man, but this was the act of a demon. Look at this shirt, gentle- 
men, with the bloody stains upon it; this was a poor, helpless boy, who 
was taken by the heels by this fiend in human shape, and his brains 
knocked out against a lo^! If the olhef case was manslaughter, is not 
this murder?" The eyes of the jury were filled with tears. Judge Eg- 
gleston gave a clear and able charge upon the law. The jury, after an 
absence of only a few minutes, returned a verdict of '' murder in the first 
degree." The prisoner was remanded, and court adjourned. 

TRIAL OF BRIDGE SCENES AT THE EXECUTION. 

The next morning the case of Bridge, Sen., for shooting a little Indian 
girl at the camp, was called. The prisoner entered with the. sheriff. He 
was more firm in his step and looked better than Sawyer, though a much 
older man. A jury was impannelled. The proof was positive. The case 
was argued by Mr. Morris and Mr. Kariden for the prisoner, and Sweet- 
zer and myself for the State. The charge was given by Judge Eggleston, 
and after a few minutes' absence the jurj' returned a verdict of "murder 
in the first degree." The only remaining case — of the strippling, Bridge, 
Jr., for the other Indian boy at the camp — came on next. The trial was 
more brief, but the result was the same — verdict of murder in the first 
degree, with a recommendation, however, to the governor for a pardon, in 
consequence of his youth, in which the court and bar joined. The triUs 
closed. Pro forma motions for new trials were overruled, the prisoners 
remanded, to be brought up for sentence next morning, and the court 
adjourned. 



MADISON COUNTY DESCKimVE. 467 

Morning came and with it a crowded court house. As I walked from 
the tavern I saw tlie guards approaching with Sawyer, Bridge, Sen., and 
Bridge, Jr., with downcast cj-es and tottering steps, in their midst. The 
prisoners entered the court room and were seated. The sheriff commanded 
silenced The prisoners rose, the tears streaming down tlieir faces, and 
tlieir groans and sighs filling the court room. I fixed my eyes upon Judge 
Eggleston. I had heard him pronounce sentence of death on Fuller, for 
the murder of Warren, and upon Fields, for the murder of ^Murphy. But 
here was a still more solemn scene. An aged father, his fnvorite son and 
his wife's brother — all standing before him to receive sentence of death. 
The face of the judge was pale, his lips quivered, his tongue faltered, as 
he addressed the prisoners. The sentence of death by hanging was pro- 
nounced, but the usual conclusion, "And may God have mercy on your 
souls," was left struggling for utterance. 

Tlie time for the execution was fixed at a distant day; but it soon rolled 
around. The gallows was erected on the north bank of Fall creek, just 
above the falls, at the foot of the rising grounds you may see from tlie 
cars. The hour for the execution had come. Thousands surrounded the 
gallows. A Seneca chief, with liis warriors, was posted near the brow of 
the hill. Sawyer and Bridge, Sen., ascended the scaffold together, were 
executed in quick succession, and died without a struggle. Tlie vast audi- 
ence were in tears. The exclamation of the Senecas was interpreted — 
"We are satisfied." An hour expired. The bodies were taken down and 
laid in their coflins, when there was seen ascending the scaffold Bridge, 
Jr., tJie last of the convicts. His step was feeble, requiring the aid of the 
sheriff. The rope was adjusted. lie threw his eyes around upon the 
audience and then down upon the coflins, where lay exposed the bodies of 
his.father and uncle. From that moment his wild gaze too clearly showed 
that the scene had been too much for his j-^outhful mind. Reason had 
partially left her throne and he stood wildly looking at the crowd, appa 
rently unconscious of his position. The last minute had come, when 
James Brown Ray, the Governor of the State, announced to the immense 
assemblage that the convict was pardoned. Never before did an audience 
more heartily respond, while there was a universal regret that the exec- 
utive mercy had been deferred to the last moment. Thus ended the only 
trials where convictions of murder were ever had, followed by the execu- 
tion of white men, for killing Indians, in the United States. 

Anderson, tlie county scat of Madison coimtj, is located on 
tlie south bank of White river. It is named in remembrance 
of a Delaware chief of that name, and is the site of an old 
Indian village. This Indian village, or what remained of it, 
M-as consumed by fire, by order of General Harrison, in 1813. 
Xot far distant were the small villages of Bucktown, Nanticoke 
and Greentown. Among the first settlers of Anderson, were 
William Allen, John Berry, Alford Makepeace, Samuel Carry, 



468 HISTOEY OF INDIANA. 

N. Berry, and "William Curtis. A few years later, this little 
community was increased by Jose])h Howard, G. T. Iloover, 
Dr. Wyman, R K AVilliams, J. M. Zcke, CD. Henderson, 
and Andrew Jackson. About tlie year 1S2S-30, they were 
joined by W. G. Atherton, W. B. Allen, Oren Toddliunter, 
John Davis, William Beard, and Dr. T. Eyan. But we have 
no space to follow the growth of Anderson. Step by step, in 
all its measures of growth, it has become one of the most enter- 
prising cities in the State, and has a population of nearly five 
thousand. It is thrifty in business, enterprising in manu- 
factures, and prominent in education. Anderson does, however, 
need one thing — indeed, the whole county needs it — a. better 
court house. Probably this will be erected soon. The schools 
and school buildings, both in the city and county, are in a fair 
condition. 

The following are among the leading business and profes- 
sional men of Anderson at the present time: Col. N. Berry, 
Col. M.S. Bobinson, Ex -Judge Lake, Ex- Judge "West, "William 
Crim, John E. Corwin, J. M. Dickson, T. Byan, "W. B. Pearse, 
J. "W. McAllister, Hon. James Sansbery, N". C. McCollough, 
banker; H. N. McComber, dentist; James H. McConnell. 

The principal banks are, the Exchange Bank (W. Crim, 
president, and Jos. Fulton, cashier); the Citizens' Bank (N. 
C. McCollough, cashier); and the Madison County Bank (J. E. 

Corwin, president, cashier.) These banks arc all in a 

sound condition, and are enjoying the well-merited confidence 
of the public. 

Among the leading commercial houses in Anderson, there 
may be mentioned: John P. Barns, hardware; J. M. Warner, 
clothing merchant; J. T. Elliott, boots and shoes; Klein & 
Sharp, groceries ; J. H. Cridcr, hatter ; D. H. Patterson, 
grocer; Bell Bros., dry goods; D. C. East & Bro., dry goods; 
W. W. Williams, dry goods; Bosworth & Bro., doors, sash, 
blinds, etc.; Lee M. Trees, dry goods. 

The court house, such as it is, is located in the public square, 
around which the principal business houses of the city have 
been located. Many of the buildings arc of a modern style of 
architecture, and, in every particular, Anderson presents a 
thrifty appearance. 



CHAPTER LIX. 

SULLIVAN, CLAY, OWENS, GREENE, LAWRENCE, AND JACKSON 
COUNTIES — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

SULLIYAN county was organized in 1817, and embraced, 
at the date of its formation, all the territory north of 
Knox county to the lakes. The present limits include about 
four liundred and twenty square miles. The county received 
its name in honor of General Sullivan, of revolutionary fame, 
who was the intimate friend of General Knox, after whom 
Knox county was named. 

Tlie first settlement in Sullivan county was made by tlic 
family of James Ledgewood, who located near the present site 
of Carlisle, in 1803. Colonel Samuel Ledgewood, a son of 
James, lived within a mile of where his father settled, for many 
years after, and M-as a leading and respected citizen of the 
county. The Ledgewood family were the first settlers north 
of Knox county, and should have a prominent place in the 
history of Sullivan county. 

Those who followed James Ledgewood, and were early set- 
tlers in the county, were Benjamin Price, Major "Watson, 
Thomas Iloldcn, Edward Parccll, Col. John Benefiel, and 
others. Colonel Benefiel was a member of the first constitu- 
tional convention, held in 181G. lie represented Knox county, 
which, at that time, included Sullivan. 

In 1808, Carlisle was laid off, and quite a settlement sprang 
up in that vicinity during the same year. It was at this place 
that the early county cpurts were held, Judge Prince, presid- 
ing; George R. C. Sullivan, prosecuting attorney; and R. 
Buntin, sheriff. The courts were often held under a large 
beech tree in the north part of the town. At an early da^ , 

469 



470 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

tlio county scat was rcmo\X'd to Mcrom, 'wlicre it remained 
until 1843, when, after a good deal of difiiculty, it was per- 
manently located at Sullivan. Carlisle being the oldest town 
in the county, though not the largest, has several historical 
phases. In the first place, it is one of the oldest American 
settlements in the State. During the war of 1812, it figured 
prominently, furnishing many brave soldiers for the field. It 
was near Carlisle that the "■ Dudley Mack " massacre took 
place during the war. 

The county is watered by Busseron and Turman's creeks. 
The latter was named after Benjamin Turman, the first settler 
on the west side of the county in ISOG. The lands lying in 
Sullivan county are equal to those of the best agricultural 
counties in the State, and for mineral wealth the county has 
but few rivals. The Wabasli bottoms, which are extensive in 
this county, are excellent lands for corn. Tliere are large 
tracts of beach and sugar lands, which are well adapted to the 
production of clover and timothy, as also oak lands to that of 
wheat and other grains. The townships of Curry, Jackson, 
Cass, and Jefl'erson, have an abundant supply of the very best 
bituminous coal in the State. Tliese extensive coal fields are 
being mined, without interfering in any degree with the agri- 
cultural interests of the surface of the country. Numerous 
coal shafts are already in working order, from which immense 
quantities of coal are shipped to Chicjigo and other cities. 

The town of Sullivan, located nearly in the center of the 
county, is the county seat, and has a population of over two 
thousand. It is incorporated as a town, having a board of 
trustees and a town clerk and a marshall. Until within a few 
years, the town government has not been very enterprising, 
but recently a new spirit of enterprise has taken liold of both 
people and government. The public schools, for so many 
years neglected, are now both an honor and an ornament to 
the town. The public school building, an engraving of which 
we present herewith, is one of the finest in the State. It is a 
magnificent three story brick structure, having been erected at 
a cost of over twenty thousand dollars, and capable of seating 
about six hundred pupils, exclusive of the spacious hall for 



SULLIVAN couTsnr. 



471 



general exercises, which is capable of seating about five 
hundred people. There is a well conducted school kept open 
in this building the whole year. When the town school year 
is closed, the scliool is continued as a private enterprise. It 
is known as the " Ascension Seminary," and is called one of 
the most successful graded schools in the State. Governor 
Hendricks, at a visit to this school, two years ago, expressed 
himself happily surprised at finding it so efiicient, and the 
pupils so well ad\anced in all branches of study. 




PUBLIC SCHOOL BUILDING, SULLIVAN. 

Sullivan is situated on the Evansville, Terre Haute and 
Chicago railroad, and will soon have the benefits of an east 
and west road, which is now in contemplation, to run through 
Greene county. With an extensive and abundantly rich agri- 
cultural region around it, with inexhaustable coal fields on 
either side, and with sterling business men, may we not expect 
Sullivan soon to reach a position of eminence among the 
cities of the State. The court house, located here, is a fine 
building, having cost over sixty thousand dollars. It is 
located in a pleasant square of over two acres, and will, during 
the present season, be enclosed by a substantial iron fence. 



472 nisTORT OF Indiana. 

Merom is also a lively to^vn in this county. It lias tlio 
Union Christian College, one of the best institutions of the 
tind in the State, under the patronage of the denomination 
of Christians (New Liglits,) and destined to become a leading 
college. This institution has a most deliglitful site, being 
built upon the highest point on the Wabash, and commanding 
an extended view of the Illinois prairies. Tliis town is also 
interesting to the scientist and antiquarian on account of the 
recent discovery at that place of the remains of a once petri- 
fied town, located on one of the highest points of the Wal)ash. 
Investigation in this mound, has revealed stune vaults, human 
skeletons, implements of war, and many otlier rare curiosities. 

The county was settled principally by Kentuckians, but 
embraces persons from nearly every State. The citizens arc 
an exceedingly industrious and very intelligent class of peo]>le. 
Sullivan county will keep pace with the rest of the] State, in 
its grand march to progi'ess and wealth. 

The schools and churches all over the county are in a fair 
condition, and, what is still better, there is a disposition man- 
ifesting itself to improve these. The county has fully entered 
upon a new era of progress in all branches of industry, and in 
all the professions. The jiopulation of the county is about 
twenty-live thousand. 

CLAY COUNTY. 

This county is well watered by Eel river, a branch of the 
west fork of the White river, of which Birch creek and Croy's 
creek arc tributaries. Numerous other small streams How 
through the county. We should hasten to say that the general 
health of the county is good, for the reason that at an early 
day it gained a bad reputation in this respect. It will bo 
remembered that the Wabash and Erie canal jmssed through 
this county, but this canal is now entirely abandoned south of 
Terre Haute. Tlic supply of water for this section of the 
canal was obtained from the great reservoirs fed by Eel river 
and Birch creek, etc. Si)lurge creek reservoir embraced over 
four thousand acres, and the Birch creek reservoir about foiu*- 



CLAY COUNTY. 473 

tceii liuiidrcd. "Wlicii tlicsc reservoirs were created, tlie exten- 
sive tracts of land overflowed were covered with a dense forest, 
but the stagnant water killed the trees and caused the vegeta- 
tion to decay. This process charged the atmosphere with 
miasnuitic poison to such an extent that a genei-al sickness 
was engendered among the people for several miles in every 
direction. These facts were scattered abroad, and did much 
to turn the tide of immigration in other directions. Being 
sorely grieved and unable to obtain redress from the courts, 
the citizens of Clay county, who resided near tiiese "stinking 
pool.-^," resolved to take the law in their own hands. They 
assembled in force, cut the embankment, and let the water 
free. This of course created a great sensation. Those inter- 
ested in canal navigation were injured, and the laws were 
outrage<l. Troops were sent out by the governor of the State 
to bring the guilty parties to justice, but the people doubled 
their I'csistance. Tliey had taken a decided stand against 
having these miasmatic pools in the county and were not 
wanting in coui'age when the militia appeared. The govei'uor 
finding that an armed force was not calculated to enforce the 
law, and being convinced of the impracticability of keejnng 
Tij> the canal, concluded to withdi'aw the troops and leave the 
matter with the citizens. It is hardly necessary to add that 
the canal i-escrvoii'S have not been seen since that day. Kot a 
vestige of them can now be found, and the health of the 
county could not be better. 

There is considcnible bog-iron ore in. this county, large 
quantities of which were successfully made into ]iig-iron in 
the days of the camd, but Avhen that system of inland com- 
munication was abandoned, the smelting woi'ks were discon- 
tinued. With the establishment of railroads, these will be 
re-established and the valuable mineral resources of the State 
developed. There are also some valuable mineral waters in 
this county, which will be the means, when brought to notice, 
of attracting considerable attention. 

The agricultural advantages of Clay county cannot be com- 
pared with those of other counties, but forming is conducted 
with moderately good results. Stock raising is also proiitable. 



474 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

There is an abundance of good timber, consisting chieilj of 
white, red and black oak. 

The county seat of the county is Bowling Green. This 
place has now a population of over one thousand, and is grow- 
ing ra])idly. It has lirst-class school facilities. Tlie inhab- 
itants are quite enterprising, and kcc]) pace with the age in 
their public improvements of all kinds. The schools of the 
county are, for the most part, very accej)tablc, yet there is 
much room for improvement — an iin])rovement that will soon 
be inaugurated. Brazil, with a population of over three 
thousand, is the largest town in the county. 

The county is very generally settled, and mostly its iidiab- 
itants are in a sound condition financially. The farmers arc 
all increasing their comforts, and adding to their means. In 
every part of the county may be seen evidences of thrift and 
good feeling. 

OWEK COUNTY. 

OwKN county was settled in lSlG-17. The first settlers 
were David Thompson, Philip Hart, Captain Bigger, John 
Dunn and Bobert Blair. The county was named for Colonel 
Abraham Owen, who was in the battle of Tippecanoe, on the 
eiglith of November, 1811. lie was a volunteer aid-de-camp 
to General Harrison. 

The first court held in the county took place at the residence 
of John Dunn, in March, 1819, located about one mile east of 
Spencer, Judge Blackford presiding, when Philij) Hart, the 
second settler, was fined twenty-one dollars and costs for com- 
mitting an assault on Dr. David Thompson, the first white 
settler of the county. Here is a case where the second settler 
whipped the first settler. The res])ect shown to " first set- 
tlers" in those days, however, is evinced by the fine. The 
first white child born in the county was John R. K. Dunn, 
whose father established the first ferry on the west fork of the 
"Wliite river. In the year 1818, William Baker built a mill on 
Kaccoon creek, and soon after a few of the early settlers '' rig- 
ged up a corn-cracker " on a small stream near the present 
town of Gosport. 

John Dunn was the third settler of the county. He came 



GKEENE COUNTY. 475 

in tlic winter, when the ground was covered with eight inches 
of snow, and arriving on the banks of the White river in Feb- 
ruary, 1S17, with his family, without a house of any kind to 
protect them from the cold, lie commenced life in a rude camp, 
and at once set about building a log house, which he accom- 
plislied after great difficulty and sufiering. 

Spencer, the county seat, was located in 1820, The site was 
donated by Ilichard Beem, Isaiah Cooper, John Bartholo- 
mGW and Philip Hart. It was laid out by James Galletly 
and others. Spencer is very pleasantly situated in the valley 
of the west fork of the White river, on the Indiana and Vin- 
cennes railroad. It has a po])ulation of about fifteen hundred, 
and is in a flourishing condition. The towii is named for Cap- 
tain Spier Spencer, who fell at Tippecanoe. 

There is some of the finest landscape scenery in this county 
to be found in the State. The county has also its curiosities, 
in the " Boone Cave," and the various Indian mounds. We 
have been unable to procure as full statistics from this county 
as we desired, but have ascertained that the schools in the 
rural districts arc in a fair condition, while those iu the towns 
are equal to any in the State. 

GREENE COUNTY. 

This county, which was named in honor of Gen. Nathaniel 
Greene, was organized in 1821. The county seat was first 
located at Burlington, but was afterwards removed to Bloom- 
field. The county has a population of about 26,000, and there 
is every reason to suppose that it will be nearly, if not quite, 
doubled in the next decade. 

The resources of the county are excellent. The soil is good, 
and there is an abundance of coal, iron ore, and limestone. 
Tlie coal and iron are easily mined, and exist in great quanti- 
ties. Extensive business interests will, undoubtedly, spring 
up out of the mineral resources of this county, which will be 
fully developed in the course of the next five or ten years. 
The extensive coal fields only await increased facilities for 
transportation. 



476 msTOiJT OF Indiana. 

I>looinfield is the county scat, and is in a flourisliing; condi- 
tion. The public buildings arc in irood order. Good schools 
and school buildings exist in every <juai-ter, with a few excep- 
tions, and the rcli<:;ious societies represented liave all substan- 
tial houses of worship. 

The lirst settlers of the county were John Yan Vorst and 
Daniel Carlin, who came in the spring of ISIS. In Novem- 
ber of the same year, Peter C. Yanslykei', Sen., and his son, 
Cornelius P., came with their fuinih'es. In the sjiring of 1S19, 
James Warwick, II. Hill, Thomas Bradford, AV, Kubinsou, 
and Wm. Scott settled near the others. In 1S19, the Indians 
who resided in the county, departed for their western homes. 
They bid an afl'ectionate adieu to the graves of their Ibrefathcrs, 
and to their favorite hunting grounds. The scene was an 
im]>ressive one, and was long remembered by the settlers of 
that year. 

Worthington, in this county, is also a very lively town. 
The White River Valley Times is published at this place. 
The town has unusual commercial advantages, and is destined 
to become a prominent business centre. 

LAWRENCE COUNTY. 

In ISIO, a few heroic pioneers, fearless of danger, accustomed 
to Indian life and usage, and lovers of border pastimes, settled 
in Lawrence county. They came originally from Virginia, and 
had remained one year in Kentucky, intending to settle per- 
manently there, but changed their minds. At this early day, 
especially in this section of the State, the hardy settler was not 
permitted to erect his log cabin in ]icace, Tecumseh and the 
Prophet had been at work, and the Indians were, at that time, 
pretty well aroused. But these pioneers resolved to settle in 
LaAvrence county, and were not disposed to fear the Indians. 
Their first business was to erect a fort, which was located about 
one mile and a half north of Lccsville, near where the old resi- 
dence of "Granny White" stood for so many years afterwards. 
This little fort was put up as a necessary defense of the pro- 
posed settlement, and, although not of heavy proportions, 
withstood many assaults from the Indians. The settlement 



LAHVKKXCE COUNTY. 477 

was made l)y Daniel (iinitlirie, a liero of ]>radJock's defeat, 
his sons, and Jac'olt and AVilliuin Fliiin. These have all, long 
arro, oronc to their rest and their rewai'd.s. 

The little settlement Imd scarcely been formed, when the 
Delawarcs bcj^an to nnd'Ce raids n})un it, stealing everything 
not secnred within the fn't. J Torses were their favorite spoils, 
and it was ditiieult i'nv the settlci-s to hecp their animals, with- 
out the strictest watch. These Indians scarcely ever made 
open Avar on the settlement, but, professing friendship in daj, 
they Avonld come in bands by night, and steal anything they 
could obtain. ^Vt one time, a party of these Indians was 
pursued by Major Ti]>ton, at the head of iit'ty nulitia. On 
this occasion the stolen property was recovered, and the In- 
dians severelj' punished. 

On the tenth of March, 1815, the settlement, which by tliia 
time liad been largely increased, was attacked by a body of 
Pottawatomics. This was a desperate day for the few early 
settlers of Lawrence county. John Gunthrie was shot, and 
Josiah Flinn scalped and tomahawked. Gunthrie was saved 
from death by the heroism of his wife, who lifted him np and 
carried him to the fort, where he recovered. Jacob Flinn was 
captured at the same time, and carried off, but, after several 
months, he managed to escape from his persecutors; but, be- 
fore he reached the settlement, or obtained food of any kind, 
except roots, he was reduced with hunger until his weight 
was less than fifty pounds. His adventure was only one among 
the thonsands of thrilling incidents of pioneer life in the north- 
west that will never be fully recorded. 

In the winter of 1813-14, Itoderick Rawlins made a settle- 
ment in the bottoms, near the site of the present town of 
Scottville. He was accompanied by two other parties. They 
built a rude cabin in the winter, and felled a large mimber of 
trees for a clearing, and, in the spring, visited JelTersonville, 
during which time their hut was robbed. In 1815, Edward 
Johnston made a settlement opposite Scottville, on the farm 
afterwards owned by Ilarry Bright. Other settlements were 
also made, but nothing of importance transpired in the way 
of improvements in the county until ISIG, at the date of the 



478 msTOKY OF Indiana. 

erection of tlic State, wlien a new spirit of enterprise seized 
the settlers, and the great tide of immigration commenced. 

In lSlC-17 and IS, numerous settlements were made in the 
county, but during tliese years, and for several thereafter, there 
was great suftcring among the settlers. Tliey were nearly all 
very poor, and there was not available market for the scanty 
produce which their industry yielded. But after many years of 
toil, and constant hardship, these pioneers have emerged from 
poverty to wealth, from toil to comfort. 

From 1S15 the little fort fell into disuse, and finally into 
ruins, but the spot upon which it stood will always be sacred 
to the peo])le of Lawrence county, as that around which all 
the exciting scenes and incidents of pioneer life centered. 

Lawrence county was named after Captain Lawrence, of the 
navy, and was organized in 1S18. The county seat was at first 
located at ralcstine. As an object for locating the capital of 
the county at this ])oint, Messrs. B. and E. Blackwell and U. M. 
Massie donated the authorities two hundred acres of land. 
The first court house was erected at Palestine, and was of 
hewed logs that would " face a foot." It was two stories, 
twenty Ijy twenty -four feet. The old settlers inform us that 
there was as much political wrangling over the erection of 
this log court house, as over the one recently erected at Bed- 
ford, the present county seat. The first court held in the 
county, convened at the house of James Gregory, in June, 
1818. Hon. Thomas II. Blake was the presiding judge, and 
John Milroy and William Erwin were the associate judges. 

In 1825, owing to the unhealthy condition of Palestine, the 
county seat was removed to Bedford. This was a happy 
chanore; one that marked the commencement of the real 
prosperity of the county. Bedford is now a town of over 
two thousand inhabitants, in which is one of the finest court 
houses in Indiana, having cost over one hundred thousand 
dollars. The school building, in which the graded schools are 
located, is an honor to the to^vn and county. It has been 
erected at a cost of over thirty thousand dollars, and is capable 
of seating as many pupils as can be properly attended to in 
one school. This house is elegantly appointed and fully sup- 



JACKSON COUNTY. 479 

plied with all the necessary agencies for imparting instruction 
in all branches of education. 

There are in the county over one hundred and twenty good 
school buildings. The children of the county, between the 
ages of six and twenty-one, number five thousand seven hun- 
dred and seventeen. Tlie population of the county is about 
nineteen thousand. The town of Mitchell has also a fine 
graded school, of Avhicli the people of that place are justly 
proud. 

The resources of Lawrence county compare favorably with 
the other counties of the State, while its educational laeilities 
are considerably ahead of most counties of equal population 
and wealth. 

JACKSON COUNTY. 

Jackson county has a good soil, well adapted to the produc- 
tion of all kinds of grain. Some parts of the county, how- 
ever, have a clay soil, which is very poor. Tlie county was 
first settled in 1809, by parties from the falls of the Ohio and 
from Kentucky. Wlien they first came to the county they 
met with a few French traders, who complained that the trade 
wi^h the Indians had been ruined by the war. These French- 
men left the county, and went, probably, to Vincennes. 
Among the first Americans who settled in the county, Avere 
n. and A. Eogers, Abram Miller, J. B. Durham, James 
Ilutchinson, Thomas Ewing, John Ketcham, William Gra- 
ham, Abram Ilufi*, Tliomas Carr, and Alexander Craig. 

In 1812, the Indians became troublesome, and some of the 
settlers removed to escape their wrath ; others sent their fam- 
ilies, but remained themselves. Tliey built a little fort for 
their defense, which alone saved them from the "Pigeon 
Roost" massacre, where, in 1812, twenty families perished 
beneath the tomahawk. This little fort was frequently 
besieged, but always held out. The Indians, however, drove 
off all the horses and cattle, and otherwise impoverished the 
Ecttlers. 

John Ketcham lived near the site of the present town of 
Brcwnstown, where he had a block house for his own protec- 



mSTORY OF INDIANA. 

tion. In the fiill of 1813, Mr. Kctcham and a luroil iiian 
named IJuskirk, were luiuliiig pumpkins from a field to tlio 
house, Mr. Ketcham driviii;^ and tlie other man follow! ii:jj tho 
team, when tlicy were lired upon by Indians. Luskirk was 
instantly killed, and Ketclium was wounded and would have 
been tomahawked, only that his team became exceedingly 
frightened and ran away, taking him along on the cart. 

The news of this disaster was at once sent to the fort already 
mentioned, which was at Yallonia, where a company of militia 
had been organized. The troops started out the following day, 
and finding the body of I3askirk, buried it, but so bold were 
the Indians, in their assaults upon the militia, that one of tho 
men lost his life, being fired on by the enemy from somo 
liiding ])lacc. During the war of 1812-13, several persons 
were shot and killed or wounded in this county. The Indians 
were very hostile, and kept a close watch for an opportunit;y 
to pick off the settlers. Ilowever, the only battle fought in 
the county during the war, was at Tipton Island, in 1814 
There were about fifty Indians opposed to thirty whites, but 
they were quickly dispersed, leaving one or two killed upon 
the field. This encounter was conducted by General Tipton, 
the commander. 

Jackson county was organized in 1815, by an act of the 
Territorial legislature. In tho following spring, the county 
seat was located at Brownstown, which received its name in 
honor of General Jacob Brown, who distinguished himself in 
the war of 1812. Brownstown was laid out in the woods, and, 
in consequence, the county seat was temporarily located at 
Yallonia. Very soon after the organization of the county, 
the population began to increase, and general improvement 
was pushed forward. The surplus produce of the early set- 
tlers was generally shipped down the Driftwood river in flat- 
boats, but since the completion of the Ohio and Mississippi 
railroad, the trade of the county has been carried to Cincin- 
nati. 

In 1830, a number of Germans settled in the eastern part 
of the county. They were a very enterprising class of people, 
and since their first residence in the county their numbers 



WEIJ.S COUNTY niSTORICAL. 481 

have been largely incrcjiscd. TLey liave done mncli to pro- 
mote the material and moral growth of the county, and are 
mostly all wealthy. 

13rownstown, one of tlie principal towns in tlic county, is 
located on the Ohio and JVLississippi raihoad, and is in a tiour- 
isliing condition. It has a fair court house and good scliool 
facilities; jjopulation ahout one thousand. The largest place 
in the county is Seymour, a town of over three thousand 
inhabitants. It has every appearance of thrift, and is press- 
ing forward in all valuable industries and improvements. 



CIIArTEIl LX. 

WELLS COUNTY niSTORICAL AND DESCRIITIVE. 

THE first smoke of civilization, said the Hon. Xewton Bur- 
well, within the limits of Wells county, curled above the 
log cabin of Dr. Joseph Knox. That cal)in was reared in the 
year 1829, on the western bank of the Wabash, about five miles 
below Blufi'ton, and on the farm now occuj)ied and owned by 
Mr. Henry JMiller. There was made the first foothold on the 
Indian's hunting ground, ou the AVabash river, between Fort 
Kccovery and the town of Huntington. It was there, about 
forty years ago, in the solitude of that awful wilderness, when 
the first sound of the white man's axe disturbed the wolf and 
panther in their jungle, and echoed throughout the wilderness 
the knell of the red man's destiny. 

Messrs. Vantrces and Warner, sons-in-law of Dr. Knox, soon 
afterwards settled near him, and made the first openings on 
the farms known, respectively, as the James and Ilobcrt 
Harvey farms. These three families lived there about three 
years, when, becoming tired of pioneer life, they sold their 
interests in the lands on which they had settled and left the 
31 



482 HISTOKY OF rXDIAXA. 

country, !^[l•. jVlillcr succeeded Dr. Kiiox in November, 1S32, 
and "iell to work witli ptroni:; lieart and anus," and by dint 
of his industry, tlic little field and tnicl<-])atch that sur- 
rounded the cabin of his ])redecessor, and affoixled him a 
scanty su]>])ly of coarse bi-cad and vegetables, liave been trans- 
formed into extended meadows, a tine lai'i^c orchai'd, and lields 
that Averc last antumn waviuu^ with o-olden grain. His brother, 
Jacob ]\lillcr, settled a short distance below him about the 
Bame time. 

Following the address of the gentleman referred to in the 
opening sentence of this cha])ter, we learn that Mr. Allen Kor- 
cross had settled on the op])ositc bank of tlie Wabasli about 
a year before Dr. Knox and his friends left, and was there 
■when Henry Miller moved into the settlement. 

The Black Hawk war, which in the year 1832 raged so fear- 
fully in Illinois, and which s])read such consternation through- 
out the western settlement, began to alarm these new comers, 
and Mr. Norcross "pulled nj) stakes," and with his family 
returned to liis native State, where he remained until there 
was no longer any danger to be apprehended. 

This was a trying time with the two brothers and their 
families, who were thus left alone in the wilderness. "When 
we take into consideration that Black Hawk, himself so heart- 
less and blood-thirsty, was daily increasing his force by acces- 
sions from the restless and disaffected of the western tribes, 
and that he had received encouragement from the British in 
Canada, it is no wonder that these families, so destitute of 
means of defense, and so far from material aid, should be 
terror-stricken at the rumors that occasionally reached their 
ears. The facilities for getting war news were not so good as 
they are now. Then the western lightning had not been 
taught to carry messages, nor had tliat animal, so peculiarly 
domestic, the Iro7iJlo?-se, hccn introduced into the wilderness. 
There was not even, at that time, a government mail carried 
on horseback through the western settlement to give informa- 
tion from the seat of war. Weeks, or even months, might 
intervene without knowing how many white families had been 
made victims of the savage butchers, and then they would 



WELLS COUNTY — DESCRIPTIVE. 483 

only get the news from some wanderer, on his return from a 
western trapping or fiir-buying excursion, as he might chance 
to come that way. Thus, these ])ioncers were liable to be in 
constant fear, for they knew not but tliat the next news would 
be brought by the dusky warriors themselves, who would deal 
out death to them before tliey could have an opportunity of 
escape. 

In the years 1834-35-36, immigration set in rapidly. Among 
the first settlers were Adam Miller, Charles Bennett, Thomas 
W. Van Horn, David Bennett, Solomon Johnson, Solomon 
Sparks, Mason Powell, E.. C. Bennett, Sen., Isaac Covert, AVm. 
Covert, Aduah Hall, Thomas T. Smith, Bo wen Hale, James 
Scott, Wm. II. Parmalce, Wm. McDole, Abram McDole, AVm. 
Priliaman, Solomon Kemp, John A. Deam, Chads Clialfant, 
James Guthrey, Gabriel Markley, John Markley, Daniel Mil- 
ler, Michael Miller, Joseph Logan, Elim Hooker, and a few 
others. 

The following sketch of pioneer life in Wells county, from 
the pen of Mr. Burwell, we quote entire. It is interesting 
and truthful. Concerning the early settlers, he says: "They 
settled in different parts of the county, or, rather, witliin the 
limits of the county, for the county was not yet organi/ccd. 
That was, indeed, a time that tried men's souls. If we will 
but reflect on the condition of aflairs then, and consider the 
privations these early settlers had to sutler, we will readily see 
bow unjust, and almost criminal it is for us to complain of our 
condition now, surrounded as we are by the bounties of a kind 
Providence. Then they had to go fifty or sixty miles to mill, 
carry their grists on horses through the trackless wilderness, 
and would be from five to eight days in making the trip, of 
course camped out at night, and very often awakened from 
their dreams by the approach of wolves and other wild 
animals in pursuit of prey. During their trips for provisions, 
their wives were left at home to superintend aflairs; hoed tlio 
corn and potatoes, and attended to other no less arduous work 
by day, and passed sleepless nights in watching and protecting 
their little ones from the jaws of hungry wolves and panthers 
whose howls and screams they nightly heard around theii 



484 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

cal)ins. A few of those brave women are present to-daj, sur- 
rounded by stout, middle-agcji sons and daughters, who were 
then the ol)jccts of their solicitude. 

" It is liard for the present generation of people, surrounded 
as tiiej now are l)y all the improvements, comforts and luxu- 
ries of our civilization, to realize that the old settlers suffered 
and endured the numy hardships that they can tell about. 
When they would run out of bread-stuffs, and their neighbors 
had none to lend them, they would pound up their corn in a 
wooden mortar uhich was improvized for the purpose, and 
some of them will now tell you of having lived for mouths on 
bread made from meal prepared in that way. The tine part 
was made into bread and the coarser into hominy. They 
could not go off to mill at any time. It must be remembered 
that there were no roads in those days, and the streams were 
not bridged; so that it was sometimes not only inconvenient, 
but extremely dangerous, to go lifty miles to mill. James 
Guthrey had a son and horse drowned crossing the Limberlost, 
on his way to Greenville to mill." 

The history of Wells county politically, dates back to the 
first of May, 1837, a little more than thirty- seven years. At 
this date, the legislature of the State provided for the incor- 
poration of the county, with a regular jurisdiction. The first 
circuit court met at the house of 11. C. Bennett, on the nine- 
teenth day of October, 1837, Hon. C. W. Ewing, presiding. 
The county scat was permanently located at Bhiffton, in 1838. 
For many years it was a small hamlet, but, aftCE a long and 
severe struggle, it has become a prominent business center, 
with ample railroad communication with the surrounding 
country. Bluffton has the appearance to-day of a substantial, 
well built town. The streets arc regularly laid out, and are 
for the most part graded and graveled, and provided with 
substantial sidewalks. The court house is located in the busi- 
ness center of the town, and although a little out of style, is 
still useful and durable. The schools and school buildings 
are the pride of the town. The county is new, and only par- 
tially developed, but a majority of the farmers are already 
wealthy. The people are beginning to cultivate a spirit 



MONKOE COUNTY. 485 

friendly to all kinds of public improvements. The soil is rich 
in agricultural resources, and there is every prosjiect of a con- 
tinuous rapid growth in all the industries and professions rep- 
resented in the county. 



CIIAPTEE LXI. 

MONROE COUNTY THE INDIANA STATE UNTVEKSITY. 

OUR sketch of Monroe county is made shorter than was at 
first designed, on account of the importance of the State 
university, which is located at Bloomington, in that county. • . 

The soil of the county is well adapted to all kinds of grain 
indigenous to the State. There is an abundance of valuable 
timber in many parts of the county, for which there is a ready 
market. Tlie surface of the county is well watered with num- 
erous beautiful springs and small streams. The western portion 
of the county abounds in coal and iron ore of a superior quality. 
These inexhaustible mineral deposits are now comparatively 
dormant, awaiting only increased railroad facilities to awaken 
a commercial activity over them. There is an abundance of 
excellent building stone in the county, and several quarries are 
now working a large number of hands profitably in supplying 
the adjacent towns and cities with stone for building purposes. 
There are already ample railroad facilities for nearly all parts 
of the county. The farmers find a ready and profitable market 
for their produce. Most of them have become wealthy, and 
nearly all of them are in good circumstances. 

Tlie educational facilities of the county, in reference to the 
public schools, as also the higher branches of education, are 
without a parallel in the State, M'hich is due, no doubt, to tho 
beneficent influences of the State university. Every school 
district in the county has six good, substantial and well- 
arranged school houses, conveniently located; and it is ac- 



4S6 HISTOEY OF INDIANA. 

knowlcdgcd that, in point of hcaltlifulncss, Monroe connty is 
not surpassed by any otlier portion of the State. 

Blooniington, the connty scat of Monroe county, is a pros- 
perous city, of over 3,000 inhabitants. It is located on tlio 
line of the Louisville, New Albany, and Chicago railroad, and 
is the commercial centre of a krgc and prosperous district of 
country. Naturally a pretty site, it is rendered ai-tistic and 
beautiful by well directed good taste and enterprise. The 
principal streets are handsomely graded and macadamized; 
the side walks are well improved, and highly ornamented with 
shade trees; the private residences and business houses arc 
attractive and elegant; the public buildings are handsome, 
commodious, and of the best style of architecture. Such is 
the beautiful little city in which the 

INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY 

is located. This institution lias not reached as high a place in 
the State and nation as its friends desire it to reach, but it has 
done, and is still doing, a grand work, and is destined, as wc 
shall see, to till a higher station, as the educational growth of 
the State advances. 

"We give, following, a somewhat lengthy history of the origin 
and growth of the Indiana State University, which has been 
compiled from sketches furnished by Rev. Dr. Cyrus Nutt, 
president of the institution, and others: 

As early as 1802, Congress made a grant of a toAvnsliip of land in Gibson 
county, and, in the j^car 181G, another in ;Monroe county, for tlic support 
of a seminary of learning. In 1807, an act incorporating the Vinccnncs 
University passed the legislature, and the townsliip of land in Gibson 
county was placed in the market by the trustees of tliis institution. Tlie 
ealo of land being slow, and proceeds small, an<l the board failing to meet, 
the institution was supposed to be dead, and treated as such. 

The trustees of the Indiana Seminar}' were appointed b}' an act of the 
legislature, passed in 1820, and the board met in June following, at Bloom- 
ington, and selected the site for the institution. This was the same as that 
upon which the university now stands. 

In March, 1822, the contract was made for the erection of the seminary 
building, but it was two years from this time before the buildingwas ready 
to be occupied, and then it was only in an unfinished condition. The first 
eession was commenced with about twenty students, in the spring of 1825, 



INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITT. 487 

with but a single teacher, Rev. Baynard R. Hall, and he at a salary of one 
hundred and fifty dollars per year. The academic j-ear was divided into 
two sessions of five montlis each. In this way the school continued for 
two years, when, in May, 1827, John H. Harney was elected professor of 
mathematics, natural philosophy and astronomy, at a salary of one hun- 
dred and fifty dollars per session, that of the principal havinc; been raised 
to four hundred dollars per year. The success of the institution thus far 
caused the legislature to designate it with the name, " Indiana College," 
in the year 1828. At this time. Dr. D. H. IMaxwell was the president of the 
board of trustees, and the first faculty of the college was organized as fol- 
lows: Rev. Andrew Wylie, D. D., president of Washington College, Pa., 
was chosen president and professor of mental and moral philosophy and 
belles letters: Rev. John H. Harney, A.M., professor of mathematics and 
natural philosophy; and Rev. Baynard R. Hall, A.M., professor of ancient 
languages. In the year 1828, the trustees adopted measures for the sale of 
the college lands in Gibson county, and for the erection of a new college 
building. This building, which was completed in a few years, was a brick 
structure, eighty feet long, thirty wide, and three stories high, and was 
burned in 1854. 

The career of the institution, under the leadership of Dr. Wylie and his 
efficient assistants, was very successful until some time during the years 
1831-2, a personal diflSculty grew up between the president and members 
of the faculty, which, to a great extent, jeopardized the interests of the 
college. The trustees first attempted a reconciliation, but, failing in that, 
they declared the chairs of Harney and Hall both vacant. Beaumont Parks, 
A.M., was elected in the place of Hall, and Rev. E. N. Elliott, A.M., in that 
of Harney. In 1836, Prof. Elliott resigned to accept the presidency of a 
college in Mississippi, and his place was filled, temporarily, until the next 
meeting of the board, when two professorships of mathematics were estab- 
lished; one of pure mathematics, and the other of natural philosophy. The 
first of these was filled by James F. Dodds, the latter by Rev. T. A. Wylie. 
At the same time the board divided the chair of ancient languages, and to 
Prof. Parks was assigned Latin language and literature; and A. W. Rut- 
ter was elected to the chair of Greek and modern languages. 

The Indiana College was re-organized by an act of the legislature in 1839, 
the name was changed to Indiana University. It was endowed with uni- 
versit}-^ powers and a new board of trustees, with authority to establish such 
departments as the funds of the institution would jus'.ifj^ were appointed. 

This new board re-elected the old faculty, but soon after the chairs of 
Profs. Dodds, Parks and Rutter were declared vacant, and were afterwards 
filled by the election of Jacob Ammen, from the West Point military ac- 
ademy, to the chair of mathematics ; and John I. Morrison to the chair of 
ancient languages; and also M.M.Campbell as adjunct professor of Ian- 
guagcs and principal of the preparatory department. 

Professor Ammen retained this position until the thirtieth of June, 1843, 
when he resigned. Prof. Morrison resigned during the same year, but 
Prof. Campbell continued in charge of his department for thirteen years. 



488 msTOKY OF Indiana. 

He was succeeded by James Woodburn, who served in that position until 
his death in 18G5. 

The chair of ancient languages was, at the next meeting of the board, 
filled by Daniel Read, of the Ohio Universit}', and tliat of matliematics by 
the Kev. Alfred Kyors, of the same university, and tlnis the faculty remained 
for four years, when Prof. Eyors resigned, and Charles Marshall, of Vir- 
ginia, was elected in his stead. 

President Wylie, after having discharged the duties of that ofTice for 
twenty-three years, died on the eleventh of November, 1851. Tiie presi- 
dency was filled by Prof. T. A. Wylie, until January, 1853, when the Kev. 
Alfred llyors, who had previously been elected, entered upon the duties of 
the office. At the close of this year the facultj'^ was again re-organized. 
The Rev. Wm. M. Daily, D.D., was elected president; and IJev. Alfred 
Ryors, D.D., was elected to the chair of mathematics, but resigned, and 
Rev. Robert Milligan, A.M., was chosen to iill his ))lace. 

The administration of Dr. Daily was marred by much discord. Charges 
were at times preferred against him, and, pending one of these trials, he 
resigned. His term of office was five years and si.K months. Prof. Milli- 
gan filled the chair of mathematics from 1853 to 1855, and was transferred 
to that of natural science, left vacant by the resignation of T. A. Wylie, 
and the chair was filled by the election of Rev. Elisha Ballentine, A.M., of 
Richmond, Virginia. In 185G, Daniel Read resigned the chair of ancient 
languages. It was filled by Prof Ballentine; and Prof. Daniel Kirkwood, 
who was then president of the Delaware College, was appointed to the 
chair of mathematics and civil engineering. Prof ]\IiHigan resigned the 
professorship of natural science in 1855, and Prof T. A. Wylie was elected, 
and after a two j-cars'' absence in the i\Iiami University, returned to his for- 
mer position. Dr. Daily resigned the presidencj"^ in 1859, and was suc- 
ceeded by Dr. J. H. Lathrop. Soon after this another professorship was 
established, "the chair of English literature," and Rev. II. B. Ilibben was 
elected to fill it. Dr. Lathrop resigned in July, 1860, and the Rev. Cyrus 
Nutt, D.D., then acting president of Asbury University, was elected i>resi- 
dent, and he has continued to fill that office ever since. In 18(53, Prof, 
Ballentine resigned the professorship of ancient languages, and Prof. 
Wylie was transferred to that chair, his place being filled by Col. Richard 
Owen, M.D., LL.D. Prof Kirkwood resigned his place, accepting the 
chair of mathematics of the Washington and Jellersou College, Pa., where 
he remained two years, after which he returned to his old position. Prof. 
Kirkwo'-.''" ^..cwfc vvas n.icu v.u..i-„ ^i^.-'-.cence by C. M. Dodd, A.M. 

In 1867, three new chairs were establishea. liie -r'i'-Mnent of ancient 
languages was divided, the chair of Latin language and literaour-.. and the 
chair of Greek language and literature established. Prof. Doda was 
transferred to the chair of Latin, and Prof. Ballentine was re-elected to the 
chair of Greek. The department of natural science was also divided, and 
two chairs established, one of natural philosophy, and another of natural 
science and chemistry. To the former T. A. Wylie was assigned, and 
Richaru Owen to the latter. The professorship of English literature and 



INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY. 489 

the theory and practice of tcacliingwas established, to -niiich G. W. IIoss, 
LL.D., was appointed in 1SG8. The chair of modern language was estab- 
lislied in 18G7, but was not filled for two years, when John A. Kenbelt, 
D.D., was chosen for it, but, holding it one year, he resigned, and was suc- 
ceeded by n. B. Boisen. The niilitary department was organized in 18G8, 
and Eli Long, Major-Gen. in the United States Army, was given the pro- 
fessorship. Long resigned in 1809. Civil engineering was added to the 
department, and Col. James Thompson, a graduate of West Point, was 
elected to the chair, and continues to hold it to this time. 

James Woodburu died in 18C5, and Rev. A. Atwater was appointed tutor, 
but the regular preparatory department was soon after abolished, and 
Atwater was elected professor of the Latin language and literature, a posi- 
tion which he has held since, with the exception of a year or two. The 
preparatory department being abolished, it was found necessary to employ 
tutors to bring forward such students as vrere ready for the freshman class 
with most of their studies, but behind in Greek and Latin. Scott Butler, 
A. M., served in this department from 18G8 to 1871, and was succeeded by 
Alexander Kirkpatrick, A. B., and Samuel Tilly, A. B., and they by T. IL 
Mallow, A. B. Mallow died in 1871, and was succeeded by W. R. Hough- 
ton, A. B., who still continues to hold the position. 

Prof. IIoss resigned his professorship in 1871, and his place was filled 
by Rev. John L. Gay, A. M., but he resigned in 1872, and was succeeded 
by Rev. George W. Parrott. Parrott resigned in 1873, and Prof IIoss hav 
ing been re-elected, resumed the duties of the office on the first of Jan- 
uary, 1874. 

But, aside from the changes in the faculty of tlic university, which have 
been frequent, we must refer to its various relations to the legislature and 
people of Indiana. 

The donation of a township of land in Gibson county for the Univer- 
sity of Vincennes, the organization of a board of trustees, the attempt to 
sell the land, and the supposed death of that corporation, have already 
been mentioned. After the board of trustees of the Vincennes University 
had thus failed to perform the functions of the corporation, the legislature 
passed an act authorizing the sale of the land and an appropriation of the 
proceeds to the Indiana State University. After this land had all been 
sold, and the board of trustees of the Vincennes University had slept for 
forty years, they began to awake and make an attempt to reinvest them 
selves with the property which formerly belonged to them. Reorganizing 
the board and filling its vacancies, they proceeded to bring suits against 
the purchasers of the college lands, for their recovery. But the State had 
sold the lands to these defendants, and would be liable to them on her 
■warranty in case they were thrown out of possession, so the legislature 
passed an act authorizing the board of trustees to sue the State directly, 
and thus settle the matter without putting the holders of the lands to the 
ezionse and anno3'ance of defending their titles. Suit was accordingly 
b' vught in the circuit court of Clarion countj"^ by the trustees of the Vin- 
c incs University, and was lost. They appealed from this decision to the 



490 HISTOKT OF mCIANA. 

Bupreme court of the United States, and the decision of the court below 
■was rcv<>rsrd. Judgment was accordingly given against tlic State for sixty 
thousand dollars. To have paid this would have almost exhausted the 
endowment fund of the State University, but Congress happily came to 
her aid with a donation of twenty-three thousand and forty acres of land, 
and the State also assumed the judgment in favor of the Vincennes Uni- 
versity, thus preserving the endowment fund of the State University 
intact. 

The State University having thus passed the ordeal of this suit, it was 
for a few years thought her final success was insured. But soon another 
misfortune overtook her. In April, 1854, the college building which had 
been erected about twentj'-five years before, with all its ai)paratus and 
libraries, was destroyed by fire. That this fire, occurring at a season of 
iLc year when there was no fire kept about the building, it was supposed 
to be the work of an incendiary. The libraries then in the building were 
the college library and the libraries of the two literary societies, contain- 
ing, in all, about nine thousand volumes, many of the books being rare 
and valuable. These were dark days for the friends of the university, and 
it was even thought, by many, that the institution was lost. The faculty 
and trustees, however, decided to continue recitations, and measures were 
taken for the erection of a new building. The citizens of Iiloomington 
and Monroe county rallied to the rescue, generously <lonaling ten thousand 
dollars to aid the cause. The remainder of the money necessary for the 
completion of the building was borrowed from the sinking fund of the 
State, and thus the work went on until the confidence of success again 
lighted the countenances so recently marked with desiniir, and a magnifl- 
cent new building arose, "Phcenix-like," from the ashes of the old, the 
finest and best university building at that time in the AVest. 

A tuition fee of eighteen dollars per year in the preparatory department, 
and of thirty dollars per year in the collegiate, was required until 1838, 
when the legislature provided for the admission of two students from eacli 
county free. In 18G0 the doors of the institution were thrown open to all 
alike, and since that time no tuition fee is required of any student in any 
of the departments of the university, thus complying with the spirit of 
that constitutional provision, which says, "It shall be the duty of the 
general assembly to establish a public school system, embracing a regular 
gradation from the primary school to a State university, in whicli tuition 
ehall be free and equally open to all." 

Another step onward was taken in 1867. Though a long time coming, 
it is, perhaps, of as much importance as any. This was a step that the 
growing sentiment of the people demanded for the equal education of 
women, and was no less than the complete breaking down of the barrier 
that kept the female sex entirely out of the college from its beginning to 
that time. "By one fell swoop the old prejudice against the co-education 
of Uie sexes was swept away, and the doors of the institution opened to 
the daughters of the State, as it had been to the sons before, and they are 
now invited to come and drink of the crystal fountains of knowledge and 



INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY. 491 

to enjoy all the rights and privileges that arc enjoj-cd by the 'lords of cre- 
ation.' And come they do, and right Avell do tliey cope wilii the yonnf^ 
men in the ascent of the hills of science. Several young ladies have 
already graduated from this inslitulion, and experience proves that the 
co-education of the sexes is a real benefit to all."* 

In this connection it is, perhaps, i)n)per to notice, briefly, sonic of the 
causes that have operated against the success of the university, as Avell as 
against the advancement of the higli educational facilities of the Slate. 
The first board of trustees of the Indiana State Universit}', unfortunately 
for the interests of the institution, was a close corporation, the A'acancica 
in the board being filled by themselves, instead of being filled by the legis- 
lature, or, as they now are, by tiie State board of education; liencu the 
religious denomination, or sect, which had the supremacy at first, would 
perpetuate the supremacy through all time; and thus the institution be 
made substantially sectarian. Such was practically the result during the 
first ten years of its history. This was the source of many comi)laint3 
from the lilethodists. Baptists, and other denominations, not represented 
in the faculty, who were members of the Presbyterian church exclusively. 
Tl'.e murmurs against tliis exclusivcness were long and loud, as it was per- 
sistently continued. Tliis dissatisfaction with the management of the 
State University finally culminated in the witlidrawal of the support of 
the denominations who could not obtain representation in tlic faculty, and 
the establishment of several sectarian colleges in dillercnt parts of the 
State. In 183(5, Franklin College was established at Franklin, by the Bap- 
tists, the Northwestern Christian University, at Indianapolis, by the reform- 
ers, was established at a later period; as also the Cliristian Union College, 
at Merom, by the New Lights. The Indiana Asbury University was estab- 
lished at Greencastle, by the Methodist in 18.19. 

Tlie Indian^, Conferences of the JMethodist Episcopal Church, several 
years before they resolved to establish a university of their own, by con- 
ference action, tendered the support and patronage of the denomination 
to the Indiana College, provided the general assembly would so modify 
the organization thereof as to make the trustees elective by the legisla- 
ture; or, if the trustees would place a ]Methodist in tiic faculty of tiie uni- 
versity. These requests were steadily denied until 183C, after the confer- 
ence had selected Greencastle as the location of the university, for which 
the legislature had just granted a charter. Then the authorities of tlie 
State college elected Augustus "W. Rutter, A. M., a Methodist, who was 
professor of languages in Alleghany College, Pennsylvania, to the chair 
of political economy and modern languages. But this liberality came too 
late, for the denomination Lad a college of its own. For the same reason 
the legislature withheld all financial support for thirty years, and the State 
university made no progress. Had a more liberal course been pursued 
from the beginning, all the denominations would have rallied to the State 
university, and instead of having sixteen colleges, Indiana, to-day, would 

• Indiana Patriot. 



492 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

havo but one grand university, fully cquiiling, if not excelling, that of 
Micliigiin. 

It should be observed, notwithstanding, that the Presbyterians were not 
more to blame in this case than any otlicr cliurch would have been in like 
circumstances. "Anxiety for their own creed makes any church an unsafe 
guide in (jueslions involving couliicting interests. The highest prosperity 
of the common school system, as well as all other American institutions, 
will be found when fartherest removed from all religious intermeddling." 

LAW DErARTMEXT. 

A law professorship was created in 1835, and Judge Blackford wag 
elected to the chair, but he declined to accept, and no one was found to 
take the place until 18-10, at which time it was accepted by lion. David 
ilcDonald, LL. D. Judge ^IcDonald remained in this position for twelve 
years. In 18-17 the law faculty was increased by the election of Hon. 
William T. Otto, LL. D. This department was marked with great success 
under the charge of these able jurists until 1852, when they both resigned. 
Hon. James Hughes succeeded to the chair of law, and held the position 
from 1853 to 1855, when, being elected to Congress, he was succeeded ]jy 
Hon. James R. ]M. Bryant, who filled the professorship for six years. Bry- 
ant was succeeded by Hon. George A. Bickwell, LL. D., who filled the 
chair from 18G1 to 1870, when he resigned. 

This department was re-organized in 18G9, by establishing another chair, 
and by making tuition free. The law professors had, previous to this time, 
depended upon tuition for their compensation, and this was so small tliat 
the term only lasted for three months, but now the law professors ar'^ paid 
salaries, and the term lengthened to six months; Hon. John AV. Pettit, 
LL. D., was employed in connection with Judge Bicknell. Both tliese 
resigned in 1870, and were succeeded by Hon. Samuel E. Perkins, LL. D., 
and Hon. B. E. Khoads. Two years later, Judge Perkins resigned, and 
was succeeded by Hon. Deland R. Dekles, who served one j-ear and was 
succeeded by Hon. I). W. Lafollelte. lie also served one year, and waa 
succeeded by Hon. Cyrus F. IMcNutt. 

PRESENT CONDI'nON OF THE STATE UNIA'EKSITY. 

The departments of instruction arc as follows: 
First — The school of Mental, Moral and Political Philoso- 
phj, Cyrus Kutt, D. D., LL. D., Professor. In this depart- 
ment are tanght mental philosophy, embracing the human 
intellect, sensibilities, and will; moral science, including the 
theory of morals, and practical morals; the former embracing 
the moral sense, the grounds of right and wrong, the nature 
of virtue, the authority of conscience, the rules of moral 



494 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

conduct, and the sources from wliicli tlicy are derived, and tlie 
nature of moral obligations; the latter, or practical morals, 
embraces the duties which we owe to ourselves, viz.: self-sup- 
port, self-protection, self-control, and self-culture; tlie duties 
we owe to man, justice, veracity, and benevolence; justice in 
regard to life, liberty, pro})erty, character, and reputation; 
vei-acity, in respect to the past, ])resent and future; embracing 
lying, promises, contracts, and oaths; duties arising from the 
constitution of the sexes, the law of chastit}-, the law of 
marriage, the rights and duties of parents; the rights and 
duties of childi-en; benevolence, its nature and obligation; 
benevolence to the unha]>j)y, to the wicked, to the injurious; 
and lastly, the duties wliicli we om-c to God, obedience, love, 
and worship, I'olitical philosophy, embraces civil polity, 
constitution of the United States, ])olitical economy, interna- 
tional laws. The evidences of Christianity are also tauglit in 
this department. Text-books are used, accompanied by lec- 
tures by the president, who has charge of this department. 

Second — The school of Natural l*hiloso])hy, Thco])hilus A. 
Wylie, U. D., professor. In this department are taught 
descriptive geometry, mechanics, the nature and laws of light, 
heat, and electricity, the laws of motion, statics, dynamics, 
hydrostatics, hydro-dynamics, ]ineumatics, acoustics, optics, 
and astronomy. While text-books are used, the larger part of 
the instruction is given by lectures. The great laws of matter 
are clearly and beautifully illustrated by experiments, for 
which an extensive apparatus furnishes the requisite facilities, 
thus rendering their comprehension easy, and their acquisition 
atti-active to the student. 

Third — The school of Natural Science, Eichard Owen, M. 
D., LL. D., professor. Thos. S. Van Nuys, M. D,, professor 
of analytical and practical chemistry. In this department 
are tauglit botany, physical geography, anatomy, physiology, 
hygiene, zoology, mineralogy, geology, and chemistry. In- 
struction is given by lectures, accompanied by the use of text- 
books. Facilities for illustration are furnished by one of the 
largest and best museums in the United States; containing 
specimens of almost every genus and species of the vegetable 



nsDIANA STATE UNIVEKSITT. 495 

and animal kingdoms, together with a very extensive collection 
of specimens in mineralogy and geology. In 18G7, the cele- 
brated cabinet of Dr. David Dale Owen, of New Harmony, 
whicli was reputed by scientific men as fully equal, in the 
number, variety and volume of its specimens, to any in the 
country, was purchased by the trustees and transferred to 
Bloomington. This cabinet is now scientifically and tastefully 
displayed in the new college building. Another large addi- 
tion to the museum has recently been made by the purchase 
of the Ward specimens in palaeontology, which are exceed- 
ingly rich and varied. 

The chemical apparatus is extensive, and admirably adapted 
to experimental illustrations, and all kinds of chemical anal- 
ysis. A full course of experiments is given to the classes in 
this department. 'No institution in the country is better pro- 
vided with facilities for an extensive and thorough course of 
instruction in the natural sciences than the Indiana State 
University. 

Fourth — The school of Mathematics, Daniel Kirkwood, LL. 
D., professor. In this school are taught algebra, geometry, 
(plane, solid, and siiherical,) plane trigonometry, spherical 
trigonometry, surveying, navigation, analytical geometry, dif- 
ferential and integral calculus. In addition to the full course 
of recitations, lectures arc delivered from time to time on 
these various branches and their applications taught in con- 
nection with their theories. 

. Fifth — The department of the Greek Languages and Lit- 
erature, Elisha Ballantiue, A. M., professor. In this school 
arc taught Greek grammar, Greek reader, Greek compositions, 
Xenophon's anabasis and cyropedia, Herodotus, Homer, Thu- 
cydides, Demosthenes, Xenophon's memorabilea, Soi)hocles, 
Eurepides, Greek prosody, antiquities and mythology. Thor- 
ough instruction is given in the structure of this language, 
with constant attention to the accents and grammar. 

Sixtli — The school of Civil Engineering and Military Sci 
ence. Colonel James Thompson, U. S. A., professor. In this 
school are taught practical surveying, with operations in the 
field, and instructions in regard to the use of the theodolite 



496 HISTORY OF INDLV2TA. 

and the other instruments used in civil enp^ineering. Tho 
students in this department are also taught mechanical draw- 
ing, and the theories of the construction of hridgcs, raih-oads, 
turnpikes, etc., and the various styles and kinds of archi- 
tecture. 

Practical instruction in military drill in the school of the 
soldier, and that of the company, is also furnished in this 
department. Those in this military school drill twice a week, 
which, in addition to giving them a knowledge of the manual 
of arms and military tactics, tends greatly to promote their 
physical development, giving them a graceful bearing, as well 
as firmness of muscle and general good health. 

Seventh — The school of the Latin Language and Literature, 
Amzi Atwater, A. M., professor. In this school are taught 
Latin composition, and the elements and structure of the Latin 
language, and the following classical authors are read, viz.: 
Cicero, Horace, and Tacitus; lloman antiquities and mythology 
are also studied. 

Before entering this department, the student must have 
mastered the preparatory course in Latin, consisting of Latin 
grammar, the elementary exercises of rendering Latin into 
English, and English into Latin; Latin reader, Latin prose 
composition, Ctcsar, and Virgil. Direct reference is had con- 
stantly to intellectual discipline which the study of the classics 
furnishes the student, and to perfect him in his command of 
the powers and resources of his vernacular tongue. 

EigliiJi — The department of English Literature and Elocu- 
tion, Geo. W. LEoss, LL. D., professor, and Sarah A. Morrison, 
A. M., assistant professor of English Literature. In this 
school are taught English composition, rhetoric, philosophy 
of rhetoric, logic, criticism, sentential analysis, English litera- 
ture, art of discourse and elocution. In logic, rhetoric and 
art of discourse, practice, as well as theory is required. 
Especial attention is given throughout the course in this 
department to criticisms in English; and in the daily recita- 
tions and exercises, every effort is made to render these studies 
oi jpraGtical utility to the student, in giving him perfect com- 
mand of the English language. Classes are formed in elocu- 



INDIANA STATE UNI\TatSITY. 497 

tion, and daily lessons are given in vocal culture and delivery. 

Ninth — The school of Modern Languages and Ilistory. In 
this department are taught German grammar, German com- 
position, tlic translation of German into English, and of Eiig- 
lish into German; French grammar and composition, and tlie 
translation of French into English, and of English into French. 
The students daily practice conversation in these languages in 
connection with the professor. The most distinguished Ger- 
man authors are read; and selections from the best French 
writers are read and translated. General history, ancient and 
modern, is studied, with daily recitations throughout the fresh- 
man year. 

Tenth — The preparatory school, Walter B. Houghton, A. 
M., and Miss S. May, professors. In this department arc 
taught English grammar, arithmetic, geography, orthography, 
sentential analysis, English compesition, history of the United 
States, book-keeping, algebra, (elementary and higher), geom- 
etry, Latin grammar, Latin reader, Latin prose comj'yosition, 
Cajsar, Virgil, and Cicero's orations. 

A change has recently been made in the studies requisite for 
admission to the freshman class in the university. One year 
more of mathematics, and one year less of Greeks are now 
required in the preparatory course. This modification adapts 
the collegiate course of the university to the course of study 
in the best class of high schools in the State. The student 
who completes the high school course and passes satisfactory 
examinations, is entitled to enter the freshman class in the 
university without further examinations; and he is not com- 
pelled, as heretofore, to spend two years in some private acad- 
emy or preparatory department of some college, in order to 
bring up his studies in Greek. Tlius the public system of 
education of Indiana is consolidated and harmonized; and a 
complete gradation of schools is established, in accordance 
with the provisions of the State constitution, from the pri- 
mary, intermediate, and high school, to the university, in all 
of which, tuition is free. 

Eleventh — State geological, mineralogical and agricultural 
reconnoissance, Edward T. Cox, A. M., State geologist. By 
32 



498 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

an act of the general assembly, passed in ISCl, tlic State ideol- 
ogist is made, ex officio, a member of the faculty of the Indiana 
State University, and one of the stated lecturers. lie is also 
required to present to tlie cabinet of the university a duplicate 
of all the specimens in geology and mineralogy collected in 
the State of Indiana. 

TwelftJi^HhQ Law School. Faculty: Cyrus Nutt, D. D. 
LL. D., president; Hon. B. E. Khodes, A. M., and Hon. Cyrus 
F. !McNutt, law professors. 

Tliis department now occupies the commodious and beauti- 
ful room prepared for it in the new edifice, just completed. 
The course of instruction begins on the seventeenth of Sep- 
tember, and closes on the last Thursday before the fourth of 
July in each year. The year is divided into three sessions 
corresponding to the sessions of the collegiate department. 
Moot courts are held every "Wednesday and Saturday, in which 
all the students are exercised in the preparation of papers and 
pleadings, the rules of practice, forms of record and in the 
discussion of legal questions. Tuition is free for all. The 
contingent fee is three dollars per session. Students of the 
law department are allowed to attend lectures and recitations 
in the university, under the direction of the faculty of arts. 
Students receive the degree of bachelor of laws after an 
attendance of not less than two years, provided they pass the 
requisite examinations. Connected with this department, 
there is a large and valuable law library, containing the works 
of the best writers upon jurisprudence, together with Englisli 
reports, and the reports of the supreme court of the United 
States, and the reports of the supreme courts of most of the 
States. To this library the students have free access. 



If we have made a longer chapter on the Indiana State 
University than its importance, compared with other interests 
of the State, demands, we have done so in the liope tliat it 
may awaken a more general interest in its welfare. This is 
much needed. The medical department of the university is 
located in Indianapolis, and will receive due notice in our 
sketch of Marion county, in a succeeding chapter. 



CHAPTER LXII. 

HENET COUNTY HISTORICAL AIO) DESCRIPTIVE. 

HENRY county was first settled in lSlS-10. In the latter 
year Asahel Woodard, Andrew Shannon, Allen Shep- 
herd, a Mr. "VYhittinger, David Cray, George Ilobson, and 
Wm. Shannon, settled in what is now Henry township. Mr. 
"Woodard erected his log cabin just north of the site of the 
present town of New Castle, within a few yards of his residence. 
The Whittingers and Mr. Cray built a " log residence " not 
many yards from the site where Joshua Holland's house was 
afterwards erected. Allen Shepherd settled nearly two miles 
north by east of New Castle, on what was afterwards known 
as the Huddleson farm, and his " elegant residence,* er<3cted 
fifty-five years ago is still standing." Andrew Shannon located 
just north of Shcjiherd, and near the present site of the Hern- 
ley mills. George Hobson settled on the farm afterwards 
owned by Judge Elliott, about a mile and a half southwest of 
New Castle. William Shannon settled on what was afterwards 
known as the Holloway farm, four miles southwest of Now 
Castle. Following these came Joseph Hobson, who settled 
near the Elliott farm, two miles southwest of New Castle. It 
was at his house that the first county courts were held. 
" George Hobson, Andrew Shannon, Mr. Wliittinger, and D. 
Cray," says Mr. Pleas, "brought their families with them, and 
made their cages afterAvards. Mrs. Ashel Woodard and Mrs. 
William Shannon arrived on the thirty-first of July following, 
and Mr. Woodard planted about two acres of corn, the first 
crop, he thinks, ever raised by a white man in this county. 
He planted an old Indian field or clearing, and although culti- 

♦ From Mr. Pleas' narrative. 

499 



500 mSTORT OF INDIANA. 

vatcd with tlie hoe alone, he tliinks he never saw such corn 
before or since." Thus was commenced the settlement of 
Henry county. The record is a simple one, yet full of mean- 
inf^, and the same plain story can be told of the first settlement 
of nearly every county in the State. These were the pioneers 
of pioneers — those who felled the first trees of the forest, and 
tilled the first patch of ground, and built the first rude log 
cabins; and then there were the other pioneers who followed 
and increased the settlement, bringing with them new hopes, 
new ideas, new energies, new resolutions that braced up the 
weary original settlers. Then there were the long, cold, cheer- 
less winters, with a scarcity of clothing and provisions; with 
sick infant children, that were often laid away, after death, in 
the snow-covered earth, with only the little mound to mark 
their graves among the tall trees; with absent husbands and 
fathers, and lonesome nights, when the beating heai'ts of fore- 
boding wives and mothers longed for the return of paternal 
footsteps, or chilled as the dismal howl of the hungry wolf 
floated on the midnight winds. And then there were toiling 
men, brave men, and indeed great men, the greatest men this 
State has ever had — pioneer men — who through the " dark 
days " of want, privation, hardship and peril, worked on, and 
opened the way for the glorious civilization that followed them 
so closely. Such was pioneer life in Indiana, and it is scarcely 
necessary to repeat the same story in these short county 
eketchcs. 

Ilenry county was organized by an act of tlie legislature, 
adopted in February, 1821. Lawrence Brannon, and John 
Bell, of Wayne county, John Sample, of La Fayette, Bichard 
Biem, of Jackson, and J. W. Scott, of Union, were appointed 
as commissioners, to meet at the house of Joseph Ilobson on 
the first Monday in July, 1821, for the purpose of locating the 
county seat. The first county election M'as held in 1822, and 
resulted in the election of the following ofilcers: Jesse LC. 
Ilealy, sheriff"; Tieme Julian, clerk and recorder; Thos. 1^. 
Stanford, and Elisha Long, associate judges; Allen Shepherd, 
Wm. Shannon, and Samuel Goble, commissioners. 

Kew Castle was chosen the county seat of Henry county, 



HENRY COUNTY HISTOKICAL AND DESCEIPriYE. 501 

and in February, 1S23, the county commissioners ordered that 
" tlie agent of Henry county shall offer for sale, to the lowest 
bidder, in the town of New Castle, the building of the court 
house of Henry county of thti following dimensions, to wit. 
being logs twenty-two by eighteen feet, each log to face not 
less than twelve inches at the little end, being seven inches 
thick, twelve rounds high, with a cabin roof to consist of 
eleven joists, to be four inches by nine, the joists to be eight 
feet nine inches from the floor," etc. In the following May, 
liowever, the commissioners ordered that the plans for the 
court house should be changed so as to make the building 
larger. 

]S^ew Castle, the county seat of Henry county, is pleasantly 
located in the center of the county. It was first laid off in 
1822. After the usual pioneer struggles, the town grew in 
population and importance, and in 1833 it contained about 
three hundred inhabitants. It has now a population of about 
two thousand five hundred, and is a flourishing business 
center. It has excellent educational facilities, and contains 
witliin it the elements for an extensive future development. 

Knightstowu, a thrifty village, is pleasantly situated on Blue 
river. It was first platted in 1827, and is now one of the most 
enterprising villages in the county. In educational matters 
it has excelled. The Knightstown academy building is a com- 
modeous structure, capable of accommodating nearly four 
liundrcd pupils. The graded school at this town is also a 
flourishing and efliciently managed institution. The popula- 
tion of KnightstoAvn is over two thousand. There are several 
enterprising and prosperous villages in the county. In the 
rural districts the scene is fully as refreshing as in the villages. 
The farmers have all put aside their pioneer habits and have 
taken on the modern regime. They are nearly all either 
wealthy or in comfortable circumstances. The county has 
good railroad facilities, and with a productive soil, its future 
material progress is guaranteed. The area of the county is 
about three hundred and ninety square miles. The surface is 
well watered, and the soil adapted to all kinds of grain indi- 
genous to the State. 



CHAPTEE LXIII. 

CAEKOLL COUNTY HISTOKICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

HENRY ROBINSON and his son, Abncr Robinson, were 
the first settlers of Carroll county. Others followed 
close in their footsteps. The Robinsons built their cabins in 
the winter of 1824^5, and, in the fall of 1825-6, the settle- 
ment had reached quite a ncif^liborhood. There is a long train 
of interesting pioneer reminiscences connected with the early 
experiences of the Robinsons, and those who settled in the 
county about the same time. These would aflbrd a narrative 
full of romance and interest, and full of evidences of the great 
energy and perseverance of those early settlers. But we have 
no space for this narrative. Carroll county was organized by 
an act of the general assembly, in 1828. Tlic counuissioners 
appointed for the purpose selected the site of the present city 
of Delphi for the county seat. It was first given the name of 
CarroUton, but was soon after changed to Delphi. The sale 
of lots took place on the eleventh day of August, 1828, but 
land was not very valuable then, and the lots went off at a low 
price. So little enthusiasm was manifested at the sale, that it 
was decided to dispose of only part of the town lots, and await 
a more profitable season for the sale of the others. Not long 
after the sale a Presbyterian church was organized at Delphi, 
and the residence of Henry Robinson was used as a place of 
worship. In the fall of 1828, a large number of new settlers 
arrived, and the little town began to show evidences of growth 
and prosperity. 

The fall and ^vintcr of 1828-9, were unusually dry. " The 
merchants shipped their goods from Cincinnati for the "Wabash 
on steamboats, which could proceed no further than the rapids 

502 



504 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

below Yincenncs, at ]\[ount Carmcl." From that point tlicy 
■were conveyed to Del])lii on wagons, " very niucli to the injury 
of the nicrcliants, and the disappointment of tlie people." 
Early in tlic year 1S30, ^Ir. Henry Ilobinson's mill was put 
in operation. During that year the summer was exceedingly 
dry and sickly.* The county im])roved ra])idly, but, unfortu 
nately for Delphi, as it first came into notice that season, the 
unusual amount of sickness gave it a had name, from which 
it did not recover for many ^^ears. This idea, however, has 
long since been lost in the general and well-founded reputation 
of the present Delphi for healthl'ulness. 

At the first meeting of the Old Settlers' Society of Carroll 
county, held in 1S55, the following list of the names of the 
early settlers of the county was obtained. It gives their 
names, their native States, age at that time, and the date of 
their settlement in the county : 

N.ame. Where Born. Age. Date of Settlement. 

Abner Eobinson Ky 54 Dec. 31, 1S24. 

William McCord Ya 59 .... Feb. G, 1S27. 

James Odell Ind U .... Feb. 1S25. 

Thomas Gillam, Sen Penn G8 .... April 4, 1829. 

John M. Gillam Penn G9 Mar. 4, 1829. 

Thos. Sterlin Penn 54 .... Mar. 3, 1825. 

John Little N. C GQ ....^ov. G, 1826. 

JolmM. Ewing Penn 58 April, 1827. 

Daniel McCain Ohio 55 .... April, 182G. 

William Hughes Ya G8 Feb. 1829. 

Adam Porter Ya 50 Nov. 1829. 

Aaron Gregg Ohio 53 Oct. 1830. 

William McCain Ohio 52 ... .Dec. 10, 1828. 

John W. Gillam Ind 44 ... .April 1, 1827. 

Isaac Eobbins Ohio 39 Oct. 1828. 

William B. Givins Ya 37 . . . .April, 1829. 

Henry M. Graham ... . . Ind 38 Jan. G, 1829. 

John B. Milroy Ind 35 Dec. 1826. 

John Archer Ohio 40 April, 1831. 

* James Harvey Stewart's compilation. 



CARKOLL COUNTY EARLY HISTORY. 505 

JoscpJi Cox Ky 37 .... April, 1829. 

Jolm LiiiT Ohio 47 .... Sept. 1831. 

Isaac Jackson Ya 40 .... Oct. 1827. 

Jas. F.Givins Ind 28 April, 1827. 

Geor^^e lloystcr Ind 29 .... Jan. 1830. 

James II. Stewart Ky 4G Apr. 10,1830. 

Andrew Bnrntrager Ya 55 .... Sept. 1829. 

Enocli Stancel Oliio 49 Nov. 1830. 

David Baum Penn 50 April, 1825. 

Noble Conklin Ohio 48 .... Oct. 1830. 

Jas. McDowell N. C G9 .... Aiirr. 14,1826. 

Sam. D. Grcsham Ya 49 Apr. 30,1830. 

These are by no means all the early settlers, or even a com- 
plete list of those who settled previous to 1829. I3ut it 
embraces nearly all who located in the county in 1828, and 
previous to that date. 

The first circuit court of Carroll county was held at the 
house of Daniel Baum, on the eighth of May, 1828, Judge B. 
F. Morris, presiding. This was a pioneer court scene, but 
Carroll county has beautifully outgrown those early days. 
Delphi has, to-day, an elegant court house, and the Can^oll 
Circuit Court is one of its boasted evidences of a high intel- 
ligence. 

The surface of Carroll county is undulating along the 
Wabash, Tippecanoe and Wild Cat, which are the principal 
streams; in other places it is level. About one-fifth of the 
county was originally dry prairie, the balance forest, consist- 
ing mostly of oak, walnut, poplar, beech and sugar tree. The 
soil is mostly a rich loam, well adapted to corn, wheat, etc., 
and these, with cattle, hogs, etc., are the principal surplus 
articles produced for exportation. The rural districts of the 
county present one general scene of prosperity. The farmers 
are nearly all wealthy. They have good residences, thrifty 
farms, excellent schools, commodious and substantial churches. 
Education is encouraged, and the youths promise much for 
the future welfare of a prosperity already flourishing. The 
towns and villages of the county are all enjoying superior 



506 mSTOEY OF INDIANA. 

graded scliools. Delphi Las a population of over two thons- 
and, and is the largest town in the count j. Its school facili- 
ties are excelled nowhere in the State. 



CnAPTEK LXIY. 

ewnZEELAND COUNTY HISTOEICAL AND DESCRITTIVB. 

TIIE first settlement within the limits of Switzerland, of 
which any definite account can be obtained, was made by 
Heathcoat Picket, who settled above Plum creek, about three 
miles above Vevay, in 1795, where he built a cabin and re- 
mained for several years. There being an abundance of game, 
his family were always supplied with meat. The bread was 
made from corn ground in a hand mill. The family consisted 
of the father, mother, two sons, and one daughter. They all 
endured severe privations, and often narrowly escaj^ed the 
dreaded tomahawk of the treacherous savages. In 1798 the 
Cotton and Deckason families settled on Indian creek, about 
three miles from the Ohio river, some distance from Vevay. 
In 1799 Robert Gullion settled in the Ohio river bottom, 
above the mouth of Loglick creek. 

In 1796 John James Dufour, a native of Switzerland, 
Europe, explored the country along the Ohio river between 
Cincinnati and Louisville, seeking a suitable location for the 
future homes of himself, his son, four brothers, three sisters, 
and a few of their associates who were desirous of coming to 
America to introduce the cultivation of the vine. He finally 
located between Indian and Plum creeks, and entered, under a 
special act of congress, about three thousand acres of land, stt 
two dollars per acre, with interest, on a credit of twelve years 
— the extended credit being given for the purpose of encour- 
aging the cultivation of the vine and making domestic wine. 



SWITZERLAND COUNTY — EAKLY HISTORY. 507 

" The colonists, numbering seventeen souls, embarked for the 
United States in January, ISOl, and landed at Norfolk, Vir- 
ginia, in May of the same year. They began arriving at their 
destination, New Switzerland — the name given to their new 
settlement — in 1S03, and by 1809 they had built comfortable 
log houses, cleared considei'able land, planted orchards and 
vineyards, and commenced making considerable quantities of 
wine, which in the market was always known as ' Vevay wine'." 

In Noveml)er, 1813, John Francis Dufour and Daniel Dufour 
laid out the town of Vevay — the lots being sold at public 
sale. This sale was quite successful, many persons from 
neighboring settlements being present and purcliasing liberally. 
In the spring of 1814 persons from Ohio, Pennsylvania and 
New York commenced settling in the new town. The site of 
the town, for the most part, was Ij'ing in a very heavy timbered 
tract of land, and it required much hard work to clear off the 
timber and build houses. The county was organized in 1814, 
and the county seat was located at Vevay. 

The hardshij)s of the earlj' settlers of Switzerland county 
may be imagined, from the fact that from 1803 to 1813 the 
settlec's within the limits of the county were in continual 
dread of being attacked and massacred by bands of hostile 
Indians. As a means for better protection against surprise by 
the Indians, several ffiuiilies would meet at night at the house 
of one of the number, and while the women and children and 
part of the men retii-ed to rest, part of the men kept watch 
with loaded gims. Through these precautions, but few, if any, 
persons ever met their death at the hands of hostile Indians in 
that county. 

Immediately after the organization of the county it began 
to increase in population, and fro;n 181G to 1822 towns were 
laid out in different parts of the county, and the general scene 
was that of activity, industry and thrift. In 1815 James 
Mclntire laid out the town of Erin, opposite Carrollton, Ky., 
but was unsuccessful in his attempts to attract population at 
that point. In 1816 Peter Dcmaree laid out the town of 
Alleusville, which for some time promised to become an im- 
portant point. It is now a pleasant village. Thus we might 



508 HISTORY OF IM75IANA. 

name several towns tliat were laitl out in tliat county in ISIG- 
17-1 S, etc. [n short, its proi^ress was fully uj) to the best 
counties in the State. 

The farmers of tlic county are a very industrious, moral, 
liard-workini> peojilc; most of them have gained an independ- 
ence, and are now enjoying tlie fruits of their labors, having 
excellent residences, while their children enjoy the best of 
schools. Hay is the great staple of the county, and has been 
exported with great prolit. The county is well timbered with 
the very best quality of wood, and the farmer has all the 
opportunities and advantages for success. Switzerland county 
Las not increased in population as rapidly as in wealth. Its 
villages are all established on a firm looting, and its commerce 
pud agriculture are exceedingly prosperous. 



CHAPTER LXV. 

OHIO COUNTY — mSTOKICAL AND DESCRimVE. 

OHIO county contains eighty-seven square miles, or 55,680 
acres of territory. Of this, 54,750 acres are tillable. 
The general character of the land is rolling, and in some parts 
broken by ranges of hills; these, however, are not so high or 
60 steep as to prevent cultivation. Many of these hill farms 
rival the bottom lands in fertility; "while the bottom farms, 
lying along the courses of the Ohio river, Laughery or Arnold's 
creeks, are fully equal to the far-tamed Miami bottoms in rich- 
ness." Some time previous to its settlement by Americans, 
the soil of Ohio county was the scene of a terrible massacre — 
that of Colonol Laughei-y and his party, which occurred in 
1781. Colonel Laughery, with a party of about one hundred 
men, was descending the Ohio, endeavoring to overtake and 
and rc-enforce the celebrated General G. R. Clark, who was 



onio couNTr — historical and DESCKimvE. 509 

then on an expedition against the western Indians. lie was 
■waylaid and surprised near Langliery creek, wliere he, with 
most of his men, were overpowered and massacred. 

In the spring of 1798, Benjamin Chambers, a government 
officer, first planted his compass and carried his chain over the 
land on which now stands Eising Sun — the county seat of 
Ohio county. " This, together with several tracts which he sur- 
veyed, was granted to him and Lewis Davis by government, 
the patent bearing date of October twenty-first, 1807, and the 
signatures of .Thomas Jefierson, president, and James Madison, 
secretary of state of the United States. In 1803 he had built 
a double log house, and moved his family out here the same 
year. In the same year, John Fulton and his son, with their 
families, emigrated here from Lancaster county. Pa. They 
bought land the following year from Benj. Chambers, and 
Samuel Fulton built a cabin on the river bank, near where the 
woolen factory now stands, in Rising Sun. The beautiful 
scenery of green and lofty hills, opening fields, giant forests, 
and winding river, presented an enchanted picture to his fam- 
ily. He was a pioneer of many excellent qualities, and noted 
for his daring skill as a hunter, simplicity of manners and 
integrity of character. He opened his house for the use of the 
Eev. James Kemper and Kev. David Hiske to preach the gos- 
pel, from 1804 to 1808." * In 1799, Benj. Avery located on a 
tract of land bordering on the river, a half a mile above Rising 
Sun. In 1802, Thomas Fulton settled on the bank of Arnold's 
creek, on what is now known as the Nelson farm. The 
Indians encamped there often and held their councils, but 
they were seldom troublesome. In 1803, the Brown family 
began to settle in the county. First came Ethan Allen Brown. 
He and David Brown established the " old Brown homestead." 
Roger Brown, Jr., came in 1810, and the rest of the family in 
1814. Ethan Allen Brown rose to honorable distinction in the 
civil service of his country. He became judge of the supreme 
court, governor of the State of Ohio, commissioner of the land 
oflice, senator of the United States, and minister to BraziL 

• From a sketch in State Atlas. 



510 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

He died at Indianapolis, February twenty-fourth, 1852, aged 
seventy-six years, 

Tlie early settlement of Ohio county is — as also that of all 
other counties in the State — full of romance. In the winter 
of 1805, Samuel Fulton made a large party for his neighbors; 
Benj. Chambers, an invited guest, put his oxen to a largo 
pirogue (a water craft, or dug-out), and, with all of his family 
and a few of his neighbors in it, gave them a merry sleigh-ride 
to the party. This was a common conveyance during the sea- 
eon of sleighing, in those early days of our history. 

In 1817, an attempt was made to organize Ohio county, but 
the measure was not carried into effect until 1843. In Decem- 
ber, 1844, the first court was held in Rising Sun — the latter 
place having been selected as the seat of justice for the county. 

Rising Sun is situated upon the Ohio river, thirty-five miles 
from Cincinnati, Ohio, upon a high rolling table land; so high 
there is no possibility of an overflow from any rise in the river. 
A complete natural drainage is afforded. The city was first 
laid out in the spring of 1814, in a dense forest, which then 
covered its present site, by John James. Rising Sun was 
incorporated as a city by a special charter, in January, 1848, 
and has long been celebrated for its beautiful location, health, 
wide and pleasant streets, numerous shade trees, cozy and 
elegant residences, and congenial and intelligent inhabitants. 

The land in Ohio county is very fertile, and well watered by 
numerous small streams. There are throughout the county 
numerous mounds, near which interesting relics of the '' stone 
age " have been found. 



CnAPTER LXYI. 

BAKTnOLOMEW COUNTY HISTOKICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

BAETIIOLOMEW county was organized in 1821, under 
an act of the general assembly, approved January ninth 
of that year, and was taken from what was then known as 
Delaware county.* It was named in honor of General Joseph. 
Bartholomew, of Clark county. lie was a distinguished 
soldier of the Indian wars, and commanded a battalion of 
Indiana militia in the battle of Tippecanoe, where he was 
severely wounded. In 1819, wlien the treaty by which the 
lands in Bartholomew county were ceded to the United States 
by tlie natives, there were no white settlers in the county, yet 
Buch was the inviting character of the country that it was 
rapidly settled by an intelligent and enterprising population. 
At the first election after the organization of the county, there 
were three hundred and fifty-five votes cast, indicating nearly 
two thousand inhabitants. 

The central and eastern portion of the county is generally 
level and the soil productive; the western portion is broken 
and less fertile, although there is but little really poor land in 
the county. The country known as the "Ilaw Patch," which 
is twelve miles in length and six in width, would compare 
favorably with any portion of the famous "Blue Grass" 
region of Kentucky. "Between Flatrock and Driftwood/' 
says the author of the " Indiana Gazetteer," " there were 
originally forests for miles, without any undergrowth, and 
where the tall and thinly scattered walnut, blue ash and sugar 

* Our sketch of Bartholomew county is compiled principally from MS. 
furnished by Dr. J, C. Beck, of Cincinnati, an old and respected resident 
of the county. 

511 



612 DISTORT OF INDIANA. 

trees no more interfered with travelers on liorseback or in car- 
riai^es, tlian wonld open parks, where trees had been planted 
and trimmed for the purpose." 

The principal water courses are the Driftwood or East Fork 
of White river, Flatrock, Big Sand creek. Little Sand creek, 
Clifty, Blue river, Bock creek. Haw creek, Duck creek, Tough 
creek, White creek, Bear creek, Denio's creek, Nineveh creek, 
Cook's creek and Pleasant run; Driftwood fork was, by an 
act of the legislature in 1824, declared a public highway; 
nearly all these streams afford mill fiicilities during a greater 
part of the year, and a never-ftiiling supply of water for stock. 
Fish were formerly found in abundance, but of late years the 
supply has notably diminished, and artificial means have been 
resorted to, to restore it, with a ftiir prospect of success. 

Prominent among the early settlers were, John Lindsay, 
Luke Boustcel, John Prathea, David Dcitz, John B. Bobinson, 
Williamson Terrell, Francis J. Cramp, Joseph Cox, Tunis 
Quick, William S. Jones, David Kellar, Bansom Davis, Arch- 
ibald McEwan, Solomon Stout, Samuel Nelson, Jacob Cook, 
James ILmmcr, Joseph McFall, Samuel Bcek, and Jessie and 
William Buddick. They had mostly emigrated from Ken- 
tucky, and Avei'e all men of character and force, and contrib- 
uted largely to the subsequent prosperity of the county. 
Many of their descendants reside there, and are numbered 
among the most prominent and induential citizens. 

Columbus is the county seat of Bartholomew. It has 
been incoi^poratcd as a city. ILartsville, Hope, Taylors- 
villc, Azalia, Elizabethtown, Jonesville, Walesboro, Wajnies- 
ville, Newburn, Mount Healthy, Waymansville, Clifford, 
Bethany, Kansas, Burnsville, and St. Louis Crossing arc 
incorporated towns, all of them prosperous and thriving. 
The county seat was selected by William P. Thomasson, of 
Harrison county, Ebenczer E. Morgan, of Crawford county, 
John E. Clark, of Washington county, and James Hamilton, 
of Jackson county, commissioners appointed by the general 
assejnbly for that purpose. Tliey met at the house of John 
Parker, on Haw creek, February twelfth, 1821, and after care- 
ful consideration, agreed upon the site. They decided to call 




. 33 



514 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

itTiptona, in lionor of Geiicml Tijiton, who owned lands in 
tlie vicinity, l)ut the county couuiiissioncrs, at their second 
mcetin;jr, in i\Iai-cli, 1S-2I, changed the name to Cohunl)ns. 

The lir.-t settlers of Coliniilms were >]>>]\\\ Miidsaj ami Luke 
Donestecl, who lia<l ])ui-cliase(l \>y enti-y iVoin the i;-en(M-al i;ov- 
cninieiit in 1S20, the i^ronnd n])o:i whicli a considerahle ]»or- 
tion (»f the town was hjcated, and which was donated I>y them 
for the pni']~>osc of securing the location. David Ueitz, the 
ohlest settler in Columhns, iiow living;, came there in the 
sjirin^ of 1821. 1'hc next in seniority, still i-esidiiif^ there, is 
Francis J. Crump, ])i'esident of the Fir>t National baidc, who 
came early the fullowitii; year. Williamson Terrell came to 
the })lace, from Kentucky, in 1821. There were but three 
houses in it, and so un])romisini; was its ]>rospects that he 
left. He returned, however, in 1828, and remained till ]iis 
death in 1873 

Bartholomew county lias all the elements of greatness, and 
it naturally invites capital and remunerates abundantly the 
husbandman. 

In consequence of the donation of a lari^c amount of land, 
by the Indians, at a treaty for the specified purpose of build- 
ing a road from the Ohio river to Lake Michigan, the building 
of this road, and esjiecially as no point on the Ohio river had 
been designated in the treaty, every place fi'om the mouth of 
the Miami to the Wabash intrigued lor it. For several ses- 
sions this was the prize coveted and contended for." 

Jefl'erson county was ably represented in the house by Mil- 
ton Stapp, and in the senate by Jose})h G. J^larshall, who, by 
th-eir energy and talents, secured Madison as the starting point 
from the Ohio river, and as they suspected Philip Sweetser, 
who re])resented Bartholomew county, of having senatorial 
as])irations, which would naturally lead him to ])refer Jeil'cr- 
sonville as a starting point, they had the road laid oil' by the 
way of Greensburg and Shelbyvillc, instead of through Ver- 
non, Columbus and Franklin, as it ought, if it was to become 
a fjrcat thorouirhfare. 

* From Dr. J. C. Beck's MS. 



BARTHOLOMEW COUNTr. 515 

This caused the defeat of Sweetser and the election of Wil- 
liam Ilerod the following year, wlio bccaitie our next repre- 
sentative. 

Colonel T. G. Lee, who represented the county in 1835-6, 
secured charters for railroads from Madison and Jeffersonville 
through Columbus to Indianapolis, and the people, on learning 
the fact, assembled and had a time of great rejoicing, bonfires, 
etc., little suspecting that the very next day, the charter for 
the Jeffersonville branch railroad had been repealed by the 
efforts of Marshall and Stapp. Some years after the same 
charter was again granted, and made only a few years later 
than the Madison railroad, and is now the more important of 
the two roads. 

The first train on the latter road reached Columbus on the 
fourth day of July, 1844, greeted with great joy by the people 
of the county. Now they are accommodated by two railroads 
crossing at Columbus and traversing the county in the form of 
an X; the Jeffersonville road having trains direct without 
change of cars to the eastern cities. The Madison and Jeffer- 
sonville roads unite here and go direct to Indianapolis. What 
is called the Cambridge City Branch railroad, is the direct 
route to the Eastern cities. 

Another projected line from Cincinnati, passing through the 
middle of the county, from east to west, to the famous coal 
and iron fields in the western portion of the State, will per- 
haps be built in a few years. 

The county is well improved by turnpikes and other works 
for the convenience and comfort of the people. During the 
year 1821, and until July, 1822, the courts occupied the house 
located on lot Ko. 119 of the original plat of Columbus, and 
known as the "Luke Bonestcel Ilouse. ' John Pence and 
Epliriam Arnold, associate judges, held the first court March 
twclftli, and the second court June eleventh, 1821. At the 
third term, held in October of the same year, Davis Floyd, 
judge of the second judicial district of the State, presided, with 
the same two associates previously named. The next court 
was held in a log house on lot No. 148, north-east corner of 
Lindsay and Walnut streets, owned by Wm. Y. Snyder, and 



516 HIOTOET OF INDIANA. 

the youtliful "Wm. W. Wick, presiding judge, with rcnse and 
Arnold as " side judges." In 1824, court moved into a house 
provided by Philip Swcctser. 

In 1825, court was held in Newton C. Jones' house, on the 
north-east corner of Jackson and Walnut streets. We have 
been thus minute in the history of the courts, to show the con- 
trast between then and now, as Bartholomew county now lias 
the most elegant temple of justice in the State, outside of 
Indianapolis. 

The brick courthouse, built by Giles Mitchel, was occupied 
by the courts and received by the county commissioners 
November, 1825. This court house was regarded by the 
pioneers as " extravagantly costly," but the rapid progress of 
the county in wealth and population, and the early decay of the 
building, caused, in 1838, the board of justices to order " that 
the old court house be sold, and a new court house built." 

Columbus has now a population of over five thousand. Its 
schools are conducted on the most efficient plan, in commodi- 
ous buildings. The new court house is an ornament to the 
city, and a credit to the county. The city is quite prosperous 
in commerce, education and public improvements. 

The rural districts of the county are nearly all wealthy. 
The farmers are enjoying the richest fruits of the husband- 
man's toil, and are mostly independent in this world's goods. 
They had early provided excellent schools for the young, and in 
every quarter there are noticeable evidences of industry and 
thrift. 



CHAPTER LXYII. 

FLOYD COUNTY IIISTOKICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

FLOYD county "U'as named in honor of Colonel John Flojd, 
of Yirginia. Tlic surface of the county contains some 
of the distingnishini^ physical features of the State. A range 
of hills called the "knobs," about t\vo and a half miles in 
breadth, runs through the county from north to south, reach- 
ing the Ohio a short distance below New Albany, the county 
seat. They present a very rugged surface, and are composed 
of slate, clay, soft sandstone and iron ore. Above the clay and 
ore is a layer of freestone, valuable for building purposes. 
East of the knobs, and in a portion of the country west, the 
land is gently rolling, but the general character of the county 
is hilly and the soil poor, with the exception of some tracts of 
good land. The county was formerly quite well timbcred.v 
Much of the county is well adapted to the cultivation of corn 
and grass, and to raising cattle, hogs, horses and sheep, y 

Any sketch of Floyd county must be pi-incipally of New 
Albany. Within the limits of tliat city we find concentrated 
most of the industiy, wealth, and materials for future great- 
ness in the county. 

New Albany was laid out in 1S13, by Joel, Abner and 
Nathaniel Scribner. The original plat of the town did not 
embrace more than one-third of its present area, the purchase 
of the Scribners amounting to but eight hundred and twenty- 
six and one-half acres. The land was purchased by the Scrib- 
ner brothers of John Paul, who entered it at the government 
land office at Vincennes. Tlie lots were disposed of by public 
auction on the first Tuesday and Wednesday of November, 
1813, and there was a stipulation in the advertisement of the 

517 



518 niSTOKT OF IKDIi^A. 

sale tlmt "one-fourth part of each payment npon tlic lots sold 
shall bo jiaid into the hands of trustees, to be chosen hy tho 
purchasers, until such payments shall amount to live thousand 
dollars, the interest of which to be ap])lied to the use of 
schools iu the town for the use of its inhabitants forever." 
Tliis was tlie manner in which the Scribner high school of 
Is'^ew Albany was founded, which, through the lapse of fifty- 
nine years, has flourished, and is now one among the most 
ciliciciitly managed and prosperous high schools in Indiana. 
It is connected with the public schools of the city as tlio male 
high school. Provision was also made by the Scribncrs for 
lots upon which to erect churclics, county buildings, and for a 
public ])ark, all which generous designs of the founders of the 
city liavc been fully carried out. In 1S14 a large number of 
families removed to New Albany, and from that time fo?-ward, 
notwithstanding the nearness of Louisville, and the start that 
town had gained in population and business, the contiguity of 
Jcflcrsonville and shi])ping post, and the laying off and settle- 
ment of Portland, on the opposite side of the Ohio, with the 
active competition these towns offered, New Albany had a 
steady and substantial, but not a rapid, growth. 

There arc no thrilling incidents in the early history of 
Kew Albany. It has had a quiet growth, and has " ever been 
more celebrated for its moral, religions and educational advan- 
tages, line climate and good health, than as a 'fast town,' 
where vice is predominant, and the temptations to youth 
numerous and alluring. In its religion, benevolent and educa- 
tional enterprises, it has always held the rank of the first city 
in the State." 

The location and scenery are admirable. "It is laid out," 
says Mr. Cotton, "upon a beautiful plateau, above high water 
mark in the Ohio, upon tAvo benches or plains that sweep 
northward by a gentle rise from the river, with wide streets 
crossing each other at right angles. To tho west and north- 
west is a range of liills from three to five hundred feet in 
height, known to the Indians as the ' Silver Hills,' from the 
peculiarly bright, smoky halo that ever hangs around and 
over them. These hills, now called the ' knobs,' arc croAvned 



tLOYfl COUNTY IIISTOKICAL AXD DESCKirTITE. 519 

wit]i iri":ind old forest trees, or dotted lierc and tlicrc with neat 
and often elegant farm liouses. Tliej add greatly to the 
beauty of the city, giving it a most cliarming and romantic 
apjiearancc. From these liills a magnificent view of Xew 
Alhanj, Lonisville, Jeifersonville, the Falls of the Ohio, the 
great Ohio river bridge at tlic Falls, the far-away hills that 
loom nj) in grandeur along Salt river, in Kentucky, the famous 
Muldrangh hill of that State, the entire range of knobs m 
Indiana for many miles, and a long sti-etcli of ]-iver, A moreS 
grand and beautiful natui-al jianorama is nowhere else unrolled/ 
in Indiana. This range of hills protects the city from storms, 
and such a thing as a hui-ricane is unknown at !New Albany, 
while the violence of such storms not unfrequently falls with 
destructive force upon the neighboring eiiies of Louisville and 
Jeflei'sonvillc. These 'knobs' afford splendid building sites 
for su I /urban residences, and are especially celebi"ated for the 
superior quality and abundance of the ])eaches, pears, plums, 
apples, grapes, rasj)bcrries, strawberries, and other fruits grown 
upon them. For the purposes of fruit culture the lands on 
these ' knobs ' are in great demand. Kevertheless, they sell 
at remarkably low prices per acre. The city, to the west, 
along the line of the Ohio river, overlooks miles of rich and 
highly cultivated garden lands, while to the east and northeast 
large and valuable larms meet the view." 

Isew Albany's river navigation facilities give her natural 
avenues of commerce and trade with fifteen States, having a 
population of over nine million. The cash value of the farms 
of this population in ISTO was over $901,000,000; of farm 
products, $519,870,412; of live stock, §189,301,721. This is 
but a portion of the wealth of the sections penetrated by the 
navigable rivers to which New Albany is directly accessible. 
The i-ailroad advantages of the city arc extensive, and there is 
a fair j)rospect of their enlargement in the near future. 

The city is now the terminus of the Louisville, Kew Albany 
and Chicago, the Jcfiersonville, Madison and Lidianapolis, and 
the Louisville and Kew Albany railroads. Concerning the 
railroads and their future, we have the following from the i)en 
of Mr. Cotton: "The track of the Louisville and Cincinnati 



526 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

branch of the Ohio and Mississi])pi railroad will soon bo 
extended here, (the right of way into the city havinn; been 
granted by the city council,) making Ncav Albany the terminus 
of this road. The Louisville, New Albany and St. Louis rail- 
way, now being rapidly constructed, and which will be speedily 
finished, also terminates here, though it connects with Louis- 
ville by the Louisville and New Albany road. The Terre Haute 
and New Albany road is projected, and the New Albany and 
Cincinnati road has a hona Jide subscription to its stock of 
over eight hundred thousand dollars. The Lake Erie,-Louis- 
ville and New Albany railroad, (to Toledo, Ohio,) will be com- 
pleted early in the summer of 1873. These roads connect New 
Albany with all sections of the Union, north, south, east and 
west, giving her railroad advantages possessed by few cities in 
the west. The Louisville, New Albany and Chicago road runs 
from the Ohio river, at this city, to Lake Michigan, at Michi- 
gan City, a distance of nearly three hundred miles, comiect- 
ing with tlie Ohio and Mississippi, the Toledo, "Wabash and 
Western, the Pittsburg, Cincinnati and Chicago, the Michigan 
Southern, the Michigan Central, and a number of other roads. 
The JefTersonville, Madison and Indianapolis road is the 
Bouthermost link of the great Panhandle route east via Cam- 
bridge City, Columbus, Pittsburg, and the Pennsylvania Cen- 
tral to Ilarnsburg, Philadelphia, New York and Baltimore; 
and at Indianapolis it connects with all the roads leading 
from that city east, northwest, and north. The Louisville ayd 
New Albany road connects at Louisville with the Louisville 
and Nashville, and the Louisville and New Orleans roads to 
all points south; with the Chesapeake and Ohio to New York 
City and Norfolk, Virginia; with the short line to Cincinnati 
and the Baltimore and Ohio road east; and with all the roads 
in Kentucky centering at Louisville. The Ohio and Missis- 
sippi road will connect New Albany directly with the Balti- 
more and Ohio and all the lines leading east from Cincinnati. 
The Louisville, New Albany, and St. Louis Air Line railway 
is, as its name indicates, an air line road to St. Louis, connect- 
ing the two great commercial cities of Louisville and St. 
Louis, passing for nearly forty miles through the coal fields 



FLOYD COUNTY — niSTORICAL AND DESCRirTIVE. 521 

of Indiaim, and tlie sliortcst route from Louisville to St. Louis 
hj forty-six miles. This is one of the most important rail- 
roads in Indiana. The Lake Erie, Louisville and New Albany- 
road will, when completed, give to New Albany an almost air 
line road to the great pineries and famous iron mines of 
Michigan. The New Albany and Cincinnati road is projected 
along the north bank of the Ohio river, via Madison to Cincin- 
nati. The New Albany and Terro LLaute road is projected by 
way of tlie coal fields and iron mines of Owen, Clay, Greene 
and Yigo counties to Tcrrc Haute, on the Wabash river, at 
the western limit of the State. Thus it will be seen that the 
railroad interests of New Albany arc of vast magnitude, and 
promise to make her one of the tirst cities of Indiana." 

The manufacturing interests of New Albany arc foremost. 
The most extensive glass works in the United States are 
located there. These works are organized under the name 
and style of the Star Glass Company. They cover an area of 
fifteen acres with the buildings and necessary grounds, and 
manufacture the very best quality of plate glass, in all respects 
equal to the best French and English plate, and also window 
glass, fruit jars, and bottles. The manufacture of plate glass 
in America is as yet an experiment so far as relates to 
profitable returns upon the very large investment of capital it 
requires to operate such works. There can, however, be little 
cause to doubt that the experiment now making at New 
Albany in the manufacture of a first quality of plate glass 
will prove successful, inasmuch as the capital employed, the 
extent of the buildings, and the amount and superiority of the 
machinery used, will compare favorably with the like condi- 
tions in the extensive plate glass works of Europe. The 
commercial interests of the city are very extensive and con- 
etantly expanding. 

The people of New Albany boast, and perhaps justly, that 
they have the most efficient system of free schools, in the 
State. "Their claim in this regard," says Mr. Cotton, "is 
well founded, as the carefully collated official statistics of the 
schools will show. There are in the city ten elegant and very 
large brick Bchool buildings, and one frame school building. 



N^ 



522 



niSTORT OF INDIANA. 



The value of these buildings is about one hundred and fifty 
thousanci.:;dqllars, and they furnish accommodations for fully 
three thousand.pupils. Eight of the buildings are used for 
the .primary, intermediate, an(;l grammar schools, and one as a 
male high school, arid one as a female high school. The sj'stcm 
of grading is a most perfect one, and works admirably and 
cfiicicntly. Tuition is absolutely free in all departments; and 
the ])upils who pass all the grades and graduate through the 
high school receive a thorough English anij^ci en title educa- 
tion, aiul are coni|X3tcnt for any department of business, or for 
any ot" the professions. The city has erected a first-class brick 
edilicc as a school house for the colored inhabitants of the city, 
t^'Vho have the same rights to admission into their own schools 
'■' as tlie whites have into theirs — the same law irovcrninn: both. 
Forty-five white and two colored teachers arc employed in 
these public schools, while the average attendance of pupils is 
about two thousand three hundred. Tlic annual cost of the 
schools is not far from thirty thousand dollars, and the total 
number of school children in the city entitled to the privi- 
leges of the schools is seven thousand one hundred and thirty. 
The scliools are managed by a board of three .sdliool trustees, 
elected by the city council, which secures to theni permanency, 
and the liest educators in the way of teachers. These jniblic 
schools aflord the poor man, the mechanic, laborer, and small 
dealer or trader, superior facilities for giving his childi-en an 
excellent education free of allexpense; so that no man who 
lives in Ne-v Albany can have the least exciia^for ])crinitting 
his sons or daughters to grow up in ignonj,^^' It is doubtful 
if a better nystem of public free schools 'cah be found in any 
section of Ihe Union than the one now in operation, with the 
most eminent success, at New Albany. 

Tlie Depauw college for young ladies is one of the best and 
most popnhar female colleges in Indiana. The institution is 
tlic ]>ro])crty of the Indiana Conference of the Methodist 
•'EpiscCipal Church. For the last six years, or since its reorgan- 
ization in ISGG, it has been under the direction of Hev. Erastus 
Rowley, D. D., as president, who has been recently re-elected 
to the same position for the next three years. This coUcgo 



4 



524 niSTOKT OF Indiana. 

occupies one of tlie most pleasant and commanding situations 
in the most beautiful portion of tlie city of New Albany. 
This city has long enjoyed a high reputation for its educa- 
tional advantages, as well as for the high moral and jcligious 
tone of its inhabitants. It is noted for its hcalthfulncss, and 
is accessible in all directions by various railroads and by the 
Ohio river. The college building, originally erected for a 
ladies' boarding school, has been enlarged and improved within 
the past six years, at an expense of near twenty thousand 
dollars, and now other improvements, embracing the entire 
renovation of the interior of the building, arc just completed. 
The rooms for the boarding pupils and teachers are all carpeted 
and well furnished. The capacity of the building is sufficient 
to accommodate seventy-five boarding and an equal number 
of day pupils. This college affords very superior facilities to 
those desiring to educate and accomplish their daughters 
The faculty embraces six experienced and successful educators 
besides the president. The college year opens September 
eleventh and closes June fourteenth. The institution confers 
upon its graduates the degrees of Mistress of English Litera- 
ture and Mistress of Liberal Arts. Every valuable improve- 
ment in method of instruction will be adopted, and the great 
aim will be to develop the mental and moral powei's of the 
pupil, and to educate the mind to habits of thought and 
investigation. The college is furnished with globes, maps, 
charts, and apparatus to illustrate natural philosophy, chem- 
istry, electricity, and astronomy. Tlie music department 
embraces instruction on the piano, organ, guitar, and in vocal- 
ization, while the French and German languages are taught by 
competent teachers. The graduating class in 1ST2 numbered 
nine young ladies. 

The St. Mary's female academy is a first-class one, under 
the care of the Sisters of St. Francis (Catholic,) and with 
Sister Veronica as Lady Superior. The building is one among 
the largest and best adapted educational edifices in the State, 
having accommodations for eight hundred pupils. All the 
branches of a thorough and accomplished education are taught, 
including music, the modern languages, painting, needle-work, 



OLAKKE OOTJNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTTA-E. 525 

flowers, etc. Tliere is probably no better Catliolic academy in 
the west than St. Mary's, and it is tlie jDridc of the Catholics 
of southern Indiana. 

The Morse academy is a high school of the best f^rade, under 
the supervision of Prof. F. L. Morse, in wliicli the education 
of the two sexes together is a leading feature. Tliis academy 
possesses all the advantages of a college in ajiparatus, and the 
high character of its board of instructit)n. 1"he marked suc- 
cess that has attended it, and enal)led Prof ^loree to erect the 
most commodious and convenient buildinirs, indicates its hiirh 
character. 

Pesides those schools already named, there are five Catholic 
parochial schools; German Protestant parochial school; Ger- 
man Methodist parochial school; and seven ])rivate schools. 
Add these private and ])arochial schools, colleges, and acad- 
emies to the grand system of public i'rce schouLs, and it will 
rcadilj be seen that the educational advantages of iS'ew Albany 
arc unrivaled. 

The churches and benevolent institutions of the city arc 
equal to the educational facilities in every rcs])ect. The Kew 
Albany Society of ^Natural History is well organized, and 
evinces the hiorh culture of the citizens 



CHAPTEK LXVlll. 

OLARKE COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DP:SCRIPTIVE. 

IN 1784, the legislature of the State of Virginia, in consid- 
eration of the important and valuable services rendered to 
tliat coraniouwealth by General George Pogers Clarke, donated 
to hira large tracts of land in that part of the Indian territory 
which he had nominally placed under its government. Among 
these lands was a tract comprising a portion of the site of the 



626 niSTOKY OF Indiana. 

present city of Jeflcrsoiiville, and including also the lands 
njioii Avliich the struggling village of Clarkesvillc is located. 
At the latter point old "Fort Clarke" was located, and arouTid 
it many of the most thrilling scenes and incidents in the early 
histoiy of Indiana were enacted. Many of the deeds of the 
brave Clarke, center to this old landmark of his remarkable 
career. lie, with his brave Virginians, fought his way along 
the ever-bending banks of the Ohio, not only contending with 
Indians, but Englishmen, and through repeated triumphs, 
which shed an enchanting lustre uj")on the annals of border 
warfare, he unfurled the flag of a free people and a republican 
government over the soil now included within the limits of 
the State of Indiana. But as we have given an account of 
most of General Clarke's services in behalf of Indiana, in the 
lirst part of this work, we shall have to pass over his opera- 
tions around Fort Clarke, at this time, and deal with more 
recent events. It should be remarked, however, that the early 
Bettlement, or attempted, at Clarkesvillc, was not successful. 
However, in the year 1802, Jeffersonville was located, near 
this point, by John Gwathmey. This new seat of civilization 
was named in honor of the illustrious author of the declara- 
tion of independence, Thomas Jefferson. The town was incor- 
porated in 1816, and the city was incorporated in 1839. These 
two events mark its progress, which has been steady, but not 
rapid. 

Omitting, for want of space, the hundreds of incidents in 
tho early history of Clarke county, we will observe only some 
of its most noticeable present features. 

The surface of the county along the Ohio river, and from 
three to five miles in the interioi", is rolling, and the remain- 
der mostly level, except a chain of "knobs," which form a 
semicircle along the northwestern boundary of the county, and 
strike the Ohio river just below New Albany, in Floyd county. 
Only about half of these " knobs " are cultivated, but they arc 
covered with a good quality of timber, chestnut, oak and pine 
being the distinguishing classes. Aside from the " knobs," 
the lands in the county are susceptible of cultivation. The 
strip along the river, about thirty-five miles in length, and 



CLAKKE COUNTY — HISTOKICAL AND DESCKimVE. 527 

fi;om five to ten in width, lias a limestone soil, and, tliough 
mostly rolling, is, M'licn well tilled, as productive as any of the 
celebrated bottom lands. There are no prairies in tlic county. 
Tlie I'aniis ai-e generally well improved, and are graced with 
good buildings. Iron ore, marble, excellent building rock, 
and liydraulic cement are found in abundance. 

!Mo&t of the lands within the present limits of the county 
are embraced in what was known as the "Illinois grant." 
This was made, as before intimated, by the legislature of Vir- 
ginia in 179G, and conveyed to certain commissioners one 
hundred and forty-nine thousand acres of land, in trust, to 
be a])portioned, according to their rank, to General Clarke, 
and the ofiicers and men of the regiment which he commanded 
in the expedition to Yincennes and Kaskaskia. It was divided 
into five hundred acre tracts and apportioned according to the 
terms of the grant. One thousand acres more, lying along the 
falls of the Ohio, were also granted at the same time for the 
location of a town to be called Clarkesville. This was intended 
as a monument to the memory of General Clarke, and it Avas 
hoped that the town would develop into a great commercial 
centre, but these hopes were futile. It flourished for a short 
time, but soon sunk into decay. It is now only a small vil- 
lage, with no prospects of reaching metropolitan pre-emi- 
nence. The first settlements in the place were made from 
1790 along up to 1800. The early settlers located along the 
banks of the Ohio river, so as to be able to escape into Ken- 
tucky at the approach of the hostile natives. 

J efiersonville, the principal town, has grown to be a handsome 
and important city, with a population of over eight thousand, 
and excellent free school facilities. The city is handsomely 
laid out. The streets are broad, crossing each other at right 
angles. The buildings are nearly all substantial and present 
something worthy of notice in the way of architecture. Many 
neat cottages beautify the streets and give the town a pictur- 
esque and rural appearance. 

" The chief manufactures of Jefiersonvillc are railway cars, 
Btcamboats, and machinery of various kinds.* The Jeffcrson- 

* From a sketch, of Jeffcrsonville in the Pittsburgh United Presbyterian 



528 niSTOKT OF Indiana. 

ville, Madison and Indianapolis Hailroad Company's macliice 
shops and car works give employment to a considerable num- 
ber of mechanics, and besides these there are two ship-yards 
which afford, in active business times, regular employment to 
about two hundred skilled artisans. It is claimed that there 
are more steamboats built lierc aimually than at any other 
point between Pittsbm-gh and New Orleans, and that thej 
rank amonf; the best steamers that navii^ate the western 
waters. Just beyond tlie city limits, 'the Ohio Falls Car 
Company' conduct a lai'ge establishment, with a capacity for 
the employment of eight hundred workmen, and near by is 
its competitor, ' the Southwestern Car Company,' the ])rinci- 
pal work for which is done by the convicts (three hundred and 
fifty in number), of the Indiana State Prison South, whose 
white front is in sad contrast with the gloom tliat dwells 
within. Beside these, there are two iron-foundries, an oil- 
stone factory, an extensive coopering establishment, and just 
at this time more noticeable than any of them, in consequence 
of the horrid screams of its steam-whistle every morning, the 
large pork-house on the river bank, where two hundred men 
are employed in killing twelve liundred hogs daily. The loco- 
motive whistle, too, is heard nearly every hour of the day and 
night in Jeffersonville, whose heart is pierced by the iron 
bands of the Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis, and 
the Ohio and Mississippi, besides those of other minor local 
roads. 

"The local government is presided over by Mayor Pile, a 
venerable gentleman of three score years and ten, who, being 
to ' the manor born,' has grown up with the growth of Jeffer- 
sonvillo, and is a fair specimen of the plain, frank, honest, 
hardy western pioneers who lived in this section of country 
when it was an unbroken wilderness, and have been spared to 
see it blossom like the rose. But the crowning glory of Jef- 
fersonville, and that which imparts to it much of its business 
life and vitality, is the extensive depot of the Quartermaster's 
Department. Some idea of the magnitude of this structure 
may be formed when it is stated that the series of tire-proof 
warehouses, built in the shape of a hollow square, contain one 



CLARKE COUNTY UISTOKICAL AND DESCKiniVE. 529 

hundred and fifty thousand square feet, or three and one-half 
acres of flooring, witli a storage capacity of two million seven 
hundred thousand cubic feet. The ground ujion which tho 
depot is located, covering about fifteen acres, was do'iated for 
the purpose l)y the city of Jell'ersonville. The building has a 
frontage of over three thousand two hundred feet, and the 
priucipal offices are above the nuiin enti'ance. In the centre 
of the court yard is a tower one hundred feet high, in which, 
at an elevation of seventy feet, is a watchman's room, from 
whicli every one of the numerous wareliuusc dooi's are visible. 
On the summit of this tower there is also a large tank, of the 
capacity of six thousand gallons, from wliich (X»pious streams 
of water can be throuTi to any part of the building. In tho 
court-yard there arc also two reservoirs, of the ca])acity of 
three hundred thousand gallons each. This immense structure 
was erected at the cost limited by the ap|)rupriatiou of con- 
gress, viz.: one hundi'cd and fifty thousand dollars — a rare 
fact in the financial history of i)ublic buildings.* 

"The public property now stored in tliis depot is estimated 
to be worth about twenty-two million dollars. From it are 
now supj^lied with clothing, camp and garrison equipage, and 
all kinds of Quartermaster's stores, the military posts in the 
South and West, and most of tlie trooi)S opei-ating in diose 
sections. The depot is so cajiaclous and so well arranged, faat 
if all the old nuiterial now stored in it were disposed of, and 
new and serviceable material stored in its place, enough could 
be kept on hand to su})])ly the entire army of the United 
States. There are now nearly one hundred male employes on 
the rolls of the dej^ot, exclusive of about seven hundred 
women, who are engaged in nuiking shirts, drawers, stable 
frocks, and bed-quilts to meet the demands of the service. 
This work is a god-send to the poor sewing-women of Jefl'cr- 
eonville. ' Ladies' pay-day,' at the depot, is always an event- 
ful and memorable occasion. It is full of sunshine and joy, 
and the source of a general diffusion of comfort <ind haj)])ines8 
throughout the community. Hundreds of pooj women, with 

♦ From a sketch in the United rre«byierian. 
34 



530 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

emiling faces, ligbt licarls, and liglitcr steps, may ])e seen on 
tliat day returning from tlie depot, tlie clicerful ])Ossessors of 
tlieir monthly earnings, M'hicli arc destined to make so many 
homes look brighter and more liappy. Seven thousand dollars 
distributed every month among the poorer classes in a com- 
munity of eight thousand, carry with them many comforts 
and delights, and the baker and the butcher, the grocer and 
the dry-goods dealer — indeed all classes of the pojiulace — 
feel the happy influences of the welcome pay-day. 

" The Jefiersonville Depot is the conception and design of 
Major-General M. C. Meigs, Quartermaster-General, and may 
justly be ranked among the proudest monuments of his 
enlightened and efficient administration of the Quartermaster's 
Department." 

Charlestown, situated near the center of the county, and 
twelve miles north of Jefferson vi lie, on the Ohio and Missis- 
sippi railroad, is the county seat. It is a smart, thriving 
town, of about three thousand inhabitants, and is, iu every 
way, an honor to the county. 



CnAPTER LXIX. 

SHELBY COUNTY HISTOKICAL AND DESCEIPTIVE. 

SHELBY county was named in honor of Isaac Shelby, an 
officer of considerable distinction in the Revolutionary 
war, as also the war of 1812. lie was also governor of Ken- 
tucky. The county was originally level forest land, with fertile 
bottoms along the streams, from half a mile to two miles in 
width. The uplands are elevated about forty feet above these 
bottoms. The soil in the bottoms is a rich dark loam, with a 
slight mixture of sand; on the upland there js much clay, cov- 
ered with a dark muck, which required drainage before it 
could be successfully cultivated. The timber in the bottoms 
was principally walnut, ash, etc. ; on the uplands, beach, oak 



SHELBY COUNTY — IIISTORIOAL AND DESCEIITIVE. 531 

and hickory were tlic distinguishing features of the forest. It 
is a Urst-rate larniing county, in almost every respect. 

" Slielbyville, the county seat, was laid out on the fourth of 
July, 1822,* on a donation of land made by John Hendricks, 
James Davison, and John C. Walker. The commissioners 
appointed for that purpose, were Ebenezer Ward, of Ijiirtholo- 
mew county; Benjamin J. Blythe, of Dearborn count}'; Amos 
Boardman, of Bipley county; George Bentley, of Harrison 
3ounty, and Joshua Cobb, of Delaware county. They met at the 
house of David Fisher, July first, and after four days deliberation 
decided upon the location of the county seat, where it at ])res- 
ent stands, giving it the name of Shclbyville, a double honor 
to the venerable and patriotic ex-governor of Kentucky, Isaac 
Shelby. Jacob Wetzel, of the noted Indian fighting family of 
that name, on learning of the treaty of October, 1818, had 
blazed a trace from Jehu Perkins', on the old boundary line, 
to the blufls of AVhite river, about eighteen miles below the 
present site of Indianapolis. Richard Thornburg settled the 
same fall on Flat Rock, and James Wilson the same fall also 
on Blue river, the Wetzel trace crossing at both places. B. F. 
Morris was the first surveyor; Capt. McLaughlin, one of his 
assistants, camped on Wilson's place in November, ISIS. lie 
put his field notes and some other papers and valuables in a 
keg and concealed it, together with a hatchet, on the creek near 
his camp, when he left the neighborhood for the winter, and 
on returning in the spring found them safe and uninjured. 
James Wilson may be regarded as the first settle]-. He came 
from Jefferson county, Ind., in 1819, and he induced Bennett 
Michael, a shoemaker, to settle near him; also John Forman, 
Benjamin Castor and John Smith, who came afterwards. 
Isaac II. Wilson, a son of James, who was born in Jefferson 
county in 1807, and came to Shelby county with his lather, is 
still living in Shelbyville. lie informed me that Indians were 
occasionally met with when he first came to the county. lie 
frequently saw Joseph White-cjes, a Delaware chief, who had 
a son called Charles and a grandson named James, who was 

♦From a sketch by J. C. Beck, M. D. 



532 IIISTOIIY OF INDIANA. 

red headed. Two Indians, known as Cuinan and Pisliaw, lived 
on JihiG rivcf, a few miles from Lis lather. They had vciy 
handsome half-breed wives. On one occasion ls\xi. AVilson 
invited them to visit her, which they did, riding npon ]K>nics 
in i;ail)' decorated side-saddles. They were very tastelnllj 
di'cssed, and wore silver brooches .on tlieir arms, and neat 
slipjiers i'astened to the ieet with silver bands, and exhibited a 
g(»(id In-cediiig and ])(»]iteiiess that might have excited the envy 
ol" their more civilized white sisters. 

" ^^al•i()n is the oklest town in the eou7ity. It was laid 
oil' in 1S20, on the sonth-west qnartcr of section twenty, 
township thirteen noi-th, of i-ange seven cast. Julm Sleeth 
was one of the oi'igiiial pi-ojn-ietoi's, Jlis danghter Kancy 
was the first ]ierson married in the county; she was mar- 
ried to Abel Summers, May liftecnth, 1S2'2, by Tiev. Henry 
Logan, then living near the Bartholomew county line." 

After 1S2S, Shelby county increased rajiidly in population 
and wealth, and it still continues to thrive. To-day, the rail- 
road facilities of Shelbyville, and also of Shelby county, arc 
eecojid to no county in the State of equal po])ulation, Shelby- 
ville has grown to be a city of over 3,500 inhabitants, among 
whom arc some of the ablest and most enterprising business 
and professional men in the State. The schools of the county 
are well oi'gani/ced and eiliciently conducted. The incorporated 
Bchools of Shelbyville are the just ])ride of her citizens. 

CLIKTON COUNTY. 

Clintox connty was named in lionor of DeWitt Clinton. 
The surlace of the county is level, excejUing aJong the AVild- 
cat, in the southwest corner. There is no barren or waste 
lands in the connty. In the south-western portion is the 
" twelve mi'.c prairie." There arc one or two other small 
prairies in the county, hut, with the exce])tion of these, and 
the one first named, all the balance of the surface was originally 
covered with a dense and heavy forest, containing an abund- 
ance of timber of a fine quality. The soil of the county may 
be termed alluvial, with a clay bottom. All the grains and 



534 mSTOKT OF ikdiana. 

grasses indigenous to the West can be produced in tins county 
witli profit. It is, perhaps, especially adapted to the cultivation 
of hay and for pasturage. Generally speaking it is one of chc 
best farming counties in Indiana. As a proof of this, it may 
be mentioned that it is quite thickly settled with an intelli 
gent, M'ealthy class of farmers, who have grown up to inde- 
pendence witli the growth of the county. 

Frankfort is the county seat. The section of country fiom 
which this young city derives its trade, is one of the best agri- 
cultural sections in the "West. It already has a population of 
over three thousand, and is steadily progressing in all its 
industries. Its schools are excellent, supported by first-class 
talent, and provided with commodious buildings. The city 
has very good railroad facilities, and has all the elements of 
future prosperity, which arc being rapidly developed. 

BOONE COUNTY. 

Boone county contains two hundred sixty-seven thousand 
five hundred and twenty acres of good land. The county was 
organized in 1830, with a population of six hundred and thirty. 
It was named in honor of Daniel Boone, the hero of border 
life. The southeastern, western and northwestern portions of 
the county arc gently undulating. The other portions are 
level. The soil, in most parts of the county, is a dark loam, 
dec]> and very rich. It is remarkably well adapted to the pro- 
duction of all kinds of grain, grasses and vegetables indigen- 
ous to the Northwest. Timber is plenty and of the finest 
quality. Boone county is composed of the summit lands 
dividing the Avaters of the AVabasli and White rivei's. This 
accounts, probably, for the level, wet lands so common on 
almost all dividing ridges. They are generally termed " sum- 
mit levels," and are frequently composed of many ponds 
and small lakes, with only occasional ridges of high land. 
The county is watered by Eagle creek. White Lick and Walnut 
Fork of Eel river, which empty into the former, and Big Hac- 
coon and Sugar creek, which empty into the latter. Owing to 
the level surface of the county where these streams have their 
source, they are sluggish and comparatively of no value in the 



BOONE COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCEIPTIVE. 535 

way of propelling macliinerj. "The dense forests of heavy 
timber and low wet lands of Boone county, were not suffi- 
ciently attractive to bring within its borders a class of men of 
peculiar refinement and means, consequently it was first set- 
tled by men of stout constitutions, iron wills, and but littlo 
financial resources. It required a vast amount of labor and 
untiring eflbrt to clear away the heavy forests preparatory to 
raising crops. Many of the early settlers cleared out a little 
* truck patch,' sufficient to raise some ' roasting ears,' beans and 
other garden vegetables, after which they applied themselves 
to hunting, fishing, etc. The settler who could command a 
good rifle, two or three dogs, a cow, and one old horse, with 
the means to buy powder and lead, was considered supremely 
happy. In these early days there was abundance of wild 
game — deer, bear, wolves, turkeys, pheasants and quails. 
The currency of the country was the skins of deer, raccoons, 
mink and wild honey." 

The county was once the home and hunting-grounds of a 
tribe of the Miamis; upon the banks of the streams were the 
graves of their fathers. In these little mounds lie the remains 
of many a native warrior and hunter. The site of the present 
town of Thorutown was once the habitation of nearly five hun- 
dred Indian and French traders. About the year 1833 most 
of the tribe were removed from the reservation at this place, 
which was purchased by the government in 1828. Thorntown, 
located in the northwestern part of the county, was once a 
lively Indian trading post; since that time it has become a 
lively place, with a civilized home trade. Only a few years 
ago the county of Boone was a wilderness, so densely covered 
with heavy timber and underbrush that the rays of the sun 
were almost entirely cut off from the earth in the summer 
season. Lonely and desolate must have been the feelings of 
those who first traversed these woods, when naught but 
nature's uncultured sounds greeted the ear — when the eye 
conld see no heavens for the intervening foliage — when ser- 
pents and lizards, frogs and hornets, and wild beasts were 
possessors of the land. Forty years have wrought a mighty 
change in the county. Then no cleared fields were visible 



536 msTORT OF Indiana. 

from one neighbor's to another; great lakes of water, baclccd 
up hy huge trunks of fallen trees, were visible on every hand; 
but now the lake has become a fertile field; great fai-ms haro 
been opened; the cje can see for miles over green or golden 
fields of corn. The cabin superseded the wigwam, and tho 
neat cottage has snperseded the cabin in almost every locality 
Lebanon, the county seat, is located near the centre of the 
county, in a rich and productive section. It is a small town, 
but is thrifty and rapidly improving. It has a i^oj^ulation of 
about three thousand, including a line class of citizens, enter- 
prising, intelligent and prosperous. The town and county 
have good schools and school advantages.* 



CHATTEE LXX. 

HENDRICKS COUNTY mSTORICAL AND DESCETFnVE. 

HENDEICKS county is located near the centre of the 
State of Indiana. It contains about o!ie hundred and 
thirty-five thousand acres of land. Tlic county was organized 
in 1824, and was named in honor of Governor William Hen- 
dricks. The surface of the county is gently rolling, and the 
soil is generally very good. The county is well timbered, 
especially in the northern portion. It is well watered by Eel 
river, Mill creek, Mud creek. White Lick creek, and their 
numerous tributary streams. 

The first settlers of the county emigrated from North Car- 
olina to this county about the year 1818, and settled on gov- 
ernment lands prior to entry. The first lands were entered in 
the county in 1821, about three years before the organization 
of the county. The first settlements were made in the south- 
east portion of the county, in what is now Liberty and Gil- 

♦From a published sketch of the county. 



MOKGAN COUNTY — IlISTOKICAL AND DESCKirTIVE. 537 

ford townsliips. Among the first settlers "svere David Downs, 
Ross Isicliolas, Ilicliard Cliristic, George and David Matock, 
"William Ballard, Jonathan Itodgcrs, James Thompson, Thomas 
Iladlcy, Josiah Tonilinson, Jolm Bryant and Tliomas Locl<ha)-t 

The county was organized in 1S24, and Danville was chosen 
as the seat of justice. The first settlements were made in the 
county in ISIS, when the first trees were felled and the first 
nide cabins erected. This population increased so rapidly 
that in lS2-i there were more than one thousand inhabitants 
in the county. In ISTO, the population of the county was 
twenty thousand two hundred and seventy-seven. The growth 
of wealth and public improvements in the county have been 
commensurate with this growth in population. The old court 
house has long since perished, and a new and substantial 
building has taken its place. The new jail and county asylum 
are substantial and well conducted institutions. The pioneer 
log school houses of the county have gone, and now over one 
hundred fine brick and frame school buildings attest the edu- 
cational advantages of Hendricks county. Excellent turnpike 
roads bisect each other in all parts of the county, and ample 
railroad facilities are presented. The county has now over 
one hundred and thirty thousand acres of improved land, 
valued at twelve million dollars. The products of the f\irms 
have always been largely remunerative. The taxable property 
in the county is worth over twenty million dollars. In every 
sense, the people of Hendricks county are intelligent, pro- 
gi'cssivc, and enterprising citizens. 

The Indiana House of Befugo is located on the State farm 
adjoining Plainfield, in Ilend ricks county. This is one of the 
State's most worthy and benevolent institutions, and it is 
doing a good work for the benefit of the boys who have been 
scut there. 

mobgajS" county. 

Morgan county is located near the geographical centre of 
the State, and contains about 201, SCO acres of land, and is 
watered by Wliite river, White Lick creek, Mud creek. Big 
Indian creek, Stott's creek. Clear creek, Burnett's creek, 



538 HISTORY OF ixdiana. 

Eliodes' creek, Mill ereck, and other smaller streams. Tlicre 
is a considerable portion of this county rough and broken, 
especially along the AV'hitc river, where the land is not very 
prolitable for grain growing, but is well adapted for the pro- 
duction of fruit, such as a])ples, peaches, pears. About one- 
third of the county is bottom land. The soil in this section is 
a sandy loam, very rich and productive. The county is splen- 
didly timbered. The principal kinds arc poplar, walnut, white 
oak, hickory, beech, sugar tree, etc. 

Morg-an county was organized in 1823, and named in honor 
of General Daniel IVforgan. The first county election was held 
in a log house, owned by Mr. Stotts. The liouse was built in 
the year 1810, about one and a half miles west of Waverley, 
It was, probably, the tivst house built in the county. Tlie 
first settlers came to the count}^, probably, in 1818. INIr. Phil- 
lip Ilodgc purchased land and settled in tlie county in 1818. 
Mrs. Ecbecca Douglas settled among the Indians, in Morgan 
county, in 1817, but the first general settlement may be set 
down in 1819, when, among others, liobert C. Stotts, Hiram 
T. Ci'aig, James A. Laughlen, James Stotts, Nathan Laughlen, 
and AV. M. Oftield, settled in what is now called Harrison 
township. Among the settlers who immediately followed 
thc^e, and who have endured all the privations of pioneer life, 
^x(i^^ tlJi taniilies of the Hodges, Samuel Moore, Judge Hiram 
Matlh^fs, Benjamin Hofi'man, Jonathan AVilliams, Larken 
Kcynohis, George II. Buler, G. A. Thelps, Mr. McCrakens, 
Benjamin Cutberth, Beuben Claypool, Alex, and Thomas J. 
"Worth, Daniel Thornberg, Jack Becord, John Bray, Madison 
Hadlcy, , Bichard Iladley, Benjamin Stafibrd, and Bebecca 
Blank, ^he latter is now a citizen of Clay township. She 
"was one of ,fthe first settlers, and is the oldest person in the 
county, and one of the oldest ladies in the State. She was 
born in Bichmond, Ya., in the year 17CS, and is now nearly 
one hundred and seven years old. She remembers Danfel 
Boone, and has participated in some of his deeds of daring on 
the borders of Kentucky. 

Martinsville, located near the centre of the county, is the 
county scat. It has now a population of nearly two thousand, 



SCOTT COUNTY — DISTOKICAL AND DESCKIPTIVE. 539 

and is the largest town in the conntj. IVrooresvillc is the 
next Largest to\\n, and has a popnlation of nearly sixteen 
hnndred. The fonnder of this place, who is well known to 
the people of the State, is still an active citizen. The county 
is well supplied with good schools and churches. There have 
been great improvements made in this direction during the 
last live years. Tlie public improvements of the county are 
in advance of some other counties. 

This is a good agricultural county. It has 133,015 acres 
of improved land, producingannually 330,000 bushels of wheat, 
6,500 bushels of rye, 1,190,000 bushels of Indian corn, 05,000 
bushels of oats, from 200 to 1,500 bushels of barley, 50,000 
bushels of potatoes, 229,355 pounds of butter, about 10,000 
tons of hay, and over 60,000 pounds of wool, besides thousands 
of dollars' worth of vegetables. The value of improved land 
in the county is over $9,000,000. The raising of live stock is 
a prolitable pursuit in this county. The farmers are a thrifty 
class of people, distinguishing themselves by their industry 
and their love for public improvements. 

SCOTT COUNTY. 

Scott county is situated in the southeastern part of the 
State, near the Ohio river. It is of irregular shape, and con- 
tains about one hundred and eight}" square miles. The county, 
generally, is level and rolling, except a small area known as 
the "knobs," which is quite broken. The soil is fair; the 
county is w^ll watered by streams, and many springs abound. 
The timber is of the very best, and in abundance. 

The county was organized in 1S20, while the State capital 
was at Corydon, Harrison county. 

It was named in honor of General Charles Scott, an ollicer 
of the revolutionary period, and, at a later period, governor of 
Kentucky. The county was formed from portions of J eflerson, 
Jennings, Clark, and "Washington counties. The first county 
commissioners were Joseph Switzer, Reuben Johnson, and 
John Ilerod. Wm. K. Eichey was the first sheriff, by appoint- 
ment from the governor. The first sherifl:' elect was Jesse 



540 niSTOi:y of inpiana. 

Jackson, Avlio aftcnvfird served in the louislaturc, ami al.<o aa 
rci;istcr ol" the land ollicc at La I'oi-tc. OtliLM- ori^-iiial coinity 
oliicci"S Ave re : James Ward, clerk; John J*riiiie, recoi-dcr ; 
James l.odiranc, treasurer, and liuhert AVardell, an old levo- 
lutionary soldier — as coroner. 

The county was first settled in 1S05, hy John Jvindjcrlin, 
wlio i-emoved to this section of the State iVom Jventucky, and 
who built, in tlic same year, the iirst liousc erected in tho 
county. Amoui:^ the early settlers were: Wm. K. Collins, Dr. 
John Jiichey, Eliab Collins, Samuel 1*. J)e\ore, Kohert AVardlc, 
John ^lorris, Jeremiah Paine, Dr. Jonathati Carter, John 
Finley, Dr. James Ilicks, David and Charles Eastin, Eli and 
Josejdi Harlan, Kindred Fej-gusou, ^Vui. jN'ichols, John Win- 
gate, Zehulon Poster, James Lemaster, AVm. Is'orton, John 
Dickey, Jacob Cutler, Asahel Passwater, Daniel Hough, John 
Stucker, Pobert Brcuton, Wm. Fleming, Peter Storms, Daniel 
Serls, aiul many other brave and luxrdy pioneei-s, whose names 
arc in the past. 

Iviiulred Ferguson is still a resident of Scott county, where 
ho has lived for sixty-live years, ami lias reached the exti'a- 
ordinaiy age of one hundred and four years. 

In 1820, the county scat was located at Lexington, hy Wm. 
Fleming, Dennis Pennington, Hardin IL ]\Ioore, Abel C. 
Pe]i]ier, and two otliers. The town was originally laid out by 
Jesse Henley, General A7m. McFarlane, Adam Steele, Pichard 
Steele, and Kchemiali Hunt, in ISll, on groujids owned by 
thcpo gentlemen. The first house in Lexington was erected by 
John and Jacob Stucker. Gen. McFarlane built the fii'st brick 
house. The first public improvements were inade hy ]u'ivato 
enteri)rise. AVm. Fleming and ]\[oses Gray were the pioneer 
mercliants. The first marriage solemni/.ed in the county wa3 
between Dain'el Kimbcrlin and Ursula Prenton. A child born 
to them is claimed to be the first white ]^ei"Son born in tho 
county. Among the early citizens o: Lexington and Scott 
county, ami who liave since become prominent in the State, 
may be mentioned: Heni-y P. Thornton, the first prosecuting 
attorney of the county; the Car]ienter ]hxtthei-s; ]\rajor Elislui 
G. Englif-h, many years in State legij^latui-e; his son, Hon. 



542 niSTORY OF Indiana. 

Wm. n. Englisli, who for many years loj-cceiitcd tlic district 
in Congress, was born in Lexington, as was also his grandson, 
"Wm. E. English, now a promising laMwcr of Indianapolis. 
The scat of justice was continncd in this place for over iifty 
years, but was removed in 1S74 to a more central jioint, a 
place formerly called Centcrville, but now known as Scotts- 
burgli. This town was laid off in 1673, by Lloyd S. Keith, 
being surveyed by Thos. K. AVai'dle and AVm. Estcl. It is 
located on the Jeffersonvillc, Madison and Indianapolis 
railroad, eighty miles south of Indianapolis, and now contains 
a population of about four hundred souls. Among the other 
towns of Scott county, are Austin, Vienna, New Frankfort, 
Wooster, and Ilolman. Iron ore and salt abounds in the 
county. A good article of salt is manufactured, and numerous 
wells arc sunk for salt water near Lexington, one of which is 
seven hundred feet deep. Good building stone is had in the 
same vicinitj'-, and also a kind used for making a very lino 
quality of water cement. As these quarries are located near 
the railroad, and of easy access, it is believed that a factory for 
the manufacture of this cement will be erected at no distant 
day. 

This county is the scene of the celebrated Pigeon roost mas- 
sacre, a full account of which M'ill be found elsewhere in this 
volume. It is also a witness of the depredations committed by 
the rebel General John Morgan, in his raid through southern 
Indiana during the civil war. The depot at Vienna was 
bnrned by him, and many are the farmers through this county 
who have bewailed the day when they " SAvapped " their line 
fat, sleek horses, for the worn out, sore-backed jades of the 
rebels. Scott county possesses good railroad facilities. The 
Jeffersonvillc, Madison and Indianapolis road north and 
south, and the Ohio and Mississippi road traversing the county 
in the same direction. 



CIIAPTEK LXXI 



WAYNE COUNTY PIONEEE HISTOKY, 



IN THE Spring of 1S05, George Holman, and RIcliard 
Euc, and Thomas McCoy, and a Mr. Blunt, with their 
families,' came from Kentucky and settled about two miles 
south of the present site of Richmond, Holman and Rue had 
served in General Clark's expedition against the French set- 
tlements in Indiana, and having been held as prisoners about 
three years and a half among the Indians, they had become 
acquainted Avith the countjy, and had selected the most favor- 
able site for their future homes, while returning home from a 
western trip, in the fall of 1804. Early in the winter they 
returned to erect their log cabins, bringing with them, on their 
horses, such tools as were nee ~"" ■^or the work, and a few 
household utensils. Holman .ccompaiped by liis two 

eldest sons, AVilh'am and Jo lien al> at sixteen and 

eighteen years of age, respecti'. ^, , . Thev u --e were not long 
in erecting the log dwellings, and in the ie of two weeks, 

leaving the boys in charge, 



tucky to bring their wives an 
On reaching home they wc 
those of Thomas McCoy anc 
Hies, with all their househol 
clothing, provisions, tools, < 
nition, stiirted for their n 
traveled through the fore 
storms, and at length, wea 
where they found the II' 
true forest life. McCoy ; 
two cabins already ment 



■ ;parted for Ken- 

» other families — 

nd the four fam- 

ects, consisting of 

, guns and atnrau- 

ack horses. They 

;, through the cold 

rived at the cabins, 

oying themselves in 

d near the site of the 

was commenced the 



i>4> 



544 EISTORY OF INDIANA. 

settlement of Wayne county, now one of tlic most wealthy 
and ])ros|)erou3 counties in the State of Indiana. 

Kot many miles distant, on the Elkhorn creek, the Endsleya 
and Coxes, with their i'amilies, settled in the latter part of the 
same year. Tliesc pioneei's were soon followed by the JIqv. 
Lazarus Whitehead, a Baptist minister, Aaron INfartin, Charles 
Hunt, and their lamilies. Rev. Hugh Call, a Methodist min- 
ister, also came in ISOG, and settled near ElUhorn creek, M'here 
he lived until his death, in 1SG2, at the age of one hundred 
and live years. Shadrack Henderson, with his family, settled, 
in 1800, on the west side of the Whitewater, and in same year 
a Mr. Lamb bnilt a cabin not far from that of Call's on the 
Elkhart, in which he lived for several years. 

It was in the latter part of this year that the settlement of 
Richmond was commenced, or, at least, most of the land in 
that vicinity was taken up in this year, although much of it 
was not occupied until the spi-ing and summer of 1807. 
" About the lirst of Mai-ch, 180G," says Mr. Young, in his 
valuable history of Wayne county, " David Hoover, then a 
young man residing with his father, in the Miami country, in 
Ohio, with four others, in search of a place lor nuiking a set- 
tlement, took a section line some eight or ten miles north of 
Dayton, and traced it a distance of more than thirty miles, 
through an unbroken forest, to this place, where he afterwards 
settled. He fancied he had found the Canaan his father had 
been seeking. His parents were of German, descent, and 
members of the society of Friends. They had emmigratcd 
from Pennsylvania to North Carolina, and thence to Miami, 
where they had temporarily located until a ])ermaneiit home 
could be selected. Young Hoover and his companions M-ere 
supposed to be the first white men who explored the territory 
north' of Richmond, '^^hey discovered many natural advan- 
tages, among which were the pure spring water issuing from 
the banks of the stream, with its prospective mill-sites, inex- 
haustable quarries of limettone, and a rich soil. Following 
the stream south a short c'istance, they found traps set, and 
near the west bank of the "V\'^hite water, nearly opposite Kich- 
mond, they saw some Indians. From these Indians, who 



WAYNE COUNTY — PIONEER niSTOKY. 545 

could speak broken English, they learned tlie -wLitc men had 
settled below, on the east side of the stream. They made 
their way thitiier, and found thcHolman, line, and McCoy 
families. After a brief rest, they started back for the Miami, 
by a different route, and reported the finding of the ' promised 
land'" 

In the following June the first lands were entered as the 
result of this prospecting tour. " Andrew Hoover, father of 
David, entered several quarter sections, including that which 
the latter had selected for himself on his first trip. John 
Smith entered on what is now the south side of Main street, 
cleared a small patch of ground, and built a cabin near the 
bluff. Jeremiah Cox ])urchased his quarter section late in the 
summer, north of Main street, of Joseph Woodkirk, who had 
bought it of John Meek. Woodkirk, having made a small clear- 
ing and planted it with corn, Cox jjaid him for his improve- 
ments and corn. Andrew Hoover had a number of sons and 
daughters, who settled around him as they got married. David 
had taken a wife in Ohio before coming to the territory; but 
he did not occupy his log cabin until March in the folloM'ing 
year (1S07.) Here, on the west bank of Middle Fork, he 
resided until his death in 18G6. The land in and about Hich- 
mond was settled chiefly by Friends from North Carolina, 
some of them from that State direct, others after a brief resi- 
dence in Ohio. As the Hoover family were the pioneers of 
these people, but for the discovery made here by young Hoover 
and his fellow adventurers, the Society of Friends would 
probably not have had the honor of being the iirst proprietors 
of the land on which Richmond stands, and of naming the 
city." Among tlie first families who settled were those of 
Jerry Cox, Julm Smith, Elijah Wright, Frederick Hoover, 
Andrew Hoover, Sen., David Hoover, William Bulla, and 
John Harvey. Soon after " the spirit of emigration prevailed 
Btrongly in the Southern States, especially in North Carolina. 
The Friends had settled in that State before the adoption of 
the Constitution of the United States, which allowed the en- 
eiavcment of the African race in this country. They were 
generall}^ unfriendly to slavery, hence, probably, their desire, 
35 



54G mSTORT OF INDIANA. 

in great part, to find liomcs on better soil and in more con- 
genial society. Soon after the families above mentioned, others 
of the Carolina Friends began to arrive. Among those wlio 
settled in the vicinity of Riclimond were Jacob Meelc, in ISOG; 
Elijah Wright, in 1806 or 1807; Jesse Bond, in 1807, on tlic 
farm where Earlham college now is; John Burgess, in 1808; 
Valentine Pegg, 1809, ten miles west from Bichmond; John 
Townsend, about the same time; Cornelius ButlifF, 1810; 
John McLain, 1810; and about the same year came families 
of the names of Stewart, Evans, Gilbert, Thomas, Boberts, and 
others." A settlement was soon commenced on East Fork, at 
an early day. In 1806, Joseph "Wright, a revolutionary sol- 
dier,settled there, and was followed, in 1807, by Peter Fleming, 
both having entered their lands as early as 1805. Besides 
tliose above mentioned, there were many others settled on East 
Fork at an early day. 

"Among them were David Wasson, a son-in-law of Peter 
Fleming, afterward known as Judge Fleming, who liad entered 
several hundred acres, on which he settled his children, 
reserving for himself a homestead, since known as the ' Barnes 
farm,' or the 'Woods' place,' and now owned by John 
Brown, adjoining the State line. The farm early owned by 
his son, Samuel Fleming, and now by James Smelscr, was a 
part of the Judge's purchase. Charles Moffat, an early settler, 
lived on the south side of East Fork, near Bichmond, where ho 
built a mill. He remained there until his decease, many years 
ago. Hugh Moffat, a son, still resides near the homestead. A 
little above Amos and John Ilawkins settled early with their 
families; and a little further on, William Ireland, long since 
deceased. Kext, Benjamin Hill, who remained there until his 
death, about forty years ago. His wife survived him until 
1867. Adjoining on the east was Joseph Wasson, before 
mentioned. Kathaniel McCoy Wasson built a cabin in 1809, 
on the homestead near the banks of East Fork, married 
and lived there imtil his death, in 1864. Near by was 
John Gay, an elderly settler, known as Major Gay, who 
early sold his land to Jacob Crist, still living on the premises. 
John Drake, with numerous grown up sons, settled early on 



WAYNE OOUNTT — PIONEER UISTORY. 547 

their farms iidjoining tlic Oliio line. The Drakes were of" tlic 
Baptist denomination. Dnrini^ tlie prevalence of a malignant 
fever, at an earlv period of the settlement on East Fork, a 
number of I'obust, middle-aged men fell victims to it. Of this 
nmnber were David and Jolm Wasson. * * * On Middle 
Fork, near its month, was William Bulla, an early settler, and 
son-in-law of Andrew Hoover, Sen. lie early built a saw mill 
on his farm near the site of Burson's oil mill. lie lived there 
until his decease, some years ago, at an advanced age. Near 
the lands of the Hoover families, Jesse Clark, Kalpli "Wright, 
Alexatider Moore, and Amos and Abner Clawson settled. A 
little furtlier up were tlie Staffords, Bonds, Bunkers, Swallows, 
Ashbjs, Andrcwses, and others, all of whom, we believe were 
from [N^orth Carolina, and chiefly Friends. They had a small 
log meeting house in the vicinity, and were subordinate to the 
White "Water monthly meeting. "William Bond had erected a 
saw mill, and Joshua Bond a cheap oil mill. Edward Bond, 
Sen., died a few years after he came. A little further up, 
Jeremiah Cox, Jr., settled, and early built a grist mill, to the 
great gratification of the settlers. Above Cox's mill were a 
few inhabitants. Among these were Isaac Commons, liobcrt 
Morrison, Barnabas Boswell, Isaac, John and William Iliatt, 
and John NichoL-ron, the farms of some of whom are now 
within tlie limits of Franklin township. Balden Ashley 
settled near Cox's mill, and owned the land from which has 
long been obtaiv.cd the lime furnished the builders of Bich- 
mond. On th.e West Fork, above the lands of the RatlilF anU 
Hoover families, already mentioned, Avas Joshua Pickett, an 
early settler. Next above was the Addington settlement, on 
both sides of the stream. Further up, the first settlers M'cre 
the Starbucks, Swains, Harrises, Turners, and others, who were 
nsoful, enterprising citizens. Paul Swain, and William Star- 
buck wagoned produce of various kinds to Fort Wayne. 
Edward Starbuck, Sen., was an early justice of the peace. 
William died in middle life. Hester Starbuck, his widow, 
died within the last three or four years, having lived to an old 
age. An early settlement was also made in 1806, about four 
or live miles southeast of llichmond, by Jesse Davenport, 



548 niSTOKV OF indiaxa, 

Jacob Fonts, and liis sons William and Jacob, and liis son-in- 
law, Thomas Bulla, natives of North Carolina, but immedi- 
ately from Ohio. By the formation of Boston, the land of 
Davenport was taken into that township. Other femilies 
came in soon after."* The toils and hardships of the pioneers 
of Wayne county were about the same as those of other sec- 
tions of the State. They came at an early day, and perhaps 
knew more of border life, in its reality, than those who settled 
at a later day, in close proximity to mills, etc. Their log 
cabins were all of the old pioneer style, and their clothing, 
diet and customs were those of border life. They had their 
troubles with the Indians, their battles with r)0verty, their 
struggles with the forest, their scarcity of flour; in short, they 
EufTered and endured all the perils and dangers and privations 
of the first pioneers. But they overcame, and prospered. 
They hewed away the forests, and cultivated gr<^at fields of 
corn; they dispensed with the rude, unshapely cabin, and 
erected commodious dwellings. They accompli? Hed a work 
for civilization. 



CHAPTEE LXXII. 

WAYNE COUNTT — UISTORICAL AND ' DESCRIPTIVE, 

TTTAYNE county was organized in 1810. It was then 
▼ ▼ composed of " that part of Dearborn county lying cast 
of the twelve mile purchase, and between the north and south 
lines of the new county, together with that portion of the 
purchase lying between those lines." The lands west of the 
purchase were not acquired until 1820. On the 25tli of Feb- 
ruary, 1811, the first circuit court was held at the house ot 
Eichard Eue, three miles south of Eichmond. The only busi- 

♦ From Mr. Young's work. 



"WAYNE COUNTY HISTOKICAL AND DESCRIITIVE. 5-49 

ncss transacted at this pcssion, hoM'cvcr, was that of di\'iding 
tlic county into civil divisions, Tlie next session of tlie court 
was held at tlie same jilacc the following month, when a grand 
jury was for the first time empaneled in the county. The 
court consisted of Jesse D. Ilolman, presiding judge, and 
Peter Flemming and Aaron Martin, associate judges. 

Ininicdiately Avith the organization the wrangle of the loca- 
tion of tlie scat of justice c»f the county began, and, we regret 
to say, has scarcely terminated to this day. The first commis- 
sion appointed to make the location reported a site near the 
present town of Ccntervillc, but owing to the lands upon 
which tlic location was made being unsold, the action of tho 
commissioners was decided illegal. A second commission 
appointed to locate the ca])ital of the county decided to accept 
the donation of Samuel Woods, in range three, and further 
decided that tue name of the county scat should be Salisbury. 
A log court-hcase, for teiii])oi-ary use, and a jail of hewed 
square logs, were built, and were soon followed by a brick 
court-house. "Salisbuiy having now become an incorporated 
town," says ^Ir. Yourig, '^ the earliest in the county, and its 
citizens having secured — ])erniancnt]y, as they supposed — 
the public buildings, they anticii)ated a long and prosperous 
career. In this, however, they were disajipointed. Efibrts 
wci-e soon nuide for the removal of the county seat to Center- 
ville. In the midst of the bitter strife between the Salisbuiy 
and Ccntervillc ])arties, -^ * * an act was passed in 181G 
authorizing the removal of the county seat to Ccntervillc, pro- 
vided, however, that the citizens furnish, without expense to 
the county, ])ul)lic buildings as good and of the same dimen- 
sions as those at Salislniry. After the removal of the county 
seat, Salisbury was rajtidly deserted. The few frame and brick 
buildings were taken down, and some of them removed to 
Richmond. The bricks in the building on the southeast corner 
of Main and Pearl streets, known as Harris' corner, were for- 
merl)' in tlie couit-house at Salisbury. There remains nothing 
on the site indicating that a town was ever there. The ground 
on which it stood is now a part of the farm of Enoch Rails- 
bach. Within a recent date the county scat has been removed 



550 mSTORT OF INDIAKA. 

from Ccntcrville to Puclimond. In all probability it will 
remain there permanently." 

"We will now turn to the j)resent condition of Wayne county 
and observe what a growth of sixty years has wrought. It 
would be well first to glance at its natural resources. The 
surface of the territory is mostly rolling, with some slight 
hills in the southeastern portion. The two forks of AVhite- 
water, fed by numerous branches, pass through the whole 
county, from north to south, and supply abundant water power 
to every part of it. Between these streams — usually from 
one to four miles apart — the land swells gradually, so that 
from the summits, in each direction, the most delightful pros- 
pects are everywhere presented. The forests have disapj^eared, 
except such as have been reserved for timber, and more than 
three-fifths of the county is under profitable cultivation. The 
soil is principally a rich loam, bedded on clay, with a light 
mixture of sand and limestone. The soil is well adapted to 
wheat and corn and grass. In short, in agricultural produc- 
tions, in agricultural importance, it is the '"banner county ot 
Indiana." These natural advantages have been so highly im- 
proved and developed by skill, capital and industry, that to-day 
it is one of the most wealthy portions of the State. Nearly 
all the formers are wealthy. Their schools are the best. Cities 
and towns fiourish in many parts of the county, while Rich- 
mond, its largest city, is among the leading commercial 
ceiitres of the State. Richmond is one of Indiana's finest 
cities. It is substantially built, is surrounded by one of the 
richest agric\dtural sections in the Northwest, has ample rail- 
road lacilities, and is enjoying a large and healthy commerce. 
Since the county seat has been removed there it has taken a 
new start. Its educational advantages are its pride and boast. 
"Within one mile of the city, on the National road, stands 
Earlham college. This institution, owned by the Friends, has 
one hundred and sixty acres of land in connection with its 
attractive buildings; this under the management of a board 
of trustees appointed by Indiana yearly meeting. Its first 
president was Barnabus C. Hobbs, who was also superintendent 
of public instruction for the State of Indiana at a later day. 



WAYNE COUNTY HISTOKICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 551 

There arc both preparatory and collegiate departments, with 
two courses of study for each — a classical and a scientific 
There arc six professorships. The college has a well-furnished 
reading-room and a library of over three thousand volumes. 
Both sexes are admitted, and have equal privileges and oppor- 
tunities. 



CHAPTEE LXXIII. 

JAY COUNTY riONEER HISTOKT. 

PEEIIAPS tlio ladies of Indiana of the present day will 
find a valuable lesson of duty in the history of the early 
settlement of Jay county. It is not likely they will ever be 
called upon to endure similar hardships, but by reading and 
remembering the dangers to which the pioneer women of this 
State were exposed, they will be able to find peace and com- 
fort in some of their present imaginary ills. It was only 
about fifty years ago that the first settlers came to Jay county, 
then a wilderness inhabited only by Indians. Wolves, bears 
and other wild animals were prowling through the woods and 
over the prairies, and the lonely settlers had much of danger 
on every hand to contend with. But even in the face of these 
obstacles its first settlers were a bride and bridegroom. She 
was a true heroine, who, nothing daunted by the thrilling tales 
of border life then rife in the Eastern settlements, volunteered 
to unite her fortune with that hardy pioneer in his resolve to 
find a home on the distant Wabash. Nor was her praise- 
worthy heroism the only example of true womanhood in those 
early days of Indiana. Hundreds of noble, true hearted 
women, fired by the indomitable energy and perseverance of 
their husbands, voluntarily shared the hardships and exposures 
of pioneer life. They came not after the log cabins had been 
erected, not after homes had been established, but when the 
only shelter was the forest and the only bed the broad bosom 
of the prairie. Such were some of the pioneer women of Jay 
county. 

On the fifteenth of June, 1S21, Peter Studabakcr and Miss 
Mary Simison were joined in the bonds of wedlock at the 

552 



JAY COUNTY nOXEER IIISTORr. 553 

home of the bride's father, at Fort Recovery, Ohio, at that 
time one of the Western outposts of American civilization. 
The marriage ceremony was not celebrated in a large and 
elegantly finished church, in the presence of a fashionable 
audience. Fort Kecovery was not blessed with such marriages 
in those days. No, the wedding was a matter of fact occur- 
rence, becoming alike to the customs of pioneer life and to 
the circumstances which followed. The newly married couple 
at once set out for the West. Gathering their earthly effects 
together, they started in company with a few friends on the 
"Quaker Trace" towards Fort Wayne, Journeying along 
through the forest, resting and refreshing occasionally by the 
wayside, they at length reached the waters of the Wabash. 
Here they halted and the bridegroom, assisted by the parties 
who were with him, and in the presence of his bride, com- 
menced to build a cabin. Night was drawing near and the 
nuptial bed was yet to be prepared. Cutting four forked poles 
he drove one end of each into the ground, laid poles and 
branches across the top, covered the whole with boughs, built a 
fire, and then, while " Mary " was getting the supper, he pre- 
pared a table. The young bride at once adapted herself to 
the situation and in a few moments the weary travelers sat 
down to a comfortable meal in the little camp, fifteen milea 
from any other settlers and fifty from the settlements of 
civilization. 

Night came on, and, making beds of robes and blankets, 
the pioneers retired to rest. No sooner had sleep overtaken 
them than they were awakened by the howling of distant 
wolves. They approached nearer and nearer. Their cries 
were answered by other packs which hastened to join them. 
Hour after hour the dismal barking and howling was con- 
tinued, until, at length, the foremost were snapping their teeth 
at the open door of the camp. It must, indeed, have been a 
moment of fear for the young wife when one of the men took 
a rifle and discharged its contents among the barking wolves 
without leaving his bed. But we have no record of her want 
of courage. It is record .d, however, to her honor, that she 
braved the dangers of camp life until a log cabin was erected, 



554 rasTOKT OP Indiana. 

and entered it witli a resolution that never departed from licr 
during lier toils and hardships. "Thus camped and slei)t the 
first white family that ever ti'od the wilderness which litteen 
years afterward became Jay county." This was on the fiirra 
afterwai-ds owned by Samuel Hall, on the south bank of the 
Wabash, at New Corydon. Mr. Studabaker's cabin was the 
first built in the territory, and was rude in every respect — a 
hut twelve by sixteen, of small, round logs, with a clapboard 
roof, held on by "weight-poles." Unbroken forests sur- 
rounded this cabin for miles in every direction, and there was 
no mill or store within thirty miles, and no other dwelling 
within fifteen. "Their only companions were Indians, their 
only foes wolves." ^Ir. M. W. Montgomery, who has written 
a very good history of Jay county, relates this: "Mr. Studa- 
baker moved to the Wabash with the intention of making that 
his permanent home, but the frequent overflows of the river 
at that time discouraged him, and finally led him to move 
away. One evening, in the spring of 1822, several travelers 
stopped to stay all night. The Wabash was quite high, but 
not unusually so. Mrs. S. made a bed on the floor, in which 
the travelers retired to rest. In the night one of them 
thought he felt rather 'moist,' and on turning over found 
tlie puncheons were floating. They got up; one went up in 
the loft, and the other concluded to nap the rest of the night 
away on the logs of wood by the fire. But the family, being 
more fortunate, were on a bedstead, and slept there until 
morning, when they found all the puncheons except the two 
on which the bed-posts rested, floating about the room. Mr. 
Studabaker waded out and brought his canoe into the house, 
and took his family to dry land in the woods, where they 
camped till the water went down, which was in four or five 
days. In this way the "Wabash overflowed the land about his 
cabin, and he moved back to Fort Kecovery, after living in 
Jay county about two years." The same writer pays this 
tribute to Mrs. Studabaker: " After moving back to Fort 
Eecoveiy, Peter Studabaker was engaged chiefly in farming 
for about twelve years, when he moved to Adams county, 
where he died in 1840. * * Mary, (Mrs. Studabaker,) now 



JAY COCNTY inSTOEICAL AND DESCKIPTTVE. 555 

lives witli licr son, Abram, in Adams county, Indiana, in a log 
house, wit] I one of those great old-fashioned cabin lire-placcs 
which so abuiulantly dispense Avannth and cheerfulness to the 
inmates. It is about sixty feet from the river, ujion the 
banks of which she has lived since her childhood days, nearly 
half a century. By the side of its quiet waters she was woed 
and won, and has devotedly braved many dangers, reared a 
large family, and followed her husband and several children 
to the tomb. She is now (1SC4) seventy-four years of age, 
and though in feeble health, her mind still retains its original 
vigor. Strong common sense, quick perception, and good 
judgment are her characteristics." 

But we cannot follow all the interesting incidents of pioneer 
life iu Jay county in detail. The experiences of some of these 
first families that located there would fill a volume. 

Jay county was organized in 1S3G, and named in honor of 
John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme 
Court. The countj^ seat was located by a commission appointed 
for the purpose, and called Portland. The first election of 
county ofiicers took place in August, 1S3G, when the following 
persons were elected: Commissioners, John Pingry, Abraham 
Lotz, and Benjamin Goldsmith ; associate judges, James 
Graves, and Enoch Bowden; clerk, Christopher Ilauna; sherifi", 
Ilenderson Graves. James Graves did not accept the oflice 
of judge, and Obadiah Winters was subsequently chosen. The 
first term of the circuit court in Jay county was hold on the 
seventeenth day of April, 1S37, at the house of Henry II. 
Cup])y; Hon. Charles W. Ewing, of Fort Wayne, presiding. 

With the proper government, and with all the elements of 
success, the energetic pioneers of Jay county were not slow in 
the battle of general improvements. Their progress has been 
steady, and as rapid as could be desired. The surface of the 
county has no very distinguishing features. It is, perhaps, as 
level as any portion of the State, though in places it is bcauti- 
fidly rolling. JS^o portion of the county has a poor soil, yet 
in many places the land had to be drained before it was pro- 
ductive. Originally the forests of the county contained an 
abundance of excellent lumber, including oak, ash, walnut, 



55G HISTOKT OF INDIAT-A. 

hickory and bcccli, the two latter greatly predominating. In 
most parts of the county the farmers arc prosperous, luiving 
ah'cady accumulated an independence, consisting of a well 
improved farm, a good residence, commodious homes, line 
stock, and general thrift. The rural districts have, for the 
most part, good schools. Great advancement has been made 
in this direction during the last live years, and still greater 
progress will he made in the next five. 

Portland, the county scat, is a thriving toAvn, having excel- 
lent school advantages, an energetic population, good public 
improvements, and the elements of future prosperity. It is 
surrounded by a rich agricultural district, and cannot fail to 
increase in wealth and population. 



CHAPTER LXXIY. 

PUTNAM COUNTY — INDIANA ASBUKY UNH-EKSmr. 

PUTNAM county was named in honor of General Israel 
Putnam, of revolutionary fame. The surface in the 
northern and eastern parts of the county, is, in some places, 
level, and in others gently undulating, and before being im- 
proved was quite wet. In the centre and southwest it is roll- 
ing, and in the vicinity of the streams is, in places, quite hilly, 
yet but few of the hills are too steep to be cultivated. The 
prevailing timber is beech, sugar tree, walnut, ash, oak and 
poplar. The soil is, in general, a black loam, but in some 
parts clayey. It is a good agricultural county, and has had 
good prosperity, both in wealth and population. 

Greencastle is the county seat, and is a thriving town of 
about four thousand five hundred inhabitants, with good pub- 
lic improvements and educational facilities. The chief attrac- 
tion of the place is the Indiana Asbury University. The town 
has excellent railroad facilities. 



PUTNAM COUNTY — ASBURT UNIVERSITY. 557 

Tlic Indianapolis, Yandalia and St. Louis "Railroad inter- 
sects its southern, and the Indianapolis and St. Louis Railroad 
its nortlicrn limits. The Louisville, Xew Albany and Cliicai^o 
Ilailroad crosses the former a mile and a half to the southwest, 
and passing through the ■western border of the citj, it crosses 
the latter a half mile north of the public square. These three 
railroads, by means of their numerous connections, aiford 
almost hourly communication M-ith all portions of the coun- 
try, and render the site particularly eligible for an institution 
of learning. The city extends over a high plateau, bounded 
by the several railroads, a little more than a mile square. The 
founders of the university were fortunate in selecting for its 
situation a place so admirably fitted by nature to all the ])ur- 
poses of cdacational demand. The citizens, through the lapse 
of the years, have added to its natural advantages whatever 
industry and taste could effect. "With salubrity of atmosphere, 
purity of water, and the uniformly large grounds connected 
with the homes of the people, the city has been reputable for 
its healthfulness, and rendered desirable as a place of residence. 
The attractions of the place have been such as to allure a class 
of inhabitants very superior in their intelligence, morals and 
rank in social life. 

While the university is freely open to all persons of M'hat- 
cver religious education and preference, it is yet under the 
more particular patronage, and in the interest of the Meth- 
odist Episcopal Church. By the conditions of its organic law, 
it is under the supervision, in vcvy important regards, of the 
several annual conferences of Indiana. These conferences have 
representation in its joint board of trustees and visitors, of 
equal numbers of ministers and laymen. The trustees arc 
twenty-one in number, and have full authority over all the 
interests of the institution. There are nine visitors, clerical 
representatives of the conferences, who are associated with the 
trustees with full advisory powers, but voting only on ques- 
tions concerning the election and dismissal of the faculty. 

As early as in 1S30, a resolution was adopted by the Indiana 
Annual Conference to establish within its territory an institu- 
•ion of learning of liberal character. For reasons of economj; 



558 



mSTORY OF INDIANA. 



efforts were repeatedly made to arrange for the joint manage- 
ment of tlie State univer&ity on terms that Monkl adequately 
meet tlie increasing demand of the ehnrch, which was spread- 
ing i-apidly, under tlie vigorous energy of an itinerant minib-- 
try, over erery portion of the country. Failing, however, in 
the consummation of this phm, an appeal was made to the 
legislature, and a charter was granted by the session of 183G-7. 
The first meeting of the board of trustees was held in March, 
1S37, at which the organization of a preparatory de]iartment 
was authorized, in which instruction should be given in all 
the branches usually pnrsned in that grade of schools. This 
"worlv was effected in June, 1S3T, by Cyrus Kutt, D. D., LL.D., 
at this date president of Indiana State University. An edi- 
fice suitable for collegiate pnrposes being necessary for the 
prosecution of the enterprise, the foundations M'cre com- 
menced about the time of organizing the preparatory classes, 
and the corner-stone was formally laid June twentj'-iirst, 1S37, 
Bislioj* Henry Eoseau ofliciating. In 1830, the regular col- 
legiate classes were formed and placed under the direction of 
an able i'aculty of instruction. This nnivcrsity sent out from 
these classes its first graduates, three in nnmbei-, in June, 1840; 
since which period, there have been anniuil additions to the 
lists of its alumni, wdio, in gradual yet constantly increased 
numbers, have swelled to an aggregate in 1875 of live hundred 
and eighty-one. 

In 18(JG, by a formal act of the board of trustees, ladies 
were admitted to the pi'ivileges of the institution. They 
were invited to all the departments of instruction, and with 
no discriminations, subject to the same requirements and dis- 
ciplines, and eligible to the same distinctions and lessons that 
at other periods were oficred only for the advantage of gentle- 
men. Already large numbers have availed themselves of these 
liberal privileges in both the prcpai-atory and collegiate depart- 
ments, and nineteen have ])assed, by excellence in scholarly 
attainment, to their graduation. Two of these graduates have 
won distinction in their res])ective classes. 

Cy the terms of the charter, the institution is invested with 
full university powers, so that the hoard have authority to 



ASBURT UNIVERSITY. 559 

establish the complete circle of schools coinprchended in the 
representative university. 

On November first,1848, a medical college was ori^anizcd,-svith 
a large corps of learned and experienced practitioners retained 
as its facnltj. This department of the nniversitj ^vas con- 
tinned with energy and success during three years, having its 
Beat of operation at Indianapolis, under the conviction that 
facilities for medical learning could be had more advan- 
tageously in the midst of a large population. During this 
period, abont fifty persons, having completed satisfactorily 
the prescribed course of lectures and examinations, were grad- 
uated into the medical profession. 

A department of law was established in July, 1S4G, with 
Hon. K. AV. Thompson, professor elect, at its heatl, and has 
beeii continued, with occasional interru]>tions and varying 
encouragement, Jintil the present 3'ear (1875). An aggregate 
of liily-six have completed the entire course usually required 
for practice in the legal profession. Many of them have 
proved their ability by the eminent positions an intelligent 
people have awarded them as a popular recognition of their 
merit. Because of limited funds, the university has, how- 
ever, been devoting its strength chiefiy to intellectual culture. 
This, with Biblical literature, embracing under the term the 
Hebrew language and Old Testament criticism and exegesis — 
also the Greek Testament with criticism and exegesis — has 
received greatest attention, and hereafter to this class of 
instruction will the resources of the university be ])articnlarly 
devoted. In this field of endeavor has it achieved its envialjlc 
reputation among the institutions of the continent. Such, 
doubtless, will be the policy of the future, exclusively. Since 
the State has undertaken to supply the demand for medical 
and legal knowledge, and from its treasury for this purpose 
appropriates liberal sums annually, it is deemed to be the dic- 
tation of wisdom that this institution of the church should 
have a more exclusive consecration to that which is disci])lin- 
ary and non-professional. It is proposed, however, in any 
event, that the work of Biblical instruction shall receive 
increased attention. This comes legitimately within the pur- 



560 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

pose and intent of the founders, and accords strict]}" -uith the 
requirement of the church under whose patronage it comes. 
To this extent and in this way may its work be deemed pro- 
fessionaL 

Two departments of instruction are provided for, tlie pre- 
paratory and collegiate. The former extends through a period 
of two years. The course of study consists of the elements of 
the classic languages, and tlie mathematics, including algebra, 
complete. This part of the course is fully equal to the requi- 
sites for admission into first-class New England colleges. To 
these are added Latin, prose composition, rhetorical lessons, 
American history, and American an ''Equities. The condition 
of public education is such, that to discontinue the department 
of preparatory study, would be disastrous to the interests of 
higher education. It is a singular fact that the high schools 
of the country furnish very few students to collegiate classes; 
once graduated from the comparatively limited courses there 
pursued, they at once enter their respective avocations of life. 
The Indiana high schools usually make no provision for 
instruction in the Greek language, for the reason, probably, 
tliat the masses of the people have not and do not require it. 
Every aspirant for a thorough higher education, however, 
wishing to have an acquaintance M'ith that branch of learning, 
the university has not sympathized in the least with the sug- 
gestions of some of the leaders of public school education of 
the State, to dispense with this language from the requirements 
of collegiate preparation. It has been believed, rather, that 
to act under this suggestion would be to reduce disastrously 
the standard of mental culture, and discriminate far too greatly 
against the dignity and real worth of classic learning. It is 
believed also that to abate such pre])aratorj classic require- 
ments, would be to deter effectually many from an extended 
course of study, especially in the classics, %vho otherwise would 
be influenced to pursue it. Certain it is, that the proposed 
plan does discriminate, in the popular interpretation, to a very 
great extent, against a liberal classical education. The decision 
and sufficient proof is, as it seems to the greater number of 
collegiate educators, the facts connected with those seats of 



ASBUET tTNIVERSITT. 561 

collegiate learning where the suggestions allnded to have been 
adopted, and have been carried into practical effect. It has 
been thought advisable, therefore, as a wise economy of 
resources, that tlic faculty retain under their own exclusive 
management a preparatory school, adapting its course precisely 
to that required for the advanced classes. 

The collegiate department embraces a full four years curri- 
culum, and consists of nine professorships: the mental and 
moral, natural science, Greek language and literatui'c, Latin 
language and literature, belles-lettres and history, modern Ian- 
guagc and Hebrew, mathematics, civil law, and Biblical litera- 
ture. Provision is made for instruction in the Anglo Saxon, 
in connection Avith the chair of belles-lettres and history. In 
connection with the chairs of Greek, Latin, and modern lan- 
guages, instruction is afforded in the Sanskrit, Spauisli and 
Italian languages. Physics is taught in connection with the 
natural sciences. It is understood that a donation of $25,000, 
by Pobert Stockwell, Esq., in the latter part of 1S74, is 
expressly for the support of a professor of systematic and prac- 
tical divinity. This fact, together with the large demand exist- 
ing for instruction in these branches of study, will, no doubt, 
result in the creation of the proposed chair at the earliest meet- 
ing of the board of trustees, which will occur in June, 1S75. 

The course of study in all the professorships, respectively, is 
remarkable for the fact that nearly everything lias been 
excluded that is not of a strictly educating character. It is 
the aim to supply facilities whose use shall result in substan- 
tial discipline. The faculty and board of trustees agree fully 
in the policy which should be pursued in executing the educa- 
tional trust committed to them. They are of the conviction 
that he who is disciplined into ability to control the attention, 
and to think closely, can himself gain knowledge to any extent 
the exigencies of life may require. They have, therefore, con- 
structed the work of the departments with the view of pro- 
moting sound discipline, leaving the accumulation of knowl- 
edge to the discretion and industry of the student, after he 
shall have taken his graduation. The result is that the meta- 
physical philosophy, the classic languages, and mathematics, 
36 



562 msTOKT OF Indiana. 

constitute a very large part of the undcrgradnatc requisites 
The prescribed sciences arc, for this reason, taught witli tho 
use of such authors, or texts, as treat tlieir respective subjects 
nndcr profound and exliaustivc methods. Tlicy are encour- 
aged to continue this phan of instruction by tlie success wliich 
has uniformly attended its practical operation in every period 
of the institution's history. 

]\Iany scores of eminent men are numbered among the 
alumni, who have gone from its halls at the several commence- 
ments. These are represented in the public trusts, both civil 
and political, and equally in the responsible and successful 
industries of the country. The university has become distin- 
guished as the educator of many of the most eloquent of ora- 
tors; also many of tho most efficient and reliable workers in 
both the church and state. In all these regards the institution 
has cause of congratulation, and can confidently point to the 
men educated under its direction — their learning — their 
character — their power — their work, as the unquestioned 
proof of the excellence of its educational processes. No insti- 
tution of learning in the entire country has made for itself a 
more brilliant record. In the respect of its educated men, 
strong and efficient in their respective spheres, Asbury Uni- 
versity holds a high position among the colleges of the con- 
tinent — the peer of the best — superior to most. Such is the 
meed of distinction the impartial discriminator yields, as justly 
due to the wise adjustments and thorough application of a well 
Belccted means of scholastic discipline. 

The endowment of the university is $212,000, the greater 
portion of which is profitably invested. Of this amount, 
$75,000 are the gift of Eobert Stockwell, Esq., of La Fayette, 
and consisted of first mortgage bonds of the Indianapolis, 
La Fayette, and Chicago railroad, ^vith two thousand dollars 
accrued interest in addition. Fifty thousand dollars, and the 
two thousand dollars interest, by the direction of the donor, 
go into the general fund for endowment purposes; twenty-five 
thousand dollars, was a special direction, and is intended to be 
the nucleus of a foundation for a theological department; tho 
balance of the fund, one hundred and thirty-five thousand 



ASBUEY UNIVERSITY. 56.3 

dollars, was procured, M'itli possibly very small contributions 
excepted, by the sale of scliolarsliips. Early in the history of 
the institution, an attempt was made to make sale of scholar- 
sliips at the rate of five hundred dolhirs each, with the hope 
that, by sucli sales, the necessary amount could be quickly 
secured. This proved a foilnre, tlic cost of the certificates 
being greater than the friends of the university could, at that 
day of comparative poverty in the development of the country, 
afibrd. In lS-i4, a plan was devised, adapted better to the 
ability of the people. Under this plan, certificates of tuition 
in perpetuity were issued for one hundred dollars. At a later 
period still, certificates running through twelve years were 
issued for fifty dollars; six years, or one full course, prepara- 
tory and collegiate, for twenty-five dollars. At these rates of 
cost, severally, scholarships were taken, amounting in the 
aggregate, in 1S58, in cash and productive notes, to seventy- 
five thousand dollars. In the year 1SG6, marking the centenary 
period of the Methodist Episcopal Church as an organized 
body in the United States, a vigorous efibrt was again made 
to increase the funds of the institution. Appeals were made 
directly to the people for their contributions, by agents of the 
Indiana conferences, wlio, in prosecuting their work, canvassed 
the entire State. Scholarships were issued, meanwhile, to any 
contributors who desired to use them, and whose contributions 
were sufliciently large to meet the conditions of their sale. 
The sum realized through this plan of operation amounts, in 
cash and notes, to sixty thousand dollars. Small portions of 
the fund arc not yet productive, and the productive portions 
are realizing for the purposes intended at difierent rates. The 
whole, however, is sufficient to yield an income equal to the 
essential demand of instruction. Ilaving confidence in their 
ability to maintain their endowment and increase it in propor- 
tion to any enlarged requirement that in any probability will 
arise, the board of trustees, at their annual meeting in June, 
1874, declared that tuition shall be fkee to all. This 
provision of free tuition applies not alone to students in the 
regular classes of the university, but equally to all who are 
candidates for those classes in its preparatory school. To date 



564 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

(collegiate year, 1S74-5), four hundred and twentj-fonr are 
availini^ tlicnisclvcs of these liberal allowances, and the luim- 
bcr is very rapidly increasing. 

On December fifth, 1837, Rev. Josepli A. Tomlinson -was 
elected to the chair of mathematics, and at the same meeting 
of the trustees, Rev. Cyrus Nutt was made professor of ancient 
languages, and principal of the preparatory dej^artmcnt. Rev. 
Mr. Tomlinson declining to accept the chair of mathematics, 
it was tendered to Rev. Mathew Simpson, who also declined 
the position. The presidency was tendered to Mr. Tomlinson 
in 1838, but, declining to accept which, it was oflcred, in 1839, 
to Mathew Simpson, who accepted the position, and served 
nine years in that capacity. During these nine years the 
institution was permanently endowed by the sale of scholar 
ships, and by donations to the amount of $50,000. 

In 1840, the faculty consisted of the president and the pro- 
fessors of mathematics and natural science, the Latin and 
Greek languages, and two tutors. The course of study was 
made equal to the older institutions, and was quickly brought 
up nearly to its present status, but little having been added 
since, except to the departments of English literature and 
natural science. 

Mathew Simpson, D.D., came to the presidency of the uni- 
versity in 1839, was elected editor of the Weste7'n Christian 
Advocate in 1848, and bishop of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church in 1852. In his administration he was positive and 
strict, yet kind and gentle, his most severely disciplined 
students generally loving him best, because brought to re- 
pentance and reformation by his kind and firm exercise of 
authority. No man has been more popular, both among the 
students and citizens. 

Lucian W. Berry, D.D., succeeded to the administration in 
1849. He came directly from the active itinerant ministry. 
lie was strong in the pulpit and in extemporaneous discourse 
on the rostrum. He was known particularly for his wonderful 
power in exhortation. He was exact in the tone of the dis- 
cipline he executed in the university, and precise in his own 
moral and Christian conduct. In the later years he became 



ASEUllY UNIVERSrrY. 565 

sensitive to a fault by reason of protracted physical suffering. 
He went to the presidency of the Iowa Wcsleyan University 
in 1854, and presently died in an attempt to establish an in- 
stitution of learning of high grade in Missouri. 

Daniel Curry, D.D., succeeded Dr. Berry as president of 
the university, in 1854. lie M'as strict, fearless, almost rash, 
inflexible, estimating expediency as nothing in the alternative 
of rIfj/iL He would compromise with no shadow of wroiig, 
and his will was unconquerable. lie was the man to quell a 
rebellion, at the same time that he was the very man under 
whom a rebellion would be most likely to occur. Dr. Curry 
resigned his position in the University in 1857, having held it 
for only three years, and, within a brief period, was elected 
editor-in-chief of the Cliristkin Advocate, in ISlew York. 

Thomas Bownum, D.D., was ju'csidcnt in 1858. A man of 
trtct, affable, versatile, of unusual ability to utilize resources, 
exerting influence kindly, yet powerl'ully, he presided with 
great success over the work of the institution for fourteen 
years. In 1872, the general conference of the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church gave him an election to the episcopacy, where 
lie executed duty as propei-ly as in the narrower sphere of the 
presidency. Take him, all in all, though not the most learned 
nor eloquent, yet, in the judgment of a disci'iminating public 
sentiment. Bishop Bowman overranks any of his predecessors 
in the elements of popular character and of efficiency in work. 

Many men of note have had part in the work of the univer- 
sity, either as trustees, agents, or in other positions of respon- 
sibility. Isaac Owen deserves very honorable mention. A 
man of energy and steady faith, he successfully sold scholar- 
ships, at one hundred dollars each, for the endowment of the 
institution. lie was without a liberal education, but self- 
educated in theology, and a ready and constant reader of the 
scriptures in Greek, eccentric and unpolished, yet commanding 
great respect. In terms not greatly dissimilar should allusion 
be made to Samuel C. Cooper, Daniel DeMotte, and Aaron 
"Wood, who, in the agency of the institution, did excellent 
service. In the list of men who have honored the university 
by their attentions and counsel, the names of Calvin Fletcher, 



56G HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Joscpli A. "Wright, Tilinan A. Tloward, Austin W. Morris, 
Alfred Harrison, F. C. Ilolliday, John L. Smith, Ilciiry S. 
Lane, "Williamson Terrell, John Ingle, "W. C. DePauw, Asa 
Iglehart, David McDonald, John A. Malson, T. J. Sample, 
S. AV. Parker, G. M. Beswick, E. G. "Wood, Allan Wilej, Bishop 
Ames, John "Wilkins, Isaac C. Ellston, Bishop Bobcrts, A. C. 
Downey, ^Y. II. Goodc, Calvin Butter, D. L. Southard, "Wilh 
Cumback, and many more ranking among the nobility of the 
State. 

Among the alumni sliould be named: James Harlan, dis- 
tinguished for his career in public life; Newton Booth, governor 
of California and United States senator; Thomas Goodwin, 
"W. H. Larrabee, Joseph Glenn, James P. Liise, "W. 11. Barnes, 
Henry Benson, George B. Jocelyn, Oliver S. Munsell, GeorgG 
"W. IIoss, Samuel Lattimore, Philip Gillette, and many others 
in literature, authorship, and the practical professions. Many 
represent the university in the learned professions and in 
political life; many are in military lile. During the period 
of the great rebellion, the classes of the university were nearly 
deserted, by students volunteering. The same was substan- 
tially true in the Mexican war. Among the distinguished 
specialists, it is but just to mention Elkanoh "Williams, of 
Cincinnati, who stands quite at the head of the celebrated 
oculists. 

Not invidiously, but as justly indicating the notable legal 
record of very many of the alumni, may be mentioned the 
names of Albert G. Porter, James Mcintosh, Daniel "W. Voor- 
hees, John "W. Boy, John Hanna, John S. Torkington, Wm. 
P. Hargrave, H. C. Gooding. 

A very large proportion of the alumni have entered the 
work of the Christian ministry, chiefly as it is prosecuted 
under the methods of the itinerancy in the Methodist E])is- 
i^pal Church. 



CHAPTER LXXY. 

CONCLUSION OF COUNTY SKETCHES. 

IT was our original intention to make the sketches of tlie 
counties merely descriptive, except tliose in wliicli are 
located the oldest landmarks of pioneer life, as with Allen, 
Tippecanoe, Vigo, Knox, Clarke, and other counties. The 
following are descriptive sketches of the counties not men- 
tioned in the preceding chapters: 

ADAMS COUNTY. 

Tms county was named in honor of President Adams. The 
surface is level, being beautifully undulating in some quarters. 
There are no barren lands, and but little wet prairie. There 
is a considerable portion of bottom lands, but the greater por- 
tion of the county is upland, heavily timbered. In some of 
the wet prairies of this county we jSnd the water-shed from 
which the waters run both toward the St. Lawrence and the 
Mississippi. In these swampy sections are definable traces 
of beaver dams. The soil is mixed clay and marl, and is said 
to improve with continued cultivation. Timber was originally 
in abundance, consisting of oak, hickory, buckeye, ash, beech, 
elm, lynn, walnut, sycamore, poplar, and cottonwcod. The 
principal water courses are the Wabash and St. Mary's rivers. 
In this county they are about equal in size, their average 
breadth being about one hundred and fifty feet. The St. 
Mary's was formerly navigated by fiat boats, but is now 
obstructed with mill dams. 

This county has made good progress in agriculture, com- 
wercc and education. Decatur is the county seat, and is but 

567 



508 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

twenty-one miles from Fort "Wayne. It is a flourishing city, 
with excellent incorporated schools, substantial buildings, weli 
kept streets, and thriving commercial interests, with good 
railroad facilities. 

BLACKFOED COUNTY. 

Elackford county was named in honor of Judge Blackford, 
one of the pioTicer judges of Indiana. Tlic surface of this 
county diflcrs but slightly from that of Adams. It is quite 
level, and in some places gently undulating. The soil is good 
and well adapted to the cultivation of wheat, rye, corn, oats, 
potatoes, etc. The exports consist of wheat, cattle, horses, 
and hogs. The soil is well watered by the Salamonie and Lick 
creeks, the former a splendid manufacturing stream. With 
the exception of the wet prairies, the surface was principally 
all upland, heavily timbered with oak, ash, beech, po])lar, 
sugar tree, walnut, hickory, cherry, etc. The first settlement 
in the county was made in 1835, by Mr. John Blount. In 
1837, a colony of emigrants from Vermont settled in the 
county, and laid ofi' the town of Montpelicr, named in honor 
of the capital of their native State. 

Ilartford City is the county seat of Blackford county, and is 
one of the most enterprising towns of northeastern Indiana. 
It has ample railroad facilities, bringing it in direct com- 
munication with Indianapolis, Chicago, Cincinnati, Toledo, 
and all the great commercial centers of the northwest. This 
place affords a splendid opportunity for the investment of 
capital and skilled labor. Generally speaking, the county has 
made good progress in agricultural pursuits, in commerce, 
and education. The schools are excellent. Land is cheap 
and productive, and there are many inducements for new 
settlers to locate in Blackford county. 

Montpelicr, another incorporated town in this county, is, if 
possible, still more enterprising than Ilartford City. While 
second to the latter in population, it is fully up in commercial 
industry, and is destined to be the leading commercial and 
manufacturing mart of the county. 



BENTON COUNTY. 569 

BENTON COUNTY. 

This county was named in lionor of Thomas II. Benton, a 
Missouri senator. Tlie surface of the county may be described 
by saying, that it is one grand continuous prairie, being an 
extentionof the grand Illinois prairie. The soil is exceedingly 
fertile. Many parts Avere oi'iginally very wet, but a system of 
drainage has been adopted which will ultimately result in 
bringing nearly all the surfjice into cultivation. Pine creek is 
the only stream worthy of mention. It runs southerly, and 
empties its waters into the Wabash river. The northern por- 
tion of the county is watered by tributaries of the Iroquois 
river. Stock raising is one of the principal industries of the 
county. The county is excellently adapted to grazing, and 
some of the finest droves of cattle produced in the west are 
annually shipped from this county to the eastern markets. 

Oxford, formerly the county seat, is situated in the south- 
eastern part of the county, and on a high prominence over- 
looking the surrounding country. Although not a very large 
town, it is rapidly developing, and will soon become an impor- 
tant commercial centre. Its schools are well provided with 
suitable buildings and efficient teachers, and are in a state of 
prosperity. The schools of the county, for the most part, are 
equal to the average. Oxford has good railroad outlets, being 
situated on the LaFayette, Muncie and Bloomington railroad, 
and is within two miles of the junction of this road with the 
C. L. & C. railroad, for Chicago and Cincinnati. 

Fowler, the present county seat, was first laid out in Feb- 
ruary, 1872, by Moses Fowler and Adams Earl, Esqrs., of 
LaFayette. Originally covering a plat one-half mile square, 
it has since been increased to one mile square. It is situated 
exactly in the centre of the county, and on the Cincinnati, 
LaFayette and Chicago railroad, or what is popularly called 
the " Kankakee Eoute." The county seat was removed from 
Oxford and located here in 1874, after a bitter legal litigation 
with the former place. 

The first court was held in December, 1874, in the new and 
elegant court house, mainly built by private means and enter- 



570 HISTOKT OF INDIANA. 

prise. Tlic town is improving rapidly, and already ])ossesse8 
a number of prominent business tirms, a bank duini^ a thriv- 
ing business, a fine hotel, a ne\vsi)a])er ollice, a large and com- 
modious graded school building, and two church cdiHecs. 

Earl Park, located northwest ot" Fowler, on the same i-oad, 
is another fast growing town. This town was laid out by 
Adams Earl and A. D. Eaub, Esqi's., and bids fair to take 
rank with the foremost towns of this section of the State. The 
streets are beautifully laid out and graded; they are eighty 
feet wide, and have a row of line shade trees bordering on eacli 
side and through the centre, a feature rarely met with in the 
west, and which will ultimately render these streets beautiful 
and pleasant beyond description. 

BROWN COUNTY 

BuowN county was named in lionor of GeneralJacob Brown, 
one of the heroes of the war of 1S12. The surface is generally 
hilly, but the hills are interspersed with many bottoms, consti- 
tuting about one-third of the whole surface. Originally the 
hills were covered with an abundance of excellent timber, con- 
sisting of white ash, chestnut, oak, and hickory. In the 
bottoms it was walnut, po])lar, sugar tree, hackberry, cherry, 
buckeye, elm, etc. Corn is the staple jiroduction in the bot- 
toms, while wheat, oats, grass, etc., grow well on the hills. 

Nashville, the county seat, is a small town, but contains in 
and around it the elements of prosperity. AVithin the last few 
years its schools have been placed on a sound footing, and arc 
now a credit to the place. Its commercial interests are grow- 
ing rapidly. The county is, in one sense, a wealthy one. The 
farmers are rapidly gaining an independence, imjiroving their 
farms, houses, etc. The county schools are rapidly improving. 

CRAWFOED COUNTY. 

This county was named in memory of the unfortunate 
Colonel William Crawford, the land agent of General Wash- 
ington in the West, Avho was captured by the hostile Indians 
and burnt at Sandusky, in 1782. The surface of this county is 



DAVIESS COUNTY. 571 

very Tinevcn and broken. Clue river is tlie only stream of 
importance. Along this river the soil is excellent, but in the 
interior it is not so good. Oak and poplar timber is found in 
great abundance. The principal agricultural productions arc 
the same as those of the other counties. Coal and iron ore 
abound in the western part of the county. Blue river aflbrds 
many line mill sites, most of which are improved; but the 
chief object of attraction in the county is the celebrated 
Wyandotte cave. It has been explored for over nineteen 
miles. Its greatest height is two hundred and forty-five feet, 
and greatest width three hundred feet. It is located on the 
border of Harrison and Crawford counties, or near the border 
of the former, in Jennings township, in the latter county. 

Leavenworth, the county seat, is on the Ohio river. Ita 
growth has been substantial rather than rapid. It has good 
schools, and its public improvements are increasing in valuo 
and usefulness. 

DAYIESS COUNTY. 

This county bears the name of Colonel Daviess, who fell in 
the battle of Tippecanoe. The soil of the county is varied, 
but rich, and well adapted to the growth of articles usually 
cultivated in the West. The White river bottoms have a rich, 
black loam, in some places slightly sandy, which produces 
magnificent crops of corn and other grain. These bottoms 
were originally heavily timbered, and along the M'est fork, are 
from one to two miles wide; on the east fork, about half that 
width. The northeastern portion of the county is rolling, and 
heavily timbered; the northwestern portion is level and inter, 
sperscd with prairies and skirts of timber; the centre is level 
barrens; the south and east, rolling, with formerly heavy tim- 
ber. Formerly, this county presented some magnificent forests 
of walnut and beach, and other timber. 

Washington is the county seat of Daviess county. It is a 
email town, but full of life and thrift, surrounded by a rich 
and fertile district, with good railroad facilities; in the near 
future it cannot fail to grow and prosper. It has good incor- 



0<li EISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

jionitcil schools. The district schools of the county are fully 
up to the average. 

DEAEBORN COUNTY. 

DioAiJDORN county was named in honor of General Ileniy 
Dearborn, at tliat time secretaiy of war. Tlie bottom hinds 
on the Ohio, Miami and Whitewater rivers, al)Out iifteen thou- 
sand acres in all, and the west and northwest ]iortiuns of the 
county, are level and slightly nndidating; the other portion of 
the surface is broken and hilly. The land in the vicinity of 
the rivers and creeks, both in the bottoms and on the hills, is 
rich and fertile, being unsurpassed in value for agricultural 
purposes in the State. The interior is well adapted to hay, 
■wheat, etc. 

Lawrenceburgh, the county seat, is located on the Ohio river, 
and on the Ohio & Mississippi and Cincinnati, Indianapolis & 
Chicago railroads. It is quite an important railroad station, 
and a ffrowincc commercial centre. Its educational facilities 
are good. Dearborn county has made considerable progress in 
agriculture and commerce. 

DECATUR COUNTY. 

Tnis county bears the name of the gallant Commodore 
Stephen Decatur. The surface is level and slightly rolling. 
There are no prairie lands. The bottoms are not extensive, 
but very fertile. On some of the streams the land is hilly. 
The soil of the npland is a rich, black loam, and the timber 
consists mostly of ash, poplar, walnut, sugar tree, oak and 
beech. Along the east and south borders of the county there 
are some wet lands, well adapted to grass, but not good for 
growing grain. The stone quarries of Decatur county aflbrd 
substantial profit. The building stone of the county is inex- 
haustible, and is being raised with good commercial results. 
The citizens of the county are a thrifty, intelligent set of men, 
awake to their OAvn interests, and constantly developing the 
great resources of their county. 

Grcensburgh is the county seat. It is located on the Indi- 



DELAWARE COIINTY. 573 

anapolis, Cincinnati & La Fayette railroad, and, enjoying tlio 
productions of a ricli agricultural region, blessed with ener- 
getic citizens, it is growing rapidly. Already it is a nourish- 
ing place, having excellent schools and good public improve- 
ments. 

DE KALB COUNTY. 

Tvns county was named in honor of General De Kalb, a 
Revolutionary officer of German descent, who was killed in the 
battle of Camden. The surface of the county is gently undu- 
lating, and, with the exception of some low, wet lands, Avas 
originally cov^ered with timber. The St. Joseph runs about 
tM'elve miles through the southeast corner of the county, while 
the other portions are well watered by Cedar creek and its 
tributary streams. The timber is of an excellent quality, and 
the soil cannot be excelled by any land in the State. It is 
being extensively cultivated, with good results for the husband- 
man. 

The county is divided into nine townships, Union being the 
centre, in which is located Auburn, the county seat, a small 
but thrifty town. It is located on the Fort Wayne, Jackson & 
Saginaw railroad. The county is young, but in a very flour- 
ishing condition. 

DELAWARE COUNTY. 

This county was given its present name on account of its 
being the home of a large tribe of the Dclawares. The surface 
is quite level, with but slight undulations. Small, wet prairies 
abound in tlic county to one-twelfth of the extent of the 
surface; but these, besides aifording good pasturage, arc tillable 
with the slight expense of drainage. Timber was forn^icrly 
very plenty in this county, and of the best quality. Almost 
every foot of land in the county is adapted to farming. White 
river in the centre, Mississinewa in the north. Buck creek, and 
their numerous tributaries, supply the county abundantly with 
water power. 

It was in this county where the Prophet, brother of Tecum- 



574 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

sell, resided, and there, until it fell by dccaj, evooC ino i.'j!:l nt 
which he caused his enemies, Avhites and Indians, to ue tor- 
tured, David Conner, an Indian trader, Avas the iirht white 
man to settle in the connty; others soon followed, ana all have 
become independent and Nvealthy. 

Mnncie is the connty scat. It is a city of abont four thou- 
sand five hundred inhabitants, an enterprisiui^ commercial and 
manufacturing centre. It is located on the C, C, C. & I. and 
Fort Wayne, Muncie & Cincinnati railroads. Having all the 
advantages of a rich agricultural section around it, and being 
in direct communication with all the great cities of the north- 
west b}' railroad, it will undoubtedly continue to prosper, and 
will ultimately attain to considerable importance. It has 
excellent schools. Indeed, the schools in the whole county are 
well conducted. 

DUBOIS COUNTY. 

This county was named in honor of Toussant Dubois, who 
had charge of the guides and spies in the Tippecanoe cam- 
paign. The northwestern portion of the county is undulating; 
the other portions level, and about one-fifth of the whole is 
in the bottoms of White river, Patoka and other streams. A 
greater portion of the county has an excellent soil. Consid- 
erable portions of the surface arc subject to inundation with 
the spring and tall freshets. There are no pi-airics in the 
county. Timber was originally abundant, consisting of wal- 
nut, sugar, beech, hickory, poplar, and white and black oaks. 
The staple productions of the county are hogs, cattle, horses, 
corn, etc. Among the material resources of the county, coal 
is abundant, and is already being mined with success. Coal 
mining is destined to become one of the great industries of 
the county, and will be conducted without injury to agricul- 
ture. 

Jasper, the county seat, is a small but enterprising town. 
The county is making considerable progress in agriculture^ 
mining and education. 



FATETfE COUNTY 575 

FAYETTE COUXTT. 

This eonntj was appropriately named in honor of the clis- 
tin^uislied General La Fayette. The onrface of the county 
is divided nearly in the centre by the west fork of AVhite- 
water, which is a very serviceable stream for manufacturing 
purposes. The surface of the county is rolling in the cast 
and south, and level in the north and west, with a large pro- 
portion of bottoms, and every part of the county is snsceptible 
of profitable cultivation. The forests were originally dense 
and yaluablc, consisting principally of walnut, poplar, sugar, 
beech, hickory, oak, etc. The soil is very productive,' and 
the labors of the husbandman arc attended with substan- 
tial rewards. The farmers of Fayette county are nearly aTl 
wealthy. They have good residences, their farms arc well 
improved, good school buildings grace every district, and a 
general thrift pervades the whole county. 

Connersville, the county seat, is one of the finest towns in 
Indiana. It has a population of about four thousand, excel- 
lent schools, good cliurclies and fine public improvements. 
The city has ample railroad improvements, bringing it into 
direct communication with all points of importance. The 
commercial and manufactui'ing interests of the city are in a 
flourishing condition. The citizens are a very intelligent class 
of people, full of the right sort of public spirit. 

FOUNTAm COUNTY. 

This county was so called in respect to Major Fountain, ot 
Kentucky, M'ho was killed at the head of the mounted militia, 
in the battle on the Maumce, near Fort "Wayne, in 1700. The 
surface of the county is mostly level, though the central and 
southern parts are occasionally undulating; and it is beauti- 
fully variegated with heavy forests and rich prairies, which 
latter constitute about one-fourth of the county. The soil is 
generally a black loam, with a slight mixture of sand, aiul is 
very fertile, producing excellent crops of wheat and corn. In 
the southern part of the county there is a preponderance of 
clay, and the soil there is consequently better adapted to wheat 



576 niSTOKY OF Indiana. 

and grass. Tlicrc was originally an abundance of tiinljcr, con- 
eisting of poplar, sugar, Leech, oak, walnut and liickorj. 

Covington, the county scat, is a thriving town on the 
Indianapolis, Bloomington and Western Haihvay. Attica is 
another smart town in this county. It is located on the Toledo, 
"Wabash and Western Haihvay. The county has made great 
improvement during the last decade, both in the growth of its 
towns and the general developments of the farming districts. 
The schools arc efficient and prosperous. 

FRANKLIN COUNTY. 

r 
This county was named in honor of the distinguished 

Benjamin Franklin, The northeast portion is level, the cen- 
tral and western portions rolling, and in many places quite 
billy. The timber, which was originally plenty, consists of 
oak, sugar, beech, liickory and black walnut. The soil is gen- 
erally good, A considerable portion of the county is bottom 
land, lying along White river and it branches. These bottoms 
are, as usual, a very rich soil, well adapted to the growth of 
corn. The uplands are better adapted to the growth of wheat 
and grass. The farming interests of the county are fully up 
to those of other counties in the State, This county has some 
interesting antiquarian features. There are numerous mounds 
of earth and structures of stone, imbedded in the earth, and 
prepared with apparent skill, so that the deposits of some very 
distant period are found in a remarkable state of preservation. 
Franklin county has all the natural elements for success, and 
is rapidly increasing in population and wealth. 

Brookville, the county aeat, is located on the Whitewatei 
division of the Indianapolis, Cincinnati and La Fayette Bail- 
way. It is an enterprising, educational town, rapidly increas- 
ing in population, wealth and importance. 

FULTON COUNTY. 

This county was named in honor of Bobort Fulton, the 
inventor of the steamboat. The surface of the county is 
level, with the exception of a range of hills along the north 



GIBSON COUNTY. 577 

bant of tlic Tippecanoe river. Tlic north and east portions 
of the county were originally covered with a dense and valua- 
ble forest. The soil is generally very rich and I'ertilc, and well 
adapted to the growth of wheat and corn, and other grains. 
The county is well watei'cd by the Tippecanoe river, and by 
Mill, Mnd, Owl and Chipwamunc creeks. 

Rochester, the county seat, is located near the centre of the 
county, in direct railroad communication with Indianapolis 
and Chicago. It is a thriving toAvn of about two thousand 
five hundred inhabitants. It possesses fair public improve- 
ments, good schools and churches, and shows the effects of a 
liberal spirit and enterprise on the part of its citizens. About 
two miles east of Rochester is located the famed " Lake ^lan- 
itou," or " Devil's Lake." It covers an area of about tliirtecn 
hundred acres, and is about two and one half miles long. 
Many tales are told by some of the most substantial and 
reliable citizens, of an immense fish, or "devil-like" monster 
being seen at various times, in the night, and at a spot in 
the lake where bottom has never been found, although many 
efforts to reach it have been made. A legend has been handed 
down through several generations, by the Indians, to the cficct 
that a party of their people, encamping on the east side of the 
lake, were surprised during the night by this monster, and 
after a desperate encounter, were all destroyed and dragged 
into the lake. Ever after this event, no Indian could be per- 
suaded to go onto the lake. A fine mill stream flows from 
this lake — being fed by springs — which affords power for 
several large flouring mills in the town of Rochester. The 
county has made considerable advance in the several indus- 
tries. 

GIBSON COUNTY. 

This county was named in honor of General John Gibson, 
secretary of the territory from 1801 to 1816, and repeatedly 
acting governor in the absence of Governor Ilarrison. The 
surface of the county is pleasantly undulating. A consider- 
able portion of the soil is river bottoms on the Wabash, 
Patoka and White rivers. The balance was originally heavily 
37 



578 BISTORT OF INDIANA. 

timbered with walnut, bcccli, biclcon-, ash, oak, etc. The soil 
is generally loam and sand, and very productive in corn, ^vhcat 
and oats. 

Princeton is the county seat. It is a thriving town, contain- 
ing between two and three thousand inhabitants, located on 
the Crawfordsvillc and Evansville railroad, affording commu- 
nication to the northern cities, and southern ports, via Ohio 
and Mississippi railroad. It has excellent school iacili tics, fine 
churches, and good public improvements. The citizens are 
enterprising, and take a just pride in the growth of their city. 

GEANT COUNTY. 

This county was named in honor of Captain Samuel Grant 
and Moses Grant, who were killed in 1789, in a battle with 
the Indians, near the creek since called by their name, in the 
northeast part of Switzerland county. The surface of the 
county is quite level, except a strip along the Mississincwa 
river, where it is decidely rolling. It was originally heavily 
timbered. The soil, without exception, is rich, and well 
adapted to the cultivation of grain, grass, fruit, etc. The 
farmers of the county are all blessed with abundant harvests; 
they are growing wealthy and independent. 

Marion, a town of two thousand five hundred inhabitants, 
is the county seat, and a thrifty place. It has excellent rail- 
road facilities, good schools, and, being surrounded with a 
fertile region of country, is destined to have a continuous 
gYowth. Jonesboro is another thriving town in this county. 

HAMILTON COUNTY. 

Tins county bears the name of Alexander ITamilton, the 
first secretary of the United States treasury, under Washing- 
ton. The surface of the county is level in some parts, and 
gently undulating in others, and the soil, without any excep- 
tion, is excellent, being well adapted to either corn, grain, or 
grass. There are, along AVliite river, some dry, rich prairies, 
and, at the heads of Cicero and Stoney creeks, some wet ones, 
but they arc quite small. The balance of the county was 



HANCOCK COUNTY. 579 

originally heavily timbered, with a good proportion of oak, 
poplar, walnut, sugar, hickory, and beech. Tliis is one of tlie 
finest farming counties in Indiana, and most of the fanners 
have become -wealthy. 

Noblesvillc is the county seat. It is located in the centre 
of the county, and is a thriving town, with a population of 
about two thousand. It has good railroad facilities, good 
schools, and its public improvements will compare favorably 
with other towns of equal population. There arc quite a large 
number of Friends in Hamilton county. They have done 
much to develop the resources of that section. 

nANCOCK COUNTY. 

Hancock county bears the name of John Hancock, the 
signer of the Declaration of Independence. The surface of 
the county is level, except in the vicinity of the water courses, 
where it is undulating. The county was originally heavily 
timbered. The soil is rich, and the only impediment to agri- 
culture, was the wetness of some sections. This difhculty is 
being obviated by a system of drainage. Corn and wheat 
growing are the staple industries of the county, as also is the 
raising of horses, hogs, and cattle. 

■ Greenfield is the county seat, and is a prosperous town, of 
nearly two thousand inhabitants. It is located on the Pitts- 
burgh, Cincinnati, and St. Louis railroad, twenty-one miles 
east of tlie capital. The town has good schools, is rapidly in- 
creasing in wealth and population, and is cultivating a spirit 
of public improvements. The county, generally speaking, 
has made good progress. 

HArwEISON COUNTY. 

This county was named for our own General William Henry 
Harrison. The surface of the county and character of the 
soil are diversified. " The chain of knobs on the east, the 
river hills, and many places along Indian creek and Blue river, 
present as fine scenery as can be found in any part of the 
State. The bottoms, valleys, and a portion of the upland are 



580 mSTORT OF INDIANA. 

fertile, and were originallj M-ell tiiiibcrcd, but some of tlio 
barrens have many ' sink-holes,' in Avliich arc frequently en- 
trances to immense caverns, and in many places tlic soil is 
very tliiu. Six miles west of Corydon is Wilson's s])ri ng, 
sixty feet in diameter, and, though it has been sounded over 
four Imndred feet, no bottom has been found. It rises from a 
solid rock, in a level spot of land, and it afibrds a suliicient 
amount of water to turn a valuable flour mill. Pitman's cave, 
in the same neighborhood, has been explored about two and a 
half miles, and is frequently visited. The descent to this cave 
is about twenty feet perpendicular; it then extends off horizon- 
tally." Ilarrison county is one of the oldest in the State, and 
Corydon, the county seat, is one of the oldest towns in Indiana. 
It was the capital of the State for several years, or until the 
capital was permanently located at Indianapolis. Around it 
centre some of the earliest territorial legislation. It was at 
Corydon where the constitution convention of 181G was held, 
when the first State constitution was framed. 

Corydon, the county seat, is a town of over one thousand. 
It has grown but little during the last twenty years. How- 
ever, its growth has been substantial, and its improvements 
permanent. 

JASPEK COUNTY. 

This county bears the name of Sergeant Jasper, of Carolina, 
who died in defense of his country in the war of the revolution. 
The surface of the county is generally level, consisting mostly 
of dry and wet prairies, intersi:)ersed with small groves of 
timber, usually known as oak openings. A large portion of 
the soil is very fertile, and well adapted to the production of 
wheat, oats, corn, grass, etc. It is a very fine grazing county, 
and horses, cattle, and sheep are raised with considerable profit. 

Ecnsselaer, the county seat, is a living town, with good 
public improvements. Remington is another enterprising 
town in Jasper county. 

JEFFERSON COUNTY. 
This county was named in honor of Thomas Jefierson, the 



JENNINGS COUNTY. 581 

third president of tlie United States. It presents a great 
variety of soil and surface. " Tlie bottoms on the Oliio, and 
along the principal creeks, are a rich loam, mixed with sand, 
and the lofty and steep hills near them have also a rich soih 
On the table lands, back of the hills, there is more clay; and 
still further in the interior a considerable portion of the land 
is nearly level, covered mostly with beech timber — unfit for 
corn or grain, and suitable only for grass. About one-half of 
the county is of this character." 

Madison, the county seat of Jefferson county, is located on 
the Ohio, and at the terminus of the Madison division of the 
Jcffcrsonvillc, Madison, and Indianapolis railroad. It ranks 
among the most im])ortant river cities, having a population 
of over thirteen thousand, and immense manufacturing and 
commercial interests. The public improvements are good, its 
educational facilities excellent. The growth of Madison has 
not been rapid, but it has been substantial. 

JENNINGS COUNTY. 

Tms county bears the name of Jonathan Jennings, the lirst 
governor of the State of Indiana. Near the streams the 
surface of the county is hilly and broken, and moderately 
.fertile, except in tlie beech flats, at the head of the streams, 
where it is only fit for grass. There is an abundance of excel- 
lent timber in the county, of -which large quantities arc 
exported. There are also good quarries of lime stone, from 
which the interior of the State is largely supplied. 

Vernon, a thriving town in the center of the county, is the 
seat of justice of Jennings county, but North Vernon, in 
Center township, is the largest town, having a i)opulation of 
over two thousand, good public improvements, excellent 
school facilities, and increasing commercial interests. The 
county is a good one, farming is profitable, and the farmers 
are prosperous. It is traversed by three railroads. 

KOSCIUSKO COUNTY. 

Tms county bears the name of the Polish soldier and patriot 
who served in the American ai-my in the war of the revolu- 



582 HISTORY OF IKDIA2^A. 

tion. Tlie surfiice of tlie county is level and i^cntlj undu- 
lating. About two-thirds of the surface was oi-iginally covered 
with good timber, and it has generally a xcry rich soil; one- 
half of the balance is oak openings. The remaining portion 
is dry and wet prairies, of which the Turkey creek pi-airie, 
comprising an area of ten sections, is among the most fertile 
and beautiful land in the State — now all in a high state of 
cultivation. The soil is best ada])ted to wheat, oats, and corn. 
IS^ear the head of Tippecanoe, Turkey creek, and other streams, 
there are quite a number of beautiful lakes, covering in all, 
probably twenty-five thousand acres. They are abundantly 
filled with fish. 

Warsaw, the county seat, is beautifully situated between 
Pike and Eagle lakes, in the southern part of the county, on 
the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago railroad, and is the 
terminus of a road running north to Goshen and Elkhart. It 
has a population of nearly four thousand, and is rapidly 
increasing in wealth and population. 

LA GRANGE COUNTY. 

Tms county was named in respect to the residence of General 
La Fayette, in France. About tM'o-thirds of the county is 
what was usually known to pioneers as "barrens," or oak 
openings, one-tenth is prairie, and the balance thick timber. 
The face of the county is mostly level, though in some places 
it is broken and gently undulating. The soil in the openings 
is a sandy loam; in the openings there is a heavy mixture of 
clay. The former is well adapted to wheat; the latter to 
wheat, corn, grass and oats; and the prairies to wheat and 
corn.* 

La Grange, the county seat, is situated in tlie center of the 
county, on the Grand Eapids and Lidiana railroad. It is a 
thrifty town of about two thousand inhabitants. Further 
north, on the same road, is Lima, a smart town of nearly one 

* We have been directed, somewhat, in our observations touching the 
soil and surface of the several counties, by the "Indiana State Alias," 
published by Asher, Adams & Higgins, New York. 



LA rOKTE COUNTY. 583 

thousand inhabitants. La Grange county lias made good 
progress. 

LAKE COUNTY. 

This county derives its name from its close proximity to 
Lake Michigan. The northern portion of the county adjoining 
the lake for several miles inland, appears to be merely sand 
thrown up from the bed of the lake. It is mostly covered 
%vith dwarf pine and cedar, and the soil is of but little value. 
South of Turkey creek the soil is rich and alluvial; but the 
central part of the county is better adapted to grazing than 
grain, the soil being a mixture of clay, marl, and black muck. 
Further to the south there is more sand, with a mixture of 
black loam, easy of cultivation; and the various kinds of grain 
raised in the west are produced in abundance, and still further 
to the south, along the Kankakee, are extensive marshes. 

Crown Point, in Center township, is the county seat. It is 
a small but thriving town, with fair public improvements, 
and good educational facilities. 

LA POETE COUNTY. 

This is one of the finest counties in the State, and conta'r-s 
one of the most prosperous towns in Indiana. The name 
given to the county is the French name of the beautiful lake 
included in it. The range of country east and west, from 
eight to twelve miles south-east of Lake Michigan, was origi- 
nally timbered land, and parts of it are somewhat hilly, and 
the soil is mostly thin. The timber was mostly oak and hick- 
ory. The level part was originally covered with beech, poplar, 
sugar, etc., and in the vicinity of the lake and Michigan City, 
are sand hills, originally covered with pine. Tlie county south 
of the above, for six or eight miles in width, is gently undu- 
lating prairie, interspersed with groves of timber and small 
lakes, which has a very rich soil. Still further south are the 
bur-oak openings, a few dry prairies, and the Kankakee 
marshes, of which large portions are better for grazing than 
tor grain. It is estimated that one hundred and eighty-eight 



584 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

sections of land lie in the different prairies in the county, the 
principal of which are llolling, Door, La Porte, Stillwell, 
Domain, and Ilog prairies, which, with the exception of a few 
wet places, are well adapted to wheat, oats, corn, l)arley, hemp, 
and vines, and garden vegetables of every description. Fruit 
succeeds well, and the Avet prairies, when drained, arc excellent 
for grass. The oak openings are not inferior to the jirairics in 
respect to soil. 

La Porte, a flourishing and prosperous city of over eight 
thousand inhabitants, is the county seat. It is located in 
Center township, and has excellent railroad facilities. Sur- 
rounded by a rich agricultural district, with an al)undancc of 
good timber on every hand, it has all the elements of com- 
mercial prosperity. In a literary and educational point, the 
city has made great progress. Its schools stand higli, and arc 
a credit to the great system of education of Indiana. Its 
public improvements are excellent, and, in every point La 
Porte is a prosperous and flourishing city. The La Porte 
reading-room and natural history association attests the 
literary culture'of its citizens. This institution was ui'ganized 
and incorporated in 1SC3; it started with seven hundred 
volumes, all standard works, and is, at the present time, in a 
high state of efticiency. Michigan City, in the northern part 
of the county, on the margin of Lake Michigan, is a xery 
pros])crous city of over live thousand inhabitants. All that 
can be said of the public improvements, educational facilities, 
and prosjierity of La Porte, may, with propriety, be said of 
Michigan City. It is the gate to Lake Michigan commerce 
from Indiana, and, as such, must soon become a great com- 
mercial city. 

MAPtlON COUNTY. 

This county was named in honor of General Francis Marion. 
It is the scat of the capital of the State,* and contains the 
great and prosj^erous city of Indianapolis. In the northern 
part of the county, near "White river. Fall creek, and Eaglo 

* See Future Great Cities of Indiana, to find sketch of ludiauapolis. 



MARSHALL COUNTY. 585 

creek, is a rolling country, beautifully diversified with hills — 
and a small portion of the southwest of the county is of the 
same description; but the residue, with few exceptions, appears 
to be almost level, with slight ascents from the creeks. As 
farms are improved, tliey become dry, in most seasons, with 
very little draining. " One-third of the county, at least, is a 
kind of second bottom; it was originally covered with large 
sugar trees, walnut, ash, white and burr oak, beech, and a few 
poplar." The soil in this section is a black loam, clay and 
sand, intermixed, and based on limestone gravel four or five 
feet beneath the surface. This kind of land lies next to the 
streams, is easily farmed, and is very jDroductive in corn, 
wheat, oats, potatoes, vines and fruits, and in fact all the 
articles usually raised in the climate. Further back from the 
streams the timber is not so good ; the soil is a black muck, 
based on clay, which, though at first not well adapted to corn, 
yet becomes so in most seasons. It improves with continued 
cultivation. Indianapolis is the county seat, of which we 
make further mention in the latter part of this work. 

MAESHALL COUNTY. 

This county was named in honor of Chief Justice Marshall. 
The surface of the county is generally level, though there are 
places in which it may be called rolling. About one-half of 
the county is timbered land; the other half is oak openings or 
barrens, interspersed with wet and dry prairies, which are 
mostly of a small size, and in their vicinity are several small, 
beautiful lakes. The soil, where the land was originally tim- 
bered, is very rich and fertile, as also in the prairies. In the 
barrens it is thinner, though yet a greater portion of them is 
well adapted to wheat, oats, and vines. This portion of the 
soil improves with continued cultivation. There are in this 
county rich beds of iron ore. Marshall county has already 
become one of the leading agricultural counties in Indiana. 

Pl}nnouth, located in Centre township, is the county seat. 
It is one of the most enterprising towns in the State, has a 
population of over three thousand five hundred, and is rapidly 



586 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

increasing in wealth and importance. It lias excellent railroad 
facilities, being located on the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & 
Cliicago and the Chicago, Cincinnati & Louisville railroads. 
Bourbon is another smart town in this county. It is located 
on the railroad first mentioned. Tyner City and Argos are 
also smart towns on the latter road. 

MAETIN COUNTY. 

This county was given its name in honor of Major Martin, 
of Newport, Ky. The face of the county is quite uneven. 
There are a number of hills, and the soil is of various qualities, 
but mostly clay. Kine-tcnths of the county was originally 
timbered upland, the balance about equally divided between 
river bottoms and oak openings. 

Shoals, the county seat, is a thriving toNVTi, located on the 
Ohio & Mississippi railroad. It has good jniblic improve- 
ments, good schools, and is increasing in agricultural and com- 
mercial importance, as is the whole county. 

NOBLE COUNTY. 

Tins county was named in honor of Noah Noble, Governor 
of the State of Indiana from 1831 to 1837. The face of tlie 
county is quite diversified, portions of it being nearly level, 
and other parts somewhat rolling or hilly. About one-half is 
heavily timbered; the balance, with the exception of one 
prairie of four thousand acres, and several small ones, is oak 
openings. The soil is mostly a black loam mixed with sand; 
there is very little clay. In places, small, wet prairies are 
intermixed with small lakes and rolling, gravelly barrens, and 
the soil is poor; but generally the soil is rich, and well ada])ted 
to wheat, oats, and, in the timbered land, to grass. As a 
whole, the county is well adapted to agriculture, and the labors 
of the husbandman are fully rewarded. 

Albion, the county seat, is located in the centre of the 
county. It is a lively town, with good public improvements, 
excellent school advantages, and considerable commercial im- 
portance. 



ORANGE COUNTY. 587 

ORANGE COUNTY. 

Tins county Avas named after a county of North Carolina, in 
which many of the early settlers had previously resided, Tlie 
Boutli part of the county is hilh', and abounds with fine springs 
of water; the north is undulating. About one-fifth of the 
county is bottom land, with a rich, fertile soil, and an equal 
amount of openings; the balance is uplands, and was origin- 
ally heavily timbered with oak, hickory, poplar, ash, walnut, 
cherry, sugar and beech, and the soil well adapted to wheat, 
corn, oats, etc. There are many "sinks" in the county. 
" These, for the most part, have limestone for a base, where 
many of the streams and springs fall into the earth, and there 
find subterraneous passages, until they unite with larger 
streams or reappear with larger and stronger currents." 

Paoli, tlie county seat, is located in the centre of the county. 
It is a small town and is improving in population and wealth 
rapidlv, with the country around it. The schools are imorov- 
ing. 

TERRY COUNTY. 

Tins county was named in honor of the gallant Commodore 
Oliver II. Perry. With the exception of about twenty thou- 
sand acres of bottom land, along the Ohio and Anderson rivers, 
and some tracts of wet beech lands at the heads of the streams, 
the balance of the county is very hilly. On the bottoms and 
a portion of the hill-sides and tops, the soil is rich, but much 
of the largest part of the county is what is usually denomi- 
nated poor land, though there is but a small part of it which 
may not, with careful farming, be made productive. The 
timber is of an excellent quality; the best of oak and poplar 
are found on the hills, and in the bottoms sugar, beech, ash 
and walnut. The surplus articles exported are corn, hay, 
pork, etc. The trade in wood and coal for the Ohio river 
steamboats is large and profitable. 

Cannelton, the county seat, is located in the southern part 
of the county, on the Ohio river. It is quite a large and 
flouriGhing town, with creditable public improvements. 



588 msTOKY OF Indiana. 

PORTER COUNTY. 

Tins county bears tlic name of Commodore David Porter, 
of the United States navy, Tlic surface of the county is 
gently undulating. About one-fourth of the county was 
originally timbered with oak, walnut, poplar, pine, maple, 
butternut and beech; ono-third is oak openings, and the rem- 
nants ])rairie and bottom land. Except near Lake Michigan 
and the marshes of Kankakee, the general character of the 
soil is good, and best adapted to wheat, oats, corn, and grazing. 

Valparaiso, the county seat, is located in the centre of the 
coimty. It has good railroad facilities, a growing commerce, 
flourishing educational institutions, and a general prosperity. 

POSEY COUNTY. 

Tnis county was named in honor of General Thomas Posey, 
who was appointed governor of the Indian territory to suc- 
ceed General Harrison. The surface of the county on the 
Ohio and Wabash, with the exception of the bluffs, com- 
mencing at Mount Vernon and extending four miles below, is 
flat bottom land, and was formerly subject to yearly overflows, 
varying from a half to two miles in width. But by the use 
of dams this land has been improved. The interior of the 
county is undulating or rolling, and some parts are compara- 
tively hilly, but, upon the whole, lie remarkably well for agri- 
cultural purj)oses. The only j^rairie in the county is about 
three miles in length and one in width; and there are, prop- 
erly speaking, no barrens, though the soil is thin in places; 
and near the junction of the rivers there are so many ponds 
and so much low ground that it cannot be improved with 
much profit. The bottom lands comprise about a sixth, and 
the forest lands three-fifths of the whole. The soil in the bot- 
tom is a ricli, sandy loam, formed from the deposit of the 
rivers; that in the interior is mostly a dark, rich loam, resting 
upon a yellow-clay formation. It is best adapted to corn and 
grass, though fine crops of wheat and oats are raised annually 
with very good profit in various portions of the county. 



POSEY COUNTY. 589 

Mount Yernon is tlio county scat, located on tlic Ohio river. 
It is a city of nearly live thousand inhahitauts, ^vitl^ cxccllcut 
public improvements, iinc literary and educational institutions 
and increasing commercial interests. New Ilarmony is also a 
flourishing town of Posey county. It is noted for the literary 
taste of its citizens, and for its education and refinement. 
>> Posey county is the extreme southwestern county of the 
State. It is bounded on the south by the Ohio river, on the 
west by the Wabash river, on the east by Vanderburgh county 
and on the north by Gibson county. The peninsular portion 
lying directly between the rivers named, is styled "the pocket." 
Posey county was organized in 1814, out of the territory of 
Knox county. It was subsequently included in Warrick, 
when that county was organized. In 1818 a large portion of 
Vanderburg county was cut off from Posey, reducing it to its 
present limits. It contains about four hundred and twenty 
square miles. The first settlers of Posey came from Virginia, 
Kentucky, Western Pennyslvania and the Carolinas. When 
first settled it was a dense forest inhabited by Indians. Among 
the first settlers are mentioned Andrew McFadden, Absolem 
Duckworth, Thomas R. Marrs, Thomas Kobb, William 
Hutchinson, the Hendricks', Lynns and Wagners. The first 
courts were held at the houses of William Hutchinson and 
Absolem Duckworth. Isaac Blackford was the first presiding 
judge of the district. The Pappite?, a sect of religious 
enthusiasts, emigrated from Pennsylvania and settled in Posey 
county in the year 1814. They founded a village which 
they called " Hirmonie." This community acquired for their 
purposes about thirty thousand acres of land, and put 
under cultivation about three thousand acres. They planted 
orchards and vineyards, built mills of different kinds, 
erected churches, workshops, etc. Having become discon- 
tented from sickness and other causes, the Rappites sold out all 
their interests in 1814 to Robert Owen, of Scotland, and 
returned to Pennsylvania. They are said to have received for 
this property $150,000. It was selected by Owen as a seat for 



590 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



a new experiment in communism, of which he was the 
acknowledged leader and advocate. He brought with him his 
sons, Robert Dale, William, and Richard, and subsequently 
his son, David Dale Owen arrived. The new society com- 
menced its operations, at the village of " Harmonic," which 
Owen re-named " New Harmony." A permanent organization 
of this community was effected on the 26th day of January, 
1826, and a constitution adooted. The declaration of funda- 




GEN. BEN. HARRISON. 

See page 21. 
mental principles recognized, " equality of rights," without 
regard to sex or condition, " equality of duties," " co-opera- 
tive union in business," "community of property," "free- 
dom of speech and action," besides numerous rules relating to 
business, conduct, duties, etc. 

The first Board of County Commissioners were Samuel R. 
Marrs, Thomas Robb and Abram Coates. The population 
of the county in 1870 was 23,247. 



RANDOLPH COUNTY. 591 



PULASKI COUNTY. 

This county bears the name of the celebrated Polish soldier, 
Count Pulaski, who failing to sustain the Independence of his 
own country, came to this during the revolutionary war, was 
appointed a brigadier-general, and fell mortally wounded, in 
the attack on Savannah, in 1779. The surface of the county 
is mostly level, though in several parts there are ridges of low 
sandy hills About one-half of the county is prairie; the 
other half oak openings, though portions (-f it have a very 
heavy growth of the various species of oak timber. A few 
of the bottoms of the Tippecanoe and other streams have 
small groves of walnut, sugar tree and white maple, and the 
soil is well adapted to the growth of fruit trees. An arm of 
the Grand Prairie extends several miles into the southwest 
corner of the county. The other principal prairies are Fox- 
grape, Do'? Northwestern, Oliver's, and Pearson's. The west 
prairies are favorable for grazing, and, through a process of 
•drainage, they are being rapidly improved, so as to be culti- 
vated with profit. The dry prairies and openings are mostly 
a black loam mixed with sand, and occasionally a good deal of 
mud, and are well adapted to wheat, corn, oats, etc. 

Winnemac, the county seat, is located a little to the east of 
the center of the county. It is a flourishing town, with good 
railroad facilities, educational advantages, and commercial 
thrift. The county is well settled and in a very prosperous 
condition. 



RANDOLPH COUNTY. 

This county was named, at the request of the early settlers, 
after the county in North Carolina, from which they emigrated. 



592 niSTOKT OF ixdiana. 

The surface of the county is nearly level, and portions of it arc, 
at times, wet and marsh}', so that it would seem to Le low, 
though, in reality, it is about as high as any land in the State, 
for " in or near luxndolph county the head M-aters of the Big 
Miami, "Whitewater, JJlue river, AV^hite river, the Mississinewa, 
the Solamonic, Wabash, and St. Mary's, all running in different 
directions, take their rise." There are no " barrens," and but 
few prairies (all of which are M'et), in. the county. The timber 
is of an average quality, the soil well adapted to wheat and 
corn, oats, etc. 

Winchester, the county seat, is located in the centre of the 
county. It is the largest town, aiid is quite prosperous, hav- 
ing fair public improvements, good schools, churches, etc. 
Union city is located on the extreme western border of the 
county, and is bisected by the State line dividing Indiana and 
Ohio. Both of these towns have good railroad facilities, and 
increasing commercial interests. 

EirLEY COUNTY. 

Tnis county bears the name of General E. W. Hipley, a dis- 
tinguished ofHcer of the war of 1S12. The general surface of 
the county may be called level, except in the vicinity of the 
water courses, where the hills arc abrupt and high. The bot- 
tom lands along Laughery, and other streams, are rich and 
fertile, but they are, for the most part, quite small; the up- 
lands, when dry, usually produce well, and much of them is 
based on beds of blue limestone; but large tracts incline to be 
wet, and will be adapted to grass only, until drained. 

Ycrsailles is the county seat, and is located nearly in the 
centre of the county. Ripley county has made very good suc- 
cess in agriculture and education. 

EUSn COUNTY. 

Tins county bears the name of Dr. Benjamin Rush. The 
surface is mostly level, or gently rolling, though there arc 
hills along the principal streams which, in general, are neither 
high nor abrupt. There arc no prairies or barrens, or, in fact, 



SPENCER COUNTT. 593 

any poor land in the county; about one-t"^cntictli is river and 
creek bottoms. The soil is principally loam, bedded on clay, 
with a mixture of sand, and it produces abundantly all the 
kinds of grain, grass, and vegetables common to the climate. 

Kushville is the county seat, and is a growing, prosperous 
town. It has good railroad facilities, excellent school accom- 
modations, and good public improvements. Tlie county has 
made good progress. 

SPENCEE COUNTY. 

This county bears the name of the patriotic Captain Spier 
Spencer, of Harrison county, who fell in the battle of Tippe- 
canoe. Tl\Q south part of the county is level, tlie middle un- 
dulating, and the northeast hilly. The soil, for the most part, 
is a rich, black loam, with an under soil of yellow clay, mixed 
with sand. Tliough in places steep hills or extensive flats do 
not encourage agricultural improvements, the prevailing timber 
was oak, hickory, ash, poplar, black -gum, walnut, sugar, beech, 
etc. Large crops of corn are raised on the extensive river 
bottoms; and, in the interior, corn, wheat, grass, and other 
grain. 

Eockport is the county seat — a lively to^vn on the Ohio 
river. The county has made general improvements. 

STEUBEN COUNTY. 

This county was named in honor of Baron Steuben, a Prus- 
sian officer of distinction, who joined the American army 
during the revolutionary war, and rendered the cause of in- 
dependence valuable aid. About one-half of the county wag 
originally timbered land, one-third oak openings, and one- 
sixth prairie. The timbered and prairie land is very good, 
having a productive soil. The openings have a poor soil. 
Steuben county was first settled in 1S33, by emigrants from 
Ohio, v.'ho located on Jackson prairie. The population has 
steadily increased since that time. The natural scenery in the 
county is very beautiful. 

Angola is the county seat, is located in the centre of the 
38 



594 niSTOKT OF indtai^a. 

county, has j^ood educational advantages, railroad facilities, 
and is rapidly increasing. 

TIPTON COUNTY. 

Tuts connty was named in lionor of General Jolm Tipton, a 
distinguislicd citizen of the State. The surface of tiie connty 
is level, tlic soil excellent, and the timber of a superior quality. 
Tii)ton is the county seat. It has good raili-oad advantages, 
and its public improvements are in a good state of progress. 
The county is in a good condition. 

UNION COUNTY. 

The eastern part of the county is level, the west undulating 
or hill}'. About one-eighth is bottom land, the other seven- 
eights is timbered upland, originally covei-cd with valuable 
timber. The soil is uniformly good, and well adapted to corn, 
wheat, oats, grass, etc. Hogs, sheep, and cattle are raised 
with profit. Liberty is the county seat, and is in a flourishing 
condition. The county is increasing rapidly in wealth and 
population. 

YEEMILLION COUNTY. 

The surface of the county is high and generally level, except 
near the streams. The soil is generally excellent; some of the 
best farms in the State are to be found here. The " block coal " 
of Yermillion county is among its most substantial resources. 
The county has made wonderful progress in agriculture, min- 
ing, and commerce. Newport is the county seat, and is a 
thriving town. 

WAEEEN COUNTY. 

This county bears the name of General Joseph Warren, of 
revolutionary fame, who fell in the battle of Bunker Hill. On 
the river there is an average width of bottom for lialf a mile; 
then come tlie bluffs, from sixty to two hundred feet in height, 
broken and prccipitious; then follows a gently ascending, un- 



WASHINGTON COUNTY 595 

dnlating surface to the Illinois State line. At least half the 
county is prairie, consisting of arms of the Grand ])rairie, which 
have uniformly a rich, loamy soil. About half the timbered 
land is either so hilly or so poor as not to be profitable for 
farming; the balance of the timbered land has a good soil. 
Williamsport is the county scat, is located on the Toledo, 
Wabash, and Western railroad, and has already built up a 
profitable trade. The county is making good progress in agri- 
culture and education. 

WAEEICK COUNTY. 

This county bears the name of Captain Jacob Warrick, a 
brave soldier and much esteemed citizen, who fell at the head 
of his company, in the battle of Tippecanoe. The surface of 
the county is mostly rolling or undulating, though there is a 
range of hills back of the river bottoms, and there are largo 
tracts of flat, wet land at the heads of Pigeon and other creeks, 
with which the county is watered. The soil of the bottoms, 
many of which are large, is very rich, and immense crops of 
corn arc produced there. Much of the upland is of a good 
quality, and the soil of the county, generally speaking, is pro- 
ductive. Booneville is the county seat, and is a thrifty place, 
having attained a growth equal to the development of the sec- 
tion of country around it. 

WASHINGTON COUNTY. 

The soil is fully diversified. The range of hills called the 
"knobs," described in the sketch of the adjoining counties, 
passes along the east line of Washington, separating it from 
Clark and Scott counties. In the south are extensive barrens, 
parts of which are thickly matted almost with brush and 
grubs; other parts have wild grass only, and other parts are 
curiously diversified with sink-holes^ varying in shape and 
size, but all showing the cavernous nature of the earth under- 
neath. In other parts of the county are swelling ridges, ever 
changing their features as you advance along them, presenting 
beautiful groves of walnut, sugar tree, or chestnut. Salem is 



596 HISTORY OF mDlANA. 

the county scat, located near tlie centre of the county. It is a 
small but flourishing town. 

WHITE COUNTY. 

, This county bears the name of Colonel Isaac White, who 
fell by the side of Colonel Daviess, in the battle of Tippecanoe. 
About two-thirds of the county is prairie, mostly arms of 
the Grand prairie. All of it has a rich soil, and at least one- 
half is dry and gently undulating, easily farmed, and not in- 
ferior to any land in the same latitude for producing good 
crops of wheat, corn, rye, oats, roots, and fruit; and grass grows 
well in the flat prairies, where there is less sand mixed with 
the soil. Nearly one-half of them are of this character, and 
no part of the State is better adapted to raising stock than this 
kind of prairie. Taking it as a whole, this is a good agricul- 
tural county, and the ftirms have already been wonderfully 
improved. The Tippecanoe river enters the county six miles 
west of the north-east corner of the county, and flows in a 
southerly course, forming the east boundary of the county for 
a distance of about six miles, in the southeastern portion. 
This stream afibrds several very fine water powers, two of 
which, at Monticello, are considered very superior. Numer- 
ous streams flowing into the Tippecanoe, from the cast and 
west, render the county a well watered district. Monticello, 
the county seat, is situated near the center of the couiily, on 
the Tippecanoe river, and the Toledo, Peoria and Warsaw rail- 
road. It has a population of about eighteen hundred, and 
contains good public improvements. There is located here 
one of the handsomest graded school buildings to be found in 
the State. Numerous church edifices attest the religious 
status of tlie place. The county possesses fair raih-oad facili- 
ties; the Toledo, Peoria and Warsaw and the Louisville, New 
Albany and Chicago passing through and crossing near the 
center of the county, at Reynolds. Among the towns of the 
county not already named, may be mentioned Bradford, 
Brookston, Chalmers, Norway, Walcott, Idaville, and Bur- 
netts. Much of the lands of this county are held by specu- 



WHITLEY COUNTY. 597 

lators, which, to a certain degree, has hindered a rapid settle- 
ment; this, however, is being changed very fast, and we may 
soon witness White county among the foremost of the State, 
on the road to prominence and success. 

WHITLEY COUNTY 

Tms county was named in honor of Colonel William Whit- 
ley, of Lincoln county, Kentucky, one of the bravest and most 
hospitable pioneers of that State, who fell at the battle of the 
Thames. Tlie south part of the county is level, the middle 
and north undulating. One-ninth of the county is bottom 
land, one-seventh openings ; the remainder was originally 
timbered, interspersed with small, wet prairies. The soil of 
the county is generally a sandy loam, well adapted to agricul- 
ture. Columbia City, the county seat, is a flourishing town, 
with good schools. Its commercial interests are enhanced by 
good railroad facilities. 

HOWAED COUNTY. 

This county was first named Richardsvillc, after the cele- 
brated Hiami chief, but, on the death of General T. A. How- 
ard, a distinguished citizen of Indiana, the name was changed. 
The surface of the county is either nearly level or slightly 
undulating; the soil is uniformly rich, though in places it had 
to be drained to render its cultivation profitable. There are a 
few prairies, slightly inclined to be wet. The soil was mostly 
covered with valuable timber, and is well adapted to corn, 
wheat, grass, etc. The county lies entirely within the Miami 
reserve. 

Kokomo, a city of over four thousand inhabitants, is the 
cc/unty seat. It has excellent railroad facilities, good public 
improvements, unsurpassed school accommodations, and flour- 
ishing commercial interests. 

STAEK COUNTY. 

This county is bounded on the northwest by the Kankakee 



598 HTSTOKY OF INDIANA. 

river, and partakes largely of the character of the lands lying 
along that river. There are numerous swamps in the county 
hardly susceptible of cultivation, and there are some low lands 
that are suitable only for grazing. Otlier portions of the sur- 
face are well adapted to agriculture, the soil being suited to 
the production of corn and wheat. The county is young, but 
thriving in its industries. Knox is the county seat, and, al- 
though a small town, is growing rapidly. The northern and 
southern portions of the county have good railroad facilities. 

MIAMI COUNTY. 

This county is situated in the center of the northern half 
of the State. About one-fourth of the county is bottom lands, 
one-sixth " openings " and prairie, and the balance was origi- 
nally very heavily timbered uplands. The timber is of the 
very best varieties and quality, consisting principally of 
walnut, poplar, white and burr oak, beech, sugar, hickory and 
cherry. The soil throughout the whole county, is of the very 
best quality, and well adapted to the production of all the 
articles common to the climate. The rich bottom lands on 
the Wabash, Mississinewa and Eel rivers, are not surpassed 
by any other locality in the State. The fine and wonderfully 
productive farms in these bottoms are known and sought after 
far and near. In the vicinity of the above named streams 
there is some hilly country, but not so broken as to preclude 
cultivation; the balance of the county raay^be called level. 

The county contains 38-i square miles, or 245,760 acres. 
The Wabash, Mississinewa, and £cl rivers, with their tribu- 
taries, namely, Big and Little Pipe creeks. Deer creek, Wesau, 
and Paw Paw, render this county a well watered district. 

The county was organized in 1832, and bears the name of 
the well-known confederacy of Indians which inhabited this 
portion of the State in an early day. In 1860 it possessed a 
population of 16,851; in 1870, 21,052, and in 1875 it contains 
not far from 25,000. 

Peru, the county seat, with a population of 7,500, situated 
on the right bank of the Wabash river, near the center of the 



600 HISTOET OF INDIANA. 

county, is one of the handsomest, most thriving, and wide-a- 
wake towns in the State. Its location is superior, being on a 
strip of land about three-quarters of a mile in width, lying 
parallel with the river, with a gently and very uniform slope 
to its bank, thus giving the whole town a magnificent drain- 
age. The town is handsomely laid out, the streets being wide, 
and lots large and roomy. Broadway, the principal business 
street, is 100 feet wide, and is probably one of the best graded 
streets in the country. Nearly all of the streets are bordered 
with large full-grown locusts, elms, and maples, adding much 
beauty and comfort, and enhancing values of property. The 
county possesses a commodious and handsome court house, 
surrounded by a beautifully shaded court square. There are 
two large and improved graded schools, under efficient man- 
agement, and which afibrd to the youth of the town and 
vicinity most excellent educational facilities. The balance of 
the county is well supplied with excellent schools. Six large 
church edifices adorn the city, and show to the stranger that 
the citizens have not forgotten their religious duties. There is 
a steam fire engine here, and the streets are lighted by gas. 

Peru stands eminent as a manufacturing town. Among the 
establishments located here may be mentioned the "Peru 
Woolen Mills," II. E. & C. F. Sterne, proprietors. This mill 
manufactures the highest and best grades of woolen goods, 
which have justly earned an enviable name throughout the 
whole country. About 150 people are employed at this mill. 
This is considered to be the finest woolen mill west of the 
Allcglianies. The western manufactory of the Howe sewing 
machine is located here; the works cover an area of 15 acres, 
and give employment to about 300 skilled mechanics. A 
spoke factory, doing an extensive business, has been in opera- 
tion here for some years. Also a large basket factory, with 
facilities for turning out 3,000 baskets weekly. The shops of 
the I. P. and C. railroad are located here, which furnish 
employment to a large force. 

The county is not wanting in transportation facilities; five 
railroads pass through it, viz.: The Toledo, Wabash and West- 
ern; Indianapolis, Peru and Chicago; Columbus, Chicago and 



NEWTON COtTNTT. 601 

Indiana Central; Logansport, Eel River and Detroit; and the 
Chicago, Cincinnati and Louisville railroads; also the Wabash 
and Erie canal. These roads furnish communication with 
twelve out of the thirteen townships of the county. 

Mexico, live miles north of Peru, on Eel river, and the L. 
E-E.. and D. road, and in the midst of the finest farming 
lands in the State, is a thriving and go-ahead town. Chili, 
five miles east of Mexico, on the same river, is another place 
of importance. Bunkerhill, seven miles south of Peru, and 
at the junction of the I. P. and C. and C. C. and I. C. roads, 
is a proud little city of metropolitan pretentions. Xenia, 
situated in the extreme southeastern corner of the county, on 
the C. C. and L C. railroad, is a smart, wide-a-wake town, 
which bids fair to assume some proportions in the near future. 
It has already aspired to the forming of another county out 
of Miami, Iloward, Grant and Wabash counties, with itself as 
the seat of government. Peoria, located on the Mississinewa 
river, seven miles southeast of Peru, is a pleasant little town, 
surrounded by the most picturesque scenery to be found in 
the county. 

NEWTON COUNTY. 

. Newton county is situated on the west boundary of the 
State, its northern line being only thirty miles south of Lake 
Michigan. It comprehends an area of 390 square miles, or 
249,600 acres. It is principally prairie land, although there 
is some good timber in the central portion. The northern 
third of the county is very wet and swampy. Beaver lake, 
covering an area of about 13,000 acres, and the Kankakee 
river, forming the northern boundary, renders this at present 
a very undesirable tract of country. However it only remains 
for the people of this section to inaugurate a grand scheme of 
drainage to render this one of the most fertile spots in the 
State. The southern half, or two-thirds of the county consists 
of dry and rolling prairie land, susceptible of the highest 
cultivation. 

Kentland, the county seat, a town of about 1,500 inhabit- 
ants, is situated near the south line, and on the Toledo, 



602 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Peoria and Warsaw railroad. This is a new but very fast 
growing to^^^l, full of widc-a-wake business men, and will very 
soon become a place of considerable importance. The county 
was organized in 1859. '' 

riKE COUNTY. 

This county lies in tlie southwestern corner of the State. It 
is an irregular shaped county, and contains 300 square miles, 
or 192,000 acres. It was organized in 1817, and was named 
in honor of General Z. M. Pike, who fell at the capture of York, 
April twenty-seventh, 1813. The surface of the county is 
either level or rolling. In the western part of the county the 
soil is a rich, dark loam, M-ith a mixture of sand, which renders 
it very friable. The bottom lands of the White river, which 
forms the northern boundary of the county, and the Patoka, 
which flows through the center, and which form about one- 
sixth part of the count}', are very rich and productive; proba- 
bly no lai-ger crops of corn are raised in any part of the West. 
Walnut, hickory, poplar, Cottonwood, ash, jiecan and elm, are 
the prevailing timber. The land in the eastern part of the 
county is more sandy, and the timber consists mainly of oak, 
hickor}", gum, sassafras, and dogwood. 

Petersburgh, situated in the north part of the county, in 
Washington township, is the county scat. It is a town of 
1,200 people, and possesses all the facilities usual for towns 
of this size. Pike county possesses no railroad facilities as 
yet, but tlio Wabash and Eiie canal passes through the north 
western portion. 

The numerous statistical tables in another part of this 
volume will be found to give additional information in regard 
to the counties, such as population, area, wealth and taxation, 
manufactures, agricultural products, value of farms and form- 
ing implements, schools and value of school property, churches, 
etc. 



DATES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES, 
NUMBER OF SQUARE MILES OF EACH, AND NAMES OF 
COUNTY SEATS. 

ADAMS COUNTY was organized in 1836, contains three 
hundred and twenty-four square miles, county seat, 
Decatur ; Allen county was organized in 1823, contains three 
hundred and twenty- four square miles, county seat. Fort 
Wayne; Bartholomew county was organized in 1821, contains 
four hundred square miles, county seat, Columbus ; Benton 
county was organized in 1840, contains four hundred and four- 
teen square miles, county seat, Fowler; Blackford county was 
organized in 1839, contains one hundred and eighty square 
miles, county seat, Hartford City ; Boone county was organized 
in 1831, contains four hundred and eighteen square miles, 
county seat, Lebanon; Brown county was organized in 1836, 
contains three hundred and twenty square miles, county seat, 
Nashville ; Carroll county was organized in 1828, contains 
three hundred and seventy-eight square miles, county seat, 
Delphi ; Cass county was organized in 1829, contains four 
hundred and twenty square miles, county seat, Logansport; 
Clarke county was organized in 1801, contains four hundred 
square miles, county seat, Jeffersonville ; Clay county was 
organized in 1825, contains three hundred and sixty square 
miles, county seat, Brazil ; Clinton county was organized in 
1830, contains four hundred and thirty-two square miles, 
county seat, Frankfort ; Crawford county was organized in 
1818, contains two hundred and eighty square miles, county 
seat, Leavenworth; Daviess county was organized in 1817, 
contains four hundred and thirty-two square miles, county 
seat, Washington ; Dearborn county was organized in 1803, 

603 



604 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

contains two hundred and ninety-one square miles, county seat, 
Lawrenceburg ; Decatur county was organized in 1821, con- 
tains three hundred and seventy-two square miles, county seat, 
Greensburg ; DeKalb county was organized in 1837, contains 
three hundred and forty-six square miles, county seat, Auburn ; 
Delaware county was organized in 1827-8, contains four hun- 
square miles, county seat, Muncie ; Dubois county was organ- 
ized in 1817, contains four hundred and twenty square miles, 
county seat, Jasper; Elkhart county was organized in 1830, 
contains four hundred and sixty-seven square miles, county 
seat, Goshen; Fayette county was organized in 1819, contains 
two hundred square miles, county seat, Connersville ; Floyd 
county was organized in 1819, contains one hundred and forty- 
eight square miles, county scat, New Albany ; Fountain county 
was organized in 1826, contains four hundred square miles, 
county seat, Covington ; Franklin county was organized in 
1811, contains three hundred and eighty square miles, county 
seat, Brookville ; Fulton county was organized in 1836, contains 
three hundred and sixty square miles, county seat, Rochester ; 
Gibson county was organized in 1813, contains four hundred 
and forty-nine square miles, county seat, Princeton ; Grant 
county, was organized in 1831, contains four hundred and 
twenty square miles, county seat, Marion ; Greene county was 
organized in 1821, contains five hundred and forty square 
miles, county seat, Bloomfield ; Hamilton county was organized 
in 1823, contains four hundred square miles, county seat, 
Noblesville; Hancock county was organized in 1828, contains 
three hundred and twelve square miles, county seat, Green- 
field ; Harrison county was organized in 1809, contains 
four hundred and seventy-five square miles, county seat, Cory- 
don ; Hendricks county was organized in 1824, contains three 
hundred square miles, county seat, Danville ; Henry county 
was organized in 1822, contains three hundred and eighty-five 
square miles, county seat, Newcastle ; Howard county was 
organized in 1844, contains two hundred and seventy-three 
square miles, county seat, Kokomo ; Huntington county was 



ORGANIZATION OF COUNTIES. 605 

organized in 1834, contains three hundred and eighty-nine square 
miles, county seat, Huntington ; Jackson county was organized 
in 1815, contains five hundred an^l forty-four square miles, 
county seat, Brownstown ; Jasper county was organized in 1838, 
contains nine hundred and eighty-four square miles, county seat, 
Rensselaer; Jay county was organized in 1836, contains three 
hundred and seventy square miles, county seat, Portland ; 
Jefferson county was organized in 1810, contains three hun- 
dred and sixty-two square miles, county seat, Madison; Jen- 
nings county was organized in 1816, coniains three hundred 
and seventy-five square miles, county seat, Vernon ; Johnson 
county was organized in 1822, contains three hundred and 
twenty square miles, county seat, Franklin ; Knox county was 
organized in 1790, (subsequently reduced) contains five hun- 
dred and sixteen square miles, county seat, Vincennes ; 
Kosciusko county was organized in 1836, contains five hnn- 
dred and eighty-eight square miles, county seat, Warsaw ; La- 
Grange county was organized in 183^, contains threee hundred 
and eighty-four square Miles, county seat, LaGrange ; Lake 
county was organized in 1837, contains four hundred and 
eighty square miles, county seat, Crown Point ; LaPorte county 
was organized in 1832, contains four hundred and fifty square 
miles, county seat, LaPorte ; Lawrence county was organized 
in 1818, contains four hundred and forty-four square miles, 
county ^eat, Bedford; Madison county was organized in 1823, 
contains four hundred square miles, county seat, Anderson ; 
Marion county was organized in 1821, contains four hundred 
and twenty square miles, county seat, Indianapolis ; Marshall 
county was organized in 1836, contains four hundred and forty 
square miles, county seat, Plymouth ; Martin county was 
organized in 1820, contains three hundred and forty square 
miles, county seat. Shoals ; Miami county was organized in 1834, 
contains three hundred and eighty-four square miles, county 
seat, Peru; Monroe county was organized in 1818, contains 
four hundred and twenty square miles, county seat, Blooming- 
ton ; Montgomery county was organized in 1823, contains five 



606 HISTORY OP INDIANA. 

hundred square miles, county seat, Crawfordsville; Morgan 
couniy was organized in 1822, contains five hundred and iorty 
square miles, county seat, Martinsville; Newton county was 
oro-anized about 18G0, contains four hundred and thirty square 
miles, county seat, Kentland ; Noble county was organized in 
1836, contains four hundred and twenty square miles, county 
sea:, AJiiion; Ohio county was organized in 1844, contains 
ninety square miles, county seat. Rising Sun ; Orange county 
was organized in 1816, contains four hundred square miles, 
county seat Paoli ; Owen county was organized in 1819, con- 
tains ibur hundred square miles, county seat, Spencer; Parke 
county was organized in 1821, contains four hundred and ten 
square miles, county seat, Rockville ; Perry county was organ- 
ized in 1815, contains four hundred and fifty square miles, 
county seat, Cannelton ; Pike county was organized in 1817, 
contains three hundred square miles, county seat, Petersburgh ; 
Porter county was organized in 1836, contains four hundred 
square miles, county seat, Valparaiso ; Posey county was organ- 
ized in 1814, contains three hundred square miles, county 
seat. Mount Vernon ; Pulaski county was organized in 1839, 
contains four hundred and thirty square miles,* county seat, 
Winaraac ; Putnam county was organized in 1122, contains 
four hundred and eighty-six square miles, county seat. Green- 
castle ; Randolph county was organized in 1818, contains four 
hundred and forty square miles, county seat, Winchester; 
Ripley county was organized in 1818, contains four hundred 
and fifty square miles, county seat, Versailles; Rush county 
was organized in 1822, contains lour hundred and ten square 
miles, county seat, Rushville; Scott county Avas organized in 
1820, contains one hundred and eighty square miles, county 
seat, Scottsburgh ; Shelby county was organized in 1822, con- 
tains four hundred square miles, county seat, Shelby ville; 
Spencer county was organized in 1818, contains three hundred 
square miles, county seat, Rockport ; Stark county was organ- 
ized ill 1850, contains four hundred and thirty-two square 
miles, county seat, Knox ; Steuben county was organized in 



ORGANIZATION OP COUNTIES. 607 

1837, contains three hundred and fourteen square miles, county 
seat, Angola; St. Joseph county was organized in I80O, con- 
tains four hundred and seventy-eight square miles, county seat, 
South Bend ; Sullivan county was organized in 1817, contains 
four hundred and thirty square miles, county seat, Sullivan ; 
Switzerland county was organized in 1814, contains two hun- 
dred and twenty square miles, county seat, Vevay ; Tippecanoe 
county was organized in 1826, contains five hundred square 
miles, county seat, Lafayette; Tipton county was organized in 
1844, contains two hundred and fifty square miles, county seat, 
Tipton; Union county was organized in 1821, contains one 
hundred and sixty-eight square miles, county seat. Liberty ; 
Vanderburgh county was organized in 1818, contains two 
hundred and sixteen square miles, county seat, Evausville; 
Vermillion county was organized in 1824, contains two hun- 
dred and ninety square miles, county seat, Newport; Vigo 
county was organized in 1818, contains four hundred square 
miles, county seat, Terre Haute ; Wabash county was organized 
in 1835, contains four hundred and twenty square miles, county 
seat, Wabash ; Warren county was organized in 1827, con- 
tains three hundred and sixty-four square miles, county seat, 
Williamsport; Warrick county was organized in 1813, con- 
tains three hundred and thirty-six square miles, county seat, 
Booneville; Washington county was organized in 1814, con- 
tains five hundred and forty square miles, county seat, Salem ; 
Wayne county was organized in 1810, contains four hundred 
square miles, county seat, Richmond ; Wells county was organ- 
ized in 1837, contains three hundred and eighty square miles, 
county scat, Bluffton; White county was organized in 1834, 
contains five hundred square miles, county seat, Monticello ; 
Whitley county was organized in 1838, contains three hundred 
and twenty-six square miles, county seat, Columbia City. 




HON. JAMES D. WILLIAMS. 



CHAPTEE LXXYI. 

PRESENT AND FUTURE GREATNESS OF INDIANAPOLIS. 

INDIANAPOLIS, THE ITTURE GREAT CITY OF THE WEST — ITS 
PRESENT IMPORTANCE AND FUTURE GROWTH. 

TIIERE is no otlier city in the west or northwest that has 
been blessed with such a wonderful growth, during the 
past five 3'cars, as Indianapolis. Unlike most other cities that 
have attracted the attention of the world by their advancement, 
its growth has been as substantial as it has been rapid. Nor 
has this amazing development been unexpected by far-seeing 
business men, for the following reasons: Indianapolis is the 
centrally located city in the United States; it is the nucleus 
of the greatest net-work of railroads in the world; it is near 
the point of the funnel through which the whole west and 
southwest cattle trade must pass on its way east; it is near the 
centre of the corn belt of the United States; through Indian- 
apolis is the shortest route for the transportation to the eastern 
cities of all the agricultural products of the great Mississippi 
valley; the numerous competing trunk lines of railroads give 
superior advantages in freights, making it one of the best 
wholesale centres in the west; near Indianapolis are incxhaust- 
able deposits of a superior quality of coal, which can be deliv- 
ered in the city for steam purposes at six to eight cents per 
bushel, and which makes as good iron as charcoal, without 
coking; there are vast deposits of iron within a few miles of 
the city, which will largely take the place of Lake Superior 
ore; it is in the centre of a timbered region which is unsur- 
passed in the world for quality, variety and quantity; the Ohio 
river on the south, and Lake Michigan on the north, give Indi- 
anapolis a peculiar geographical position near the centre of a 
39 



610 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

narrow belt through which passes by rail everything moying 
from the east to the west or from the west to tlie cast; the 
only complete double-track belt railroad in America is now 
being built around Indianapolis, thus bringing every manu- 
factory which locates on it, or any of its switclies, in direct 
communication with every part of the vast net-work of rail- 
roads whicli surrounds it; Indiana has the largest school fund 
of any State in the Union, and Indianapolis has fully availed 
herself of this advantage; the city debt is less than 1-^ i)cr 
cent, of the taxables; the entire State, county, township and 
city tax is only $1.TG on the $100; it is claimed that statistics 
fehow that Indianapolis has the lowest death rate of any city 
in the United States. 

These are among the many things constantly contributing 
to the material and moral development of the city. 

Tlie first settlement upon the site of Indianapolis was mado 
early in the year 1819,* before the cession of that portion of 
the State to the United States by the Indians, in pursuance of 
the treaty of St. Mary's in 1818. Though there has been 
some difference as to the person and arrival of the first settler, 
the conclusion of those most familiar with the history of the 
city is that the honor, such as it is, belongs to George Poguc, 
a blacksmith, who came from the Whitewater settlement and 
built a cabin near the point where Michigan street crosses the 
creek named after him. He was killed by the Indians in 1821, 
The next settlers were the McCormicks, who located near the 
river where the present National road bridge stands. On the 
eleventh of January, 1820, the legislature of the State appointed 
ten commissioners to select a site for the future capital — 
congress having provided in the act of April nineteenth, 1816, 
admitting the State into the Union, that she should have four 
ecctions of any unsold public lands that might be selected, as 
a gift. Five of tlie commissioners accepted the appointment, 
and in the spring of 1820 traversed the White river valley in 

♦Our skctcli of Indianapolis is compiled from a pamphlet published 
under the auspices of Ihc Real Estate Exchanp;e of Indianapolis. We 
have re-produced tlie pamphlet, adding to or taking from it to suit the 
objects of our work. 



INDIAN ATOLIS. 611 

pnrsnance of the duty they were changed with. Tliat was tlic 
central region of the State, and therefore tlie pro]ier pLace of 
search. Opinions were divided between the bhilfs of "Wliitc 
river, sixteen niilcs south, Conner's settlement, about the same 
distance north, and the present location. Tliree votes iinally 
fixed the selection here over two for tlic bluffs. The choice 
was made on the seventh of June, 1S20, and confirmed on the 
sixth of January, 1821. The town was laid off in the summer 
of 1S21, by Alexander Ealston, who had assisted in the same 
work at the National capital, and, no doubt, thence derived 
the idea that gave Indianapolis its four grand "avenues." Aa 
the course of the river bending to the east cuts off a part of 
the southwest section, an equivalent was given in a portion of 
a fifth section on the west side of the river, the site of Indi- 
anola. A mile sqnare in the centre of the main body of the 
"donation," on the east side of the river, M'as "platted"; ten 
streets ninety feet wide, at distances of four hundred and 
twenty feet parallel with the meridian, crossing ten streets of 
the same width, except Washington — one hundred and twenty 
feet wide — and at the same intervals at right angles to the 
meridian, with a central space of a circular form, snrrounded 
by a street, for the Governor's residence. From the opposite 
angles of the four blocks adjacent to the circle four avenues 
diverged, bisecting the quarters of the plat into eight lingo 
right-angled triangles. The streets and avennes were named 
after the States of the Union at that time, as far as they would 
serve; but the principal street was called Washington. Those 
bounding the plat were called, from their locality, East, West, 
North and South, and the central streets crossing at the circle 
were called Market and Meridian. Tlie blocks formed by the 
intersections of the streets were quartered by alleys parallel 
to the streets, one-half being thirty feet wide — many now 
converted into streets — and the other fifteen feet wide, each 
quarter containing three lots, and the length of the lots vary- 
ing a few feet, according as they abutted on the broader or 
narrower alleys. The " outlots " constituting the remainder 
of the " donation," a half mile wide on each side of the plat, 
were laid ofT subsequently, more in small farms than in city 



612 mSTOUT OF INDIANA. 

lots. Tliesc arc all as dcnsclj' built up now as the orii^inal 
plat, while as much more has been platted and added by the 
owners since, conforming generally, except in the width of the 
streets — usually reduced to sixty feet, sometimes less — to the 
original survey. The name of Indianapolis was suggested by 
Jeremiah Sullivan, a member of the legislature from Jefferson 
county, afterwards one of the State's supreme judges, and was 
adopted by acclamation. The lirst sale of lots was held on the 
tenth of October, 182 I, and after sevci-al days three hundred 
and fourteen had been sold, at an aggregate price of $35,596.25, 
of Avliich one-fifth was paid down. The highest priced lot was 
on the northwest corner of Washington and Delaware streets, 
opposite the court house; it brought $500. The next was west 
of the state house square, and brought $500. The average 
was about $200. llie current of settlement and sale was east- 
ward from the river, where the first pioneers had, with the 
backwoods instinct, built their cabins. A visitation of chills 
and fever, due to the dense vegetable growth and the malaria 
produced by decomposition — now and for many years as in- 
frequent a disease as any — had warned their followers to get 
further away from the river bottom. During this year crops 
failed, and provisions were mainly brought on horseback, 
tlirough sixty miles of trackless forest, from Connersville, to 
which the new village was attached for judicial purposes. On 
the thirty-first of December, 1821, Marion county was organ- 
ized, with a large attachment for "'judicial purposes " of terri- 
tory now constituting five adjacent counties. From the fund 
derived from tJie sale of lots was supplied the means to build 
the court house — used as the state house for ten years; a 
treasurer's office and residence; a governor's house in the 
circle— but never occupied except by public ofiices; a small 
ofiice for the clerk of the supreme court, and the present 
state house, begun in 1832 and finished in 1835. The court 
house was begun in 1822, and so far completed as to receive 
the legislature in 1825 upon the removal of the capital from 
Corydon, Harrison county. The first jail, of hewed logs, was 
built in 1822. Indians remained in the vicinity for some 
years after the location of the capital, and the murder of nino 



614 HISTORY OF INDIAJSA. 

Shawnccs Ly six ■white men, some miles north of Pendleton, 
in the spring of 182-1:, created a f,'ood deal of apprehension of 
a bloody retaliation. But the arrest, conviction, and execution 
of three of the mnrderers pacified the savajj^es. These Mere 
the first instances of the legal execution of M-hitc men for 
killing Indians in the history of the United States. A census 
taken in this year (1824) showed one hundred families on the 
"donation," composed of one hundred and seventy-two voters 
and forty-five unmarried but maiTiageablc women, indicating 
a population — allowing for the unusual proportion of single 
men in a new settlement — of six to seven hundred. The first 
regular post oflice and postal service were established on the 
seventh of March, 1822, the mails previously having been an 
aflair of private enterprise or accommodation. The first stage 
line for passengers was established on the Madison road in 

1828. The capital was ordered to be removed to its new loca- 
tion by an act of January twenty-fifth, 1824, and Samuel Merrill 
directed to execute it. He did so in the following liovember, 
and the legislature met for the first time in Indianapolis on 
the tenth of January, 1825, holding its session, as above inti- 
mated, in the court house, the senate in the second story and 
the house in the court room below. No governor's residence 
was occupied as such till 1839, and it, on account of inconven- 
ience, was sold in 18G5; and now the governor has no residence 
but such as he may own or rent, a liberal allowance for the 
latter purpose being made by the State. The first private 
school was opened in 1821. The fii-st church built for that 
purpose was erected in 1823-4, and belonged to the Presby- 
terians. The celebrated Oriental scholar and eccentric George 
Bush, was the second pastor, filling the place from 1824 to 

1829. The first Sunday school — composed of all denomina- 
tions, and called the Union school — was opened in April, 
1823. Tlie first public school house — rented to private teach- 
ers till the establishment of the free school system — was the 
old seminary, built in 1S33-4. The first newspaper — the 
lyidiana Gazette — was issued in Januar}', 1822. The first 
market house was a shanty in the circle; but another, and now 
the only one, though greatly enlarged, was built in 1832 



INDIANAPOLIS. 615 

directly north of tlie court lioiisc. The first municipal organ- 
ization was effected in the same year, by the election of five 
trustees. Previously, the only law was the State statutes, and 
the only olhcers squires and constables. Five wards were 
formed, enlarged to six after the reincorporation of 1838. 
This government continued till a city charter was granted in 
1847. The first fire company was formed in 1835, and the 
fii-st engine, half the cost of which was paid by the State, pro- 
cured in the fall of the same year. The first banking facilities 
were afforded by the branch of the old State bank, organized 
in 1834. In 1825 Alexander Ralston made a survey of White 
river to determine the practicability of making it jjcrmanently 
navigable, but nothing ever came of this or subseqiient cftbrts 
in that direction. A little steamer, intended to carry stone for 
the National road bridge across the river, came to the town in 
the spring of 1831, but was nearly wrecked on a bar going 
back, and no other ever came within reach. The first dry 
goods store was opened in 1821; the first saw and grist mills 
in the same year; the first foundry in 1832, west of the river; 
the first steam mill — a sad failure — in 1832. " This epitome 
of the history of the city's origin is deemed a fitting intro- 
duction to an account of its development and an exhibit of its 
present condition." 

With the removal of the capital in 1824r-5, came a strong 
impulse to settlement, which was pretty nearly lost after 1827. 
The population in 182G was 760. In 1827 it consisted of 529 
. white and 34 colored males, and 479 white and 24 colored 
females, a total of 1,0CG — an average growth of nearly fifty 
per cent, in a year. In that year there were three churches — 
the Presbyterian, with thirty members; the Baptist, with 
thirty-six; the Methodist, with ninety -three, and the Union 
Sunday school, with one hundred and fifty pupils. There 
were twenty-five brick, fifty frame, and eighty log houses — 
six of the brick houses being two stories hiffh. It was claimed 
tliat $10,000 worth of goods had been sold during the year 
preceding, including two hundred and thirteen barrels of 
whisky and one hundred kegs of powder, the latter showing 
a large reliance upon game for food. The proportion of 



616 niSTOKY OF INDIANA. 

whisky — something like FalstafF's "sack" — was due to the 
fear of malarious diseases and the — lack of milk. At this 
time, though the plat had been a good deal cleared of trees, 
the outlots were all dense forests, and for years after trees were 
standing on what are now some of the principal streets. The 
town was confined to a narrow strip along Washington street. 
The annual meetings of the legislature made some excitement 
in the village, but beyond that there was little ditfercnce 
between the capital and other county towns, except that its 
central location, subsequently so vital to its development, was 
against it. The pojiulation in 1830, so far as can now be ascer- 
tained, did not exceed 1,200. In 1830, at the "corporation" 
election, 324 votes Nvere cast for president of the board of 
trustees (who had no 0])position), indicating an adult popula- 
tion of some 400 or 500, and a population of 2,000 or 2,500. 
In 1840 the census made it about 4,000. In 1850 it was about 
8,000; in ISGO, 19,000; in 1870, 52,000, on a second authorized 
enumeration — 48,000 by the first — and is now, calculating 
upon the best attainable data, about 100,000. Its aggregate 
business has grown from $10,000 in 1827 to $114,000,000 in 
1873; its belt of settlement along one street to over two hun- 
dred miles of paved and lighted streets; its little squad of 
mechanics to 10,000 skilled workmen, supporting a population 
of 40,000; its single stage line per week to 78 railway trains 
per day; its occasional four-horse wagon, with goods from the 
Ohio, to nearly 000,000 cars per year; its village insignificance 
to the place of the largest wholly inland city in the United 
States. The first indications of the possibility of such a 
development appeared as the first railroad, from the Ohio river 
at Madison, came within available reach in 1845, and they 
grew stronger after the completion of the road, on the twenty- 
fifth of September, 1847. Railroads, already contejnplated or 
in progress, under the stimulus of the success of the Madison 
road, were pushed on vigorously. In 1850 the Bellefontaine 
road was opened for business, and finished in 1852; in 1851 
the Peru road was opened, and finished in 1854; in 1852 the 
Jefferson villc road was completed to a connection with the 
Madison at Edinburgh; in 1852 the Terrc Haute road was 



INDIANAPOLIS. 617 

opened; in 1852 the La Fajette road was ready; in October, 
1853, the Cincinnati was in operation, followed by the Cential 
in December, 1853. These eight roads speedily converted the 
backwoods village into a city; and even the promise of them, 
with the one already completed, showed decided results in the 
business of 1850, and the population increased to 8,000, 
mainly the addition of the two years between the fall of 18-17 
and January, 1850. The success of one road could not ttlone 
have instigated such activity of railway concentration here. 
There was another and an irresistablc influence at work. Tliis 
was the city's central situation. 

Indianapolis is the geographical center of the State, aud the 
most central town of the rich, populous and powerful section 
of the Union west of the Alleghanies and east of the Missis- 
sippi, between the lakes and the Ohio. The most direct lines 
of communication between the seaboard and the ]\Iisgissippi 
would naturally pass through it, as would those striking the 
most available points for exchange of products between the 
lakes and the South. The generally level surface of the country 
invited railways, and the conveniences of the city pointed to 
it as an admirable terminus or " cross-roads." Thus it came 
that so many started from various directions to meet there. 
And with these came facilities for transportation that shame 
the uncertainties, the perils, and the speed of most river trans- 
portation, and yield nothing in capacity either. The original 
eight roads have became thirteen — one rapidly approaching 
completion — and they have put this center in a far more 
favorable situation for commerce and manufactures than most 
cities that are favored by rivers, which freeze up or overflow 
every year, and run dry every other year. But this primary 
influence could not have produced such a result as Indiana- 
polis exhibits in 1875, unless aided by powerful subordinate 
influences. It would have made a large and prosperous town, 
hut not such a center of constantly and rapidly accumulating 
manufactures and trade as Indianapolis is. Every county in 
the State but seven can be reached by rail, and of Che seven, 
five can be reached by steamboats. 

Pirst among these auxiliary influences may be n deed the 



618 niSTOKT OF INDIANA. 

cliaractcr of the coimtiy in and about tlie city. It is a vast 
plain, occupying a large portion of the central section of tho 
State, diversilicd, but not broken by undulations, sometimes 
rising into moderate hills and profusely watered by snuall 
streams, l)ut nowhere so abrupt or swampy as to prevent easy 
reduction or filling. The inequalities facilitate drainage with- 
out ali'ecting ready and cheap improvement and occupancy. 
The room for expansion is practically illimitable. A city of 
ten millions would not, in any direction, be inconveniently 
divided or crowded by impassable barriers. Every foot, for 
twenty miles about the present boundaries, can be easily and 
as chcapl}' converted into city lots as the portion within them. 
To this cause is due the facility with which mechanics, rail- 
road hands, men of moderate means of all occupations, have 
been able to make themselves owners of their homes. It is 
the source from which Indianapolis derives the boast it may 
justly make, that "there is no city in the Union or the world 
where so large a proportion of the residences are owned by 
their occupants." There are many tenement liouses, certainly, 
but the ease with which cheap lots may be obtained in the 
constantly widening suburbs, is a standing inducement to 
labor to make itself a proprietor instead of a tenant. A few 
yards further walk from business to residence, makes all the 
difference between the cheap lot of this year and the cheap lot 
of last year. The latter rise steadily in value, but illimitable 
room adds others as cheap, or cheaper, all the time. This uni- 
form ease of ex]:)ansion shows its efiect, also, in the location or 
removal of manufactories requiring large space, to the suburbs. 
The radiation of railways in all directions makes all points of 
the spreading circumference equally accessible, and uniformity 
of surface makes locations equally cheap. This tendency to 
equalize the exterior with the interior will be much assisted 
by the completion of the belt railway, now in progress, which 
circles the whole city at a short distance from its boundaries. 
Its primary object is to facilitate the transfer of railroad 
freights, but it must operate directly to enhance the'V'alue of 
outlying property, and create small centers of settlement about 
the remote manufactories, which will spread inward as the 



INDIANArOLIS. 619 

city spreads outward. Tlie obvious advantages of these exte- 
rior locations for raanufactorics Lave caused several to be 
removed from more central points, and more will go as tlie 
interior rises in value and the exterior becomes nearly or quite 
as convenient for tliem. In the older portions, where coming 
business crowds upon existing business, lots are costly, of 
course, but cheapen as they advance toward the suburbs, 
which are daily advancing upon the farms and forests aboui 
them. 

Another of these auxiliary influences is the nearness of 
the city to an inexhaustible coal field. The coal field of Indi 
ana covers nearly 7,000 square miles of the southwesterD sec- 
tion, capable of yielding 70,000,000,000 (seventy billions) tons, 
and is ti-averscd by five western railways diverging from the 
city. They strike its eastern limit where the beds rise close 
to and e\'cn above the surface, at an average distance of fifty 
miles. The coal being of uniform quality, this abundance of 
means of transportation is ample security against oppressive 
freights. All qualities of coal are found in this field, from 
the "block" — a mineral charcoal, free from sulphur and 
phosphorus — to the strong steam and gas making bituminous. 
"Within fifteen years it has almost wholly supj^lanted wood as 
fuel for all purposes, though much of the country is densely 
timbered, and wood is still cheap, comparatively. The 
" block " coal is the chief element of the city's success as a 
manufacturing point. While good for steam purposes, it is 
especially good for iron-working in all its stages. It requires 
no coking to smelt, or puddle, or roll iron. It burns like 
charcoal or wood, freely, and without running together or 
agghitinating. Its blocks burn as they lie, like sticks of 
hickory. It seems made purposely for smelting furnaces, 
rolling mills, and steel making. And there can be no better 
place found than Indianapolis for either. Two rolling mills 
have been in operation for years — one for rails and the other 
for bar and rod iron — and the quality of product in both is 
unsurpassed. The best rails in this country are those re-rolled 
in the rail mill; and Pittsburg often sends to the bar mill for 
the toughest and best metal used in the finer manufactories. 



620 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Blast furnaces liave been miicli talked of, but the general 
depression in tlic iron market has delayed more positive efibrt. 

The iron industry is now the third in value of products, and 
second in number of men em])loyed. Until 184S, or after the 
comi>lction of the first raih-uad, it was, though sedulously 
nursed by some few citizens of more ardor than capital, a very 
feeble and uncertain industry. A foundry was established in 
1832 west of the river, and maintaiiied for a few years, but 
failed finally. Others followed, with little more success. But 
with the advent of railway facilities a change came, and some 
machine shops and foundries were started then that would not 
know themselves in their present huge proportions. The coal, 
though known and used to some extent as early as 1850, or 
1851, was not understood as it is now. Its peculiar fitness for 
iron work was still a secret. And it has come into general 
use within little more than a decade. But the city was the 
center of a great and rich agricultural region, and needed 
engines and mill gearing, and threshing machines, and other 
implements, and came here for them. This was the first 
impulse. The manufacture of iron followed the manufacture 
of implements from iron. The development Avao rapid and is 
increasing steadily, enlarging old establishments, creating new 
ones, and bringing her successful ones long established in 
neighboring cities. Now the city makes all kinds of stoves 
and hollow-ware, gas-posts, house fronts, railings, rails, jails, 
bars, rods, engines, mill-work, saws, files, edge tools, malleable 
iron, and the like, to the amount, in 1873, of $3,800,000, 
employing $2,200,000 of cajjital, and 1,500 men, representing 
a population of six thousand. The city's situation, its con- 
nection with the "block" coal field, its railway facilities, and 
its success of its iron enterprise, attested by their steady 
growth in spite of the general depression, are very sufiicient 
indications that it is the right place for the manufacture of 
Bessemer steel and the smelting of iron. 

A fourth auxiliary influence in the development of the city, 
is the advantage it possesses in the hard wood and lumber 
trade. The " bottoms" of the Wabash, White river, and Blue 
river, with the intervening uplands, contain the best black 



INDIANAPOLIS. 621 

walnut growths in this country. They also contain the bulk 
of all that is produced in the country. Indiana is tlte black 
M'ahiut State, and Indianapolis lies in the center both of the 
State and of this productive region. Katurally the trade in 
this valuable lumber turns to this city. Though the growth 
of the last ten years, mainly, it is now one of our most 
important interests, and is to the "hard wood" trade of the 
whole country what Chicago is to the grain trade, or more, for 
it docs a larger pro])oi-tion of the whole business of the country. 
Last year there were iifty milh'ons feet of walnut sold here, at 
an aggregate cost of $2,500,000. The capital employed 
amounted to nearlj' $1,000,000, and twelve or tifteen mills, 
with five to six hundred hands, were engaged in its produc- 
tion. In the production and sale of "white wood," or poplar 
lumber, and of oak, hickory, beech, elm, and other timber 
used in building and wood inanufiictures, Indianapolis enjoys, 
from its favorable situation, unequalled advantages, and con- 
trols tlie bulk of the whole business. So, too, in coopers' 
stock, staves and hoop-poles. This is brought here in the 
rough from all parts of the State, and manufactured by seven 
establishments, handling thirty millions of staves annually, 
worth $1,000,000. Some of it is made into barrels here, but 
more is shipped to other points when ready for "hooping." 
Of pine luml)er about iifty million feet are sold yearly, at an 
aggregate cost of $1,200,000; of shingles and laths, thirty 
millions are sold, worth $120,000. There are thirty-four lum- 
ber yards in the city, of Avhich about half deal more or less 
exclusively in black walnut. The manufactures of wood in 
various forms, as by planing mills, agricultural implement 
works, wagon and carriage factories, sewing machines, boxes, 
furniture, cars, cooperage, and the like, exclusive of lumber, 
amounted, in 1873, to $5,800,000, employing $2,793,000 of 
capital, and 2,178 hands. The aggregate of lumber and wood 
manufiictures is abont $10,500,000, employing very nearly 
$3,000,000 of capital, and 2,700 hands, representing a popula- 
tion of about 11,000. 

Indianapolis is not less the center of the "pork," than the 
''hard wood " region of the West. The most productive hog 



622 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

country is that where the black walnut is inost abundant. 
AYitli adequate facilities for transportation, this would havo 
been the chief pork packini^ center of the Union. Forty 
years ago the first attcmjit to pack pork here was made. The 
slaughtered hogs were bought of farmers, and only cut and 
cured by the packers. The product was sent off by flatboats 
down the river. The enterprise failed, but Avas renewed in 
1S31), or 1S40, in much the same fashion, but succeeded better, 
and for some years carcasses were bouglit of farmers for 
"goods" or cash, packed, and shipped by flatboats on the 
spring freshet on the river. After the completion of the 
Madison railroad, slaughtering, as well as packing, was done 
largely, and from that day the pork interest has grown, and 
until recently, has been the leading industry of the city in 
value of product. Kow it is second only to lumber and wood 
manufactures. Three large establishments for slaufjliterinc: 
and packing were erected in 1873, each capable of disposing 
of fifteen hundred to two thousand hogs per day. There arc 
now five of these huge pork houses here, and one (Kingan's,) 
is the largest in the world. The .aggregate product in 1873, 
was SC,C14,000, or 549,100 hogs, a meagre shoM'ing, because 
three of the live packing houses were barely ready to begin 
with the season, and this, with the effect of the panic, greatly 
reduced the business confidently anticipated. Yet it still 
stood next to that of St. Louis. For 1874, it stood next to 
that of Cincinnati. There is no reason why it should not be 
the first in the country. The natural business and produce 
drainage of Indianapolis extends, (as estimated by the National 
Crop Reporter^ and as the map shows plainly enough,) to 
thirty-four counties in Indiana and eighteen in Illinois, pro- 
ducing 2,345,002 hogs, with about 800,000 of surplus. This 
belongs here, and once directed to its natural reservoir, it will 
bring with it twice as much, or more, that now goes else- 
where, for " business makes business." The pork business of 
1874 M'ill not fall short of 700,000 hogs, and is likely to reach 
800,000. Besides the large hog product of the region natur- 
ally tributary to the city, and the great advance in the cen- 
tralization and manufacture of it, two causes co -operate to 



INDIANAPOLIS. 623 

assure botli its permanence find expansion. 1st. Tlie climate 
lierc, as attested by tlie most experienced paclccrs, is tliat 
medium between extremes of heat and cold M-liicli produces 
the best condition of the carcass for cutting and curing. It is 
not so cold as to freeze the meat externall}', and thus conlinc 
the animal heat to the interior and around the bone, tending 
to decomposition, and apt, in any case, to produce an unjileas- 
ant smell and taste; and it is not so warm as to retard cooling 
long enough to allow decomposition to set in. 2d. The com- 
mand, from home sources, and by means of railroad transpor- 
tation, of an unlimited supply enables packers to prosecute 
their business all the year round, thus relieving the market 
of the annual rush during the early part of the winter, and 
providing farmers with a constant market and a ready means 
of converting their crops into cash, "svhcn the demand for 
thein, in their natural form, falls off. The considei-ations that 
determine the value of Indianapolis as a pork center apply 
with equal force to cattle. The value of stock in the region 
of the city's natural produce drainage is almost exactly that 
of the hog crop, nearly 2J^,000,000, while a much larger surplus 
remains after home use, being 319,000 head, worth $12,770,000. 
Of sheep the number is 800,000, with 207,000 surplus, and 
2,800,000 pounds of ■wool. Of horses, mules, and jacks, 
520,000, worth $25,000,000. Here arc all tlie elements of 
supply, transportation, central location, abundant foud, and a 
wide market to make one of the lai'gest and most profitable 
stock yards in the country. And measures have already been 
taken to establish one equal to any demand. 

Still another of the influences that have contributed to the 
extraordinary growth and prosperity of Indianapolis, and arc 
certain to continue their operation, is the advantage of a wide 
command of one of the richest grain sections of the continent. 
This has only w'ithin a few years been improved with much 
energy, but the effect of that few years of effort is such as to 
show that the grain trade may rival any interest here. The 
region naturally tributary to the city produces 118,000,000 
bushels of corn, 15,000,000 bushels of -wheat, 18,000,000 
bushels of oats, 600,000 bushels of rye, 333,000 bushclfl of 



624 . niSTORT OF Indiana. 

barley, with an agi^rcgatc value of $31,540,510, of which 
7,000,000 of bushels of\vhcat, 70,000,000 of corn, 540,000 of 
rye, and 300,000 of barley are in excess of home consumption, 
worth, in the aggregate, $39,575,000. Tlie mill product of 
grain for 1873 amounted to $2,000,000, with $635,000 of cap- 
ital. The trade in grain itself amounted to $3,000,000. It has 
grown so rapidly that the private elevators could not manage 
it, and a largo one, west of the river, was erected in 1873. 
The extension of means at once showed itself in an expansion 
of business, and now this large elevator is totally unable to 
meet the demands upon it, and large amounts of grain arc 
forced to be sold from the cars without adequate inspection. 
This necessitates a second and larger elevator, which will be 
begun at once. It is not unlikely that two will be added, so 
nnprcccdcntcd and unexpected has been the growth of the 
grain trade. It is estimated that of the grain product prop- 
erly belonging to this market, and needing only capital and 
proper energy to concentrate entirely here, is, at a moderate 
estimate on the surplus, 50,000,000 bushels of corn and 
7,000,000 bushels of wheat; 14,000,000 bushels of corn, and 
3,000,000 bushels of wheat were received here, or sent through 
here by tioo railroads. This trade is so young yet, and so 
imperfectly provided with records and statistics, that it is 
difhcult to give more than an estimate of its amount. But 
its enormous growth is evident. No interest has sprung so 
suddenly from insignificance to indispensable importance as 
this, amounting, as it did last year, to an aggregate, of grain 
"handled" and ground, of about $5,000,000. 

Besides these four main sources of the prosperity and pres- 
ent enviable bulk of business of the city, there are numerous 
minor ones, amounting in all to seventy- three, producing an 
aggregate — including that portion of the four chief inter- 
ests, which may be properly classed as "manufactures" — of 
$28,000,000 in 1873, to which, but for the monetary panic, a 
large addition would have been made. As it was, the aggre- 
gate of 1873 exceeded that of 1872 nearly $9,000,000. Capital 
to the amount of $11,000,000 was employed, and 8,200 hands. 
This foi'ce of hands must be increased by the carpenters, brick 



INDIANAPOLIS. 625 

layers, stone masons, brick makers, liouse painters, plasterers 
and other skilled workmen engaged in building, wliose labors 
are represented in tlic amount of building done during the 
year — nearly $5,000,000. This addition would raise the num- 
ber of skilled workmen to about ten thousand, representing a 
population of forty thousand. Among these minor manufac- 
turing interests are starch, amounting to $1,000,000 in 1S72, 
but reduced in 1S73 by the removal of the principal manulac- 
tory to a new location, and the consequent arrest of business; 
tanning and currying, $200,000; publishing and binding, 
$1,250,000; oils, (linseed, lard and lubricating) $550,000; tin- 
ning, $200,000; tombstones, $178,000; paper, $325,000; cot- 
ton, $300,000 ; woolen, $050,000; glass, $250,000; confection- 
ery, $317,000; clothing, $737,000; cigars, $400,000 in 1872, 
reduced to $177,000 in 1873; harness, $18-1,000. 

The amount of building in 1873, as estimated in the city 
"'permits," was $2,562,000, but the actual cost was nearly 
$5,000,000. Of this amount a proportion larger than can be 
found in any other city in the United States, or the world, was 
expended by workingmen upon their homes, a class of build- 
ings significant of the most thrifty and firmly settled popula- 
tion a city can have. This is one result of the city's capability 
of expansion, making cheap building lots always accessible 
and abundant. An evidence of this tendency is seen in the 
fact that one-half of all the sales of real estate in 1873 was 
made up of lots at a cost of $1,500 and under, the obvious 
ptirchase of men of moderate means, who either buy to build, 
or buy small houses ready built. 

The wholesale trade is but little more than ten years old, 
and obtained its iirst permanent establishment during the war, 
though several abortive attempts were made at it at different 
times in the ten years before. In 1873 the whole amount of 
this business, in all branches, was $51,830,000, against $40,- 
174,000 in 1872. The panic caused a large reduction in this 
business, which would otherwise have reached $00,000,000. 
But the catastrophe had the effect to put the trade in the best 
possible condition, and it never promised better than now. 

What has already been said of the character of the country 
40 



62 G mSTORY OF INDIANA. 

in which Iiidiannpolis is situated, tlic opportunities for cxten- 
eioii in all directions, and always witli railroads handy, the 
projHii-tional amount of cheap lots sold, and the proportion of 
proiu'ictarj residents, is cnoui^h to indicate that the trade in 
real estate is one of the most important interests of the city. 
The"outlots" of tlie orii^inal "donation," constitutin<^ four 
times thcai-eaof the ori<^inal plat, and making in all an area of 
four square miles, are built up all over with continuous lines of 
Louses, nuunl}' of business, the residences moving further off 
toward the boundaries. To these, "additions" from adjacent 
farms and pastures and forests have been made, to an amount 
equalling the "donation." Tlie demand of central lots for 
business has, as before remarked, forced residences outward, 
increasing the demand for exterior lots, and the rapid influx 
of a po])ulation of skilled workmen, who aim, almost from 
the start, to own their homes, has so strengthened this impulse 
as to create something very like a real estate fever. Ihit what 
speculation there may be in it — and speculation is, of course, 
inevitable, M-here demand is great and growing — is very sol- 
idly based, as is attested by the fact that within a very few 
weeks after the panic sales rose to nearly the former average, 
both in number and value, and with the same proportion of 
cheap lots ($1,500 and under) that is, one-half of all sold. 
This solidity is further illustrated by the fact that there was 
almost no decline in prices, even in the midst of the panic, 
and in a month there was an advance in several directions. 
Before the close of the year several "additions," or portions 
of them, were sold at lifty to seventy-five per cent, more than 
would have been taken in the preceding summer. In the 
spring of 1S74, though sales were less numerous, prices are 
tending constantly upward, with the effect, of course, to bring 
in new additions of cheaper ground. This influence has spread 
even west of the the river, which, ever since the town existed, 
until within two or three years, has been regarded as beyond 
all reach of city influences or improvement. Hundreds of 
acres have been "jdatted" there, one large iron manufactory 
— the main building seven hundred feet long — is in full 
operation there, and several have secured locations to which 



INDIAXArOLTS. 627 

the 0"vmcrs invite tlicm by liberal donations of the ncccsfary 
ground, or part of it. Streets are bcini!^ "graded and graveled, 
and bridges bnilt to accommodate the increasing pressure of 
settlement and business there. 

Some idea of the eilect of the rapid and solid growth of the 
population and business of the city nuiy be obtained IVoin a 
few instances of the advaiice in real estate. Forty-two years 
ago a farm near the city and several town lots were sold for 
one thousand dollars for the whole. That property is Avorth 
now twice as much as the one thousand dollars would havo 
produced at comjiound interest at ten per cent. There are 
plenty of similar instances of tlie enormous yield of early real 
estate investments. JJiit few samples of a later date will ]»rob- 
ably be nearer to the ])nrpope of exhibiting the rapid devel- 
opment of the city. In 1SC5 nine acres southeast of the 
original town plat, but in the "domition," were bought for 
ten thousand dollars. A short time afterward they were 
divided into seventy-two lots, which have been sold, or are 
now held at two thousand dollars each, or in the aggregate, 
one hundred and forty-four thousand dollars, more than Ibur- 
teen times as much as they cost. The purchaser in 18G5 sold 
five acres for twenty-seven thousand dollars, and then sold 
enough of the lots remaining to cover his original outlay, 
within a few years, and now holds lots enough to make his 
clear profit nearly one hundred thousand dollars without 
counting that upon the five acres first sold. In another more 
recent instance, a lot of ground on the west, or "tabooed" 
side of the river, was bought three years ago for seven thou- 
sand one hundred dollars, and platted into fifty-eight lots. 
Five have been sold within the year for three thousand nine 
hundred and seventy dollars, or more than half of the cost of 
the whole fifty-eight. In December, 1872, a lot east of the 
city limits was bought for nine thousand dollars on five years' 
time, with six per cent, on the deferred payments. The owner 
has refused fifty thousand dollars for it, though the panic has 
come between the purchaser and the proposition to buy. A 
tract in the same vicinity was bought at the same time for six 
thousand dollars, and has since been sold for sixty thousand 



628 msTORT OF Indiana. 

dollars. In the full of 1870 a farm four miles cast of the city 
was sold for one hundred and twenty-three dollars an acre. 
"Within the past few weeks four thousand live hundred dollars 
an acre have been refused for it. These are but samples of 
thousands of cases. The amount of real estate sales in 1873 
was $32,570,250, ai^ainst 810,320,450 in 1872, and $7,007,503 
in 1871. These ligures tell their own story. 

The influences which have made Indianapolis a city of one 
hundred thousand inhabitants, and a taxable property of 
$65,000,000, and the first inland city of the Union, as set 
forth in this exposition, must of course continue to operate 
with equal, if not greater force for a well placed city, with all 
advantages for manufactures and commerce, when once it gets 
fairly started in growth is apt to grow like a snowball, the big- 
ger the further it goes. But besides these main or primary 
influences, the effect of which has already been imperfectly 
indicated, there arc others of by no means slight importance. 
1st. Health. In the first settlement of the town chills and 
fever, and most malarious diseases prevailed, as they will in 
any country where vegetable decomposition is constant and 
extensive, but with the clearing of the woods the swamps 
dried up and malaria disappeared. Kow, no city in the Union 
is less affected by endemic or local diseases. The death rate 
is but one in seventy, a fact that tells the story of health in a 
word. 2nd. Schools. A free-school system, suppoi'ted partly 
by the State's fund and general taxes, but mainly by a city 
school tax, has been in successful operation for twenty years, 
with one brief interruption, caused by an adverse decision of 
the supreme court, and now has schools in every one of the 
thirteen wards, with a high school and training school for 
teachers. There are twenty school houses, of which ten cost 
from $35,000 to $45,000 each, and can accommodate seven 
liundred and fifty pupils each. The advance of ten years may 
be judged by the following comparison: Kumber of children 
entitled to tuition in the public schools in 18G4, 6,863; num- 
ber in attendance, 1,050; value of school property in that year 
$88,500. Number of children in 1874, 10,000; number in 
attendance, 10,000; value of school property in 1874, $601,256. 



INDIANAPOLIS. 629 

Tlicre is also tlie N, W. C. University, a medical college, a 
Catholic theological school, a city library with about 15,000 
volumes, supported by a tax of five cents on one hundred dol- 
lars, having over six thousand patrons. 3rd. Church accom- 
modations. There are in the city sixteen Methodist, eleven 
Presbyterian, eight Baptist, live Episcopalian, four Christian, 
four Catholic, two Congregational, two Lutheran, one Jewish 
Synagogue, one Quaker, and churches of other denominations 
sullicient to make the whole number nearly seventy. 4th. 
There are three morning papers, three daily evening papers, 
fourteen weeklies, and twelve monthlies, otli. Public im- 
provements. A new court house, costing about ^1,700,000 is 
nearly completed. A new state house has been provided for 
by the legislature. Over two hundred miles of lighted and 
paved or graveled streets have been made. A competent lii-c 
system, consisting of six steam engines, twenty-seven horses 
for hauling, and paid men to work, has been in operation 
about fourteen years, with a water su]iply from over one hun- 
dred cisterns and the Holly Water Works. A sewerage sys- 
tem has been established and several miles of sewer, trunk and 
tributary, built. The river is crossed by ten bridges, within 
the lijies of the city extended to the river, with two more to 
be added this year (1874), by the Belt railroad, all of iron but 
one, the old National road bridge. Several of the railways, 
on their completion, or before, organized a Union company for 
common tracks and a passenger depot in this city. These, 
though extended to the utmost arc o\crcrowded and must be 
still more enlarged. To escape the destruction of ordinary 
business created by passing trains, the city has built one tun- 
nel under the tracks, one viaduct over them, and has ordered 
a second viaduct, and plans are now under discussion for one 
or two more. Several elevated railways for the coal trains 
have been erected by interested parties. There arc thirteen 
wards in the city with a representation of two councilnicn 
each. There are six parks: Circle, four acres; State House, 
ten acres; Military park, eighteen acres; University park, four 
acres; Southern park, recently bought tor $110,000, eighty-six 
acres; Northern park, at northern end of city, one hundred 



630 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

acres, donated by the owners. Tlic State Asylnins for the 
Insane, Deaf Mutes and Dliiul, and the Female J reformatory, 
are in or near the city; hut hesides, tlie city lias an orj^han 
asylum for white native children: one for (iermans, one for 
colored children, also a Ilouie for Friendless Women, a Cath- 
olic Female Itcformatory, and a free disj)ensary. There are 
four cemeteries: Grceidawn, as old as the city, and in the city 
limits; Crown Hill, two miles northwest, laid out and beauti- 
fied in the best style, containing three hundred acies; a Cath- 
olic cemetery south of the city near the suburbs, and a Hebrew 
cemetery. The State taxes amount to fifteen cents; the school 
tax is sixteen cents; county and township tax forty cents; city 
taxes, seventy-five cents; city school tax, amount to thirty cents 
o-n one hundred dollars. The city debt is less than $>1,000,000. 
Tlie taxable property, as above stated, is $05,000,000. 

The rapi*l growth of the city, and the constant increase of 
its industrial establishments, keep up a severe strain upon all 
the capital and banking facilities attainable. There is not a 
dollar unemployed, unless it be in tlie silly fear or caprice of 
its owner. Money ])ays in everything. The law allows ten 
per cent, interest and thus legalizes what necessity long ago 
compelled. But -with ordinary energy and prudence the legal 
interest is not half of what money can be made to pay. Put 
into small lots and neat and cheap tenements, for rent or final 
sale to men of sjnall means, capital Mill pay thirty per cent., 
exclusive of the increased value of the real estate adjacent to 
the improvement. Put into well managed manufactures it 
■will pay. It will pay in banking and accommodating the gen- 
eral want of means. Security is abundant, of the best kind, 
and the means of profitable employment are abundant and 
waiting, but the capital does not come as fast as the growth of 
the city and its interests need it. This makes the strongest 
possible solicitation to capital to come here. There arc eleven 
private and six national baidcs in the city, a suiHcient proof of 
the value of capital and banking facilities here, and yet the 
hunger for ca])ital to cany industrial and other enterpi'ises to 
their easy and legitimate ends is the most severe alilictiou of 
the city. 



TKOGKESS OF THE GRANGE. 631 

"Within the last ten years liKlianaj)olis 1ms been rapidly 
tahiii*^ on all the characteristics of a mctrupulis. The suclal 
interests of the city have not been nci;Iectctl. The society of 
Indianapolis, in taste and cnlturc, and relincment, is doing 
mnch to raise the name of the peojile of the State to a higher 
social and intellectual standard in the natiun. There is a dis- 
position manifesting itself for literary inii)rovenient, and 
within the last few years the people have readied a higher 
literary standard in all social intercourse. Tlie theatre has 
been elevated, the reading-room has been tilled with works of 
a higher standard, and the musical circle has been extended. 
In short, Indianapolis is marching onward equally in all her 
interests, and ]>rcparing herself for that event, not least among 
the possibilities of the future — the removal of the National 
Capital within her borders! 



CHAPTER LXXYII. 

PROGRESS OF THE GRANGE IN INDIANA. 

^T^JIIS organization, including, as it does, over one hundred 
J- thousand of the citizens of Indiana, is fully entitled to 
notice in a history of the State. The growth of the order in 
the State, as, indeed, throughout the country, has been unpre- 
cedented in the history of secret organizations. In the spring 
of 1860, three granges were organized in the State, two in 
Vigo county, and one at Indianaj^olis, and these were the only 
representatives of the order in Indiana till the year 1872. 
During this year, fifty-four subordinate granges were organ- 
ized by the farmers in four or live counties in the north- 
western part of the State, and, in the fall of that year, a State 
grange was formed, a State executive committee was appointed, 
and arrangements were made to extend a knowledge of the 



632 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

principles and pTii-poscs of tlic organization tiironghont tLe 
State. At tlic beginning of tlie next year, arrangements "^vcro 
made with tlic proprietors of tlie Indiana Farmer^ to devoto 
some portion of space in each number to discussing tlie in- 
terests of the order. From this time its growth was steady 
and rapid. "VVliercver tlic pa]>er circulated, granges were 
formed, and, before the next meeting of tlic State grange, at 
Valparaiso, in ^November, over six hundred dis]icnsations had 
been issued to as many subordinate organizations. Iii 1S74, 
the growth of the order was still more rapid, and, at the present 
time, over two thousand granges are enrolled on the books of 
the State secretary — a larger number than in any other State 
in the Union. 

The oflicers of the first State grange, 1871-72, were as fol- 
lows: John Weir, Terre Haute, master; A. Lansing, Val- 
paraiso, lecturer; O. Dinwiddle, Orchard Grove, overseer; 
O. M. Cuiuy, Terre Haute, steward; J. T. Graham, Erook, 
assistant steward; G. L. Lowe, Beaver City, chaplain; C. L. 
Templeton, Lowell, treasurer; T. Kcene, Valparaiso, secretary; 
E. M. liobertson, Lowell, gate-keeper; Mrs. C, D. Poor, Val- 
paraiso, ceres; ]\[rs. M. B. Scott, Terre Haute, poniona; Mrs. 
Thirsc "Weir, Terre Haute, flora; Mrs. E. G. Graham, lady 
assistant steward. 

Executive committee : John AV. Wyatt, Iventland ; David 
Yoeman, Bensselaer; J. T. Graham, Brook; J. G. Gulp, Fran- 
cesvillc; A. Poor, Valparaiso; "VV. Thomas, Valparaiso; master 
and secretary, members ex officio. 

The following named persons were elected as State grange 
officers, at the session of the State grange in 1873 : Henley 
James, Marion, Grant county, worthy master; James Corn- 
stock, Grcenlield, Hancock county, overseer ; C. AV. Davis, 
Kentland, Newton county, lecturer ; IlusscU Johnson, Val- 
paraiso, Porter county, steward ; J. C. Phillips, Elizaville, 
Boone county, assistant steward ; B. F. Ham, Markleville, 
Madison county, chaplain ; George H. Brown, Bensselaer, 
Jasper county, treasurer ; Madison M. Moody, JMuncie, Dela- 
ware county, secretary ; S. R. Gipe, Dayton, Tippecanoe 
conntyj gate-keeper ; Mrs. Sarah E. James, cores ; Mrs. (/ath 



PROGRESS OF THE GRANGE. 633 

arine Comstoclc, pomona ; Mrs. Ilanna Davis, flora ; Mrs. 
Miraiula Pliillips, lady assistant steward. 

Executive coimnittce : J. F. Hall, Glcnliall, Tippecanoe 
county; David Yocnian, Ivcnsselaer, Jasper connty; A, Poor, 
Valparaiso, Porter county; J. T. Graham, Brook, Newton 
county; Lindol Smith, Dow, Carroll county; J. Q. A. Ncwsom, 
Elizaville, Poonc county. 

The present State grange officers, elected in November, 
1874r, arc the same as above, with these exceptions: John. AY. 
Zcgler, of La Porte, succeeds C. AV. Davis as lecturer. There 
are also several changes on the executive committee. At the 
meeting of the State grange, in November, 1874, Ilenley 
James, worthy master, delivered the following address: 

Sisters and BiiOTnERS: A tinic-lionorcd custom requires that I sliould, 
at this time, report to you the condition of our order in Indiana. 

The increase of our order, during tlie past year, lias far exceeded the 
most sanguine expectations of its friends, having increased from about four 
hundred to two thousand granges. The past year lias been tlic crisis of 
our life as an order. Opposed, as we have been, by those who in time past 
have considered us their lawful prey, backed as they were by well organ- 
ized monopolies of wealth and power, to which even the govcrumeut, in 
all of its departments, were bowing and doing homage. 

The power of capital, controlled and directed as it was, by comparatively 
a few persons, had become insolent in its demands, and oppressive in it3 
purposes. 

The industry of the country has been taxed so heavily, and the laws so 
made as to discriminate against the agricultural interests, until the tax- 
gatherer has claimed the lion's share of our income. 

Our order is the child of necessity — the forlorn hope of the farmer. 

AgricuUure being the chief productive source of the wealth of our coun- 
trj', all the illegitimate speculation and stock cambling of the day is based 
upon the products of j-our toil, and all the failures tliat result from such 
reckless schemes have to bo accounted for in the depreciated price of your 
products. 

The failure of a Jay Cooke cost the agriculturists of the country many 
millions more than Jay Cooke was ever worth. 

The order of patrons of husbandry seeks to place all business on its 
proper basis. To inculcate the true principle, iliat the perpetuity of our 
free institutions depends on the rights of all classes being sacredly re- 
spected, and every person left free and untrammelcd in the race of life, to 
pursue whatever legitimate business he maj choose. 

The results of our efforts for reform have thus far been crowned with 
very happy results. 



63d 



mSTORT OF INDIANA. 



We have honored our profession by placing representatives of our class 
in high positions, in holli the Slate ami national governments. 

Socially, we have accomi)li.sheil substantial good, by introducing amongst 
the agricultural classes a system of social communication hitherto un- 
known. 

]\Iuch has been accomplished educationally, by infusing into the minds 
of agriculturists a desire to become acfjuainted with the laws of science, 
and apply the same in the cultivation of the soil. 

Temperance is a fundamental principle of our order, and the teachings 
of the grange have already done much good in that direction. 

Financially, we have accomplished much, by dispensing with the old 
B3'slcm of purchasing through middlemen, who were fleecing us of our 
profits; and we now tind no diflicuily in establishing direct trade with 
manufacturers and wholesale men, upon terms very favorable to both pro- 
ducer and consumer, though much yet remains to be done in the way of 
more fully establishing a system of co-operation, both iu our purchasing 
and selling. 

Since the meeting of the last State grange, some changes have occurred 
in the State purchasing agency — Brother Kingsbury having resigned the 
agency, and Brother Alpheus Tyner being appointed to till the vacancy, at 
such salary as may be agreed upon, to be paid by the State grange, instead 
of receiving a per cent, on the purchases made — which syslem seemed to 
meet wilh general disfavor. The present syatem seen\s to be working well 
and will, if pro]icrly pursued, result in substantial benelit to the order. 
This subject will come before you for your action. 

Our order, true to its profession, has been swift to relieve suffering whcre- 
cver the cry of the needy, based upon the claims of charily, have been 
heard. At my special request, the worth}' secretary forwarded to our suf- 
fering brothers of Louisiana, rendered destitute by the overflow of the 
Jlississippi river, one hundred dollars. I hope that this act maj' receive 
the approbation of the grange. 

Ai>peals are ahso made from our brethren in Kansas and Nebraska, ren- 
dered destiluh! by the ravages of the grasshoppers; and appeals are also 
made from ditlereiit portions of our own Stale from brothers and sisters 
maile destitute by the ravages of tire. I recommend that the grange take 
sucii stcyis as ma}- be necessary to give such timely relief as may be con- 
sidered proper. 

The amendments of the constitution of the national grange, adopted at 
tlie seventh annual session of the s;une, will come before you for action. 

I would suggest the i>ropriely of tiiis grange fl.xing the compensation of 
its oflicers, so that all may know the amount of the expenditures, and 
thereby silence the extravagant rumors that have been circulated by the 
enemies of our order. 

I would recommend that such steps be taken as may be necessary to 
encourage direct trade between tlie dillerent sections of our country, and 
through the medium of reciprocal trade in the exchange of commodities, 



PROGKESS OF THE GKANGE. 635 

cement the diflcrcnt sections of our country together in one common 
brotherhood hy making our interests identical. 

I \vould call tiie attention of the grange to the fact, that the American 
Cheaj) Traiisiiortation Association has cordially invited us to meet Avith 
thtni at Kieiiinond, Va., on the first day of December next, and as it will, 
pcrhai>s, be impossible for this grange to send an accredited representative 
to that meeting, we should at least give them an expression of our sympathy 
for the noble objects of that association. 

I would call the attention of the grange to the fact that the third amend- 
ment of the constitution of the national grange proposes a change in the 
time of the meeting of the national grange, from the first Wednesday in 
February to the tliirdWednesday in November, which will bring the meet, 
iugs of llie national and our State grange into such close proximity that 
your representative could not attend both meetings. Therefore a change 
in the time of the meeting of our State grange will be necessar3\ 

I recommend that this grange take such steps as may be necessary to 
provide for tlie incorporation of the granges, both State and subordinate, 
and that the legislature be requested to make such changes in the laws 
governing corporations as may be necessary for that purpose. 

Since entering upon the duties of the ofiice I now hold, I have delivered 
more than one hundred lectures, public and private; I have traveled in the 
interests of the order full five thousand miles, besides writing three thou- 
sand letters, and attending to the other duties of the ofiice. IMy labors, 
though very arduous, have been pleasant, inspired as I have been by the 
importance of our organization and the justice of our aims. That I have 
committed errors of judgment is by no means improljable, but I hope that 
honesty of purpose maybe attributed to me; and I desire to tender my 
tltanks to the ofiicers and members of the order for the uniform kindness 
received from them. 

To the sisters of our order I would especially tender my thanks, for the 
valuable aid that the order lias received from you. To your influence, 
your labors, your fidelity to the order, is attributed to a very large extent 
the success the order has already attained; and I have full confidence, 
sisters, that jour influence will never be withheld in the perpetuation of 
that order which is the first to recognize and respect the full rights of 
woman; and I congratulate j'ou upon the sure prospect, that through the 
influence of the noble order of patrons of husbandry, your sex will be pro- 
tected and elevated to the enjoyment of your rights, many of which you 
have been unjustly deprived of. 

To show our readers the principles and purposes of the 
organization, and the work it is accomplisliing, we copy a 
few of the reports passed upon at the session of the State 
grange of 1874: 

We, your committee on the good of the order, respectfully submit the 
following report, to wit : 



636 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

1. We find the order throughout the diflercnt portions of the State, with 
very few exceptions, to be in a high and unprcct-dcnted state of i)rospcrity. 

2. We recommend the acceptance of tlie oiler of the national grange to 
vest in this grange the right to manufacture tlu; Werner liarvester, and that 
the executive committee be autliorizcd to mal\e such arrangements for the 
manufacture of the same as the state of tlie fi.'iances will permit; and we 
urge upon the members of our order the wisdom and necessity of purchas- 
ing implements only of such manufacturers as shall accede to our pro- 
position to purchase without the intervention of agents or middlemen. 

3. We also recommend the repeal of rules Nos. 22, 23 and 24, for the 
government of subordinate granges, and that tliey be allowed to receive 
applications for membership, without regard to tlie distance of the appli- 
cant from other granges. 

4. We further recommend that the executive committee be instructed to 
take the necessary steps for carrying out the jirovisions of section two of 
number two of the constitutional amendments, relative to the estaljjish- 
ment of county and district granges, when such section and number shall 
have been ratified by the requisite number of granges. 

5. Believing that the deeper the mystery in which our meetings are 
shrouded, the greater will be our power, we urge ujion liie ollicers and 
members of subordinate granges the necc^^sity of keeping atricllij secret all 
proceedings of the order not intended for tlie pid)lic ear. 

Resolved, That we fully recogni/.e the iniixJitance of the dilfusion of 
knowledge, and the education of all tiie ciiildren of the Stale, and i)]edgc 
our cordial support to all measures adapted to the accomi)li»hmenl of so 
worthy a purpose. 

liesolved, That intemperance is a great evil and a prolitie source of misery 
and crime, and the cause of large and wasteful expenditures of the public 
money; therefore, we pledge ourselves to use all j^roper means io discour. 
age intemperance and promote morality, virtue, and the practice of tem- 
perance by all the people. 

Be it Resolved, By the delegates to the Indiana State grange in conven- 
tion assembled. That the declaration of purjioses as set forth by the com- 
mittee on resolutions at the last annual meeting of the national grange 
are correct, and ought to receive the hearty apiiroval of every true patron 
of husbandry in tlie State of Indiana, and more especially the litlh section 
of said declaration of purposes. 

Your committee on transportation and co-operation beg leave to make 
the following report: 

That the railroad system of the country has become oppressive to the 
producer by exacting high rales upon local freights; therefore. 

Resolved, That we, as producers, ask our legislators, both Slate and 
national, to enact such laws as will be just to the railroad interests of the 
country, for we look upon the railroads as heing one of the great levers 
for opening up the agricultural and mim-ral resources of the west; but 
while we are willing to grant them all just rights, we, as producers, ask 



TROGRESS OF TlfE GRANGE. 637 

that the laws be such as to make them serve the people instead of ruling 
them, and compel them to carry passengers and freights at rates in pro- 
portion to the actual cost of the road, and local in proportion to through 
freights. 

Iti'solvcd, further. That we are not in favor of the government giving 
guarantees of money or lands to railroad corporations. 

Resolved, That we recommend to the favorable consideration of congress 
the improvement of our great natural liighwa3's, the rivers, lakes, and 
canals, through ■which the commerce of the grain-producing region of the 
west must pass; and tliat the jetty system proposed to deepen the moutii of 
the Mississippi river meets our hearty approval ; and that we earnestly 
recommend congress, at its next session, to order a survey for a steamship 
canal from the southern point of Lake Michigan to the Wabash river, at 
or near l^aFa^-ette, Indiana, thus connecting, if found practicable, the 
waters of the JMississippi valley with the great lakes on the north. 

Tlie granite also pn.'^scd tlie following resolution: 
To the members of the order we most earnestly recommend to co-operate 
togciher a« counties in bulking up the product of the soil, and selling 
wholesale to the parties who pay tlic liighest price; and, in buying, we 
recognize the State business agency of the patrons as the proper channel 
through Avhieh the business agents of the various counties can best supply 
the wants of the grangers in all articles needed for the cultivation of the 
farm, and for the household ; and the time is now at liand when the mem 
bers of the order must see tlie necessity of standing b}^ the organization, 
and the business agent be required to give out, from time to time, such 
information as may be for the advancement and benefit of the members 
of the order. 

In May, 1S73, the executive committee appointed J. G. 
Kingsbniy, ol* Indianapolis, editor and publisher of iha North- 
western Farmer^ pin-ehasing agent, with instructions to make 
the best terms in his power with manufacturers of agi-icultnral 
implements and machinery, aiid make ari-angements for deal- 
ing direct with them. Ilis efforts to secure favorable terms 
were responded to by only a few manufacturers until the fol- 
lowing spring, when the number of granges became large and 
the trade of the members seemed too important to be lost. 
Since that time a large proportion of the manufacturers of all 
kinds of agricultural imj)lements have consented to deal direct 
with members at their wholesale rates, and a large savin"- lias 
thus been effected by those who were entitled to the benefits 
of the liberal arrangements secured. In making terms Avith 
manufacturers and dealers, the cash system has always been 
agreed upon, and no order has been filled unless accompanied 



638 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

with the money or payable on delivery of goods. The 
arrangement has proved very satisfactory to dealers, who get 
pay for their goods promptly and without expense, and to 
the consumer, who by paying cash, saved from twenty to 
thirty per cent, of the usual cost of the article purchased. 
The State grange, through its executive committee, have 
enlarged the powers and extended the sphere of duties of the 
State agent, and that officer has recently opened a large ware- 
room in this city for the exhibition of implements of various 
kinds for the use of members of the order, and the prospects 
indicate that a very large trade will be conducted through 
the agency in the future. 

GOOD RESULTS. 

Among the good results of the organization is the spirit of 
inquiry and investigation it has fostered among the mem- 
bers. It is safe to say that many thousands of farmers in 
the State now subscribe for and read agricultural papers who 
never did so before they became members of the grange. As 
an evidence of the fact, it may be mentioned that the circu- 
lation of the State agricultural paper, the Indiana Farmer, 
has more than doubled within the past year. 

The charitable feature of tlie grange system has been nobly 
illustrated in the numerous and liberal donations that have 
been made by the granges of the State for the relief of their 
destitute brethren and sisters in Kansas and Nebraska. Many 
thousands of dollars have been sent to these afflicted States 
that wo;dd not have gone but for the grange organization and 
the charitable principles it inculcates. 

So long as tl.'c members feel that they are saving money in 
making their purchases, and are increasing in a knowledge of 
their business, adding to their social joys, and promoting an 
interest and dignity in their profession, there is little reason 
to expect that the order will be discontinued or lose many of 
its best adherents. 



CHAPTEE LXXYIIl. 

THE GREAT "WAGON AND CARRIAGE WORKS OF TFIE STUDEBAKER 
BROTHERS MANUFACTURING COMPANY AT SOUTO BEND, ST. 
JOSEl'II COUNTY, INDIANA. 

ASTRAXGETl, visiting South Bend twenty years ago, 
must liavc admired tlic beauty of her location, and the 
air of thriftincss snrronnding the embryo city. If critical in 
that direction, he would have looked with pleasure upon the 
budding industries boi'u of the immense hydraulic power of 
the beautiful St. Jose])h river, and prophesied of the wonder- 
ful results inevitable in the then future. Perhaps the rushing 
waters, tumbling over their pebbly bed, as they sought for rest 
in the tideless Michigan, would have suggested possibilities 
never to be realized. Visions of cotton and woolen factories, 
with the whirl of spindles, and the click of looms, or the 
noise and bustle of other industries intimately associated with 
hydraulic force, might have crept upon his brain. Had he, 
however, looked into a little wagon shop on Michigan street, 
he wonld scarcely have imagined tliat there was the nncleus 
of not only the largest industrial concern in northern Indiana, 
but of the most extensive establishment of its kind in the 
world, at the licad of which would stawd the young man then 
60 lustily working at tlic forge, and singing his labor-refrain 
npon the anvil! Yet this last would have been a fact soon to 
be developed; for that work-shop was the starting point of the 
great Studcbaker flictories, and that young man to-day the 
able president of the Studcbaker Brothers Manufacturing 
Company. 

It would be both interesting and instructive, doubtless, to 
trace the history of this institution minutely, thus illustrating 

639 



640 niSTOKT OF INDIANA. 

the great possibilities of small bcginjiings; tlic results of 
industry and enterprise, and fortifying the fact tliat maturity 
seldom springs from sudden effort, and tliat growtli and per- 
manency have a singular co-relation. Sucli, howcvei", is not 
the object of this article. Space, if not time, would fail us; 
60 we shall present, as briefly as possible, such dry facts and 
figures as are at hand. 

It was on the sixteenth day of February, 1S52, that Henry 
and Clement Studcbaker opened their shop in South Ecnd, by 
the firm name of II. Sc C. Studebaker. They mcaut business; 
they did business. They had capital enough, but it was 
chiefly invested in bone, muscle, and indoinitablc will. Tliey 
were hopeful, cheerful, and, finally, prosperous. Changes were 
made in the firm name and in its pcrsoncl. Slowly, but 
surely, the work went on, until finall)-, in ISG-l, three of the 
brothers, Clement, John M., and Peter E., became equal 
partners, and the great house was founded by the name of. 
Studcbaker Brothers. Henry had retired and settled upon a 
farm near the city, where he now resides, a well satisfied and 
very comfortable country gentleman. The works were en- 
larged, and soon after Peter E. established a branch at St. 
Joseph, Missouri, then a famous outfitting point, and where 
he did an enormous business. Thus the new firm progressed, 
gradually enlarging its borders and strengthening its stake, 
until 18G0, when its interests were consolidated in a joint 
stock company, called, as at present, the Studcbaker Brothers 
Manufacturing Company. But their coui-se was iutt destined 
to be an uninterrupted one. In June, 1872, they wci-e visited 
by a fire which involved a loss of ncai-ly one hundred thousand 
dollars. Meantime, Jacob F., the youngest bruthci', had come 
in, making up the quartette, and William ]\Iack had Ijccome a 
stockholder. A large tract of land had been })urchascd south 
of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern depot, aiid large 
improvements made. Immediately after the fire another gen- 
tleman joined the company. It was Mr. II. L. Ilines, a former 
partner of John M. Studcbaker, in Calitbrnia. Becoming 
superintendent of construction, Mr. Ilines has done yeoman's 
service ever since. At once the work of enlargement on the 




;:^. 



042 niSTORY OF INDIANA. 

new promises commenced, and was continued until in tlie 
ei)ring of 1S74, tlic noble works of tlic company, the lar<::est 
of the kind in the world, wei-e completed, or nearly so. Somc- 
thiiii;- of their mag-nitudo may he gathered from the following 
cut, whieli i'e]M'esents them at the period mentioned. 

On the twenty-fourth of August, 1S74, this noble pile, the 
l)cau ideal of its ])roprietors, the pride of the city, and the 
wonder of all, Mas nearly destroyed by fire, with a large ])or- 
tion of its contents, involving a loss of about three hundi'eJ 
and iifty thousand dollars, not far from one-third of which was 
covered by insurance. The average width of the main factory 
was sixty-two feet, the length aggregating eight hundred and 
sixty-eight feet. The outside linear measui'ement was about a 
half mile, and its lloorage measuring over live acres ! Forty 
forges, with blasts operated by machinerj', wci'e in tlie smitli 
shop, and five large elevators brought all the llooi'S into imme- 
diate connection. The capacity of the M'oi'ks was one com- 
]ileted wagon each ten minutes. Of course the loss was a very 
severe on(!, and many men would have succumbed under tiio 
]»ressure of such a disaster. Kot so the Studebaker JJrotliers 
and their associates. The lire was hardly quenched o'o the 
v.-ork of rebuilding began, and before the cold days of Avinter, 
laiger and moi'C convenient Avorks wore completed, witli an 
eastern irontage on Lafayette street of live hundred feet, and 
on tlic railroad live hundred and seventy-live feet. All are of 
brick, substantially built, and nearly all erected since the lire. 

The coach and cari-iage factory of the company is situated 
some half mile from the wagon works, on the corner ol' j\[ii:hi- 
gan and Jeilerson streets. It embraces the old wagon ^hops 
with more recent additions. These buildings arc of brick, 
elegantly built, ranging from two to five stories in height, and 
having a lloorage of about two acres. They contain smith 
shops, with thirty-live forges, wood shops, painting, trimming 
and varnishing rooms, repository, oflices, etc. The engra\ing 
on page 435 gives a better idea of the &vac and quality of tlieso 
great carriage works than can be conveyed in words. 

The summary of the combined establishments is as follows; 



STUDEBAKEK BKOTIIEKS CAKRIAGE WORKS. 



643 



Ground occupied for manufacturing purposes. 17 acres. 

Aggregate length of buildings, about 1,C00 feet. 

AvoraLTO lici<i:lit of buildiniijs 3 stories. 

Ground area of buildings over 2A- acres. 

Aggregate area of lloors, nearly 8 acres. 

Length of sheds, about 4,000 feet. 

Width of sheds, average 40 iect. 

Area covered by timber sheds, nearly 7 acres. 

The motive power of the factories consists of two engines, 
one of two hundred and the other forty horse power. Over 
one hundred and thirty labor-saving machines arc in constant 
use. 

Thus these immense works are rc-built, and have a capacity 
for extraordin:iry usefulness. At the present writing, nearly 
six hundred hands are constantly employed, at remunerative 
wages; a support being thus given to over two thousand 
inhabitants. 

As showing the gradual but sure growth of this industrial 
concern, the following tabic of productions is presented, which 
includes seven years: 

Year. No. of veil idea. Valnc. 

. ISGS 3,055 §350,000 

ISGO 5,115 412,000 

1870 G,505 573,000 

1S71 6,835 625,000 

1872 6,950 691,000 

1873 10,280 896,000 

1874 11,050 1,000,000 



Total 53,690 $4,i><''',000 

The year 1874, although marked by an extraordinary destruc- 
tion, is the heaviest of all. 

At first glance it might be considered difficult to find a 
market for this immense production, and so it would, were 
business transacted now as it was a quarter of a century ago, 
or even nearer the present. Then wagons were hauled by 



644 HISTOKT OF INDIANA. 

teams to the most accessible points and left on commission, or 
peddled tlirongli the country from farm to farm, or from town 
to town. Cash sales were infrequent. Cattle, horses, hoi^s, 
grain, or other property, usually formed the consideration, or 
for good notes time was given. iSl^ow things are dillcrcnt. 
AVagons are shipped by the car, almost by the train loud, and 
are sold for cash, or first class commercial paper on short time. 
There is no barter. The west, northwest and southwest, ai-c 
tributary to the company. On the phiins, and ]irairics, on tlie 
highest traversable points of the great rocky chain, on farms, 
plantations and ranches, in Mexico, Soutli America, and even 
Europe, the handiwork of the Studebakers is to be met witli, 
■while orders far beyond the capacity of the works are constantly 
on hand. The trouble is less to sell than to make. It should 
be remarked that the lires alluded to consumed but a triiie of 
the seasoned material of the company, and that a reserve sulii- 
cient for the construction of thirty thousand vehicles is always 
on hand. 

The Studebaker Brothers arc now in the very zenith of 
vigor and usefulness, and the concern bids fair to grow to even 
more extraordinary proportions. 

THE BASS FOUNDRY AND MACHINE WOEKS OF FORT WAYNE, INDIANA. 

The Bass Foundry and Machine Works at Fort Wayne is 
the lai'gest establishment of the kind in the State, and, as a 
car wheel foundry, the largest in the United States. It con- 
stitutes a very prominent feature of the great industries of 
Indiana, and is one of the best evidences existing of the great 
enterprise which has placed Fort "Wayne on the road to success 
as a manufacturing city. The works consist of eight build- 
ings, (an engraving of which is presented in connection with 
this sketch,) and cover ten acres of ground, located at the 
intersection of Ilanna street and the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne 
and Chicago railroad. They were iirst established in a small 
way, in 1853, by Messrs. Cooper, Bass & Co., as a car wheel 
foundry, who continued the business till 1S55, when Mr. 
Cooper retired, and the firm style was changed to Jones, Bass 



THE BASS FOUNDEY. 645 

& Co. Tin's firm stnigglod along until 1857, when another 
change was made. At this date the works were removed to 
tlie present location, and a joint stock company was organized 
under the title of the Fort "Wayne Machine Works. Under 
this ar)-angement, Messrs. Ilanna & Bass were the principal 
proprietors, and continued the business until 1858, at which 
time Mr. J. II. Bass, the present proprietor, assumed charge. 
lie first leased the works for one year, but through a careful 
and successful management, he soon became proprietor of the 
whole concei-n. Mr. Ilanna was associated with him until 
18G9, when he died, leaving Mr. Bass the sole proprietor. 
This gentleman continued the business alone until 1873, 
during which time he enlarged the works, erected new build, 
ings, and more than quadrupled the business of the establish- 
ment. In the latter year a stock company was again organ- 
ized, with a paid up capital stock of five hundred thousand 
dollars, under the title of the "Bass Foundry and Machine 
"Works," which it still holds. Mr. J. H. Bass was elected 
president of the company, which position he still holds. 

lie has been the chief proprietor and manager of the estab- 
lishment since 1858, and the success of the works during these 
years has been unparalleled. In 1858, the first year in which 
he controlled the business, it did not probably exceed fifteen 
thousand dollars, but it has been steadily and rapidly increas- 
ing. In 1873, the business transacted by this company 
exceeded one million eight hundred thousand dollars, and, as 
already mentioned, the works have growni to be the largest of 
the kind in the United States. This is certainly an evidence 
of the great business enterprise of Indiana, and not less so of 
the high business talents of Mr. J. II. Bass. 

One of the compilers of this work visited the establishment 
in October last, and found, even in the dull times, every build- 
ing a scene of activity. The car-wheel shop, which is perhaps 
the very centre of life of the works, is a brick structure sixty- 
five by four hundred feet, having a capacity of turning out 
two hundred and fifty wheels a day. This is the largest 
foundry of the kind in the United States. From it car wheels 
are sent to Pittsburg, and throughout the whole west and 



646 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

nortliwc.^t, every where a,ttcstin<:^ dicir superior quality. Tlio 
general loiiiidry is a brick buildini^, seventy-live l)y one liundrcd 
and lii'ty feet. This, however, during tlie present year, will be 
converted into a machine shop, and a new building, sixty-liv^e 
by three hundred feet, will be erected for the general foundry. 
Adii)iniiig the preseiit general foundij, is the machine shop, 
fifty by one hundred and thirty feet. This will be enlarged 
with the completion of the building referred to, by the addi- 
tion of the present general foundry, seventy-five by one 
hundi'ed feet. Just west of the machine shop is the wood 
working shop, fit"ty by one hundred feet, and west of this is 
the boiler shop, forty by one hundred and forty feet. North 
of this is the blacksmith shop and forge room, seventy by one 
hundred and twenty feet. The offices of the concern are in a 
two story handsome brick structure, located on Ilanna street, 
close to the i-ailroad crossing, and nearly in the center of the 
works. This building is thirty by sixty feet, and is elegantly 
furnished. The offices are furnished with all the modern 
im]>iv)venicnts, and are tastefully appointed, and su])])lled with 
many conveniences. In the upper story of this building are 
the drafting rooms. 

!Mr. f !ass has always made a specialty of car wheels, in the 
produi'titiii (»f which his immense foundry has made an envi- 
able rcputatio!! throughout the whole nation. Tlie Avheels 
prodiifcd at his works are sought after by nearly evciy road 
within I'l-ach of them, and the demand upon his facilities for 
producing them is increasing quite as fast as he is increasing 
the capacity of the establishment. 

I'esidcs car wheels, Mr. Bass is producing steam engines 
of an aj^pruved make and quality, boilers, mill, and heavy 
machinery of all kinds. The melting ca]xacity of his works is 
equal to one hundred tons of pig iron per day. 

Jhit Afr. Hass has not devoted his whole attention to this 
one enteI•]»ri^e, although the results he has jiroduced during 
tlic last ten years in connection with it seem to be very laigc 
for the Work (»f so short a period. lie has also an extensive 
car wheel foinidry in St. Louis, Mo., or rather he is the princi- 
pal tiwner uf it. This is located on Sixteenth street and tlio 



648 BISTORT OF IKDIANA. 

Pacific railroad, and consists of two large brick buildings, 
with a capacity of over twenty-five tons a day. This institu- 
tion has been in operation over five years, and has already 
proved a success financially, and promises a brilliant future. 

Mr. Bass has also a car wheel foundry in Chicago, of which 
he is sole proprietor. It is located on Forty-seventh street, 
near the Rock Island shops, and consists ot two spacious brick 
buildings. Tliis establislnncnt has the exclusive patronage of 
the Chicago, liock Island and Pacific railroad, and is increas- 
ing its business rapidly by receiving the business of other 
roads in the northwest. 

The few hints we have given of the successful enterprise of 
filr. J. II. Bass, will show that he is reaching out widely in 
fiis commercial operations, and as we shall see, is meeting 
with constant gain. Besides his general foundry and machine 
works, he has in Fort Wayne, St. Louis, and Chicago, facilities 
for turning out three hundred and fifty car wheels per day. 



PART THIRD. 



BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



INTEODUCTOEY. 

In conclusion, we present brief sketches of a nnmbor of the 
citizens of Indiana who liave become prominent in the severajL 
pursuits and professions of life. The usual alphabetical order 
is not observed here, but an index of names, arranged alpha- 
betically, will be found on page 21. In these personal sketches 
we have endeavored to present the deeds in the lives of the 
persons represented rather than to praise them. In fact we 
have avoided the very appearance of laudation. It is generally 
known that the data from which biographies are written is 
obtained from the persons themselves; hence the impropriety 
of praising the deeds of living men. To be sure, there are a 
ftw heroes of Indiana wJio have gone to their rest and reward, 
such as Generals Harrison, Tipton, and Evans, and Colonels 
Daviess, Yigo, and others, as well as those brave men who 
fell in defense of the Union — those are properly the subjects 
of our highest admiration ; but there is something incon- 
sistent, something from which a conscientious writer turns 
away in disgust, in " writing up " the good deeds of men still 
active among us. Already authors and biographers have 
manifested too much zeal in this department of literature — a 

649 



650 



ni?rOKY OF INDIANA. 



zeal, we fear, tlmt has too often been actuated hv otlier tlian 
tlie most legitimate of objects; and a zeal also that has, we 
are glad to observe, been condemned most thoroughly by 
those very persons in whose behalf it has been exerted. Wc 
arc glad to believe that we could not injure the rccc]">tion of 
this volume in greater measure than l)y iilling it with encomi- 
ums of prominent men, still active in the various imrsuits in 
the State. Such is the dislike for biographical lame among 
the solid men of Indiana, that the com]>ilers of this work have 
found it very difficult to obtain the information necessary for 
the following very brief sketches. And, if any ])crsous are 
not represented whose life's work has been such as to entitle 
them to a place in this department, we have only to say, in 
justiiication of our ]iosition in conserpience, that such persons 
positivel}' refused to furnish us Avith the data required. No 
other consideration than that of the ]niblic estimatioTi has 
prompted us in the selection and pre]>aration of the following 
statistics. Tliis assertion is fully borne out by the character 
of that which follows. 

CONEAD EAKEPw. 



He was born in Franklin county, 
P:i., February twclftl), 1817. His 
fatlicr was a farmer, iuul he re- 
mained on the farm until he was 
about liftcen years of age. lie wont 
to scliool, (a classical academy,) in 
C'liambersburgli, the county seat of 
his native county, some two years, 
ami tlien went to Pennsylvania Col- 
lege, al Gettysburgh, Pa., wliere be 
remained abcnit two years, but did 
not graduate. Studied law al Gi't- 
tysburgli, in tbc oflicc of Messrs. 
Stevens & Sm\-ser, tbc firm being 
composed of the late Tliaddeus 
StL'vens and the late Daniul ]yi. 
Smyser; was admitted to the bar at 
Gcttysburgli in I80O, and practiced 
tliere two j'cars. Came to Indiana 
in 1S41, and settled at Evausville, 



where he practiced his profession 
until after the conunencement of 
the rebellion. lie was elected to 
the lower house of the general 
assembly fif Indiana in ISI";, and 
served one session. F.lected judge 
of the courts of common pleas for 
the district composing the counties 
of Vanderburgh and Warrick, in 
1852, and served about one year and 
resigned, lie was nominateil in his 
absence, and without iiis knowl- 
edge, for Meutenant-Governor on 
the Kepuliliean ticket in 1 S.*,(J, sen- 
ator Morton being the candidate for 
Governor on the same ticket. The 
Democratic ticket, headed Ity Wil- 
lard for Govern(U", and Hammond 
for Lieutenant-Governor, was, how- 
ever, elected. 



BIOGRAI'lIICAL SKKTCIIES. 



651 



Appoiiilcd by Governor ]\I<irl()ii 
OjIoiicI of 1st Indiana Cavalry, it 
being 2Sth Tleu;inient Indiana Vol- 
unteers, in July, iSni ; orL^ani/.ed 
the regiment, and was nuistcrcd 
into the service in Augu^jt, 18(!1; 
remained in the service until Sep- 
tember, 18G4; served in the Held in 
the southwest under Generals J. C. 
Fremont, Frederick Steel, S. li. Cur- 
tis, A. P. Ilovey, and ollicrs, until 
April, 18(53, when he was ordered 
by the War Department to Indiana- 
polis to organize the Provost iVIar- 
slial General Bureau for the State 
of Indiana. Still retaining the place 
and rank of Cohmel of the 1st In- 
diana Cavalry, lie performed the 
duties of acting assistant provost 
marshal general for Indiana, fr<,tm 
April, 1SG3, to the latter part of 
August, 1SG4, and as such, having 
the supervision of the enrollment 
and draft. lie -was at the same 
time, by virtue of this position, 
superintendent of volunteer recruit- 
ing, and had charge of all the mus- 
tering ofllcers on duty in this State. 
lu June or July, 18G4, the Pepubli- 
can Stale Central Committee unani- 
mously tendered him the candidacy 
for the ollicc of Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor, lo fill a vacancy caused by 
the declension of General Nathan 



Kimball, who had been nominated 
for that fidice by the convention, 
lie was elected, senator i\Iorl(;n be- 
ing elected at the same time, f)n the 
same ticket, lie presided over tho 
Senate during the session commenc- 
ing in January, 18(i."i. In November, 
IbG"), Governor ]\forton convened 
the legislature in e.xtra session, and 
immediately Ihereal'trr went to 
Europe in quest of his health, and 
was gone five months. During Ihia 
absence of the governor ^h: Baker 
acted as governor. In January, 
ISGT, Governor Morton was elected 
to the United States Senate, and 
immediately resigned liis office, 
whereupon the duties of the ollicc 
of governor devolved upon the 
lieutenant-governor, and, ]\Ir. Baker, 
as such, performed them during llio 
residue of Governor >Iort(ni's term. 
jMr. Baker was elected governor of 
Indiana in October, 18G8, and served 
as such until succeeded b}' Governor 
Hendricks, in January, 187o. He 
acted as governor, (including tho 
five months of Governor ]\Iorton's 
absence in Europe,) for about six 
years and five months. Since the 
termination of his ofllcial life he 
lias been actively engaged in tho 
practice of his profession at Indi- 
anapolis. 



CYP.US NUTT, D. D., LL. D. 



lie was born in Trumbull county, 
Ohio, September fourth, 1814. His 
educational opportunities were nec- 
essarily limited in so new a countrj'. 
His parents were well versed in the 
common branches of education, 
and he was taught reading, writing, 
nrithmetic, geographj' and gram- 
mar at home during such leisure 
hours as could be redeemed from 



manual labor. He however at- 
tended the country school in hia 
neighborhood, when in session, 
•which was about three months in 
the year. Such Avas young Null's 
desire for a liberal education that 
lie improved every opportunity for 
the acquisition of learning; and 
when at the age of eighteen, his 
father proposed to deed him a picco 



652 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



of land in consideration of his 
faitlifui labors on the farm, he told 
hira he woiNd rather liave a good 
education tlian any property. His 
father first spolic discouragingly, 
but finally agreed to give him his 
time and let him get an education 
by working his own way. He im- 
mediately went to an academy to 
prepare Wmself for college, and in 
four years from that time he gradu- 
ated at Alleghany College, Meail- 
ville. Pa., having supported him- 
self by teaching during the winters, 
and at the same time keeping up 
his studies. He graduated in 1836, 
and was immediately appointed pre- 
ceptor of the preparatory depart- 
ment in the same institution ; which 
position he filled for six months., 
when he was elected to the charge 
of the preparatory department of 
Indiana Asbury University, which 
had ju' been chartered by the leg- 
islature of Indiana. Mr. Nutt was 
converted at a campmeeting when 
in his nineteenth year, lie was 
appointed to tlie cliarge of a class 
of young men as class-leader while 
in college. He was licensed to 
exhoi't, and then to preach; and he 
preached his first sermon at Green- 
castle soon after his arrival. 

The first meeting of the trustees 
of Indiana Asbury University was 
held in March, 1887, at which time 
Dr. Nutt was elected preceptor of 
the preparatory department, and 
arrangements Avere made to have 
that department opened at an early 
day. It required seven or eight 
days at that time to make the trip 
from Meadville, where Mr. Nult 
then resided, to Greencastle, by the 
most speedy mode of travel, which 
was stage and steamboat. Dr. Nutt 
left Meadville about the seventh of 



May, and traveled by stage to Pitts- 
burg, and thence by steamboat to 
Cincinnati, and thence by stage to 
Greencastle, wlicre he arrived on 
the sixteenth of the same month — 
having walked, however, from Put- 
namville to Greencastle, as there 
was, at that day, no public convey- 
ance from the outside world to 
Greencastle. 

Dr. Nutt entered upon his duties 
at Greencastle on the fifth of June, 
1837, commencing the preparatory 
department in a small, one-story 
brick building, with only ,'two 
rooms; the larger of which was 
occupied by the town school. The 
smaller room was then the only 
place available; and there Dr. Nutt 
began the literary instruction of 
this since renowned university of 
the West. At the meeting of the 
board of trustees, in September of 
the same year, he was elected pro- 
fessor of languages. In 1841 he 
was elected professor of the Greek 
language and literature, and He- 
brew, which position he held until 
1843, when he resigned and took 
pastoral work in Indiana Confer- 
ence, and was appointed to Bloom- 
ington station. He had been admit- 
ted into the Conference at its session 
in Kockville, in 1838, and ordained 
deacon by Bishop Soule, at Indian- 
apolis in 1840, and elder by Bishop 
IVIorris, at the conference in Center- 
ville, in 1842. He remained in 
charge of Bloomiugton station two 
years, and the year following was 
at Salem. His ministry was emi- 
nently successful in both of these 
charges. In the fall of 184G, he 
returned to the university, having 
been elected to the chair of Greek 
language and literature, made vsi- 
cant by the resignation of Prof. 15. 



BIOGEAnilCAL SKETCHES. 



653 



F. Tefft, wlio took cliarge of tlic 
Ladies' Repository, at Cinciunnali. 
Ill 1S49, Dr. Nutt was elected Pres- 
ideut of Fort Wayne Female Col- 
lege, which he accepted and held 
for one year, when he resigned and 
accepted the presidency of White- 
water College, which had been ten- 
dered him by the trustees of that 
institution, the climate of northern 
Indiana not agreeing with Mrs. 
Nutt, who was a native of Kentucky. 
He entered upon the duties of the 
presidency of Whitewater College, 
at Centervillc, Indiana, in the fall 
of 1850. The school flourished 
under his administration, and the 
number of students increased from 
one hundred and forty to more than 
three hundred. During the whole 
of this time he held the position 
cither of trustee or Conference vis- 
itor to Indiana Asbury University, 
and took a lively interest in all the 
atfairs of the church. He remained 
five years at the head of Whitewater 
College, when he resigned to enter 
again upon the work of the minis- 
try, and at the session of the North 
Indiana Conference, at Goshen, in 
1855, he was appointed presiding 
elder on the Richmond district, 
where he remained two years; du- 
ring which an almost constant revi- 
val was in progress nearly all over 
the district. 

In the fall of 1857, he was elected 
to the chair of Mathematics in Indi- 
ana Asbury University. He was 
also elected vice-president of the 
Faculty. Hon. David McDonald, 
who had been elected to the presi- 
dency of Uic university, having de- 
clined to accept, the administration 
of the university devolved upon Dr. 
Nutt for nearly two years, during 
one of the most critical and impor- 



tant periods in its history, until Rev 
Thos. Bowman, D.D., took charge of 
the institution in the spring of 1859 
The university was conducted with 
great skill and success by Dr. Nutt 
and his associates, and fully recov 
cred from the disaster that had un- 
fortunately overtaken it in 185G-57. 
In 1839, he received the degree of 
A. M. from his Alma Mater, Alle- 
gheny College. In 1859 he received 
the degree of Doctor of Divinity 
from the Ohio Wcslcyan University; 
and in 1873, the degree of Doctor of 
Laws, from Hanover College, and 
also from the University of Missouri. 
In 18G0, he was a delegate to the 
General Conference, held at Buffalo, 
from Northern Indiana Conference, 
leading his delegation, and served 
in that memorable session as mem 
her of the committee on the Episco 
pacy, and also on the committees 
on Education, Judiciary, and Lay 
Delegation, and proved himself an 
industrious and useful delegate. He 
also served as a delegate from Indi- 
ana Conference to the General Con- 
ference, which met at Brooklyn, N. 
Y., in 1873, and was elected secre- 
tary of the committee on the State 
of Church, besides being a member 
and doing service on several other 
important committees. 

In 18G0, Dr. Nutt was elected 
president of the Indiana State Uni- 
versity at Bloomington, which posi- 
tion he still holds (1875,) and under 
his prudent and skillful manage- 
ment the State university has greatly 
prospered. Five new chairs have 
been added to its course of instruct 
tions, a medical department, and a 
department of civil engineering 
have been created, the number of 
the faculty have been increased 
from six to twenty-six, the number 



654 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



of students, from about one liiin- 
drcil, to tliroe Inuulicil and fil'ty- 
ciglit, tlie annual income from live 
thousand six liundred dollars, to 
thirty thousand five liundred, tlie 
number of tlie alumni from two 
liundred and forty-tAvo, to nine 
hundred and seventy-three, the 
library from one thousand five hun- 
dred volumes, to near eight thou- 
sand. The cabinet is now one of 
the best in the west, and a new and 
beautiful building has been com- 
pleted, and all the facilities for 
instruction have been greatly en- 
larged. Tlie Indiana university 
now justly ranks aniong the very 
best in the land. 

The State university has pros- 
pered be3ond precedent since Dr. 



Nutt has been at the head of its 
allairs. J)r. Nutt was fleeted presi- 
dent of Iowa State University iu 
1843, but declined to accept. IIo 
was a member of the State 'I'each- 
ers' Convention in 18.34, wliich or- 
ganized the Slate Teachers' Associ- 
ation, and established the Tndutna 
SchoolJournal. He was elected and 
served as president of the State 
Teachers' Association in 1803, and 
has been a member of tiie State 
Board of Education for nine years. 
Both as a minister of the gospel and 
an educator. Dr. Nutt has been emi. 
nently successful, and will leave 
upon the generation that comes 
after him an abiding impression 
for good. 



HAENALAS C. nOBBS, LL.D. 



He was born near Salem, "Wash- 
ington county, Indiana, October 
fourth, 1815. Ilis earl}' years were 
passed in familiar acquaintance 
with the trials, privations, and la- 
bors of pioneer life, and his educa- 
tion was such as was to be had iu 
the log school-house of that day. 

Promjited by aspirations for a 
better scholarship, he entered, at 
eighteen years, the county semina- 
ry, under the instruction of John I. 
Morrison, at that time and for many 
years a leading educator in the State. 
He here became acquainted with 
algebra, geometry, mensuration, 
and land surveying, and with the 
first lessons in I.atin and Greek, in 
addition to his common school 
course. He was kindly ollered a 
home in the family of Benjamin 
Parke, then United Slates judge for 
the district of Indiana, whose inihi- 
euce and friendship were of great 



advantage to him, and never forgot- 
ten. He was his ollicc companion 
at the time of his death in lSu4. 

He commenced teaching while 
eighteen years of age, and has made 
it his principal cmi)loyment until 
now. "While thus engaged in his 
native county in 18oT, he became 
acquainted with AVilliam II. Mc- 
GullVy, the author of the Eclectic 
Headers, who opened the way for 
him to enter the (.'incinnali college, 
over which he then presided, which 
opportunity he gladly accepted, 
teaching a part of the time to jnect 
his expenses. He was here under 
the matliematieal instruction of 
Prof. O. M. Mitchell. During this 
period of his life he was brought 
into intimate acfiuaintaucc with 
Prof E. 0. Mansliehl, Prof. Drury 
ami Drs. Drake, Harrison, Kodgers 
and ^McDowell of tlie medical do- 
purlmeut, iu which ho took an 



BIOGKArillCAL 6KE1CHES. 



655 



academic course in comparalivc 
analoniy and chcmistiy. Tliese ad- 
vantages and (lie inspiration he re- 
ceived iVoni such men had much to 
do iu delcrmiuiui; his lulure char- 
acter. 

He was soon after cniplo3'cd as 
principal teaclicr in Blount Pleas- 
ant boarding school, iu Jellerson 
county, Ohio, where Jie remained 
near four years, and until his mar- 
riage, ■vvlieu a favorable opening in- 
duced him to establish a school in 
Richmond, Indiana, to which place 
he removed in the spring of 184;]. 

After a uniform success of near 
four j-cars, he accepted the super- 
intendcncy of Friend's boarding 
school, now Earlham college, for 
two j'cars. 

In IS.-)!, he removed to Parke 
county to take the presidency of 
Bloomingdalc academy, in which 
he continuously and successfully 
labored for near sixteen j-cars. 

At the extra session of the legis- 
lature of 1805, a law was passed 
creating a State normal school, an 
institution for which he had long 
and earnestly labored. He was ap- 
pointed b}' Governor Morton one of 
the trustees, a position which he 
continues to hold. In ISOG, he was 
delegated by the board of trustees 
to visit the several normal schools 
in the United Slates to obtain the 
necessary information from their 
experience, preparatory to the con- 
Bti'uction of a building adapted to 
the best ideal of such institutions. 
The architect embraced in his plan 
the recommendations in his report. 

During the summer of the same 
year he was chosen the first presi- 
dent of Earlham college, and pro- 
fessor of English literature, which 
places he creditably filled for more 



than two years, and until elected 
superintendent of public instruc- 
tion in 18GS. A vacancy occurring 
in that office by the resignation of 
Dr. G. W. lloss, who had accepted 
a professorship in the State univer- 
sity, he by appointment of Governor 
Eaker entered at once upon the du- 
ties of thai office ; the term for wliich 
he was elected not commencing un- 
til jNIarch fifteenth, 18<i!). 

He applied himself earnestly and 
faithfully to the duties of his office, 
and in his county visits, public ad- 
dresses and ofiieial reports, pressed 
upon the people the necessity of ad- 
ditional ta.v for the extension of the 
school term iu rural districts; of 
the necessity of count}' superin- 
tendcncy; of such modifications in 
our school laws as would givo 
relief to county officers in mak- 
ing enumerations, distribuliijns of 
school funds, and reports; for the 
perfection of our public school sys- 
tem so that the common school 
would grade properly into the high 
school, and the high school into the 
college and State university; and 
for the rights of colored citizens to 
the benefits of the school funds. 
The resignations of members iu 
b(Uh branches of the legislature 
during both sessions during his 
term of office, prevented the real- 
ization of his wishes, but he has 
the pleasure of seeing their appro- 
val by subsequent legislation. 

As chairman of a committee of 
the National Superintendents Asso- 
ciation, at "Washington, he advo- 
cated such national legislation as 
would equalize the school funds of 
the States, especially willi reference 
to Southern Slates, where school 
funds had been lost by war. His 
report of memorial was approved 



656 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



by the association, and its presenta- 
tion ordered. 

He was one of the earnest advo- 
cates of reform schools for both 
boys and girls, and for prison re- 
form. He has the pleasure of wit- 
nessing the successful inauguration 
of tlie first, and of anticipating such 
legislation as will make our State 
and city prisons self-sup2)oriive, ed- 
ucational and reformatory. 

He is one of the trustees and in- 
corporators of the Terre Haute In- 
dustrial School, founded by the mu- 
nificent endowment of Chauncy 
Kose, Esq., and has had the charge 
of selecting and sustaining, at the 
State normal school, about twenty 
young ladies, by the liberal provis- 
ion of the samo' gentleman. These 
have been chosen from about thirty 
dilTcrent counties, and the entire 
number so aided has been above 
sixty. 

When his term of service as State 
superintendent closed, he returned 
to his pleasant home at Blooming- 
dale, where he resumed the presi- 
dency of Bloomiugdale academy. 

While, in early life, he was una- 



ble, for want of means, to complete 
his regular college course, his suc- 
cess in his chosen profession secur- 
ed for him an honorary master's 
degree by Wabash college in 18.jS, 
and the degree of Doctor of Laws 
by the State university in 1870. The 
latter institution has twice honored 
him by offering him tlie professor- 
ship of Englisli literature, Avhich, 
at the time, he considered would bo 
attended by too much pecuniary 
sacrifice for him to accei)t. 

He was employed by the State 
geologist, in 1872, by aid of a do- 
nation for that object, by the com- 
missioners, to make a geological 
survey of Parke county. His re- 
port may be found in the Geolog 
ical Reports for that year. 

While he maintains a member 
ship in the Society of Friends, and 
has been by them approved as a 
minister for more tlian twenty 
years, he is liberal and tolerant 
towards all. His religious senti- 
ments are of the full evangelic 
type, recognizing men of every ua- 
tiou, race and color as brethren. 



DANIEL KIIIKWOOD, LL. D. 



He was the son of John and Ag- 
nes (Hope) Kirkwood, and was born 
in Harford county, Maryland, Sep- 
tember twenty-seventh, 1814. His 
youth was spent in the ordinary 
routine of farm labor, with very 
limited opportunities for acquiring 
even an English education. In 
18o4 he entered the York County 
Academy, at York, Pennsylvania, 
where, first as a student, and after- 
ward as teacher of mathematics, he 
continued till 1843, when he was 
elected principal of the Lancaster 



(Pa.) High School. Col. John W 
Forney and Hon. Thaddous Stevens 
were then directors of the Lancas- 
ter city schools, and Dr. Kirkwood 
still speaks with evident satisfaction 
of his early ofilcial relations with 
the subsequently disliuijuishcd jour- 
nalist and statesman. 

In 1849, while residing in Potts- 
ville. Pa., Dr. Kirkwood published 
his Analogy between the Periods of 
Rotation of the Primary Planets, 
which was favorably received by 
the scientific public. In 1851 he 



658 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



was elected a member of the Amer- 
ican Philosophical Societj', at Phil- 
adelphia, and iu the same year to 
the chair of mathematics iu Dela- 
ware college. From 185G to the jires- 
ent time — with the exception of a 
brief absence in Canousburg, Pa. — 
he has occupied the position which 
he now holds in the University of 
Indiana. 

Dr. Kirkwood has been a frequent 
contributor to our scientific jour- 
nals, and some of his memoirs have 



attracted much attention, both In 
Europe and America. J I is paper 
published in the Proceedings of tho 
Royal Astronomical Societ}' of Lon- 
don, Vol. XX IX., was the first to in- 
dicate the i)liysicul causeof the gap 
in Saturn's ring, and of simihir 
chasms in the zone of asteroids. 

The degree of A. M. was conferred 
on Dr. Kirkwood, in 1849, by Wash- 
iugton college, and that of LL. D. in 
1853, by the University of Pennsyl- 
vania. 



JOHN P. C. SHANKS. 



He was born in Jlartinsburg, Vir- 
ginia, June seventeenth, 1826. His 
paternal ancestors came from Ire- 
land. His grandfather, Joseph 
Shanks, entered the Continental 
army immediately after the battle 
of Lexington, and served through 
the llevolution, participating in the 
battle of Yorktown. His father, 
Michael Shanks, was a soldier in 
the war of 1813, and an elder broth- 
er served through the Mexican war. 

His father left the State of Vir- 
ginia in 1839, on account of oppo- 
sition to slavery, and settled in the 
wilderness of Jay county, Indiana. 
The subject of this sketch had few 
advantages of schools, either in Vir- 
ginia or in his forest home in the 
West. Ilis parents being in limited 
circumstances, struggling to make 
a home in a new country, their son 
participated in their labois, hard- 
ships, and privations. From his 
fifteenth to his seventeenth year he 
suffered intensely from an attack 
of rheumatism, much of Iiis time 
being helpless, and while in this 
condition studied industriously un- 
der his fatiier, who w.as a good 
scholar. Regaining his health, he 



pursued his studies during all the 
waking hours which were not occu- 
pied with the severest manual lalior. 
He studied by fire-light at home, 
and by camji-fires in the woods. He 
read in the highway while driving 
his team, and carried his book when 
he plowed. He worked at the car- 
penter's trade in IMichiganto earn 
money with which to pursue tho 
study of law. In 1847 he com- 
menced the study of law in his 
own county, working for his board, 
and devoting every third week of 
his time to labor for his father on 
the farm. 

He was admitted to practice law 
in 1850, and during that year was 
acting auditor of his county. In 
the autumn following he was elect- 
ed prosecuting attorney of the cir 
cuit court by the unanimous vote ef 
both political parties. In ISCO he 
was elected representative from In- 
diana to the thirty-seventh congress, 
and took his seat July fourth, 18G1, 
when congress was assemljled by 
proclamation of President Lincoln 
to take measures for the prosecution 
of the M^ar; he voluntarilj- fought 
in the first battle of Bull Run, July 



BIOGRAriirCAL SKETCHES. 



G59 



twenty-first, ISfil, and by groat ef- 
forts biiccccLled in rallying a portion 
of the fugitives from the ill-fated 
field. For li's condnct, on fills oc- 
casion, he was promoted, and after- 
wards accepted an appoinlmont on 
the staff of Gen. Fremont, and serv- 
ed with him in Missouri, and after- 
wards with Gen. Hunter, until the 
re-assembling of congress. After 
the session of congress closed he 
connected liimself with Fremont's 
staff, in West Virginia. 

Ill the summer of 18(53, 'Mr. Shanks 
raised the seventli Indiana regiment 
of volunteer cavalry, and on the 
sixth of December, was ordered willi 
them from Indianapolis to the field. 



In the following February, he was 
breveted a brigadier-general for mcr. 
itorious conduct. Iluving given ef- 
ficient service until some time after 
the surrender of Lee and Johnston, 
he was mustered out in September, 
18G5, at Hempstead, Te.\as. 

In 18G(i, Ur. Shanks was elected 
to tlie fortieth congress, during 
which he served on the committees 
on the militia and Indian all'airs. 
In the fortj^-first congress Mr.Siiauka 
was chairman of the committee oa 
the militia, and a member of tho 
committee on Indian affairs and on 
freedmen's affairs. 

During his public life Mr. Shanks 
has been an industrious worker. 



GKAIIAM N. riTCIL 



He removed from New York, his 
native State, to Logansport, In- 
diana, in 1843. He has been twice 
elected to the Indiana legislature, 
and has been several times elector 
of president and vice-president of 
the United States. He held, for sev- 
eral years, a profess(jrsliip in Rush 
Medical College, Chicago, 111., and 
resigned that position to take a scat 
in congress. He was four years in 
the national house of representa- 
tives, defeating in the race for his 
second term the lion. Schuyler Col- 
fax. He (Mr. F.) was subsequently 
four years in tlie United States sen- 
ate. Although always a decided 
democrat, he has twice dissented 
from the action of the majority of 
his party. In the triangular con- 
test for the presidency between Mr. 
Lincoln, Mr. Douglas, and Jlr. 
Breckcnridge, he supported the last 
named gentleman, influenced there- 
to by a belief that his election 
would prevent the threatened civil 



war. And again when the major- 
ity of his party supported i\Ir. Gree- 
ley for the presidency against Gen. 
Grant, he voted for Charles O'Coa- 
nor. He opposed alike the ultra 
anti-slavery men of the North, and 
pro-slavery men of the South, aver- 
ring that the former gave the pre- 
text for dissatisfaction in the South, 
while the latter exaggerated the pro- 
text to unreasonably increase tho 
dissatisfaction. He thought both, 
though antipodes in profession, men 
seeking the same end — civil war and 
dissolution of the Union. He ap- 
pears to have foreseen the war some 
years before its occurrence, and 
warned southern members of con 
gress of its consequences to theii 
section : portraying those conso 
quences, in one of his speeches in 
congress, much as they subsequent- 
ly occurred. When the war came, 
lie raised a regiment (forty-sixth In- 
diana volunteers), and at their head 
entered the federal service, lie was 



660 



mSTORT OF IXniANA. 



soon placed in command of .1 brij?- 
adc with which ho participated in 
the seigo and capture of Fort 
Thompson, at New jVIadrid, j\Io. 
His command lilcewise composed 
part of General Palmer's division, 
which, subsequent to the capture 
of Fort Thompson, blockaded tlic 
Mississippi at I'uddle's Point, to 
prevent reinforcements and sup- 
plies reaching " Island 10 " from 
below. Afterwards he was detacli- 
cd with his brigade from General 
Pope's command to co-operate with 
Commodores Foote and Davis in 



the seige of Fort Pillow, and ccn- 
ducted the seige so vigorously as to 
materially aid in the I'orced aban- 
donment of the fort by the confed- 
erate troops. The next day after 
its capture he descended tlie river 
and captured ^lemphis, holding it 
for some days, until the arrival of 
General Shanks, of the forty -seventh 
Indiana. He then, with his own 
regiment, embarked for the White 
liiver, Arkansas, wliere he rendered 
vahial)le service. Dr. Fitch is now 
a well known and prominent resi- 
dent of Logansport, Indiana. 



IIOEACE r. BIDDLE. 



The Hither of Horace P. Biddlc 
was one of the early pioneers of the 
west. Casting his lot in border life, 
he migrated to Marietta, Ohio, in 
1789, where he endured a full share 
of the hardships of those days. In 
1803 he removed to Fairlleld county, 
in that State, where he erected tlio 
log cabin or "Cabin Home," of 
which we present an engraving on 
the following page. Tiiis cabin 
was located about one mile bc.'low 
Logan, on the north bank of the 
Hocking river, in what is now 
Hocking county. Horace P. Biddlc 
was born in this "Cabin Home," in 
1814, and lived lierc with his pa- 
rents until about twenty' years of 
age. His youth was spent working 
on the farm in the summer and go- 
ing to school in the winler. In the 
former capacity he laid well tiie 
foundation of a sound, i)hysical 
constitution, sucli as only agricul- 
tural pursuits can give, and in the 
latter — the rural school room — his 
mind was early directed to the 
beauties of poetry and literature, 
with which his writings since have 
been adorned. 



In 1S;1G Mr. P.iddle applied to the 
late Thomas Ewing to study law, 
and was cordially received by that 
gentleman, who, being a member 
of the United States Senate, at that 
time, recommended him to the oflice 
of the late Hocking H. Hunter, of 
liancastcr. "With the last named 
gentleman ]Mr. liidille earnestly 
ccunmenced his studies for the law 
profession. In tliis undertaking lie 
was entirely successful. Tiinnigh 
the special kindness of ]\Ir. Hunter, 
who proved not only his eflicicnt 
preceptor, l)Ut liis sincere friend, he 
lacked no adv.antage calculated to 
facilitate his progress. In April, 
ISo'J, he was admitted to tlie bar by 
the Supreme Court of Ohio, at Cin- 
cinnati, and in October, of the same 
year, he settled permanently in Lo- 
gansport, Indiana. 

During the llrst year of his resi- 
dence in Logansport, lie was blessed 
with a steady and remuncrati\'e 
practice of his profession, which lie 
always maintained until he sought 
retirement. This active and pros- 
perous professional lite was not 
long drawing him into the political 



BIOGKArniCAL SKETCHES. 



661 



arena. "On the nomination of 
Henry Clay for tlic presitlencj^ he 
advocated his election, and was 
placed upon the electoral ticket. In 
1845 he became a candidate for the 
legislature, but was defeated [by an 
old settler.] lie was elected pre- 
sidinn; jud<;e of the eighth juJicial 
circuit court in December, 184G, in 
which office he continued until 
1852. He was a member of the In- 
diana constitutional convention, 
■which assembled in 1850. Although 
the district was against his partj', 
he received a majority of over two 
hundred votes. In 1853 he was 
nominated for Congress, but failed 
to receive the election. He was 
elected supreme judge in 1857 by a 
large majority, but the governor, 
Ashbel P. Willard, refused to com- 
mission him for the reason that no 
vacanc}"- in the office existed."* 

From 1850 to 18G0, he enjoyed a 
large and very lucrative practice at 
the bar. 

At this point we turn from Mr. 
Biddle's political life, for a while, 
to notice his works in literature and 
poetry. It is not a little refreshing 
to the writer to be able to present, 
in the history of the Slate of Indi- 
ana, a brief biographical sketch of 
one of her citizens who has attained 
the highest political distinction, 
and whose writings are fraught 
■with such a high degree of literary 
merit, and will it not be a source 
of gratification to every resident of 
the State whose eye falls on these 
pages, to know that this work is 
enlivened by such poetry as the fol- 
lowing from the pen of one of their 
own oldest and most rcsjiected citi- 
zens. 



Mr. Biddle has not only written 
many original poems of great tasto 
and beauty, but has made excellent 
translations from French and Ger- 
man poets. His version of Lamar- 
tiue's beautiful poem, "The Swal- 
low," stands very high among the 
real treasures in American litera^ 
ture. 

At an early age Mr. Biddle com- 
menced writing rhymes. " One of 
his pieces," says Mr. Cogshall, in 
his Poets and Poetry of the Wcst^ 
" printed when he was fifteen years 
old, contained merit enough to in- 
duce another poet to claim it as his 
own." In 1843 Mr. Biddle became 
a contributor to the Southern Liter- 
ary Messenger, furnishing some of 
the richest materials for that maga- 
zine. He also furnished many arti- 
cles, prose as well as poetical, to the 
Ladies^ Repository, and to other 
leading literary periodicals. 

In 1850, a collection of Mr. Bid- 
die's poems was published in pam- 
phlet form, entitled "A few Po- 
ems." In little less than two years 
after a second edition appeared. 
The latter attracted the attention of 
"Washington Irving, who, in a letter 
to the author, said: "I have read 
3'our poenis with great relish ; they 
are full of sensibility and beauty, 
and bespeak a talent well worthy of 
cultivation. Such blossoms should 
produce fine fruit." In 1858, an 
enlarged edition was published iu 
neat book form at Cincinnati, with 
an essay entitled " What is Poetry ?" 
This volume of poems, and the es- 
say, have received unlimited praise, 
and an exceedingly wide circula- 
tion. In the essay the author taste- 
fully discusses the definitions that 



• Pocta and i'octry of the Weet. 



662 



UISTOKT OF IKDIANA. 



hayc been given by eminent tbink- 
ers, ami tlien decides tlial "poetry- 
is beautiful tlioui^Mits, expressed in 
appropriate laiiguau:e — baving no 
reference lo tlie useful." 

Tbe following is a selection from 
Mr. Biddle's volume of poems: 

HAPPY IIOUKS. 
They saj* that time, wlio gteals oar hoars, 

Will never brins; tlicin liack, 
But bears tlieni ofT like faded llowers 
That etrew his eudlesa track. 

But when I think of childhood's dreams, 
That rouud my pillow clins. 

And dream them o'er ajjain, it scema 
lie never stirred his wing. 

And when I hear my father praiso 

Dis little urchin boy. 
It calls to mind those halcyon days, 

Wheu all I know was joy. 

And yet I feel the fervent kiss 

My mother gave her eon, 
Again I share my mother's bliss. 

Forgetting that she's gouo. 

And when I call back friends again, 

That erst I loved to greet, 
And hear each voice's well-known strain. 

Again we seem to meet I 

Time hallows every happy hour; 

Wiiilc fading in the past, 
S'cn grief and angiiich lofc their power. 

And come to pain at last. 

Although he thins our locks so dark. 
And silvers them with grey; 

Bis crumbling touch can never mark 
The spirit with decay. 

nc gathers all the fadeless flowers 
And weaves them in a wreath. 

And with them twines our well-spent 
hours. 
To blunt the dart of death. 

Ab after music's tones have ceased, 

We oft recall the strain. 
So when our happy hours are past. 

They come to as again. 

Though time may mingle, thorns with 
flowers, 

And gloomy hours with gay. 
Ho brings us back the happy hours. 

And bears the sad away. 



Then let us gather only flowers, 

Along the ))aHHire tread. 
And only count the hniii)y boors. 

Forgetting all tlie sad. 

And if we yet should feel a woe. 

Fond hope soon ciiiiu'S to prove. 

That though 'tis sonictinies dark below, 
Tis always bright above 1 

Tliis is one of Mr. Biddle's first 
productions — one tbat bas traveled 
from newspaper to periodical for 
many years. Like most all otber 
poems, it bas been freely used with- 
out any mention as to its aulbor — a 
practice that sbould be arrested in 
tbe interests of common courtesy. 
We give l)elo\v anotlier gem from 
tbe pen of tbe subject of tbis skctcb: 

THE AXGEL A>'D THE FLOWER. 
I saw a child— a lonely flower, 

Sjiring to the summer's breath, 
I looked again: 'twas but an hour — 

And lo, 'twas laid in death. 

I asked an angel why it was so. 

Why such to eartli were given? 

The angol said, "They si)ring below. 
But have their bloom in heaven." 

IIow often lias tbe eje of the 
reader fell upon tbis little poetic star, 
sbining in its beauty and bright, 
ness, without knowing its author! 
And we give another: 

BIltTII OF CUPID. 
A tear-drop fell from an angel's eye. 

And lodged in the cup of a llowcr; 
While trembling there, 'twas embraced by 
a sigh, 
And Cupid was born in the bower. 

Thus sprang from embraces so sweetly 
impressed. 
The child of a sigh and a tear. 
And reared on the sweets of a llowerv 
breast. 
Why mar\-cl he's wayward, swe«*, 
tender and dear? 

But our limited space will not 
admit of as many selections from 
this volume as its merit dcser\'es. 



BIOGKAPHICAL EKETCIIES. 



663 



We must, in this connection, make 
some mention of "jMy Scrap Book," 
a very tasty volume of poems by 
Mr. Biildlc, which has been printed 
and elegantly bound, but not pub- 
lished. 

This work has been printed for 
the purpose of preserving; numerous 
scraps of poetry written at ditlcreut 
times by the same autlior. It con- 
tains some fine specimens of wit 
and humor, many beautiful senti- 
ments, and some very rich treasures 
In jwetry. We select a few pieces 
from this unpublished work, with- 
out the permission of its author, at 
our own risk. 

First, we give an extract from a 
poem written on the "Death of the 
Presidents," or more particularlvon 
Uie death of President Adams, the 
elder, and President Jeflerson, both 
of whom died on the fourth of July, 
1820, just fifty years after the sign- 
iug of the Declaiation of Independ- 
ence: 



They fell as falls the rock-built tower. 

That rears its form sublime. 
And age^< prove the conqucrcr's power; 
Then, when no longer danfjers lower, 

Bows to the hand of time I 

* « « * • 

Dismissed, as time rolled back that hour 

In which they laid the wall 
Of liberty's exalted tower: 
Planted the tree and spread the bower, 

Which wc will not let fall. 

And from a long poem, entitled 
"The old graveyard," we give three 
stanzas: 

In this sequestered spot so dear, 
The loved ones of the household sleep: 

Nay, I forget; they are not hero; 
It is their dust o'er which I weep. 

That dust has slept so long and well, 
I would not now disturb its rest, 

While they have ^one with God to dwell, 
Aud find repose upon his breast. 



On canh no monument can last 

IJeyond its little hour or day; 
The f uninier's heat and wintry blast. 

Soon sink or crumble it away. 

» * • * » 

Wc also select this poem of " The 
Day of Life," from the unpublished 
volume: 

The morning comes like a beautiful bride 

Adorned in her bright array; 
Cut sweeter far is the evening tide. 

To those wlio have borne the day. 
So life begins with its radiant skies. 

When all is so fair and bright. 
Oar sun goes down, but the stars arieo 

To show us a sweeter light. 

The body is built up o'at of the earth. 

And rounded in beauty ana iove; 
The soul that in heaven must have its birth. 

Comes down to us from al)ove. 
Thus through this world, 'twist a smile and 
a tear, 

We wander, hope, and despond; 
But when life closes the clouds appear 

To show ufl the world beyond. 

On a preceding page we give an 
engraving of Mr. Biddle's "Cabin 
Home," or the home of his youth. 

The following is a poem on this 
old pioneer log dwelling, from the 
unpublished volume referred to: 

MY CABIN HOME. 
The old cabin home, how dearly 't is cher- 
ished 1 
What fond recollections rush back on 
the uiindl 
But where are my friends? Can it be they 
have perished? 
Not one at the homestead to greet do I 
find. 
Ah 1 go to the graveyard ; the stones there 
will tell 
Where those whom I once loved so fond- 
ly have gone — 
To a hai>pier world, there forever to dwell. 
And left me behind them to wander 
alone I 

Bat Btill grows the pear-tree, the apple, the 
cherry, 
The sweet twining wild-rose that crept 
up the wall, 

The gooseberry bush, and the golden rasp- 
berry, 



664 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



And the Lombardy poplar that grew np 
BO tall; 
Though one spreading shade-tree has gone 
with my friends, 
Its branches extended and shaded the 
well. 
No leaves deck its limbs, and their dead, 
broken ends 
Of ties that are broken now mournfully 
tell! 

Ou the banks of Ilockhocking— the clear 

winding river — 
Beneath the cool shade of a sycamore 

tree, 
I reclined me at noon where the glossy 

leaves quiver, 
And watclied the light swallow that 

sported so free; 
Or strayed by its waters to spend my noon- 
hour 
In search of some pebble washed bare by 

its lave. 
Or sought on its banks to cull a sweet 

llower, 
Or bathe my young limbs in its silvery 

wave ! 

Ohl scenes of my childhood, and home of 
my birth, 
I bid you a long and a last sad adieu : 
The sweet little vale — fairest spot on the 
earth— 
And ye hills that surround it, a farewell 
to you 1 
My home and my friends I shall I cease to 
regret them? 
Shall I ever forget the dear scenes of my 
plays? 
Wbcn death rends these heart-strings, yes, 
then I '11 forget them — 
Then cease to forget those halcyon days. 
1839. 

Since 1870, Mr. Biddle lias lived 
a retired life in his delightful "Isl- 
and Home," on "Biddle's Island," 
in tlie Wabash river, near Logans- 
port. 

Tliis home is one of the most de- 
lightful places in the State. It is 
provided with one of the most com- 
plete and best selected libraries in 
the country. There are also a good 
supply of fine musical instruments 
with which Mr. Biddle often enter- 
tains his numerous guests. 



Although his life has been retired 
for the last few years, it has by no 
means been idle. In 1808, another 
volume of poems from liis ])cn was 
published b^' Hand & Houghton, of 
New Yorlj, and a second edition of 
the same work was published in 
1872. 

Mr. Biddle's worlv, entitled, " Tlie 
]\Iusical Scale," a purely scientific 
treatise, published by O. Ditson, of 
Boston, is regarded as a standard 
work, and is i)rol)ably the best work 
on the subject ever published. His 
review of Prof. Tyndall's work on 
"Sound," correcting several radical 
errors, has also received attention 
and praise. But we have no space 
even to mention the list of his va^ 
rious writings of merit in prose and 
poetry. It is stated on good author- 
ity, that lie has now ready for press 
one of the best poems he has ever 
written, entitled, "American Boy- 
hood." This piece covers an inter- 
esting portion of tlie early history 
of this country, and will make a 
large volume. 

He has also in manuscript, nearly 
ready for press, a volume entitled, 
"Elements of Knowledge," wliich 
will no doubt take a permanent 
place among standard works on 
tlie subject. 

In 1873, a volume appeared, enti- 
tled, " Glances at the World," which 
was attributed to Judge Biddle, and 
perhaps rightfully. It was a run- 
ning satire upon the times, and elic- 
ited ccmsiderable comment in polit- 
ical circles. 

In 1874, against his wishes and 
expectations, Mr. Biddle was made 
a candidate for judge of the supremo 
court of Indiana. He was elected 
by the largest aggregate vote, and 
the largest majority ever before 



BIOGRAPIIICAL SKETCHES. 



665 



given to a cainlidale in the history 
of tlic Stale. Thus, at the ripe age 
of sixty years, Jutl,i,^e IJiddle lias 
bccu called from liis pleasant retire- 
ment by tlie united voice of tlic 
people of his State, to till one of 
the highest and most responsiljle 
offices within their gill, a testimo- 
nial that can not fail to make the 
arduous duties of his position pleas- 
ant. 

We will close our hurried and 
incomplete sketch of one of In- 
diana's best men, by a poem from 
Ills own pen, taken from his un- 
published "Scrai)-I}ook," entitled: 

MY ISLAND HOME. 
Dear home of beauty and rfi)ose, 
WTiere all uiilutorcd Mooins lliu rose, 
Where eiii^ the Ijirdt' on every eiirny 
From coming morn till i>artinj; day; 
Secure from strife, away from harm. 
In eummer cool, in winter warm ; 
Nursed in tlie river's ewcct embrace. 
Where all is gentleness and peace I 

Here lives the oak, whose mighty arm 
Protects the flow'rel from the storm; 



And fruits are smiling o'er the land. 

Planted by nature's plenteous hand. 
The garden, lorest, and the field. 
Their beauty, strength, and richness yield. 
Unchecked the he.irt, unchained the mind. 
Yet all is chastened and rcliucdl 

Here friends may seek the grove aloof. 
Or gather 'neath the sheltering roof. 
Where still, like Acadeinus' school. 
They hold sweet converse, soul to soul. 
When grave tlioiights too heavy weigh, 
Then music breathes her softest lay; 
Or joy and mirth our sj)irjt8 move. 
All mingled with the sweets of love I 

Here garnered arc the thoughts ol time, 
The noble deeds of every clinic. 
And here still dwell the mighty dead; 
Here living niiiids are richly fed 
With ancient lore and Attac salt. 
And all that can the soul exalt; 
Here distant lands and ages meet. 
And all the world lays at our feet I 

Here sciences our minds engage, 
And here i)liiliiso]>hy"s rich page 
Teaches unalterable truth 
That lives in everlasting youth. 
And here the arts their treasures show— 
The good, the beautiful, the true. 
Wherein the things that can not die 
All join in immortality I 



JOHN L. CAMPBELL, LL. D. 



He was born at Salem, Washing- 
ton county, Indiana. In early life 
he enjoyed special advantages for 
instruction, under Hon. John I. 
Morrison, of Indianapolis, and to 
this excellent teacher he is largely 
indebted for his impulses in the di- 
rection of a liberal and scientific 
education. 

Mr. Campbell entered Wabash col- 
lege in the year 1844, and grtuluated 
with distinction in 1848. A part of 
the following year was sjjent as a 
clerk, and a portion as surveyor in 
the location of the Louisville, New 
Albany and Chicago railroad, when 
he was appointed tutor in Wabash 
college. 



In 1851 he assumed the duties of 
principal of the ])reparator3' depart- 
ment of the college, and continued 
in this position for two years, in the 
meanwhile devoting all his leisure 
hours to the study of law under the 
direction of Hon. Henry S. Lane and 
Col. S. C. Wilson, receiving his 11 
cense to practice law in the year 
1853. 

The same year he was appointed 
associate professor of mathematics 
in AVabash college, and in June, 
1854, received the appointment of 
professor ot mathematics, natural 
philosophy and astronomy; which 
responsible and important position 
he still retains. 



666 



niSTOKT OF INDIANA. 



In June, 1874, the Indiana State 
University conferred on Prof. Camp- 
bell the honorary degree of LL. D. 

l\y special invitation of Professor 
Henry, Prof. Campbell, in Februa- 
ry, 18()4, delivered the aiUlress at 
the Smithsonian Institution, Wash- 
ington, I). C, on the life and teach- 
ings of Galileo, in comniemoralion 
of the completion of the third ceii- 
tury since the birth of that great 
philosopher. This address was a 
very able production and highly 
Biiokeu of. 

To the occasion of this address 
he refers the ori'jin of the tlwugld of 
holding the international exposition 
and center. nial celebration of 187G, 
at Philadelphia. 

In 18GG, Prof. Campbell was ap- 
pointed by the president of the 
United States, a member of the 
board of visitors to "West Point, 
and during the same j-ear or early 
in 1807, he aildressed letters to Hon. 
Morton ^Ic^Iichael, mayor of Phil- 
adeli^hia, and lion. Henry S. Lane, 
United States senator, from Indiana, 
suggcstingand giving an outline of 
a jilan for tlie centennial celebration 
of 187G, at Philadelphia, to wliieh 
letters they promptly responded 
with the most cordial endorsement 
of the proposition and promise of 



earnest co-operation at the proper 
time. 

The act of congress providing for 
holding the industrial e.vhibilion 
at Philadeli)hia, in 187G, requires 
the appointment, by the president, 
of a commissioner and alternate 
commissioner from each State; and 
in compliance with this act. Presi- 
dent Grant, on the recommendation 
of Governor Baker, appointed i'rof. 
Campbell commissioner for In- 
diana. This commission bears 
date April 29, 1871. 

At the lirst meeting of the Unit;, 
ed Stales Centennial C<immission, 
March fourth, 1872, Prof. Campbell 
was honored with the position of 
chairman of the committee on per- 
manent organization, and after- 
wards placed at the liead of the 
committee on foreign afl'airs, a po- 
sition of great responsibility, in an 
international undertaking of such 
magnitude. 

At the session of the commission 
in May, 1873, he was eleeteil perma- 
nent secretary of the commission, 
and entered upon the onerous duties 
of tliat highly important olUce in 
the following June. 

Prof. Cam])bell has been an nctive 
contributor to the editorial and oth- 
er Columns of a number of our lead, 
ing newspapers. 



JOSEPH F. TUTTLE, D.D. 



He was born at Bloomfield, New 
Jersey, in 1818. His father was the 
Ilcv. Jacob Tuttle, a prominent 
minister in that Slate. Dr. Tultle's 
early school life was spent at New- 
ark Academy, until lSo2, when the 
family removed to Ohio. 

Dr. Tuttle entered Jiarietta Col- 
lege as a Freshman in 1837, and 



graduated in 1841. He received the 
first honor as valedictorian at grad- 
uation, and was afterwards more 
highly complimented by receiving 
the lirst honorary degree of D. D. 
conferred by the college upon one 
of its own Alumni. The subject of 
Ills oration (poem,) for the second 
degree, (A.M.,) was *' The Aztec Sac- 



BIOGRAPHICAI SKETCHES. 



667 



riflce." FTc entered Lane Theologi- 
cal Seminary in 1841, and was after- 
wards tutor in ^larictta College one 
yeiir. lie was licensed to i)reacli 
April, 1844, and was settled as [tastor 
of the Second Presbyterian Church 
of Delaware, Ohio, in 1845. In 1847 
he "was called to the Prcshylerian 
Church of Kockaway, New Jersey', 
and entered on his long pastorate, 
ending by his removal to Crawlbrds- 
ville, Indiana, as in-esident of Wa- 
bash College, in 18(;2. During this 
period, he rarely failed to fill all his 
appointments; indeed two or three 
Sabbaths would include all the 
omissions for twenty yenrs. 

The incidents of an earnest and 
Buccessful ministry, extending over 
a period of tifteen years, relate niore 
to the inner life than the rough ex- 
periences of the outer world. The 
commonplace book of the ])astor is 
filled with visits to the bereaved, 
ministrations to the sick, consohi- 
tions to the dying, comforts to the 
need}', joys to the buoyant, the ser- 
vice at the altar and in the home. 
This sacred inner life is the reward 
of the true Christian minister in a 
higher sense than of any other pur- 
suit or ]irofession. 

In addition to this delightful 
•work as pastor, Dr. Tuttle has kept 



a busy pen for the public. His 
contributions to the religious and 
secular press have been very nu- 
merous, ami have always nceived 
great commendation. Among the 
more important productions of his 
]ien we may mention his several 
JJaccalaureatc addresses at Wal)ash 
College, a " Life of William Tullle," 
two SabKith School books entitled, 
"Self Koiiance," and, "The' Way 
Lost and Found," several addresses 
before the New Jersey Historical 
Society, the College Society at Wor- 
cester, Mass, and a number of 
funeral discourses. 

During the twelve years since 
1802, Wabash College has been 
greatly enlarged in all its facilities, 
and Dr. Tuttle has achieved very 
gratilying success as its prchident. 
As a i)ublic speaker, he has won a 
reputation of a high order. HisSab- 
batli afternoon lectures, in the col- 
lege chapel, are specially interest- 
ing, and his literary addresses before 
lyceums and lecture as.soeialious in 
various jdaccs are uniformly suc- 
cessful. In the class room he is aa 
earnest teacher, expounding with 
clearness and precision, and seek 
ing faithfully to stimulate earnest 
endeavor to secure honest manhood. 



MOSES FOAVLER. 



lie was born near Circleville, 
Ohio, in 1815. He removed to Indi- 
ana in 1S;J9, and settled at La Fay- 
cttc, where, in comi)any with John 
Purdue, now of I'urdue University, 
he engaged in mercantile pursuits, 
conducting a successful business for 
several ^ears. He was subse(|iienlly 
associated with Robert Stockwell 
and W. F. Ueyuolds, in the whole- 
sale grocery trade. La Fayette was 



at th.it time the terminus of the 
"Wabash and Erie canal, and the 
head of navigation on the Wah.ish 
river. Her trade, within a radius 
of a hundred miles or nmre, was 
immense. The house of Heynolds, 
Fowler & Stockwell, not unfre- 
quently chartered an entire Heet of 
steamboats at New Orleans in the 
spring of the year to bring their 
slock of sugars, coliee and nuilasses 



668 



niSTOr.Y OF INDIANA. 



up the "Wabash. Six first class 
steamers unloading their goods at 
the La Fayette landing at one time, 
■was not an unusual spectacle. Mr. 
Fowler retired from tiiis firm, and 
in company with Adams Earl, 
opened a private banking house. 
The old State Bank had served its 
day and generation, and ^Ir. Fowler, 
in company with lion. Hugh Mc- 
Cullough, C. B. Blair, Levi Warren, 
and other representative men, de- 
vised the new system known as tiie 
Bank of the State. He indentified 
himself with the La Fayette branch, 
and, as its president, opened the in- 
stitution in its auspicious begin- 
ning, and made it the strongest 
branch, (save one,) in Indiana. This 
■well conducted branch, witli ample 
capital and accumulated surplus, 
■was merged into the present Na- 
tional State Bank, -which, with its 
cajiital and available resources, ag- 
gregates over a million of dollars. 
Mr. Fowler is in the prime of life, 
and the active duties of the banker 
have not interfered with another, 
and we may say a better aspiration — 
to become a farmer. Some jears 
since his attention was attracted to 
the valuable belt of huuls lying 
•west of the Wabash, on the Illinois 
State line — the very cream of the 
Grand Prairie. He invested in 
tAventy-six thousand acres, and set 
himself to work in the imi)rovo- 
ment of this magniflcent dom.iin. 
On the completion of the L. M. and 
B. railroad, due -west from La Fay- 



ette to Bloomington, Mr. Fow.'t, 
associated with Adams Earl and Q. 
Bicker, from their private means, 
constructed the railroad known as 
the C. L. and C, or the short line to 
Chicago. This road passes through 
the heart of Benton county, and 
traverses the rich body of lands 
owned by ^Ir. Fowler. The gco- 
grai)liical center of Benton county, 
at llickor}'^ Grove, was selected aa 
the new county seat. The town of 
Fowler was laid out, and the re 
moval of the capital from Oxfor: 
secured by a donation from ]M) 
Fowler of forty thousand dollars tt 
the building of a new court Uous*. 
A beautiful structure has been com 
pleted, the records removed, and ■* 
flourishing town has sprung up, vt 
if by magic. Mr. Fowler has placiJ 
every acre of his landed estate in 
Benton county under cultivation, 
and while selling liberally to actual 
settlers, cultivates six thousand 
acres in corn, and handles from two 
to three thousand head of cattle 
annually. Mr. Fowler has in con- 
templation the endowment of a fe- 
male college at the new county seat ; 
a mile square, of choice land on a 
commanding elevation south of the 
town has been designated as the 
location, and if Mr. Fowler shall 
conclude to administer upon his 
own estate in the inauguration of 
this educational benefaction, it will 
be an enduring monument to his 
memory when he shall go hence. 



WILL CUMBACK. 



lie was born in Franklin count}', 
Indiana, March twenty-fourth, 1829. 
His father, a few years before, had 
moved to the West and occupied a 



small farm in that county. Schools, 
in those days, were of a pretty low 
type, and kept open only a few 
months in the year, so that an am- 



670 



HISTORY OF IXDIANA. 



bilious \>riy %va3 oljli;:^c»l to look 
awiiy IVitin home and make a n'St>- 
lute liirlil lor an education. Cimi- 
back, woikin,!^ steadily for iiis latli- 
er, contrived, liy reiitiiii; and work- 
in^i^ some adjoininij fields of the 
nci^'hhors, to raise money enou^Mi 
to enter 3Iiami Universit}' and get 
a {:o(id fiiotiiii; there; and as liis 
stock was exiiaiisted, he did as so 
many liioiisand oilier lovers of 
books have done, replenished it by 
tcachiiii^. Without graduating he 
kept this up a few years, when, by 
alternate teaching, reading and at- 
tending the Cincinnati Law School, 
he liitetl himself for practice, and 
was admitted and went vigorously 
to work in the nourishing town of 
Greensburgh, where lie Las ever 
since resided. 

In 18.11 he was nominated in bis 
district — long known as thoroughly 
democratic — a candidate for con- 
gress, and he was elected over W. 
S. Ilolman. In 18G0, he Avas one of 
the electors for the State at large. 
As his name was first on the ticket, 
he cast the first vote for Abraham 
Lincoln, and the first anti-slavery 
vote of his native State. 

When the call was made for troops 
he enlisted hs a private soldier, but 
was soon after appointed by the 
president a paymaster. This place 
he filled until the war ended. He 
received and paid out nearly sixty 
millions of dollars. lie resumed 
nis practice at Greensburgh; and 



in 18G5 the republicans of Decatur 
county nominated liim for tlie State 
senate, to which he was elected. 

Soon after tlie session began. Gov- 
ernor ^lorton was elected to the sen- 
ate of the United Stales, and there- 
by LieutenantGovernor Baker be- 
came governor. The republicans 
thereuj^on elected Cumback presi- 
dent of the senate. 

In 1808 the republican part j' made 
Lira their candidate for lieutenant- 
governor, lie canvassed the Stato 
very thoroughly and with his usual 
energy and success, so that his uamo 
led the entire ticket when the votes 
were counted. When the following 
legislature assembled, a large major- 
ity of the republican members, clear 
ly reflecting the wishes of the party 
throughout the State, favored his 
election to the senate of the United 
Stales. At the caucus he received, 
on the first ballot, fifty-two votes 
out of sevent3'-six. The devotees 
of other senatorial candidates, re- 
fusing to be bound by the act of tho 
caucus, Avithhcld their su]iport, and 
he was not elected to the senate. 

In 1870 the president sent Cum- 
back's name to the senate as rnini*- 
ter to Portugal, and the nomination 
was promptly approved. But this 
appointment he thought it his duty 
to decline. In 1871 he was made 
collector of internal revenue for the 
district in which he lives; this of- 
fice he accepted and continues to 
fill. 



MAJOE AMBllOSE WIIITLOCK. 



He settled in Montgomery county, 
Indiana, in 1822. He was an enter- 
prisi.'ig pioneer, and did much to 
open the way for the successful set- 
tlement of that county, lie laid off 



the town of Crawfordsville in 1823, 
and was appointed receiver of pub- 
lic moneys for the first land oflice 
in Crawfordsville, by John Q. Ad- 
am?, in 1825. Ue was an active, 



mOGKAPIIICAL SKETCHES. 



671 



bravfi, and efficient officer under 
Gcneru.1 Anthony Wayne, and alter 
a lonii lile of usefulness, lie died at 
Crawtonlsville in June, 18G4, in tlic 
ninety-sixtli year of his iige, ripe 



with pioneer experiences. His wid- 
ow remained until 1873, when, in 
the ninetieth year of her age, she 
passed on to meet him. 



JOHN EEAED.* 



lie was one of the pioneers of 
Montgomery county; was born in 
North Carolina, January fmuth, 
1795. In 1823 he moved to ]\Iont- 
gomery county, locating near Cruw- 
fordsville, where he still resides 



(1S74). ]\rr. Beard served the pco- 
plo of his county as a legislator for 
over fifteen years, with great al)i]ity. 
lie is honest, cai)able and energetic, 
and retires to old age with the af- 
fections of all who know him. 



IIEXEY S. lAXE. 



He is one of the most distinguish- 
ed men of Montgomery county; was 
born in Kentuckj' in the year 1811. 
In 1833 he removed to Crawfords- 
ville, and commenced the practice 
of law, 1 ising rapidly in his proies- 
sion. He was elected to the State 
legislature in 1837, and in 1840 to 
the congress of the United States to 
fill the vacancy occasioned by the 
death of General Howard. In 1841 
he' was again elected to the same 
position. In 184G Senator Lane 
raised a company of volunteers for 
Mexico, of which he was chosen 



captain, and before marching or- 
ders were received, he was appoint- 
ed colonel of the regiment. In 
18G0 Colonel Lane was elected 
governor of the State of Indiana, 
over Thomas A. Hendricks, and 
almost immediately following he 
was elected by the legislature to 
the office of United States senator, 
which position he accepted, leav 
ing tlie office of governor to O. P 
Morton, the lieutenant-governor 
Hon. II. S. Lane is still an active 
resident of Crawfordsville. 



EEY. JAMES TIIOMrSON. 



He is another of the old pioneers 
of Crawfordsville; was born in Ham- 
ilton county, Ohio, in the year 1801. 
He graduated at the Jliami Univer- 
sity of Oxford, Ohio, in 1825, and 
moved to ]\Iontgomery county in 
1828. He was the first regular Pres- 
byterian preacher in Crawfordsville, 
and was instrumental in promoting 
the growth of Wabash College. He 
removetl to Wabash, where he 
preached with great success for five 



years; after which he returned t<r 
Crawfordsville. In 1853 lie moved tc 
Mankato, Minn., where he preached 
for fifteen years. He died in Octo 
ber, 1873, and his remains were 
brought back to Crawfordsville and 
deposited in Mill's cemetery. His 
name is fresh and precious in the 
memory of the people of [Moutgom- 
cry county, as also among tliose 
who have met with him in Miuue- 
Bota. 



* A brief sketch ol Mr. Ueuid is iucluded in ttie liistory of Montgomery coantjr. 



672 



niSTOKT OF INDIANA. 

WILLIAM ^y. NICHOLSON 



lie was one of tlie first settlers in 
Crawfordsville. lie left Kentucky 
in a keel-boat in 1822, passed down 
tlie Ohio to tlie mouth of the AV;i- 
bash, thence up tlie Wabasli to the 
mouth of Sui^ar creek, and from 
thence to Crawfordsville, where he 



settled, one of the first in the little 
liamlct. Soon after he arrived he 
started a tan-yard, and (ipened a tav- 
ern in a loi; house, lie was very 
industrious, and accumulated con- 
siderable property. He died in 1859, 
at the age of seventy. 



ISAAC C. ELSTON. 



Tie was one of the leading citizens 
of Crawfordsville, now deceased ; 
was born in the State of New York 
in ITO.j, and emigrated to ISIontgom- 
cry county, Indiana, with his fainily 
in 1824. He was a soldier in the 
war of 1812. He was engaged in 
mercantile pursuits in Crawfords- 
ville for many years, and during the 
last 3'ears of his life was a successful 



banker. He established the well- 
known Elston Bank of Crawfords- 
villc. Mv. Elston was a very con- 
sistent member of the Jlethodist 
Episcopal Church, and died in 18G7, 
at the age of seventy-two years. He 
is remembered by the people of 
]\Iontgomery county as a useful 
citizen. 



WILLIAMSON DUNN. 



lie was born in Kentuck)-, in 
1781; settled in Crawfordsville in 
1824. He was appointed register 
of the land oflice by President j\Ion- 



roe, and filled many other oflices of 
usefulness to the cili/ens of that 
town. He died near Hanover, Indi- 
ana, in 18.")4. 



ROLEKT BliACKENEIDGE. 



Robert Brackenridgc, (uoav de- 
ceased,) for many years a prominent 
resident of Fort Wayne, Indiana, 
was born at Rrockville, Iniliana, in 
September, 1818. In 1830 he moved 
with liis uncle, Capt. Robert Brack- 
enridgc, to Fort Wayne, and became 
a clerk in his uncle's ofiice, who 
was register of the United States 
land oilice at that place. At an 
early age he commenced tlie stutly 
of law, and at the age of twenty 
was admitted to the bar. He was a 
partner with Cliarlcs W. Ewing till 
llie death of tlie latter, in 184o. He 



call}' dislinguishcd himself at the 
bar, and receiving a very liberal 
jialromigc, accumulated consider, 
able we:dlii. He died at Fort Wayne 
in February, 1873. On this sad oc- 
casi(jn the press of that city re- 
viewed his life as something of 
great importance to the city. The 
Sentinel, in a two column eulogy 
of his character, made tJic follow- 
ing remarks: '"Few men in Fort 
Wayne, or in tlie State, were better 
known than Rol)ert lirackenridge, 
and he was a man sure to be known 
wherever he went, for lie carried 



BIOGRAPBICAL SKETCnES. 



673 



with him a marked individuality. 
For more than forty-tTro years he 
has gone in and out before the peo- 
ple of Fort Wayne, until we may 
gay, almost without exaggeration, 
everybody knew him, and few there 
are who will not miss, with a sense 
of sadness, his familiar form and 
voice. Never an office holder, we 
believe, nor, so far as we know, an 
aspirant for office, he was essentially 
a public man. A man of his strong 
faculties and bold self-assertion, 



could not be hidden. ITe was a 
natural leader, and therefore in liis 
chosen profession of a lawyer inevi- 
tably became a leader among his 
brethren at the bar. It is no dis- 
paragement to any of the able men 
of the Fort Wayne bar, or of the bar 
of the State, to say that Robert 
Brackenridge was among the ablest 
of them — and in some elements of 
the highest order of forensic ability 
he was their superior." 



COL. FEAJSICIS YIGO. 



Francis Vigo was born in the 
kingdom of Sardinia, in 1740, and 
died in Vincennes, Indiana, in 183G. 
Until about the year 1778, he was a 
resident of the then Spanish port 
of St. Louis, where he was active in 
trading with the Indians, in which 
pursuit he acquired the title of the 
" Spanish merchant." He removed 
to Vincennes a short time previous 
to the capture of that post by the 
celebrated George Rogers Clarke. 
He was instrumental in assisting 
Clarke to take the post, and was 
arrested by the British as a spy. 
"In the Illinois campaigns of 1778 
and 1779," saj-^s a writer for the 
Vigo County Atlas, " under the com- 
mand of Gen. George Rogers Clarke, 
Col. Vigo relieved the suffering and 
destitute array by advancing large 
sums of money to feed and clothe 
them, receiving therefor bills of ex- 
change drawn on O. Pollock, of 
New Orleans, the financial agent 
of the State of Virginia, under the 
authority of which Gen. Clarke was 
conducting the campaign. Some 
of these bills were paid, and some 
have never been paid to this day, 
although Col. Vigo, in sickness and 

43 



destitute circumstances, applied fpr 
the money, and although the com- 
missioners of Revolutionary claims 
for the State of Virginia adjusted 
the claim in his favor, amounting, 
with interest accruing, to .|32,654.85, 
at Richmond, Virginia, on the six- 
teenth of December, 1825. Col. 
Vigo, although his patriotism and 
self-sacriflce had saved the army 
and given victory to the cause of 
the colonies in the west, was al- 
lowed to die in a state of almost 
absolute penury for the want of 
payment of a just claim of money 
which he had advanced to the suf- 
fering soldiers, to the great detri^ 
ment of his own business. There 
can be no doubt that the money 
spent for the army was the cause of 
Col. Vigo's poverty in the latter 
years of his life, when he became 
too old to retrieve his lost fortune. 
A suit for the above unpaid bill has 
been brought by the executors of 
Col. Vigo, and is now pending in 
the court of claims of the United 
States against the State of Virginia. 
Col. Vigo was not married until 
quite old, when he was united in 
matrimony to Miss Shannon, a 



674 



HISTORY OF mDIAHA. 



daucbter of one of the earliest set- 
tlers on the "Wabash. They never 
had any chiklren. Col. Vigo was 
made commamlnnt of tiic militia 
jf Vinccnnes in 1790, and in 1810 he 
was one of Gen. Harrison's confi- 



dential messengers to the Indians, 
especially those at the Prophet's 
Town. Col. Vigo's name will ever 
be associated with the early history 
of the Wabash valley. 



TUOMAS BOWLING. 



This distinguished resident of 
Vigo county was born in Ireland, 
in 1810, and came to America in 
1818. At the age of eight years his 
parents died, and he was thrown 
npon his own resources for a liveli- 
hood. But in this extrcmitj' young 
Dowling was not wanting in cour- 
age and energ}^ Ilis first move 
was to enter the printing ofllcc of 
the National Intelligencer, at "Wash- 
ington, D. C, where he was then 
living. He remained in this ofllce 
fourteen years, or until he was 
twenty-two j'cars of age. During 
this time he had become thoroughly 
self-educated, and had gained a 
practical knowledge of the polilicil 
events of the country. In 1833 he 
removed to Tcrre Haute, where he 
started iheWabasIc Courier. In 1842 
he became the editor and proprietor 
of the .Express, which he conducted 
with energy and ability as a "Whig 
paper until 1845. Previous to this 



date he had served eight years as a 
member of the State legislature, in 
which he became a prominent and 
useful legislator. In 1864 he erected 
"Dowling Hall," atTerre Haute, at 
a cost of $00,000. In all the leading 
enterprises of his adopted city, he 
has been active, always productive 
of the general good of tie county 
and citJ^ In June, 1873, he was 
placed, by the unanimous voice of 
the people of Vigo county, at the 
head of the affairs of the county in 
the board of county commissioners. 
Grave difficulties had arisen con- 
cerning certain alleged extravagant 
schemes, which were calculated to 
burden the people with useless and 
enormous taxation for proposed 
public improvements. The county 
was carried through this political 
storm safely, chiefly through his 
energy and honesty of purpose. He 
was an oM and respect* d citizen 
of Terre Haute He died in 1876. 



RICHAED W. THOMPSON. 



This old and respected resident 
of Terre Haute was born in Vir- 
ginia, in June, 1809. In the fall of 
1831, he emigrated to Indiana, 
where he taught in Bedford, a pri- 
vate school, after which he opened 
the Lawrence County Seminary. 
After conducting this about one 
year, he engaged as clerk in a large 
dry goods house in that county. 



"While in this capacity he began the 
study of law, in which he was suc- 
cessful, and was admitted to the bar 
in 1834. During the same year he 
was elected to the legislature of In- 
diana. In 1838 he was returned to 
the House, and in the following 
year was chosen State Senator. In 
the legislature of the State, Mr. 
Thompson not only displayed great 



BIOGRArniCAL SKETCIIES. 



'675 



ability and foresight, but was actu- 
ally instrumental in eirecting very 
important legislation. He was Pres- 
ident of the Senate pro tempore on 
the occasion of the resignation of 
Lieutenant-Governor David Wal- 
lace, and held the olBce of acting 
Governor during the administration 
of Hon. Noah Noble, until Hon. 
David Hillis was elected Lieuten- 
ant-Governor. In 1841 he was nom- 
inated for Congress by the "Wliig 
convention of the second congres- 
sional district, and was elected over 
Hon. John W. Davis. In that Con- 
gress, llr Thompson served on sev- 
eral important committees, and was 
considered an able member. He 
declined a renomination to the same 
position, and in 1843 removed to 
Terre Haute, where he has since 
continued the practice of law. In 
1847 he was again elected to Con- 
gress by the "Whig party over Hon. 
J. A. Wright, afterwards Governor 
of Indiana. He was prominent in 
Congress during this term, and at 
its close retired from public life. 
In' 1849, he was appointed United 
States Minister to Austria by Gen- 
eral Taylor, but declined to accept 
the position. lie was tendered sev- 
eral other appointments by the gen- 



eral government, all of which he 
declined. Mr. Thompson licld tlio 
office of judge of the eighteenth ju- 
dicial circuit of Indiana one term, 
commencing in 1807, but declined 
to be a candidate at the election in 
18G9. During the war for the Union, 
Mr. Thompson was active, and 
rendered valuable services to his 
country. He was commandant of 
" Camp Dick. Thompson," near 
Terre Haute, and also served as Pro- 
vost Marshall of the district. Du- 
ring the past four years Mr. Tliomp- 
son lias lived a retired life, declin- 
ing all political offices tendered 
him. He has also retired from tlie 
practice of law, except as the attor- 
ney for the I. II. and I., the St. L. V. 
and T. II., and several other roads. 
He has taken a deep interest in 
literary and educational pursuits, 
having collected a very extensive 
library of rare and standard works. 
He is president of the board of 
trustees of the Indiana State Normal 
School, and a member of the board 
of trustees of the Indiana Asbury 
University. He was appointed by 
President Hayes Secretary of the 
Navy, March, 1877, and is now at 
the seat of government in the dis- 
charge of the duties of that office. 



ZENAS SMITH. 



This very old and much respected 
citizen of Terre Haute was born in 
New Jersey, in June, 1796. He has 
been a very dil igent and hard work- 
ing man, through a long and honor- 
able life, and will go down to the 



grave with the good will of a host 
of citizens. He was for many years 
a brick-layer, and has erected many 
of the brick buildings in Tcrro 
Haute. He has been a magistrate 
for over fifteen years. 



DAYID S. DANALDSOK 



He was born in Kentucky, in 1809. 
He received his education in a log 
Bchool house in his native State. 



He located permanently in Terre 
Haute in 1835, first engaging in the 
dry goods business. At this time 



676 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



the village extended only to Third 
street. He was burnt out in 1839, 
ami after a time started again in the 
same business. In 1845 he pur- 
clia.sed from Col. Thomas Dowling 
tlie WabnsJi Express printing estab- 
lishment, and conducted tliat paper 
as editor and proprietor until No- 
vember ninth, 1853, when he sold 
out. During his newspaper experi- 
ence, he started the first daily paper 
ever printed in Terrc Haute. This 



experiment was, at that time, unsuc- 
sessful. After disposing of his 
newspaper establishment, he re- 
turned to the dry goods business, 
and at the close of the war sold out 
to his partner, and commenced the 
prosecution of pension claims, 
which he still successfully con- 
tinues. He has built up a fine rep- 
utation, and enjoys the respect of 
all who know him. 



"WILLIAM H. ENGLISn.* 



He was born in Scott county, In- 
diana, and is now in the prime of 
life. He is the son of the late Major 
Elisha O. English, one of the pio- 
neers of Scott county, whose por- 
trait and biography appear else- 
where in this volume. Mr. Eng- 
lish's early education was such as 
could be acquired at the common 
schools of his neighborhood, and a 
course of three j-ears' study at the 
SouUi Hanover University. lie 
studied law, and was admitted to 
practice in the circuit court at the 
early age of eighteen years. He 
was subsequently admitted to the 
supreme court of his State; and, in 
the twenty-third year of his age, to 
the highest judicial tribunal in the 
country, tlie supreme court of the 
United States. 

At an early age M-r. English turn- 
ed his attention to politics, and al- 
though remarkably successful in 
political life, in the calmer reflec- 
tion of later years, he laid down 
the honors of office to seek in the 
walks of business a more congenial 
vocation. 



In 1843, he was chosen principal 
clerk of the house of representa- 
tives of Indiana, and during the ad- 
ministration of President Polk he 
filled, with credit, an important po- 
sition in the treasury department at 
Washington. He was a clerk of the 
claims committee, in the United 
States senate during the memora- 
ble session of the compromise of 
1850, and while in Washington was 
married to Miss Emma M. Jackson, 
of Virginia. 

Returning to his native State, he 
w^as chosen an officer of the mem- 
orable convention which formed 
tlie present constitution of Indiana, 
which instrument, as is well known, 
bears his name as principal secre- 
tary. 

The first legislature under the 
new constitution was the most im- 
portant, as well as the longest, ever 
hold in the State. Sound judgment 
and discretion were required to 
shape the laws and machinery of 
government to conform to the new 
constitution, and many useful, and 
now popular, reforms can be traced 



• Our sketch of Mr. English is mainly taken from 
In New York, entitled "KeprcBentative Men." 



a work recently published 




a«fi&UlT"i,V)tS^ .?«ft_K. 



678 



HI8TOKT OF INDIANA 



to that session, such, for instfincc, 
as the substitution of our present 
short form for deeds, mortgages, 
and other legal instruments in place 
of the old and outrageously long 
forms of the common law. Mr. 
English was a member of this legis- 
lature, and had much to do in se- 
curing these reforms. lie also had 
tJie distinguished honor of being 
elected speaker of the house at this 
session, and in his service of over 
three months discharged the duties 
in such a satisfactory manner that 
no appeal was taken from any of 
his decisions. 

In October, 1852, Mr. English was 



elected to the United States house of 
representatives. He continued in 
that position, being repeatedly re- 
elected by his constituency for sev. 
eral terms. lie distinguished him- 
self in congress, when the civil war 
struggle was pending, by advocating 
man}' measures full of loyalty and 
practical good. Kctiring from con- 
gress he returned to Indianapolis, 
and has since devoted himself to 
business. He was presidentof the 
First National Bank of Indianapo- 
lis, and is interested and active in 
all important enterprises that are 
calculated to improve the city. 



J. D. NUTTMAK 



He was born at Elizabetli, New 
Jersey, November twenty sixth, 181G. 
lie moved to Fort Wayne, Indiana, 
in May, 1839. In the fall of 1861 
he opened a banking house in that 



city, which he continued until it 
was merged into the First National 
Bank of Fort "Wayne, of which he is 
president. He is an enterprising, 
honorable business man. 



GEN. LEWIS WALLACE. 



He is the second son of Governor 
David Wallace, and was born in 
Franklin county, Indiana, April 
tenth, 1827. He was a law student 
in his father's ollice at the outbreak 
of the Mexican war, and under the 
tirst call for volunteers became sec- 
ond lieutenant of the lirst Indiana 
regiment. After the conclusion of 
that campaign, he returned to his 
books and clients, but his military 
training was not forgotten, and he 
kei>t in discipline a company' care- 
fully drilled in the tactics of the 
Zouave, and as member of the State 
senate vainly urged the adoption of 
measures for organizing the militia 
of the State. When Sumter was 
attacked, he was in Clinton county, 



attending court. A dispatch from 
Governor Morton summoned him 
to Indianapolis; he reported next 
morning, and at once received the 
ai)pointment of adjutant-general. 
Tiicre Avere no books, no law, no 
ollice, no preparation of an)- descrip- 
tion, and but three independent 
companies in the State. This was 
Tuesday; the following Friday 
night Wallace reported to the 
governor sixty companies for six 
regiments complete, and in Camp 
IMorton, and in addition more than 
eighty surplus companies organ- 
ized and ready to move. Accom- 
panying the report was his resig- 
nation and a request for permission 
to go out and organize his own reg. 



BIOGEAPmCAL SKETCHES. 



679 



iment. It was given, and in twen- 
ty-four hours he reported the 
eleventh regiment. A few weeks 
later it was armed and ready for 
marching orders. The three mili- 
tia companies were incorporated 
in this regiment, and, when dis- 
banded at the end of the first term 
of service, a large number became 
officers in other regiments. 

As brigadier-general,AVallace serv- 
ed with distinction in the army of 
the Tennessee, was promoted for gal- 
lantry at Fort Donclson, and Avas 
the first to advocate arming the 
negroes, in a speech made in Wash- 
ington, July, 1862. 

When Kirby Smith threatened 
Cincinnati, he proclaimed martial 
law in that city, Covington, and 
Newport. It totally suspended 
business, and sent every man, with- 
out exemption, to the ranks or the 
trenches. " Citizens for labor, sol- 
diers for battle," was the ciy by 
which he reached every able-bodied 
man in the metropolis, and united 
the energies of forty thousand peo- 
ple. There were no defences except 
a few half-finished works and dis. 
mounted guns. In the face of Heath 
and his victorious hordes from 
Richmond, (Kentucky), Gen. Wal- 
lace organized a new and formida- 
ble army. There was no sleep in 
Cincinnati. All day and night the 
city resounded with the tramp of 
men, the sudden sound of saws and 
hammers. A pontoon bridge across 
the Ohio was begun and completed 
between sundown and sundown, and 
groaned day and night with the per- 
petual stream of life, all setting 
southward. Except at the battle of 
New Orleans, no equal amount of 
work has ever been done on this 
continent, nor as many men got 



together in so short a time. In 
three days there were ten miles of 
intrenclanents lining the hills, mak- 
ing a semicircle from the river above 
Cincinnati to the banks of the river 
below. Tiie result was the enemy 
came in the night, looked at the 
works, and stole awaj', making a 
hasty and ruinous retreat. For his 
successful services in this emer- 
gency, Wallace received the thanks 
of the legislature, then in session at 
Columbus, Ohio. 

April, 1864, Wallace was assigned 
to command of the middle depart- 
mcnt, headquarters at Baltimore, 
Md. With 5,800 men he intercepted 
the army of Early, estimated at 
30,000, then marching on Washing, 
ton, and July ninth fought the bat- 
tie of Monocacy, Md. Though de- 
feated, ho gained all he hoped — 
time for General Grant to reinforce 
the capital from City Point. Of this 
action. Grant, in his official report 
for 186.1, says : " On the sixth July, 
the enemy, (Early,) occupied Ha- 
garstown, moving a strong column 
toward Frederick City. General 
Wallace, with Ilickett's division, 
and his own command, the latter 
mostly new and imdisciplined 
troDps, pushed out from Baltimore 
with great promptness, and met the 
enemy in force on the Monocacy, 
near the crossing of the railroad 
bridge. Ilis force was not sufficient 
to insure success, but he fought the 
enemy nevertheless, and although 
it resulted in a defeat to our arms, 
he detained the enemy, and thereby 
served to enable Wright to reach 
Washington before him." An ad- 
mission that General Wallace, by 
his promptitude and firmness, saved 
the capital from capture at a most 
important Juncture of the war. 



680 



mSTOEY OF DTOIANA. 



Wallace was president of the 
commission appointed to investi- 
gate General Buell's operations in 
Tennessee and Kentucky, member 
of the court that tried the assassins 
of President Lincoln, president of 
the court that tried Captain AVirz, 
keeper of the Andcrsonville prison. 
At the end of the rebellion he re- 
signed his commission and returned 
to his profession. 



After the war. General Wallaca 
turned his attention to literature, in 
■which he has gained considerable 
reputation. His, The Fair Quel; or, 
The last of the Tzins — a tale 
founded on the conquest of Mexico, 
has gained a world-wide celebrity 
He now resides in Crawfordsville, 
Indiana, enjoying a lucrative prac- 
tice at the bar. 



W. E. NIBLACK. 



His early life was devoted to agri- 
cultural and mechanical pursuits, 
among the stirring scenes of pioneer 
life. The first school he attended 
was kept in a log house, two miles 
away from his home. He entered 
the college at Bloomington in the 
fall of 1838, and attended college 
there at intervals for two years, but 
owing to the death of his father, 
was unable to graduate. He after- 
wards studied law, and was admit- 
ted to the practice in 1843. In the 
spring of 1845, he located at Mt. 
Pleasant, Indiana, the then county 
seat of Martin county, and formally 
commenced the practice of law. In 
August, 1849, he was elected a rep- 
resentative in the State legislature 
from that county. In 1850, the year 
following, he was elected to the 
State senate from the counties of 
Daviess and Martin for the term of 
three years, (as the term then was.) 
In the session of 1850-1, which fol- 
lowed, Knox county was added to 
his Senatorial district; he was con- 
sequently a member of the State 
senate during the long session of 
1851-2, which revised the statutes to 
conform to the new constitution of 
1851. He went out of the senate in 
October, 1852, by the operation of 



the new constitution. He was re- 
nominated for the position under 
the new constitution, but declined 
to be a candidate. In January, 
1854, Hon. Alvin P. Hovey, who was 
judge of the then third judicial cir- 
cuit which embraced eleven of the 
southwestern counties, resigned the 
office. Governor "Wright immedi- 
ately tendered Mr. Niblack the ap- 
pointment to fill the vacancy, which, 
after some hesitation, he accepted, 
and at once entered upon tlie duties 
of the office. In October following, 
he was elected to the office for the 
full term of six years. 

At the October election in 1856, 
Hon. James Lockharc, of Evans- 
ville, was elected a representative 
in Congress from the first district, 
which then en\braccd ten counties 
of Mr. Niblack's judicial circuit. 
In the early part of September, 
1857, Mr. Lockhart died witliout 
having taken his seat in C-ongrcss. 
In the latter part of that montli, Mr. 
Niblack was nominated as a candi- 
date to fill the vacancy. At the Oc- 
tober election following, he was 
elected without opposition. Near 
tlie close of the montli of October, 
he resigned his judgeship to accept 
the position as a representative in 



BIOGRA.PHICAL SKETCHES. 



681 



the thirty-fifth Congress, which be- 
gan its first session on the first 
Monday in December following. 
In 1858 he was re-nominated and 
re-elected to the thirty-sixth Con- 
gress. In 18G0, he was not a candi- 
date for re-election, and retired from 
Congress in the spring of 18G1. 

In the fall of 1855, he removed to 
Vincenncs, in Knox county, where 
he still resides. At the October 
election, in 18G3, he was elected a 
representative in the State legisla- 
ture from Knox county. During 
the ensuing session of the legisla- 
ture, he was appointed a member 
of what was known as the military 
audithig committee, which consist- 
ed of two members of the Senate 
and three members of the House, 
and was required to meet once in 
each month to consider and pass 
upon all claims arising against the 
State growing out of the war, of 



every kind whatever. He did his 
share of the work of that committee 
until it was dissolved by the meet- 
ing of the legislature again in Jan- 
uar}', 1865. In October, 1804, he 
was again elected to Congress, and 
re-entered that body as a member 
of the tliirty-nhith Congress, which 
assembled in December, 18G5. He 
was re-elected consecutively to each 
Congress until last year, when he 
was not a candidate. He will again 
retire from Congress, therefore, next 
spring, after a service of fourteen 
years at two different intervals. 

During the thirty-ninth, forty- 
first, and forty-second Congresses, 
he was a member of the committee 
on appropriations, and during the 
fortieth and forty-third Congress 
he was a member of the committee 
ofways and means. He was elected 
one of the Judges of the Supreme 
Court of Indiana in 1877. 



W. S. LIKGLE. 



He was born in La'WTence county. 
In 1833. He was the only son of 
Dr. Joseph F. Linglc, who died at 
Paoli, in 1834. The widow married 
again, and the subject of this sketch 
removed with his step-fixlher, J. "W. 
Hinds, Esq., to Madison, Indiana, 
where his boyhood and early youth 
were spent. He was educated un- 
der Prof W. W. Hibben, at Law- 
renceburgh Institute, and subse- 
quently took a partial course at As- 
bury. Dependent upon his own 
resources, he obtained temporary 
employment in the telegraph office 
at Madison. All his predilections 
were in favor of the law, and his 
leisure hours were devoted to a 
course of preliminary reading un- 
der the direction of Hon. Joseph H. 



IMarshall, the distinguished jurist 
of Jefferson. While tlius employed, 
he accepted a proposition from Col. 
"W. G. Terrell to embark in a journ- 
alistic enterprise at La Fayette. He 
was then twenty years of age. As- 
sociated with Col. Terrell in the 
business and editorial management 
of the La Fayette Journal, he laid 
the foundation for the remarkable 
success which has crowned his 
journalistic career. He retired 
from the Journal in 1856, and i)ur- 
chased the La Faj-ette Daily Cour- 
ier. He introduceil the first steam 
press in the Slate, outside of In- 
dianapolis, and made his knowl- 
edge of telegraphing available in 
the construction of a branch line to 
nis office, and for a year or two he 



682 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



took the Courier telegrams on a 
Morse instrument in his sanctum. 
The Courier, for nearly twenty 
years, under his administration, 
has attained a large circulation 
and a commanding influence. His 
Bon, Joseph V. Lingle, is associated 
in the management of the paper. 
The extent of its business and its 
influence justifies the remark at- 
tributed to Mr. Lingle, that he 
•would " rather bo the editor of the 
Courier than the governor of In- 
diana." A man of positive convic- 
tions, a terse and vigorous writer, 
and a good speaker, he has been a 
tower of strength to the party with 
which he afiiliates. Disclaiming 
all political aspirations Avhatever, 
Mr. Lingle devotes himself with un- 
tiring energy to the Courier, and the 
management of the handsome prop- 
erty which represents twenty years 
of laborious industry and good man- 
agement. His real estate invest- 



menta in La Fayette have been Ju- 
dicious, and some years since ho 
became the purchaser of the large 
body of lands in Benton county, 
donated to Yale College by the late 
H. W. Ellsworth. These lands have 
quadrupled in value since the new 
railroad era in Benton. Every acre 
of this property has been placed 
under a high state of cultivation, 
and Mr. Lingle may claim prestige 
as a successful "tiller of the soil," 
as well as a successful editor. Ho 
has traveled extensively with his 
family abroad, and brought home 
some rare specimens of art, as evi. 
dence of his taste and culture. He 
was recently tendered the manage- 
ment and controlling interest in a 
metropolitan journal, but, wedded 
to the Courier and La Fayette, he 
has determined to spend his days in 
Indiana. Mr. Lingle was recently 
elected to the presidency of the ed. 
itorial association of Indiana. 



MAJOR ELISIIA G. ENGLISH. 



One of the early settlers in the 
southern part of the State, was Maj. 
Elisha G. English, who came to 
Scott county about the time that 
county was organized, and contin- 
ued to reside there until near the 
period of his death, which occurred 
in the fall of 1874. 

He was a leading citizen in that 
part of the State, and for half a cen- 
tury was more or less identified 
with public afi"airs. He served the 
people of Scott county, as sheriflf, 
as far back as 1828, and was repeat- 
edly their representative in the State 
legislature. He was many years a 
senator from the counties of Scott 
and Jackson, and also from the 
counties of Scott and Clark. 



He was a member of the Icgisla- 
ture as far back as 1832, when that 
body met in the old court house of 
Marion county, and at that and the 
succeeding session, had for col- 
leagues such men as James Rari- 
den, George H. Dunn, John Vaw- 
ter, Elisha W. Huntington, George 
H. Profit, Samuel Bigger, Caleb B. 
Smith, John H. Thompson and Jo- 
seph A. Wright, all of whom pre- 
ceded him in the journey across 
the dark river, "full of years and 
full of honors." He was among 
the last of the survivors of the 
giants of those early days. 

He continued a representative of 
the people, either in the senate or 
the house, with a few brief inter 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCIIES. 



683 



>alB, to sometime about the year 
1867 — the long period of thirty-five 
years — about Avhich time he became 
vice-president of the street railway 
company, and director in the First 
National Bank of Indianapolis, 
which positions he held at the time 
of his death, lie was at one time 
United States marshal for the dis- 
ti'ict of Indiana, and in that capacity 
superintended the taking of the cen- 
sus of the State in 18G0. 

He was of a vigorous, long-lived 
race, his father and mother dying 
in extreme old age, after living to- 
gether as man and wife sixty years, 
and rearing fourteen children, all 
of whom lived to be married men 
and women, with children, before 
there was a single death in the fiim- 
ily. He shared the same vigorous 
constitut-'^n, and was an active, ro- 



bust, energetic man to near the time 
of his death, which occurred in the 
seventy-seventh year of his age, not 
from a breaking down of the con- 
stitution, but from a hemorrhage 
resulting from a surgical operation. 
He was very fond of active out-door 
life, and when over seventy-five 
years of age he made two trips on 
horseback all the way from his old 
home, near the Ohio river, to In- 
dianapolis, a distance of nearly a 
hundred miles, just for the fun of 
the thing, as he said, and to show 
the boys what an old man could do. 
These are the kind of men whose 
untiring energy has made Indiana 
great and prosperous. He was en- 
tirely a self-made man, without the 
benefit of much early education, or 
any other aid than his own individ* 
ual exertions. 



T. A. WYLIE, D.D., LL.D. 



He was born in Philadelphia, in 
1810, and was the sou of the Rev. S. 
B. Wylie, D. D., for many years pro- 
fessor of ancient languages and vice- 
provost in the University of Penn- 
sylvania, and for more than fifty 
years pastor of the lie formed Pres- 
byterian Church in Philadelphia. 
The subject of this sketch graduated 
in 1830, under the presidency of 
Bishop Delixucy. After graduating, 
lie was for a number of years assist- 
ant in the academic department of 
tlie university. Having studied 
tlicology in the Seminary of the 
lieformcd Presbyterian Church, he 
was licensed to preach, in about 
1835. He was elected to the chair 
of natural philosophy and chemis- 
try in the faculty of the Indiana 
State University in 1837, under the 
presidency of the Rev. Dr. Andrew 



Wylie. On the death of Dr. Wylie 
in 1851, Rev. T. A. Wylie acted as 
president until Dr. Ryans was elect- 
ed president in 1852. In 1852, he 
accepted an appointment to the 
chair of mathematics in Miami 
University, Oxford, Ohio. After 
holding this position for two years 
and a half, he was called back to 
Bloomington to his former position, 
which he held till 1863, when he 
was elected professor of ancient lan- 
guages. He occupied this chair un- 
til 1867, when he was made profes- 
sor of natural philosophy, which 
chair he still occupies. For nearly 
thirty years he was pastor of the 
Reformed Presbyterian Church in 
Bloomington. He received the de- 
grees of A. B., A. M. in course, from 
the University of Pennsylvania, and 
the honorary degree of LL.D. from 



684 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



the same institution. The degree of 
D. D. was couferied by Princeton 
College, New Jersey, and also by 
Monmouth College, Illinois, and 
Miami University, Ohio. Dr. Wy- 



lie's labors in connection with the 
State University of Indiana, will 
ever be remembered as worthy of 
highest praise. 



GEORGE W. WOOD. 



He was born in Goshen, Orange 
county, New York, September four- 
teenth, 1808. He received only a 
common school education, but in 
after years attained a proficiency in 
the studies of law and political 
economy. In 183n he removed to 
Fort Wayne, then a mere village of 
a few hundred inhabitants, where, 
being a practical printer, he entered 
the office of the Sentinel, the first, 
and then the only newspaper pub- 
lished in Fort Wayne. In the fol- 
lowing year he became the propri- 
etor of that paper. From that time 
until 185G, he devoted his life to 
newspaper business, owning and 
conducting different papers. He 
then became connected with Sam- 
uel Hanna, in railroad enterprises, 
in which he continued till the death 



of the latter, in 18GG, when he be- 
came joint administrator of Judge 
Hanua's estate with S. T. Hanna, 
and successfully and with satisfac- 
tion to all concerned, distributed 
property exceeding one million of 
dollars in value. In 1840, Mr.AVood 
was elected the first mayor of Fort 
Wayne. In 1849, when a telegraph 
line was established between Toledo 
and La Fayette, he became the first 
resident telegraph operator in Fort 
Wayne. In 1849, he was appointed 
register of the United States land 
ofiice at Fort Wayne, which oflice 
he retained until it was discontin- 
ued, or removed to Indianapolis. 
The latter portion of his life was 
devoted to the care of his own prop- 
erty. He died on the eleventh of 
November, 1871. 



A. VANGUNDY. 



He was born in Ross count}', Ohio, 
July eighteenth, 1833. In 1843 he 
removed to Carroll count}', Indiana, 
and has lived in Rock Creek town- 



ship since that time. He has be- 
come a wealthy and influential 
farmer in the township. 



COL. W. C. WILSON. 



He was born at Crawfordsville, 
Indiana, November twenty-seventh, 
1827. He graduated at Wabash Col- 
lege in 1847, and at the law depart- 
ment of the Indiana State Univer- 
sity in 1849. Admitted to practice 
law in the first circuit of Indiana 
on flie eighth of January, 1849, and 
in the supreme court of Indiana, on 



the second day of June, 1849. He 
commenced the practice of law at 
La Fayette in 1850; at which point 
he is still engaged in such practice. 
He volunteered as a private soldier 
under the first call fur troops, and 
was mustered into tlie United States 
service on the twenty-first day of 
April, 18G1, as major of the leulh 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



685 



Indiana regiment. He was appoint- 
ed colonel of the fortieth Indiana 
regiment, raised the regiment, and 
was mustered into service in Decem- 
ber, 1862. He served as colonel of 
the one hundred and eighth Indiana 
regiment, on John ISIorgan's raid. 
He was appointed colonel of the 



one hundred and thirty-fifth Indiana 
regiment in May, 1SC4, and appoint- 
ed assessor of internal revenue in 
the eighth district of Indiana, in 
September, 1866. He was appointed 
postmaster at La Fayette, Indiana, 
in August, 1867. 



W. T. ROSS. 



He was born in Woodford county, 
Ky., in 1820. In 1835, he moved to 
Wabash county, Ind., where he still 
resides. Was a member of the State 



legislature in 1847. lie has been 
quite prominent in agricultural 
pursuits. 



F. P. EANDALL. 



He was born in Madison county. 
New York, in June, 1812. He moved 
to Fort Wayne in the spring of 1838, 
and commenced the practice of law, 
in the study of which he had previ- 
ously graduated. He was elected 
school commissioner of Allen coun- 
ty in 1840. When the town of Fort 
Wayne had concluded to become a 
city, at a public meeting of the 
voters, Mr. Randall was unanimous- 
ly selected to write out a city char- 
ter to be submitted to the Icgishi- 
ture. It was passed by the legisla- 



ture without changing a word. In 
1847, ]\Ir. Randall was elected to the 
State senate in the district composed 
of the counties of Adams, Allen, 
Huntington and Wells. Governor 
Willard appointed him director of 
the State prison, south, in which 
capacity he served two years. In 
1859, he was elected mayor of the 
city of Fort Wayne. Mr. Randall 
has devoted much of his leisure 
time to study, and has collected a 
library of very rare books. 



COL. I^OEMAN EDDY 



He was born in Cuyahoga count}', 
N. Y., in December, 1810. In 1836, 
Col. Eddy, having studied medicine, 
removed to MishaAvaka, St. Joseph 
county, where he engaged in the 
practice of his profession. In 1848, 
he removed to South Bend, St. Jo- 
seph county, where he resided until 
his death, which occurred January 
twenty-eighth, 1872, except when 
temporarily absent, to discharge the 
duties of his offices to which be had 



been elected. In the practlc~ ^ 
niediciue he had been very success- 
ful, but feeling a strong desire to 
become a la^vyer, he accordingly 
prepared himself by a thorough 
course of study, and was regularly 
admitted to the bar on the first day 
of April, 1847. After he liad prac- 
ticed three years, he was elected 
State senator on the democratic 
ticket. In 1852, he was elected to 
Congress from the nintli district, 



686 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



having the Hon. Horace P. Biddle 
for a competitor. In 1854, lie was 
defeated for Congress by Vice-Pres- 
ident Scliuj'ler Colfax, on the Ne- 
braska issue. In 1855, he was ap- 
pointed United States district at- 
torney for Minnesota by President 
Pierce, and in 1856 he was appoint- 
ed commissioner of Indiana trust 
lands in Kansas, which office he 
held until the fall of 1857. At this 
time he again commenced the prac- 
tice of law, associating himself with 
the late Judge Egbert, but two j'cars 
after, was appointed b}' the legisla- 
ture on a commission to settle 
claims due the State. Wlien the 
war broke out he zealously took his 
stand on the side of the Union, and 
in 18G1 organized the 48th Indiana 



regiment, of which he was ap. 
pointed colonel. He fought with 
great bravery in the battle of luka, 
where he was severely wounded; 
also Corinth and Grand Gulf, and 
the siege of Vicksburg, until it sur- 
rendered, when he resigned, being 
disabled by his wounds from fur- 
ther service for his country as a 
soldier. He continued at his pro- 
fession until 18G5, when he was ap- 
pointed collector of revenue by Pres- 
ident Johnson. In 1870 lie was 
elected Secretary of State on the 
democratic ticket, which office he 
held at the time of his death. He 
was successful in the practice of the 
law profession subsequent to the 



ELIJAH IIACKLEMAK 



He was born in Cedar Grove, 
Franklin county, Ind., in October, 
1817. Although his educational 
advantages were slight, he became 
quite proficient in the English 
branches, and spent a portion of his 
early life in teaching schooL In 
May, 1849, he removed to Wabash 



county, Indiana, and began the im- 
provement of a farm. He filled the 
office of county surveyor in Wabash 
county several j'cars, as also the 
office of clerk of the circuit court. 
In October, 1874, he was elected 
State senator. 



GEOEGE W. nOSS, LL. D. 



He was born in Brown county, 
Ohio, in 1824, and moved with his 
parents to Marion county, Indiana, 
in 1836. He worked on a farm until 
1845, when he entered Asbury Uni- 
versity. Having to earn means for 
his own support, he left college two 
terms to teach for that purpose. 
He also taught two hours a day for 
three years in the Female Seminary 
in Greencastle. He graduated in 
1850, and was soon after chosen 
principal of a flourishing academy 
at Muncie, Indiana. He remained 



at this point two j'ears, when be 
was elected teacher of mathematics 
in the Indiana Female College, in 
Indianapolis. In 1853, he was 
chosen first litcrarj- teacher in the 
State institute for the education of 
the blind in Indianapolis. In 1855, 
lie was elected president of the In- 
diana Female College, and in 1856, 
he was elected professor of mathe- 
matics in the Northwestern Chris- 
tian University, at Indianapolis. In 
1864, he was elected State superin- 
tcndent of public instruction, and 



BIOGKArniCAL SKETCHES. 



687 



re-elected to the same position in 
1866. Before his second term ex- 
pired, lie was elected to the chair 
of English literature and theory 
and practice of tcacliing in the In- 
diana State Unlversit3\ lie held 
this position until June, 1871, when 
he resigned to accept tlie presidency 
of the State Normal School of Kan- 
sas. In 1873, he was elected to the 
chair of English literature and elo- 



cution in the Indiana State Univer- 
sity, and on account of the do- 
cliue of his wife's health in Kansas, 
he accepted the position, and still 
holds it. In 1853, he received tlie 
degree of A. M. in course from his 
Alma Mater, and in 1872, the degree 
of LL. D. from the Indiana State 
University. He is regarded as a 
sound, practical, enthusiastic work- 
er in the educational field. 



THOMAS A. IIENDKICKS. 



He was born in Muskingum 
county, Ohio, September seventh, 
1819; was educated at South Han- 
over College, studied law and com- 
pleted liis legal studies at Cham- 
bersburg. Pa., in 1843; settled in 
Indiana and practiced his profes- 
sion with success. In 1848, lie was 
elected to the State legislature, and 
declined a re-election; was an ac- 
tive and useful member of the con- 
stitutional convention of 18.jO; and 
was a representative in Congress 
from Indiana from 1851 to 1855. 
He was appointed by President 
Pierce, in 1855, commissioner of the 



general land office, in which he was 
continued by President Buchanan 
until 1859, when he resigned. He 
was subsequently elected a senator 
in Congress for the long term, com- 
mencing in 1863, and ending 1869, 
serving on the committees on 
claims, public buildings and 
grounds, the judiciary, public 
lands, and naval allairs. From 
1869 to 1872, he practiced the law 
profession at Indianapolis. In 1872 
he was elected governor of the State 
of Indiana. 



O. r. MORTON. 



Oliver Perry Jlorton, one of In- 
diana's leading statesmen, and at 
present (1874) her leading repre- 
sentative in the Senate of the United 
States, was born in Wayne county, 
Indiana, August 4th, 1823. His 
parents died while he was but a 
boy, leaving him under the care of 
his grandmother and his aunts. At 
the age of fourteen he was put under 
the tuition of Professor S. K. Ilosh- 
our, then principal of the Wayne 
County Seminary, at Centerville. 
After leaving this institution he en- 



tered the Miami University, at Ox- 
ford, Ohio, where he soon distin- 
guished himself as a debater and 
became a star member of the Beta 
Theta Pi Society. It was at this 
institution that he first manifested a 
superiority of intellect and evinced 
those extraordinary argumentative 
powers which in after j-ears won for 
him the well-deserved reputation of 
a profound la^^'3'er. 

He left the university in Ohio 
without graduating and returned to 
Centerville, Indiana, where he ba 



688 



BISTORT OF INPIAKA. 



gun the study of the law with the 
Hon. John S. Newman. Concen- 
trating all his energies on this one 
object he soon became proficient in 
all the brandies of the profession 
and was admitted to the bar, where 
lie early won the respect and con- 
fidence of a circle of friends. 

In the spring of 1845, Mr. Morton 
was married to Miss Lucinda M. 
Burbank, of Ccnterville, daughter 
of Isaac Burbank, a respectable and 
wealthy merchant of that place. 
Miss Burbank was a lady of rare 
intelligence and refinement. As the 
wife of a statesman she has honored 
both herself and the State of In- 
diana by her benevolent deeds, not 
only in behalf of the volunteers who 
served her State in the war for the 
Union, but in all charitable under- 
takings that have appealed to the 
Christian sympathy of the State. 

Mr. Morton began his public life 
as a Judge of the Circuit Court, in 
which capacity he served the people 
of his county one year. He was 
elected to tliis office by the Demo- 
cratic party, which he renounced in 
1S54, owing to the repeal of the 
Missouri compromise and the pas- 
sage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, 
and became active in forming the 
llepublican party in the State of 
Indiana. The latter party nominar 
ted liim for the oflice of Governor 
of the State, in I80G, by acclama- 
tion; but he was defeated at the 
polls by Ashbel P. Willard, his 
Democratic competitor. " From the 
end of the political campaign, in 
ISiiG, to the commencement of that 
of 18G0," says Mr. Morton's bio- 
graplier, " Morton asked no honors 
of his party; but, nevertheless, la- 
bored energetically, constantly for 
the promotion of its success. At 
political conventions he was always 
regarded as the most effective of 



workers. His sound judgment and 
eminently practical views of things 
qualified him to act well those im- 
portant parts which were assigned 
liim. He was ever regarded as the 
best of political engineers and held 
in the highest estimation as a 
framer of policy. We venture the 
assertion that the records of the 
Republican party in Indiana will 
show that the great leading spirit 
of that organization, from its very 
commencement to 18G0, was Oliver 
P. Morten ; that he had more to do 
in directing its movements and es- 
tablishing its doctrines than any 
other man !n the State." 

Mr. Moi^on was elected to the 
ofljce of Li«in*,en°nt-Governor of the 
State of Ind'ana in 18G0, Hon. 
Henry S. Lane the Republican can- 
didate, being siected to the first 
position. Tht last named gentle- 
man, however, ^'as elected to the 
United States Serate by the Legis- 
lature of the Stat^ and Mr. Morton 
became Governor of Indiana, and 
discharged the diuiei ably for four 
years; in 18G4 he was elected for a 
second term ; in 18G5 ^tn account of 
sickness he visited E-irope, but re- 
turned in 18GG, and in fpite of con- 
tinued ill-health resumec* his execu- 
tive duties. In June. 18GG, he 
delivered a political sprrch while 
seated in his chair, which created 
much enthusiasm, and o.*" which 
more than a million of cop?es were 
published in pamphlet form, ?nd on 
the subsequent meeting of tbe Leg- 
islature, in January, 1867, h« was 
elected by a remarkable vo»e to 
Senator in Congress for the term 
ending in 1873, serving on the com- 
mittee on foreign relations, agricul- 
ture, military affairs, and private 
land claims. He was re-elected to 
the Senate in 1873, and was an ac- 
tive member till his death. 



Note.— He died of paralysis at lodianapolig, November 1, 1877. 



BIOGKAPfllCAL SKETCHES. 



689 



MICHAEL C. KERR. 



He was born at Titusville, Penn- 
sylvania, March 15, 1827. He re- 
ceived an acaderaic education and 
graduated with the degree of Bach- 
elor of Law at the Louisville 
University in 1851. He was an 
ardent and indefatigable student 
from early age until the close of 
his life. His attainments in the 
broad field of general knowledge 
were more than ordinary, while 
in the branches more directly al- 
lied to his public duties, such as 
political economy, the science of 
government, parliamentary law, 
etc., his acquirements were exten- 
sive, and duly acknowledged by 
his cotemporaries. 

He taught school for some time 
in Kentucky, and settled in New 
Albany, Indiana, where he after- 
wards permanently resided. He 
conamenced the practice of law in 
New Albany in 1852; was elected 
City Attorney in 1854, and Prose- 
cuting Attorney of Floyd county 
in 1855; was a meoaber of the 
State Legislature in 1856 and 1857; 
was elected Reporter of the Su- 
preme Court of Indiana in 1862, 
and during his term of office 
edited five volumes of reports; 
was elected a Representative to 
the Thirty-ninth, Fortieth, Forty- 
first and Forty-second Congresses; 



was the Democratic candidate at 
large for Representative to the 
Forty-third Congreas, but was 
defeated by the small majority of 
162 votes; he was elected in 1874 
Representative to the Forty-fourth 
Congress by a majorily of 1,309. 
But the crowning honor of his 
public career was his election 
to the Speakership of the House 
of Representatives at its organiza- 
tion in December, 1875. Mr. Kerr 
made an able and impartial pre- 
siding officer, and commanded the 
undivided respect of all parties. 
For some time previous to his 
election to the Speakership his 
health had begun to fail from the 
insidious progress of a serious 
pulmonary afl'ection, which was 
quickened to action by the arduous 
duties of his office, forcing him be- 
fore the close of the first session 
to seek relief from his toils and 
sufierings by a sojourn amid the 
mountains of Virginia. But alas, 
vain hope! His death took place 
on the 19th day of August, 1876, 
at the Alum Springs, in Rock- 
brfdge county, Virginia. His no- 
ble qualities of heart and mind 
endeared him to a large circle of 
acquaintances and friends. His 
death was regretted by the whole 
country. 



CHAS. A. ZOLLINGER. 



He is a prominent young man of 
German descent, a resident of Fort 
44 



"Wayne, Ind., and he was the mayor 
of that city, in 1837 



690 



mSTOBT or mDIANA. 



L. B. STOCKTON. 



He was bom in Virginia in 1803. 
He moved to La Fayette, Indiana, 
In 1824, where he has been an active 



and useful citizen up to the present 
time. He is now retired from busi- 
ness. 



WALTEK K. HOUGHTON. 



He is a native of Daviess county, 
Indiana. He has risen by his own 
industry to a prominent educator. 



He is now principal of the prepara- 
tory department of the Indiana 
State University. 



E. B. MAETINDALE. 



He was born in Wayne county, 
Indiana, on the twenty-second of 
August, 1828. His parents moved 
to Henry county in 1832, and settled 
on a farm four miles east of New 
Castle, where he was brought up to 
farm life, until the age of sixteen, 
when he was apprenticed to the sad- 
dler's trade. In attending school 
during the winter months, and after- 
wards working at his trade on Sat- 
urdays, and attending the counly 
seminaries during the week, he ob- 
tained at twenty a fair English edu- 
cation. He studied law and prac- 
ticed that profession in New Castle 
from 1850 to 1863, during which 
time he held one term the office of 
district attorney, and one term the 
office of prosecuting attorney for the 
counties of Wayne, Henry, Ran- 
dolph and Delaware. He was, in 
1861, appointed judge of the com- 
mon pleas court for the district 
composed of the counties of Henry, 
Madison, Hancock, Rush and Deca- 
tur. In May, 1862, he moved to 
Indianapolis and engaged in the 
practice of law, and has from that 
time to the present been connected 
with many leading enterprises 
which have contributed to the 
growth and prosperity of the city. 
We have more than once heard it 
remarked "that to no one man is 



the city more indebted for her rapid 
growth and unprecedented prosper- 
ity than to Judge Martindale." He 
is a man of quick perception and 
sound judgment. Is a thorough 
believer in the great commercial 
future of the city of Indianapolis, 
and his full faith in this for the past 
ten years with a sufficient caution 
has made his business career one of 
unprecedented prosperity. There 
are plenty of men in the State who 
possess greater wealth, but no man 
can be found who has acquired the 
same amount in the past ten years 
unaided by office or inheritance. 
He has little taste or inclination to 
political life, but devotes his ten 
hours per day to business with as 
much energy and tenacity as if he 
was dependent on it for the support 
of liimself and family. He has been 
connected with nearly every work 
of christian benevolence, contribu- 
ting liberally of his means every 
year to this end. He was brought 
up in the christian church in which 
his father was a pioneer preacher in 
this State, but some ten years ago he 
connected himself with the First 
Presbyterian church of this city, to 
which his wife belonged, and has 
been active in every good word and 
work since. 



BIOGKAnilCAL SKETCHES. 



691 



LEWIS T. ROGEES, A.M. 



He was born in Jessamine covinty, 
Kentucliy, May nineteenth, 1835. lie 
was in school from his boyhood. 
At about eighteen years of ac:e he 
began his collegiate preparation, 
pursuing Jjis studies at Centre Col- 
lege, Danville, Kentuckj', until ad- 
mitted to standing in the junior 
class. Then removing to Indiana, 
he completed his course at Aebury 
University, from whicli institution 
lie graduated in June, 1859, witli the 
first class under Bishop Bowman's 
administration. After his grad- 
uation he taught a select school 
in Greencastle for two years; and 
in 18C1 he was made tutor in the 
preparatory department of the uni- 
versity from which he had grad- 



uated. Two years afterwards (1863) 
he was elected adjunct professor in 
the Latin department, which posi- 
tion he held, doing its duties with 
strength and efficiency, until the 
year 1869, when he was promoted 
to the professorship of the depart- 
ment, haying lull control of its in- 
terests, under the title, professor of 
Latin language anilliterature,which 
position he still honors. Professor 
Rogers is thorouglil}'^ versed in the 
classic languages, and in the liter- 
ature of those languages he is par- 
ticularly versatile. He is acquaint- 
ed also with the Spanish language, 
and with the literature and the his. 
tories of that people. 



GEORGE W. ROBBINS. 



He was born in Wayne county, 
Indiana, February first, 1829. He 
moved with liis parents to Fulton 
county, Indiana, at an early age, and 
endured, in his youtli, all the pri- 
vations of pioneer life. He settled 
on eighty acres of land and worked 
earnestly for several years, and in 



1864 had accumulated a little money. 
He sold his land, and in the spring 
of 1865 moved to Clinton county, In- 
diana, where he now resides. He 
has engaged in mercantile ])ursuits 
for several years, in which he was 
successful. 



JOHN E. EARP, A. M. 



He was born at Marion, Illinois, 
April twelfth, 1846. His parents 
were of an English family, tracea- 
ble back to the time of Oliver Crom- 
well. His father was presiding el- 
der in the Southern Illinois Confer- 
ence, and has been a clergyman of 
the Methodist Episcopal church for 
twenty years. Prof. Earp was pre- 
pared for college in the Alton High 
School ; entered McKendree College 
In 1862, and graduated in 1865, at 



the age of nineteen. Soon after 
graduation he was elected professor 
of mathematics and ancient lan- 
guages in the Central Wesleyan 
College, "Warrenton, Missouri. At 
the end of two years he resigned 
this position and went to Europe to 
attend for two years the Universi- 
ties of Tuebingen and Berlin. Du- 
ring this time he traveled through 
Germany, Switzerland and Italy. 
In 1869 he returned and was elected 



692 



HISTORY OF TXDIAHA. 



professor of modern languages and 
Hebrew in the Indiana Asbury Uni- 
versity, ■which position he at present 
occupies. He entered the Northern 
Indiana Conference of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church in 1872. He trav- 
eled in Scotland, England, and 



France during the slimmer of 1874 
He has made thcstudy of languages 
a specialty, and is acquainted, be- 
side his motlier tongue, willi Ger- 
man, French, Swedish, Hebrew, 
Greek, Latin, Spanish, Italian, An- 
glo-Saxon, Sanskrit and Gothic. 



JOnN BROWNFIELD. 



He was born in Uniontown, Fay- 
ette county, Pennsjdvania, Decem- 
ber twenty-fourth, 1808. He receiv- 
ed an education such as the common 
schools at that day afforded. When 
twenty-one years of age, he com- 
menced business in connection with 
an elder brother. Col. Ewing Brown- 
field, in his native town ; was mar- 
ried February fourteenth, 1832. In 
1833 he visited friends in Niles, 
Michigan. "While there visited sev- 
eral points with the view of locating 
in the West. In June, 1834, emi- 
grated to South Bend, St. Joseph 
county, Indiana, where he has ever 
since lived, continuing the mercan- 
tile business, passing successfully 
through the financial panics of '37, 
'40, '57, etc. On the location of the 
Branch Bank of the State of Indiana 
at this place, he was appointed di- 
rector on the part of the State; was 
president of the Branch Bank of the 



State for twelve years. Has been 
president of tl)e South Bend Na- 
tional Bank since its organization. 
For some j'ears president of the 
South Bend Iron Works, which tliis 
year expects to realize a business 
of half a million dollars. He has 
been an honored member of the 
Methodist Episcopal Cluircli forty- 
five years; a class-leader forty-four; 
superintendent of South Bend Sab- 
bath School thirt3'-five consecutive 
years; a trustee of Asbury Univer- 
sity seventeen j'ears At one time 
contributed one thousand dollars 
towards its endowments. He was 
elected by a convention of laymen 
a delegate to the General Confer- 
ence, which met in Brooklyn, May, 
1872. In politics he is a stauncli 
democrat; in other years regarded 
as the " wheel-horse " of the democ- 
racy in St. Josei)h county. 



HENRY A. TEED. 



He was born in Johnson, Indiana, 
November ninth, 1845, on a farm, 
and continued to live on a farm un- 
til seventeen years old, attending 
school in a log school-house. He 
enlisted in the army in 1802, and 
served until the close of the war. 
After the close of the war, he re- 
turned home and removed to Colum- 
bus, Indiana; worked on the Co- 



lumbus Union as journej-man print- 
er, and road law at intervals in the 
law office of Hill & Richardson of 
that place, for about one year; then 
moved to Edinburgh, Indiana, and 
became proprietor of the Edinburgh 
Journni, and published it for one 
year. At the close of which time 
he moved to Dover Hill and com- 
menced the publication of the Mar- 



BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



693 



tin County Herald, in connection 
with the practice of the law, and 
has continued to reside in that coun- 
ty since that date, continuing the 
publication of tlie same up to this 
time, and lias succccUed to a good 
practice of law. lie was married 
in 18GG, to Miss Jennie Triclielt, of 
Edinburglu In 1872 Mr. Peed was 
elected to the lower house of the In- 



diana legislature, and served during 
the special and regular sessions. 
He was elected to the State senate 
in October, 1874, by the democrats 
of Martin, Dubois and Orange coun- 
ties, after a thorough canvas of Mar- 
tin and Duljois, by a majority of 
two thousand two , hundred and 
twenty-five from the district. 



REUBEN ANDRUS, LL.D. 



He was born in Watcrtown, Jef- 
ferson county, New York, in 1824. 
Ile spent his early life upon a farm. 
At an early age he moved to Ful- 
ton county, Illinois, where he spent 
a portif)u of his youth improving a 
new farm. At the age of twenty-one 
he was admitted to the preparatorj;- 
class of the Illinois college at Jack- 
sonville. He had no means, and for 
five years he attended college earn- 
ing his own board. Thus he worked 
his wa\' to graduation, and to the 
ministry in which he has distin- 
guished himself. He organized the 



Quincy (111.) college iil 186(5, but 
after laboring at the head of that 
institution one year, he resigned to 
return again to the ministry. He 
was then transferred from Illinois 
to Indiana and took charge of the 
Trinity M. E. church of Evansville. 
Remained three years at that post, 
and afterwards took charge of the 
Meridian street church, at India- 
nopolis. In 1862 he was elected 
president of the Asbury university 
at Greencastle, which important 
office he held several years. He ia 
now located in Indianapolis. 



HARVEY BATES. 



Harvey Bates, one of the oldest 
pioneers of Indianapolis now liv- 
ing, was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, 
in 1795. When but fnur years of 
age his mother died leaving a fam- 
ily of four children all in tender 
years. The children were " put 
out" among friends. The parties 
with whom the subject of this 
sketch was intrusted moved to Leb- 
anon, Warren county, Ohio, where 
he remained doing general farm 
work until he was fifteen years of 
age. At this age he went into a 
store in that place, owned by the 
postmaster. He had the full care 



of the postoffice until he was about 
twenty-one years of age. During 
his youth his educational advan- 
tages were limited. In other words 
he received only the education 
atibrded in the pioneer country 
schools. At this age Mr. Bates 
bought out his employer and com- 
menced merchandizing on his own 
account. In 1816 he moved to 
Brookville, Ind., and opened a store 
there. Soon after he cast his first 
vote for delegates to the constitu- 
tional convention of 1816. He re- 
mained only a short time in Brook- 
ville, when he moved to Conners- 



694 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



ville, -where he erected a carding 
mill and fulling mill, iu which he 
carried on a successful business for 
about ten years. lie sold out his 
interest in this mill, and in 1823 
came to what is now Indianapolis, 
then a wilderness, commissioned by 



Gov. Jennings as sheriff to assist in 
organizing the county of Marion. 
From that dale he has resided con- 
tinually in Indianapolis, and has 
been one of its most useful and suc- 
cessful citizens. He died in 1875. 



JOHN C. KXOBLOCK. 



He was born in Canton, Stark 
county, Ohio, November third, 1830. 
In 1843 he moved with his father to 
Marshall county, Ind., with an ox 
team. He helped to clear up a farm. 
In 1848 he commencod working for 
A. R. & I. II. Harper for ten dollars 
a month. He was soon j^romoted 
to a position in their large mills. 
In 1852 he engaged with M. DcCamp 
as clerk in the grocery trade, and in 
1853 he commenced in the same 
business on his own account. In 



1SG4 he went into the milling and 
flouring business, and in 1871 he, 
with others, engaged in the manu- 
facture of furniture with a capital 
stock of $750,000, and in 1873, with 
others, he commenced the manufac- 
ture of reapers, saw mills, lathes, 
etc., with a capital stock of |100,000. 
He is now forty-four years of age, 
and has been a successful business 
man. He is a resident of South 
Bend, Ind. 



DR. NATHANIEL FIELD, 



Is one of the oldest physicians of 
the State, is a graduate of the old 
Transylvania medical school found- 
ed at Lexington, Kentucky, in the 
early part of the present century. 
He was born in Jellcrson county, 
Kentucky, on the seventh day of 
November, 1805, and located in Jef- 
fersonville in the autumn of 1829, 
where he has since resided. He is 
in some respects a remarkable man. 
Whatever he believes to be right and 
just he advocates boldly and fear- 
lessly, regardless of popular opinion 
or consequences to himself Though 
born in a slave state, and in a slave- 
holding famil}', at the age of eigh- 
teen he became intensely anti-slav- 
ery. In 1830 he wrote and published 
a tract against American slavery, 
entitled " Oresimus." He was one 
of the first Tice-presidcnts of the 



American anti-slavery society, was 
president of the first anti-slavery 
convention ever held in Indiana, and 
was also president of the free soil 
convention held at Indianapolis in 
1850. 

As an illustration of his unswerv- 
ing devotion to the principles of 
right and justice, in June, 1834, he 
voted against the whole township 
of Jell'ersonvilleon the enforcement 
at that time of one of the black laws 
of the State. The case was this: 
At a township election iu the month 
of June, 1834, every voter was re- 
quested to sign a paper asking the 
following question: "Shall the law 
requiring free negroes, now in the 
township, and those who may here- 
after come into it, to gi\'e bond and 
security for their good behavior, and 
that they will not become a public 



BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCIIES. 



695 



charge, be enforced ? " The law re- 
ferred to had, since its enactment, 
been a dead letter on the statute 
book. But this new-born zeal for 
its enforcement was prompted by the 
pro-slavery mob spirit then prevail- 
ing in the Northern States, which 
culminated in the murder of Elijah 
Lovejoy, at Alton, 111. Hatred of the 
negro had become an epidemic, and 
it was dangerous to oppose it. After 
scanning the paper, and as it hap- 
pened near the close of the polls, he 
noticed that it was all one-sided. 
Every voter in the township, both 
saint and sinner, had recorded his 
name in favor of enforcing the law. 
When the paper was presented for 
his signature, he found himself sur- 
rounded by a crowd of sinister look- 
ing loafers and roughs anxious to 
see whether or not the doctor Avould 
dare take the pai't of the negroes. 
Knowing that in the then existing 
feeling of hostility to them, it would 
be impossible to give the required 
security, and the result would be 
that they would be driven from their 
homes, lose tlieir crops, and be sub- 
jected to much suffering, he rea- 
soned with the excited crowd, and 
advised a postponement until the 
end of the year. But all was in 
vain. After giving his reasons for 
asking delay, he put his name down 
in the negative — the only man who 
voted for mercy. As might have 
been foreseen the negroes could not 
give the required bond, and were 
forcibly expelled from the town and 
neighborhood by a mob of the very 
lowest class of men. They tied in 
consternation, pursued and abused 
by the mob, who ruled the town for 
three weeks. No magistrate or con- 
Btjible interfered with them. The 
doctor was notified that he would 



have to share the fortune of the 
negroes whose cause he had espous- 
ed. AV'ithout a moments delay he 
laid in a good stock of fire arms, 
fortified his house, and with the aid 
of one brave friend, prepared for 
defense, resolved to sell his life as 
dear as possible, rather than suc- 
cumb to a mob composed of the 
most despicable wretches tliat ever 
disgraced humanity. All things 
being ready for a seige, defiance was 
hurled at the mob, and they were 
denounced as not being half as res- 
pectable as the negroes they wero 
persecuting. It is sufficient to say 
that the mob never attacked his 
house. 

Notwithstanding the perils of 
those da3's that tried men's souls, 
the doctor has lived, with a few 
otlier pioneers in the anti-slavery 
cause, to see tlie downfall of slavery 
and the enfranchisement of iht 
African race in the United States. 

In 1854, by the death of his moth 
er, he came into possession of sev 
eral slaves, whom he immediately 
emancipated, thereby proving the 
sincerity of tiie anti-slavery faith. 

In July, I80G, Dr. Field was a 
delegate from Jcficrsonville to the 
great Southern railroad convention, 
which assembled at Knoxville, 
Tenn., the object of which was to 
devise waj-s and means to construct 
a railroad from Charleston, S. C, to 
Cincinnati and Louisville. It was 
to bifurcate somewhere this side of 
Cumberland Gap. 

He represented Clark county in 
the legislature in the session of 
1888-9. Was chairman of a select 
committee to inquire into certain 
charges at that time alleged against 
the president of the State univer- 
sity, the late Dr. AnJiew Wylie. Ue 



696 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



made an able report completely and 
honorably acquiting him of blame. 
Dr. Field was surffcou of the sixty- 
sixth regiment of Indiana volunteer 
infantry in the late civil war, and 
rendered valuable service — for three 
successive weeks at each place — on 
the battle-fields of Richmond and 
Perryvillc, in the State of Kentucky, 
during which time he performed 
every operation common to military 
surgery. lie proved himself to be 
one of the best operators in the army. 



In 1868 he was president of the 
Indiana State medical society. 
Wrote several valuable essays for its 
transactions, and deservedly stands 
high in his profession. He is now 
far advanced in life, but still retains 
much of the fire and ardor of his 
youthful days. lie has practiced 
medicine and surgery for nearly 
fifty years, and still continues to 
perform an incredible amount of 
labor for one of his age. 



TOWNSEND RYAN. 



Townsend Ryan was born in Lan- 
caster City, Pa., in 1813, and in 
early manhood removed to Hamil- 
ton, Butler county, Ohio, where he 
engaged in the mercantile business, 
and in the management of a line of 
canal packets, of which he was 
principal owner, running from that 
city to Cincinnati. Prostrated by 
the great financial wave which 
swept the country from 183G to 1839, 
he removed to Indiana, where, after 
graduation at the medical colleges 
of Cincinnati, and Jeft'erson, of 
Philadelphia, he engaged actively 
in the practice of medicine, and 
achieved a reputation and success 
unexcelled by that of any physician 
in the west. Locating in Anderson, 
in Madison county, in 1843, he at 
once became identified with the 
best interests of his new location 
and the people among whom he 
lived. A democrat in politics, he 
took a vigorous part in the cam- 
paign of 1844, and became the can- 
didate of his party in 1840 for the 
State legislature, to which he was 
elected, defeating the whig candi- 
date, R. A. Williams, and being the 
first democrat sent from that county. 



In 1850, when the Bellefontaine 
railroad, now the C. C. C. and I. was 
in contemplation, the people know- 
ing but little of such enterprises, 
opposed the project strongly, on the 
ground that its construction would 
supersede the use of horses, oxen, 
etc., and thereby entail great loss. 
This, and similar ideas had to be 
combaltcd. The su])ject of this 
sketch, together with Judge Davis, 
of that count}', took hold of tlic en- 
terprise, and not only secured, 
finally, a subscription from the 
county, but sufficient general aid to 
secure Anderson a railroad. 

Engaging, about this time, in the 
mercantile business, he continued 
in that until 1854, when, together 
with other p;irties, contracted with 
the company to build the junction 
railroad from Rushville to Indiana- 
polis, embarking an ample fortune 
in that enterprise, all of which was 
swallo%vcd up in the collapse of the 
corrupt concern, commencing anew 
tlie practice of his profession. The 
newly projected Richmond, New- 
castle and Logansport railroad re- 
ceived his aid ; with that he labored 
until the cars run into Anderson. 



BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



697 



In 18G0, when the menace of war 
went abroad through the North, he 
declared at once for the Union, and 
was the first democrat in ISGl, in 
the county, to declare in favor of 
the Union and the war policy of 
Lincoln. Being one of the linest 
and most eilective public speakers 
in the State, he gave his time and 
did valiant service in raising troops 
to answer the various calls of the 
President, and although past mid- 
dle age, and broken down in health, 
he took the post of Lieutenant- 
Colonel of the 34th Indiana infantry 
and went with it into active service, 
and was promoted, in 1862, to the 
colonelcy of the regiment on the 
resignation of Asbcry Steele. lie 
continued with the regiment until 



after the capture of New Madrid 
and Island No. 10, when his health 
becoming feeble compelled him to 
resign. Not content to be out of 
service, however, he soon after 
again went into the service as sur- 
geon of Die 52d Indiana, and served 
with the regiment in the terrible 
fights in the Yazoo above Vicks- 
burg, and in the battles of Fort Gib- 
son, Raymond, Champion Hills, and 
Black river, previous to the invest- 
ment of Vicksburg, taking part 
with the regiment in that event 
From thence with the regiment he 
went to western Louisiana, and was 
finally mustered out of service with 
the regiment at New Orleans, by 
reason of expiration of the term of 
service. 



JOSEPH S. BUCKLES, 



Was born near Springfield, Clark 
county, Ohio, July twenty-ninth, 
1811); came to Munice, Indiana, 
with his father, October, 1833, where 
he has since resided; was educated 
in log school houses, upon the for- 
cible theory " that to spare the rod 
spoils the boy;" studied the legal 
profession, and commenced the 
practice in 1841. In 1846, was elec- 
ted prosecuting attorney in a circuit 
opposed to him in politics, and 
composed of eight counties; sei-ved 
two years. In 1848, Avas elected 
State senator by the district com- 
posed of the counties of Grant and 
Delaware; served three sessions, 
the last two as chairman of the judi- 
ciary committee. In 1854, was the 
democratic nominee for Congress 
in the old burnt district, and was 
beaten by Hon. D.P. Ilollaway, the 
fusion candidate. In 1858, was elec- 
ted judge of the seventh judicial 
circuit, remained on the circuit 
bench twelve years, since which 



time he has been engaged in agri- 
culture and horticulture, he says, as 
a means of morals, health, and 
amusement, and the practice of his 
profession for a livelihood. In poll- 
tics, up to 1860, he was a democrat, 
and voted the ticket uuscratched; 
supported Lincoln's administration 
during the rebellion, and has since 
voted the republican ticket. In 
1872, he was one of tlie republican 
senatorial electors, and as such can- 
vassed the major part of the State, 
and has, since retiring from the 
bench, taken an active part in the 
political contests of the State. He 
lias always taken a deep interest in 
all measures the tendency of which 
were to develop the resources of his 
county and State, consequently has 
been closely identified with the 
railroad and turnpike interests of 
western Indiana. He says, "he 
commenced the world poor, and 
has held his own remarkably weU." 



¥ 



698 



HISTOKT OF rca)IANA. 



JUDGE THOMAS B. LONG. 



Judge Thomas B. Long was born 
near the city of ManslieUl, in Rich- 
land county, Oliio, on the twenty- 
fifth day of October, 1S3G. Ills 
father's family subsequently lived 
in Mansfield, Bucyrus, and Spring- 
field, in that State, and in 184G re- 
moved to the city of Terre Haute, 
■where they have since continuously 
resided. Here the subject of this 
sketch received an academical edu- 
cation, embracing the studies usu- 
ally pursued in the colleges of the 
land. In 1854, he entered the law 
office of Hon. R. W. Thompson, as a 
student, where he remained for sev- 
eral years, during which he attend- 
ed lectures in the law department 
of the Cincinnati college, and grad- 
uated in the spring of 1856. In the 
fall of this year he was elected dis- 
trict attorney for the court of com- 
mon pleas, and about the same time 
was engaged as editor of one of the 
daily papers of the cit}^ which po- 
sition he filled for about two years, 
when he withdrew for the purpose 
of devoting his entire attention to 



the practice of his profession. In 
1860, he was placed ujion the presi- 
dential ticket of the Union party as 
a candidate for elector, in which 
capacity he canvassed his district 
wherever his services were called 
for; but, seeing the hopelessness of 
the success of his party, he urged all 
wavering voters to support Stephen 
A. Douglas for president. From 
this time he applied himself dili- 
gently to his professional pursuits 
and literary studies until the fall 
of 1870, when he was elected by the 
democratic party as judge of tho 
criminal circuit court, which posi- 
tion he filled so acceptably that, in 
1874 — although political feeling ran 
high — he received the nomination 
of both parties, and was re-elected 
without opposition. 

Judge Long is a fluent speaker 
and a graceful writer, and has ac- 
quired some fame as a poet, b}^ vari- 
ous fugitive pieces, and a number 
of ballads and songs, which have 
been set to music and published in 
tlie principal cities of the country. 



CHAELES LOUDER, 



Whose portrait is given elsewhere, 
was born in Guilford township^ 
Hendricks county, Indiana, on the 
twelfth of Jlay, 1823. His parents, 
Mather and Ruth Lowder, emigrated 
from Guilford county. North Caro- 
lina, and were among the first set- 
tlers of what was then known as the 
"White Lick" country. He is 
among the oldest natives of this 
part of the State, and particularly 
of Hendricks county. He has been 
a citizen of the coimty since his 
birth, and has most emphatically 



grown up with the country. Though 
he has always been modest and un- 
assuming, he has done much in 
molding the general cliaracter of 
the neighborhood, and in putting on 
foot and pushing forward public 
enterprises which have tended to 
subdue what was at the time of his 
birth an unbroken Avilderncss, and 
change it to one of the garden spots 
of the State. Being a man of fair 
education, and naturally of an ob- 
serving and correct mind, there are 
few who understand more clearly 



BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



699 



the wants of the country tlian he 
does, or that are more willing to aid 
m an}-- measure for the further de- 
velopment (if the country or the 
general good of her citizens. In 
politics he has voted with the whig 
and the republican parlies, but 
claims the right to vote only for 
such men as arc " honest and capa- 
ble," and clear of the use of all 
intoxicating liqu&rs as a beverage, 
lie is, and has been from his birth, 
a member of the religious society of 
friends, and is esteemed by those 
who know him as a conscientious 
and consistent member. By occu- 
pation he has always been a farmer 
— one from choice and not from cir- 
cumstance. Ilis good eye, fine 
taste, and natural love for domestic 
animals, induced him early to en- 
gage in breeding fine horses, cattle 
and hogs. Having been engaged in 
breeding tliorouyh bred cattle for 
nearly tivculy-five years, he may 
now be considered one of the pio- 



neers in this State of this branch of 
scientific agriculture. The numer- 
ous sales he has made gives him an 
enviable reputation not only in this 
State, but in nearly all the Western 
States, as a good judge, and as a 
conscientious and reliable dealer. 
He is a warm friend of education on 
general principles, but especially 
that kind known as agricultural 
educaiion, or such education as will 
make agriculturalists generally in- 
telligent, and will induce farmers 
and their sons and daughters to re- 
spect farming, and enable them to 
pursue it in the light of science. 
His farm known as " Crescent Hill," 
from its peculiar shape, lies within 
three miles of the place of his birth, 
on the west side of White Lick 
creek, north of the Indianapolis, 
Terre Haute & St. Louis railroad. 
His farm, buildings and general im- 
provements are among the best in 
the country, and show his energy 
and taste as a farmer. 



AMOS S. EYANS. 



In the spring of 1800, Richard 
Evans emigrated from Kentucky, 
and settled in Highland county, 
Ohio, where Amos S. Evans, his 
son, was born May sixteenth, 1816. 
Richard Evans was an extensive and 
successful farmer, and trained his 
son to the same occupation. The 
son, however, was born to be a mer- 
chant; and, in 183G, at the early age 
of twentj', in obedience to an in- 
stinct wh ich had been manifest from 
boyhood, he formed a partnership 
with his brother-in-law, F. Evans, 
and embarked in business on his 
own account at Defiance, Ohio. In 
the fall of 1838, he removed to Hills- 
boro, Ohio, where for tweuty-flve 



years he prosecuted the retail dry 
goods trade with success. Having 
determined to seek a larger and 
more promising locality for trade, 
he removed, in the spring of 1860, 
to Fort Wayne with a view of en- 
gaging ultimately in the wholesale 
trade. For two years, while making 
arrangements to that end, he con- 
tinued the retail trade. At length, 
in August, 1862, in the dark days 
of the war, against the remonstran 
ces and amid the forebodings ot 
friends, he inaugurated the whole, 
sale dry goods trade of Fort Wayne. 
Wholesale grocery houses had ex- 
isted there for some years, but he 
was the pioneer of the dry goods 



700 



mSTOEY OF INDIAlfA. 



jobbing trade in Norlliern Indiana. 
Up to this time he has continued tlie 
same business, with constant and 
increasing success; and with the aid 
of several ■well-clioscn junior part 
ners, all young men trained in busi- 
ness by himself, he has established 
a house second to none in the State 
in standing or prosperity. 

Mr. Evans is eminently fitted for 
the business which he has pursued 
with such unvarying constancy from 
boyhood up. With the keenest 
powers of observation, cautious in 
the midst of danger, and yet bold 
to take advantage of the rising tide, 
he never fails to catch the favoring 
breeze, and yet has always been 
found with all sails furled when a 
Btorm came. 

During this long, active and labo- 
rious life, he has not been unmind- 
ful of other and higher interests, 
both public and private. lie is a 
man of extensive reading and cul- 
ture, and accurate general in form a^ 
lion. In 1854 he traveled in Eu- 
rope, and, in 185G, with his wife, 
made a second and more extended 
kour, embracing Europe, Egypt and 
Palestine. With many others of the 
Btate, he has been an active worker 
in behalf of prison reform. In 
1871 ho was appointed by Gov. Ba- 
ker one of the commissioners of the 
house of refuge for juvenile offend- 
ers. In all religious enterprises, 
and especially in the Sunday-school 
work of his city and State, he has 
been particularly active. In 18G7 



he bought a lot, and built on it a 
neat and suitable chapel, at his own 
expense, for a mission Sunday, 
scliool in a destitute part of Fort 
AVayne; and ht has personally su- 
perintended the school ever since 
with the exception of one j'car. In 
1872 he was president of the State 
Sunday-school union, and has rarely 
ever missed one of its meetings. 
For fourteen years he has been one 
of the officers of the Allen county 
Bible society, and was for several 
years its president. 

Upon the whole Mr. Evans' life 
has been one of great labor and 
activity, and at the same time of 
great usefulness, lie has shown 
how it is possible for a man to be a 
philanthropist, and a worker in all 
humane and christian cau.ses, and a 
systematic and successful business 
man on the lai-gest scale, at the 
same time. Ue has proved by his 
own example that a man may 
grow rich in trade and j^et be doing 
good all the while. Such examples 
are not as numerous as they should 
be, and they deserve to be noted 
when tliej^ occur. 

Mr. Evans was married September 
twelfth, 1843, to Mary Poage, of 
Greenup, Ky. She died December 
thirteenth, 1853. On Fcbruaiy 
eleventh, 1856, he was married to 
Sarah H. Hauna, of Fort Wayne, 
who is still living, and is a worthy 
co-laborer -^-ith her husband in all 
good works. 



COL. W. n. HOLLOWAY. 



Prominent among the enterpris- 
ing, energetic citizens who have 
contributed so largely to the mar- 
velous prosperity and development 



of Indianapolis, is Colonel W. II. 
Holloway, the postmaster. 

A sketch of ]\Ir. Ilolloway's life 
is necessarily brief, for the reason 



BIOGRArmCAL SKETCHES. 



701 



that it comprises but a few years of 
active manhood, although within 
their scope have been compressed 
as much zealous industry and prac- 
tical sagacious labor as marks the 
lives of a majoritj' of men who have 
lived out the full term of their 
alloted years. Col. Ilolloway was 
born in the city of Richmond, 
Waj'ne county, December Gth, 18:30, 
his father, the lion. D. P. Ilolloway, 
being then the editor and proprietor 
of the Richmond Palladium, one of 
the oldest and most influential 
weekly papers in Indiana, particu- 
larly while under Mr. Holloway's 
control. The father afterwards be- 
came the well-known Commissioner 
of Patents, in Mr. Lincoln's admin- 
istration. 

Young Plolloway served his ap- 
prenticeship in his father's oflicc, 
imbibing there those habits of ap- 
plied industry and enthusiastic love 
for the profession of a printer and 
editor that have clung pertinacious- 
ly to him through life. 

He finished his trade in the office 
of the Cincinnati Times, when that 
paper was in the zenith of its suc- 
cess and influence, under the man- 
agement of the late Calvin W. Star- 
buck. 

Returning to Indiana in 1858, 
he re-entered his father's oflice, 
remaining about a year, during 
which time he published a history 
of Richmond and the early sellle- 
xnent of Wayqx; county. 

Being married in the month of 
November, 1858, he concluded to 
enter the profession of law, and 
studied in the office of Morton &, 
Kibby, (Mr. Morton being his 
brother-in-law.) He was admitted 
to the bar in Wayne county in 1860. 
Hon. Oliver P. Morton was elected 



Lieutenant-Governor of the State in 
that year on the republican ticket, 
headed by Governor Lane, and the 
latter being elected United States 
senator, a tew daj's after his inaugu- 
ration, Morton succeeded to the 
gubernatorial chair. Col. Ilolloway 
was appointed his private secre- 
tary, remaining in the executive 
office until 1863, throughout two of 
the hardest years of Governor Mor 
ton's term, incident to the muster 
ing and equiping of thousands of 
troops before the work had devel- 
oped into anything like system. 

In this arduous labor. Col. Hollo- 
way, uniting industry, remarkable 
quickness of thouglit and action, 
and perception of things amount 
ing almost to unerring instinct, was 
of the greatest assistance to the 
Governor and to the State. Gov 
ernor Morton appreciated his abili- 
ties, and has ever relied largely 
upon him in the subsequent j-eara 
of his distinguished career. 

Leaving the Governor's office, 
Col. Ilolloway went into business 
in the citj' of New York, in which 
he was quite successful. The old 
love for a printing office, however, 
retained its hold upon him, and in 
1864 he purchased the Indianapolit 
Jmirnal establishment, remaining 
its sole proprietor and editor for 
over a year. He was unanimously 
nominated by the republican can- 
cus of the legislature for State 
printer, and elected, but resigned 
the office when he sold his interest 
in the Journal. Upon his retire- 
ment from the Journal, he re-enter- 
ed Governor Morton's office as con- 
fidential secretary, but in anotlicr 
year re-purchased an interest in the 
Journal, retaining an active partici- 
pation in the editorial control of 



702 



HISTORY OF mDIATTA. 



the paper until 1873. He was ap- 
pointed postmaster by President 
Grant in 1869, and reappointed in 
1872, retiring finally from the Jour- 
nal in til at year. 

His management of the Jmirnal 
was conspicuous in this, that he in- 
troduced most of the metropolitan 
features that now mark Indiana- 
polis journalism; the papers of the 
city prior to that time being deci- 
dedly "slow" in style. His admin- 
istration of the postoffice has been 
admirable in every respect, to the 
complete satisfaction of the citizens 
of Indianapolis and of the officials 
of the department. 



Col. ITolloway lias a quick, nerv- 
ous walk, dispatclies business rap- 
idly and correct]}', and is always 
readj^ and courteous to every de- 
mand made upon his time and pa- 
tience, llis friendships are of the 
warmest character, and for those he 
favors witli his confidence no ser- 
vice seems too exacting. 

A city full of such bustling men 
as Col. Ilolloway could remove 
mountains if tliey stood in the way 
of progress. In tlic character of 
sucli citizens must be found tho 
secrct of the almost supernatural 
advancement of the Iloosier mt». 
tropolis. 



WILLIAM MITCHELL. 



lie was born in Montgomery 
county, State of Ncav York, in Jan- 
uary, 1808. In 183G lie came to In- 
diana, and built a log cal)in in Ken- 
dallvillc, where he now resides. The 
place was then a wilderness for 
miles in every direction. lie was 
elected to the Indiana legislature 
in 1842. In ISGO he was elected to 
Congress, and was, during the war. 



a firm supporter of the Union. He 
raised many troops, and otherwise 
contributed means and labor to the 
nation's cause. He has been largely 
instrumental in promoting home 
public improvements. He organ- 
ized the First National Banic of 
Kcndallville in 18(!3, and was presi- 
dent of that institution until his 
death. 



WILLIAM P. EDSOX. 



He was born in !Mount Vernon, 
Indiana, May 14th, 1834, where he 
still resides. He studied law, and 
was admitted to the bar in 185G, at 
the age of twenty-two. He was 
elected from Posey county a mem- 



ber of the State legislature. In 1858, 
he was elected prosecuting attorney, 
and in 1860, clerk of the Posey cir- 
cuit court. He was appointed judge 
of the common pleas court by Gov. 
ernor Baker, in 1871. 



DE. ANDREW LEWIS. 



He was born on the nineteenth 
of April, 1813, in Lewisburgh, Pa. 
He early turned his attention to tlie 
study of medicine; completing his 
studies, he began the practice of 
medicine, and has lived a long life 



of usefulness, both in the practice 
of his profession, and in works of 
public improvement, ^e was also 
instrumental during the war, for the 
cause of the Union. He resides at 
Princeton, Indiana. 



BIOGBAFHICAL SKET0HE8. 

JOHN M. LOCKWOOD. 



703 



He was born in Westchester coun- 
ty, New York, in 1809. He moved 
to Indiana, with his father, in 1818. 
Being left an orphan when only a 
boy, he struck out on his own re- 
BOitrces and won success. After a 
long and successful business life, 



he settled down in Mount Vernon 
where he still resides. He was in 
strumental in organizing the Mount 
Vernon National Bank, and with 
the exception of two years, he has 
been its president. 



WILLAED CAKPENTEK. 

He was born in Stafford, Orange zens of that place, having lived a 



county, New York, on the fifteenth 
of March, 1803. He removed to 
Evansville, Indiana, in 1837, where 
he still resides. He is now one of 
^e oldest and most respected citi- 



long life, which has, in a great 
measure, been devoted to the inter- 
ests of the city with wonderful suc- 
cess. 



JOHN PUKDUE. 



Mr. John Purdue, who has en- 
deared his name to the people of 
Indiana as the founder of the Pur- 
due University of La Fayette, was 
born in Huntington county, Penn., 
in 1802. His native village, Ger- 
many, located between two small 
mountain ranges, presented, during 
the years of his minority, all the 
scenes and incidents of pioneer life. 
It was a German settlement, as its 
name indicates, and the early resi- 
dents were not blessed with any of 
the modern appliances that now 
lend a charm to farm life. Mr. Pur- 
due's father, Charles Purdue, was a 
poor, hard-working, honest pioneer. 
He lived in a log cabin eighteen b}' 
twenty feet, one story high, with a 
family of eight children. John, the 
subject of this sketch, was the only 
son. The other seven children were 
daughters. Times were hard in 
this pioneer settlement then, and 
Mr. John Purdue was early on the 
list of " hired help." At the age of 



eight years he was first sent to a 
country school, where he at once 
evinced his natural taste for intel- 
lectual culture. He made rapid 
progress in his elementary studies, 
and after a few years of great in- 
dustry, improving every opportu- 
nity, he became quite proficient in 
the English branches of study, and 
was himself called to the school- 
room as a teacher. 

After several years as a most use- 
ful and successful teacher, Mr. Pur- 
due, having partially lost his health, 
decided to exchange the profession 
for out-door exercise. During the 
years of his professional labors he 
had saved up a little money, be- 
sides supporting a large family, and 
now he went out into the world to 
try his luck at speculation. He vis- 
ited Marion county, Ohio, where he 
purchased a quarter section of land 
for nine hundred dollars, paying 
half down, and getting three yeara 
credit, without interest, on the bal- 



704 



aitrroBT of mmASA. 



ance. He at once went to fkrming 
and worked a portion of this land 
a year and a half. During the first 
fall on his new farm, the farmers 
of the neighborhood came to him 
and desired him to purchase all 
their hogs. He told them that he 
had no money, but they offered to 
trust, and urged him to take them 
to market. He accepted their offer 
and started to market with about 
four hundred hogs. This was his 
first great speculation in merchan- 
dise, and as with all others in which 
he has engaged, it was successful. 
He made over three hundred dollars 
on the trade, paid the farmers their 
price, and won their highest confi- 
dence and esteem. We make men- 
tion of this circumstance in his 
early life to show that no matter 
what he engaged in, the full confi- 
dence of the people around him 
was unconditionally extended. Nor 
did he ever abuse that confidence. 
We shall not follow Mr. Purdue 
step by step in his commercial life. 
It has been a magnificent success 
for the individual, but not less so 
for education in Indiana, as we 
shall see. He came to La Fayette 
in 1839 and opened a store of gen- 
eral merchandise iu connection with 
Moses Fowler. Soon after he struck 
out on his own accoont and has siace 

OHAKLES B 



accumulated a vast fortune, which 
has been freely distributed for be 
nevolent and educational purposes 
His commercial operations in New 
York city during the late civil war 
were characterized by wonderful 
business foresight, imflinching in- 
tegrity and substantial rewards, so 
much so that Mr. Purdue's name 
became a tower of credit in that 
city. He was truly the king of the 
produce merchants in that great 
metropolis during his business res- 
idence there. 

After his business relations with 
New York closed he returned to 
Lafayette, Indiana, where he re- 
sided until the time of his death. 
From his vast accumulations he 
endowed the Purdue University 
(agricultural college) with $150,- 
000, which was to be paid in ten 
annual installments. At the time 
of his death the greater part of 
this munificent gift had been paid 
and the balance secured by mort- 
gage upon valuable real estate in 
Warren county. He was a man 
well versed in the elements of 
practical knowledge, conversant 
with all standard English works, 
was pleasant in conversation, and 
fond of entertaining his friends. 
He died on the 12th day of Sep- 
tember, 1876. 

. LASSELLE. 



He was born at the town of Vin- 
cennes, this State, on the twelfth of 
October, 1819. He is descended 
from the old stock of French pio- 
neers, who explored and settled the 
Wabash valley, his father, the late 
General H. Lasselle, of Logansport, 
having been born, in 1777, at the 
Miami village, near the present site 
of Fort Wayne, at which his father 
was then located, with his family. 



as a government agent ; his mother 
being born at Vincennes in 1787, 
and the daughter of Major Francis 
Bosseron, who, at the head of a 
company of that place, assisted 
General Clarke in the capture of the 
British fort there in 1779. 

In the spring of 1833, he I'emoved 
with his father's family from Vin- 
cennes to Logansport, where he has 
ever since resided. 



BIOGRArniCAL SKETCHES. 



705 



In the spring anil summer of 1833 
he jiUc'iulcd scliool at what was 
called liie " Seminary." Tliis was a 
one story brick building? built as a 
school-liouse, but used for lioiding 
courts, elections, religious meetings, 
exhibitions, and public meetings 
pjonerally,^ and occasionally for a 
school. It was then the only school- 
house in Indiana north of the Wiv- 
bash river. 

In the fall of 1S3G he was sent by 
his fatlier to the State college at 
Bloomingtou. lie attended this 
college until the spring of lyCO, 
when, owing to a loss of health from 
a too close application to his stud- 
ies, he returned home. Shortl}-- af- 
terwards he commenced the study 
of the law in the office of the Hon. 
.D. D. Pratt, and was admitted to the 
Logansport bar in the fall of 1842. 
lie has continued in the practice at 
this bar, with more or less of inter- 
missions, ever since. 

In 1847 he was elected and com- 
missioned as prosecuting attorney 
of the county for the term of three 
years. About this time, and for sev- 
cral years, he assisted in publishing 
and editing the Logansport Tele- 
graph, a weekly newspaper, then 
conducted by his elder brother, 
Judge Lasselle, now of Washington 
City. 

In 18G2 ]\Ir. Lasselle received the 
nomination of the democratic party 
of Cass county for the office of rep- 
resentative to the State legislature. 
Although opposed by one of the 
ablest and best men of the State — 
the lion. D. D. Tratt, late United 
States senator, as the nominee of 
the republican party, which had 
carried the county at the last prc- 
>;eding election — yet such was the 
public confidence in Mr. Lasselle, 
coupled with his personal popular- 
-^ 45 



ity with the people, that he was 
elected by nearly 2o0 m;ijnrity 

In 18G4 he was again nominated 
hy the same party for tlie same posi- 
tion, and in the face of a determined 
opposition and a popular opponent, 
was re-elected by a huge majority. 
In 18GG he was again solicited l)y 
his party friends to become a can- 
didate for the same position, but de- 
clined. In 18G8 he was elected to 
the State senate from tlie counties 
of Cass and Fulton, which then 
composed the senatorial district 
Having resigned, with his party 
friends in the senate, at the regular 
session of 18G9, in order to prevent 
a quorum, and thus prevent a ratifi- 
cation of the fifteenth amendment 
without first taking the sense of the 
people upon that question, he was 
again returned to the senate by a 
large majority, at the following 
special election held for the elec- 
tion of senators. And having a 
second time resigned, with his party 
colleagues, at the special session of 
the same year, he was, at the regu- 
lar election of 1870, again elected 
for the third time to that position. 

]\Ir. Lasselle has for many years 
devoted considerable attention to 
the early history of the "VVab.ash 
valley. Having derived through his 
ancestiy many ancient and raredoc- 
uments and manuscripts, he has 
greatly added to them by years of 
diligent research and careful pre- 
ser\'ation, so that he now possesses 
a mass of such historical matter no 
where else to be found. He has fur- 
nished historical sketches for sev- 
cral localities in the State, and has 
otherwise contributed to the g'.-rieral 
history of the "Wabash valley. \Vo 
are informed, and trust that he may 
continue his services in this laucu 
able enterprise. 



70G 



mSTORY OF IXDIANA. 

PLINEY IIOAGLAND. 



TTc was 'boni on the thirty- first of 
July, liSlO, uoar New Pliihuicliihia, 
Oliio. Ho lias been a veiy jjionii- 
nciit citizen of Fort Wayne for 
nuuiy years, taking an active and 
inijiortant jiart in all railroad and 
canal rnd city improvements. In 
1851 Mr. Iloai^land was elected a 
member of the house of reiiresenta- 
tives of the Indiana legislature, and 
in 1803 a i»ember of the State sen- 
ate. Judge McCullough, after his 
appointment to the office of comp- 



troller of the currency, resigned his 
position as jiresident of the Fort 
AVayne branch of the bank of tlie 
State of Indiana, and accepted the 
appointment, resigned his seat ia 
the State senate, and held the posi- 
tion until the organization of the 
Fort "Wayne national l)ank, under 
the national baidiing law, when he 
declined the oiler of the presidency 
of the institution, but accejited the 
office of vice-president, which he 
still continues to hold. 



DAVID S. GOODING. 



lie was born in Fleming county, 
Kentucky, January twentieth, 1824. 
lie is a grandson of the late Colonel 
David Gooding, of Kentucky', and 
tlie eldest son of Asa Gooding, de- 
ceased. His father removed to Rush 
county, Indiana, in 1827, and to 
Hancock county, Indiana, in 1S3G, 
where Mr. Gooding has ever since 
resided. He was educated at the 
Indiana Asbury University, but the 
death of his father made it neces- 
sary for him to leave the university 
before graduating and return home 
and take charge of his father's fam- 
ily. "While at home he studied law, 
and was a licensed and practicing 
lawyer before he was twenty-one 
years of age. In 1847, when he was 
twenty-three years old, was elected 
to the State legislature from Han- 
cock county. In 1848 he was elect- 
ed prosecuting attorney of Han- 
cock county for three j-ears. In 
1851 he was elected prosecuting 
attorney for the Indianapolis cir- 
cuit for two j'eais, over Ex-Gov- 
ernor David Wallace. In 1852 
he was eljccted judge of the com- 



mon pleas court for the counties 
of Hancock and Madison for four 
years over Judge John Davis, of 
Aiaderson. In 1S5G he was elected 
a State Senator lYom Hancock and 
^ladison counties for four years 
over Judge H. II. Hall. In ISGl he 
was again elected common pleas 
judge for four 3'ears for the counties 
of Decatur, Hush, Henry, IVIadison 
and Hancock. In 1804 he resigned 
the judgeship and was nominated 
and elected a presidential elector, 
for the State at large on the union 
ticket. His name was at the head 
of the electoral ticket, and he Ciist 
his vote for Lincoln and Johnson. 
In January, 1805, President Lincoln 
nominateil him for a United States 
judgeship in New ]\Iexico, which 
nomination he declined, and the 
nomination at his special request 
was withdrawn after the senate ju- 
diciary committee had determined 
to recommend his confirmation by 
the senate. In June, 1805, he was 
appointed United States marshal 
for the District of Columbia by 
President Johnson, and was con- 



BIOGKAPniCAL SKETCnES. 



■07 



firmed by the United States senate 
in January, ISOf), and continued to 
gerve as United States marshal until 
after the inauguration of President 
Grant in ISHO, when lie resigned 
and returned home to Indiana in 
May, 18G9, and resumed the prac- 



tice of the law at Greenfield. In 
1870 he was unanimously nominated 
as the democratic candidate for 
congress, but not elected. lie again 
resumed the law practice in Green- 
field, where he has resided for more 
than thirty-six years. 



cle:\[. studebaker. 



He was born in Adams count}-, 
Pa., on the twelfth day of March, 
ISai. His father, John Studebaker, 
was a wagon maker, and built the 
first Studebager Avagon known to 
the world. At the age of four years 
Clement came with the family to 
Ashland count}', Ohio. At the age 
of twelve he was going to school 
and devoting all of his spare mo- 
ments in earning liis board. At 
fourteen he engaged himself to a 
farmer at two dollars per month and 
board. Tiring at this, he returned 
to his father's roof and began learn- 
ing liis father's trade, and at the age 
of twenty, with a few dollars in his 
pocket, he came west and stopped 
at South Bend witji only two dol- 
lars as his worldly capital. Failing 
to get employment at once, he cji- 
gaged in school teaching on Pal- 
mer's prairie. To keep ahead of his 



pujiils he had to devote much of his 
night time to study. In his teach- 
ing he gave good satisfaction, and 
made many life-long friends. In 
Fel)ruary, 1852, he formed a part- 
nership with his elder brother, 
Henry, under the firm name of H. 
& C. Studebaker, with a capital of 
sixty-eight dollars. This was the 
beginning of the great house of 
Studebaker Bros. Manufacturing 
Company, which is at this day tfie 
htrgest of its. kind in the world. In 
1809, the joint stock company as it 
now exists was formed, and Clem. 
Studebaker was made its president, 
which position he now fills. 

ilr. Studebaker has filled many 
positions of trust and responsibility 
in the county and municipal gov- 
ernments to the general satisfaction 
of all. 



JOni^ M. STUDEBAKEE. 



John Mohlcr Studebaker, the 
third son of John Studebaker, was 
born in Adams county. Pa., October 
tenth, 1833. His inheritance con- 
sisted in a good constitution, a 
ha;>py mental nature, and habits of 
probity, industry and economy, 
which, combined, form the best 
cajiital a young man can possess. 
At the age of twelve he began bus- 
iness on his own account by taking 



a contract to clear a swamp for the 
sum of twenty-six dollars, clearing 
at this ninety cents per day, which 
in those days was considered large 
wages. He soon after cleared thirty 
dollars by working a sugar camp, 
which earned him the name of the 
" boy contractor." In 1851, he came 
with the family to South Bend, and 
in the spring of 1852, he engaged 
himself to a German wagon maker, 



708 



mSTOKY OF INDIANA. 



but wliich was one year after brok- 
en. At this time tlie California 
fever was at its lieiglit, and Jolin, 
now in his eightccntli year, resolved 
to seek his fortune in tlic gold 
fields. lie traded the first wagon he 
ever made for passage to the Pacific 
slope, which wagon was the first 
Studebaker wagon ever seen in Cal- 
ifornia. At the end of the trip this 
wagon was the best one in the 
whole train and readily sold for 
three hundred dollars in gold. Ar- 
riving in Placerville, he at once 
procured employment with ]\Ir. II. 
L. Hines, (now an honored member 
of the Studebaker Brothers ]\Ianu- 
facturing Company,) and com- 
menced making wheelbarrows at 
twelve dollars apiece. In 1858, he 
returned to South Bend and pur- 
chased the interest of his brother 
Henry, (who retired to a farm near 
South Bend,) thereby becoming an 
equal partner with Clem, under the 
firm name of C. ifc J. M. Studebaker. 
Hi3 arduous labors in his business 



affected his health, and threatened 
him with a serious decline, so much 
so that he spent fifteen months in 
Europe with his wife, visiting Eng- 
land, France, Germany, Italy, Switz- 
erland, and Ireland. He returned 
fully recuperated, and in a physical 
condition to successfully meet all 
the stern vicissitudes of an active 
business life. i\Ir. Studebaker pos- 
sesses great mental and plij^sical 
endurance. His moral sentiments 
are well poised and his religious 
nature active. He is a consistent 
member of tlie Presbyterian church, 
and an active worker for, and a free 
giver to all works of true charity 
and benevolence. As a citizen he 
stands high, taking a lively interest 
in all public improvements and 
reforms. In social life he is pre- 
eminent; his friends are many, and 
foes are few or none. Mr. J. ]\I. 
Studebaker, in point of age, stands 
second in the firm, and fills the 
position of vice-president of the 
company. 



PETER E. STUDEBAKER. 



Tlie subject of this sketch, Peter 
Evans Studebaker, was born in 
Ashland county, Ohio, April first, 
1836. He is tlie fourth of the five 
sons of John Studebaker, and the 
only one who was not bred a wagon 
maker. In boyhood Peter mani- 
fested a strong ambition to become 
a successful business man, and soon 
developed marked abilities in that 
direction. At an early age he en- 
gaged with a brother-in-law, who 
was a merchant, with whom he 
stayed two years, when he started 
.vest, arriving in South Bend with a 
five frank piece in his pocket as 
hi3 sole moneyed capital. The day 



after his arrival, he engaged as a 
drj^-goods clerk, Avhich he retained 
for three years, with a constant in- 
crease in his salary. With a capi- 
tal of one hundred and fifty dollars, 
as the savings of his three years 
salary, he began business on his 
own account. Mounting a ped- 
dling wagon, he struck out into the 
country, in searcli of his fortune. 
Although meeting with many difli- 
culties and rebuffs incident to his 
avocation, he managed to add to 
his small beginning, the handsome 
sum of seven hundred dollars. At 
the age of twenty-one he married, 
discontinued his itinerancy, and in 



BIOOSAPmOAL SEET0HX8. 



709 



A.pril, 1866, opened a retail store at 
Goshen, Indiana. This he carried 
on with varied successes until 1860, 
when he engaged in selling wagons 
for his brothers, C. & M. In this 
he was eminently successful. He 
removed from Goshen to South 
Bend in 1863, and in the year fol- 
lowing, at the age of twenty-eight, 
he became an equal partner with 
his brothers, C. & J. M., the new 
firm organizing under the name of 
Studebaker Brothers. Leaving im- 
mediately for the west, he settled 
at St. Joseph, Mo., that being the 
great outfitting point for California, 
Oregon, Montana, Santa Fe, and the 



entire west He goon commanddd 
a large trade in the sale of their 
wagons for the plains, and the 
Studebaker wagon was favorably 
known throughout the whole west 
to the Pacific coast. He remained 
in St. Joseph until 1871, when he 
returned to South Bend, where he is 
now settled for life. 

Peter E. Studebaker possesses rare 
financial ability, strict integrity, 
indomitable will, and great endu- 
rance. He is the treasurer of the 
concern, which position he fllLs 
with credit alike to himself and the 
company. 



JACOB F. STUDEBAKER 



Jacob Franklin Studebaker, the 
fifth son of the family, and the 
junior member of the Studebaker 
Brothers Manufacturing Company, 
was born in Ashland county, Ohio, 
May twenty -sixth, 1844, and is con- 
sequently now in his thirty first 
year. At the age of eight, young 
Jacob followed with the family 
train to South Bend, but afterwards 
returned to Tifiin, Ohio, where he 
learned the trade of wagon and car- 
riage making with Peter Van Ness. 
Returning to St. Joseph county, he 



engaged three years at farming, be- 
fore becoming a member of the 
company. He is the secretary of the 
Studebaker Brothers Manufactur- 
ing Company, and has the sole 
charge of the carriage works, a post 
for which he is peculiarly fitted. 
No man in the west, perhaps, has a 
better knowledge of the wants and 
needs of the people in his specialty, 
and very few persons have better 
taste and judgement in all matters 
relating to the manufacture of fine 
carriage work. 



M. M. Moody. — He is a resident 
of Muncie, and is a prominent 
granger, 

S. C. Evans.— He is an active, 
prosperous and useful citizen of 
Fort Wayne. 

N. G. Olds. — He is a resident of 
Fort Wayne, and a leading manu- 
facturer of that place. 



D. H. Yeoman. — He is a resi- 
dent of Rensselaer, and one of its 
prominent citizens. 

M. L. Pierce. — He is a promi- 
nent citizen of Lafayette, and an 
old pioneer of that place. 

Mrs. Laura Sdttenfield. — She 
was one of the oldest — if not the 
oldest pioneer of Fort Wayne. 



710 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



GEN. BEN. HARRISON. 



General Harrison was born 
on the 20th day of August, 1833, 
at the house of his grandfather. 
President Harrison, at North 
Bend, Ohio. 

He received his earhest educa- 
tion at home, being instructed by 
a tutor employed in the family. 
At the age of fourteen years he 
was sent to Gary's Academy, near 
Cincinnati, where he remained 
almost two years. In the summer 
of 1850 he suffered the irreparable 
loss ef his mother. In the fall of 
that year he proceeded to Miami 
University, at Oxford, then under 
the presidency of Rev. W. C. An- 
derson, where he entered as a 
junior and graduated in June, 
1852, fourth in a class of sixteen. 
After a few months vacation. Mr. 
Harrison engaged in the study of 
law in the office of Storer & 
Gwynne, of Cincinnati, in which 
occupation he remained two years. 
In October, 1853, at the age of 
twenty years, he united in mar 
riage with Miss Carrie L. Scott, 
daughter of Rev. J. W. Scott, DD., 
of Oxford. There is issue of this 
marriage two children, both living, 
Russell B. and Mary S. Harrison. 

In March, 1854, Mr. Harrison 
settled in Indianapolis, Ind., with 
the small fortune of $800 inherited 
from the estate of a deceased aunt, 
Mrs. General Findly, of Cincin- 
nati. In this city he first entered 
the office of .John H. Rea, clerk of 
the District Court of the United 
States, and while engaged there 
was invited by Major Jonathan 
W. Gordon to assist in the prose- 
cution of the celebrated "Point 



Lookout " burglary case, being 
pitted against Governor Wallace, 
who represented the defense. 
When the youthful lawyer sat 
down and Gov rnor Wallace open- 
ed, the latter placed his hand on 
the young man's head and paid 
him a most graceful and merited 
compliment. Immediately Mr. 
Harrison was invited by William 
Wallace to a partnership and ac- 
cepted the invitation. The part- 
nership relations were of a very 
pleasant nature to both parties, 
and they founded a very success- 
ful business. In 1860 Mr. Wallace 
having been elected clerk of Ma- 
rion county Mr. Harrison formed 
a partnership with Mr. W. P. Fish- 
back, which union of interest con- 
tinued until H. entered the army. 

In 1860 Mr. Harrison was elected 
to the office of Reporter of the Su- 
preme Court of Indiana. During 
his term of otBce he got out two 
volumes of reports, 15th and 16th, 
and had nearly completed the 17th 
when he entered the military serv- 
ice. 

In July, 1862, just after a re- 
peated proclamation for troops was 
issued by President Lincoln, Mr. 
Harrison felt that the call was a 
personal appeal to his patriotism, 
and it occasioned a strong conflict 
within his breastas to what course 
he should take. He had just ob- 
tained a fair start in life, he was 
holder of a comfortable civil office, 
the husband of a young wife, and 
father of two little children, and 
the owner of a small cottage not 
more than half paid for. What 
should he do? Hifi course was 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



711 



decided by the folio ving incident 
recorded in his own words. " I 
went one day to see Governor 
Morton with Mr. Wallace, lo seek 
an appointment as lieutenant for 
a young man in the north part of 
the State. After getting through 
with this business Governor Mor- 
ton invited us to an inner apart- 
ment. He there spoke <■ t the call 
and that no response was being 
made thereto. The Governor seem- 
ed quite discouraged at the apathy 
of the people, and pointing over 
toward the Gallup block, where 
men were dressing stone, remarked 
that men were interested in their 
own business more than the safety 
of the Nation." I said right there, 
" Governor, if I can be of any 
service to my country, I am ready 
to go." He said, "you can; you 
can raise a regiment in this dis- 
trict." He went on to say, "You 
have a good office and it would be 
too much to ask you to give it up; 
but you get up the regiment and 
we can find some ' ne else to take it 
to the field." I said, "No; if I make 
a recruiting speech and ask any 
man to enlist, I propose to go with 
him and stay as long as he does if 
I live so long." "Well," said the 
Governor, " you can command the 
regiment." I said, " I don't know 
that I shall want to. I have no 
military experience ; we can see 
about that." After this converea- 
tion Mr. Harrison proceeded np 
the street with Mr. Wallace, bought 
a military cap ; they got out hand 
bills for a war meeting at Masonic 
Hall, hired a drum and fife and 
hung a flag out of his office win- 
dow. Mr. Harrison took out a 



second lieutenant's recruiting com- 
mission, and raised and took the 
first company (A) of the seven- 
teenth regiment into camp, and in 
less than thirty days from the date 
of the first ri-cruiting commission, 
he was in Kentucky with 1,010 
men. This was the first regiment 
in the field under the call. Gen. 
Harrison continued in the army 
until 1SG5, when he was mustered 
out as Brevt. Brigadier General. 
IMeanwhile, in the fall of J8G4, he 
was re elected Reporter of the Su- 
preme Court, and was offered a 
place in the law firm of P rier & 
Fishback, which then took tlie 
name of Porter, Harrison & Fish- 
back. Since that time Gen. Har- 
rison has been closely identified 
with the practice of law, remain- 
ing with Mr, Porter and in com- 
pany with Judge Hines, after Mr. 
Fishback assumed the editorial- 
ship of the Jovrnal, and afterwards 
becoming the head of the present 
firm of Harrison, Hines & Miller. 
Gen. Harrison united with the 
Presbyterian Church in Oxford, in 
the year 1853, and has been ever 
since 1860 an elder in the I'lrst 
Presbyterian Church of Indianapo- 
I's His career as a soldier is 
stainless, his practice as a lawyer 
is extensive, brilliant and success- 
ful, and as a public speaker no one 
is more convincing and eflfect- 
ive. 

By universal consent the Re- 
publicans of the State settled on 
General Harrison as their candi- 
date for Governor in 1876, the 
Centennial year, but as the State 
went Democratic, he was defeated 
by Gov. Williams. 



712 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



DANIEL DARWIN PRATT. 



Hon. Daniel Darwin Pratt, one 
of the distinguished men of In- 
diana, was born a Palermo, in the 
State of Maine, October 24, 1813. 
He was educated at Cazenovia 
Seminary, New York, and Hamil- 
ton College, and graduated at the 
latter in 1831. His scholastic at- 
tainments were extensive, and at 
an early age he became distin- 
guished as an able and eloquent 
public speaker. He was selected 
to fill the place of one of the pro- 
fessors of Madison University in 
1831, and afterwards read law at 
Cazenovia. He emigrated west to 
try his fortune in a new country, 
and traveled a considerable por- 
tion of the journey to Cincinnati 
on foot. He taught school at 
Rising Sun in 1832, and subse- 
quently entered the law oflBce of 
Calvin Fletcher at Indianapolis. 
He located as an attorney- at law 
at Logansport in 1836, where he 
remained till the close of his life. 
Logansport was then but a back- 
woods village, and the county in 
which it was situated (Cass) had 
been organized only seven years 
previously. He rapidly grew into 
favor among the people, and soon 
became recognized as one of the 
ablest lawyers in Northern Indi- 
ana, and maintained till the time 
of his death a position in the 
front rank of his profession. He 
was nominated for Congress by 
the Whig party of his district in 
1847, but was defeated by Charles 
Caihcart. In 1847 he was a Presi- 
dential elector. In 1851 and 1853 



he was elected to the Legislature, 
and was one of the ablest and 
most efficient members of the 
House. He was chosen secretary 
of the Republican National Con- 
vention at Chicago in 1860, .which 
nominated Mr. Lincoln for the 
Presidency. In 1863 he received 
the unanimous nomination for 
United States Senator, but his 
party being in the minority, he 
was not elected. In 1868 he was 
elected a Representative in Con- 
gress by a large majority, and in 
January, 1869, was promoted to 
the Senate of the United States. 
During his six years term in the 
Senate he was a member of the 
Claim and Pension Committees, 
and rendered eflicient and impor- 
tant service to the Ciovernment. 
At the close of his senatorial term 
in 1875 he was appointed by Presi- 
dent Grant Commissioner of In- 
ternal Revenue, but resigned in 
1876, after a faithful term of ser- 
vice of about eighteen months. 
This was the last official position 
he held under the Government, 
and it may be said that he dis- 
charged all the public duties to 
which he was called in the most 
efficient and faithful manner. He 
died at his residence in Logans- 
port on the 17ih of June, 1877. 
Indiana can lay claim to but few 
men of superior merit and nobler 
instincts. He sustained an un- 
blemished character through life, 
and was universally regarded as a 
man of the strictest integrity and 
honesty. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



713 



JAMES D. WILLIAMS. 



James Douglas Williams was 
born in Piqua county, Ohio, Jan- 
uary 16, 1808. His ancestry were 
Scotch-Irish and Welsh English. 
His ancestors came to this country 
about .the middle i.if last century 
and settled in Virginia. They 
were agriculturists by profession, 
and the subject of this sketch, a 
worthy and honorable descendant 
of the ancient stock, has followed 
their footsteps in this most im- 
portant line of business. He was 
raised on a farm and received only 
what is known as a backwoods 
country education. This he has 
turned to a good practical account 
by his habit of reading and reflec- 
tion, and his keen perception and 
personal observation. His first 
entrance upon public life was in 
1837 in the capacity of j>istice of 
the peace. He was elected a rep- 
resentative in the State Legislature 
in 1843, 1847, 1851, 1856 and 1868, 
and to the State Senate in 1858, 
1862 and 1870. He was a delegate 
to the National Democratic Con- 



vention at Baltimore in 1872, and 
was nominated by the Democrats 
in 1873 as a candidate for the Uni- 
ted States Senate against Oliver P. 
Morton. He was elected in 1874 a 
Kepresentative in Congress by a 
majority of 7,848 votes. He took 
his seat in Congress in December, 

1875, and served through the long 
session, which continued till the 
middle of the fo lowing August. 
Before the close of this session of 
Congress he had been nominated 
by the Democratic party of his 
State for Governor. He resigned 
his seat in Congress and entered 
upon a vigorous canvass of the 
State, and was elected in October, 

1876, Governor, receiving a ma- 
jority of more than 5,000 votes 
over his competitor, General Benj. 
F. Harrison. He entered upon the 
duties of the gubernatorial office 
January 4, 1877. His term of office 
will expire January, 1881. Forhis 
official acts, see administration of 
Governor Williams in another part 
of this work. 



JOSEPH E. McDonald.* 



Hon. Joseph E McDonald was 
born in Butler county, Ohio, Au- 
gust 29, 1819, was taken to Indiana 
in 1826, was apprenticed to the 
saddler's trade at Lafayette, was 
two years in college, but did not 
graduate ; studied law, and was 
admitted to the bar in 1843, and 
commenced practice; was prose- 
cuting attorney in 1843-47 ; was 
elected to the Thirty-first Congress 
from the Eighth District of In- 



diana, was elected Attorney Gen- 
eral of Indiana in 1856 and re- 
elected in 1858; removed to In- 
dianapolis in 1859 ; was the suc- 
cessful Democratic candidate for 
Governor of Indiana in 1864 ; was 
elected to the United States Senate 
as a Democrat to succeed Daniel D. 
Pratt, Republican, and took his 
seat March 5, 1875. His term of 
oflace will expire March 3, 1881. 



^^,'14 



■ Congressional Directory. 



7U 



HISTORY OP INDIANA. 



SCHUYLER COLFAX. 



He was born in the city of New 
York. Marcli '23, 1823. In 1836 he 
emigrated with his mother and 
stepiatlier west to tlie St. Joseph 
River Valley and settled at New 
Carlisle. In 1845 he established 
at South Bend the St. Joseph Val- 
ley Register, a weekly newspaper, 
of which he continued editor and 
publisher for many years In 1848 
he was chosen a delegate to the 
Whig National Convention at 
Philadelphia. In 1850 he was 
elected a member of the Indiana 
State Constitutional Convention. 
In 1S51 he was the Whig candidate 
for congress in his district, but was 
defeated by a small majority. In 
1852 he was a delegate to the Whig 
National Convention at Baltimore, 
and was chosen its secretary. In 
1851 he was elected a Representa- 
tive to Congress, and was re elect- 
ed for the next six consecutive 
terms, making altogether fourteen 
years of uninterrupted congression- 
al service. He was elected Decem- 
ber 7, 1863, Speaker of the Thirty- 



eighth Congress, and was re elect- 
ed Speaker of the Thirty-ninth 
and Fortieth Congresses. In 1868 
he was elected Vice President of 
the United States on the ticket 
with General Grant as President, 
and served out the full four years 
of the office. 

In 1870 he wrote a letter declar- 
ing it his purpose, at the close of 
his term of office, of retiring from 
public life, but in 1872 his name 
was again presented to the Repub- 
lican National Convention at Phil- 
adelphia as a candidate for the 
nomination for Vice President, 
and he received 314J votes, which, 
being less than a majority, he fail- 
ed to receive the nomination, it 
being conferred upon Henry Wil- 
son, of Massachusetts, who re- 
ceived 3481 votes. Mr. Colfax is 
still in the prime of life, active 
and energetic, and has for several 
years devoted much of his time to 
public lecturing. He continues to 
reside at South Bend, Indiana. 



ROBERT DALE OWEN. 



Robert Dale Owen was a son of 
Robert J. Owen, a celebrated Eng- 
lish reformer, who was born in 
1771 and died in 1858. He was 
born at New Lanark, near Glas- 
gow, Scotland, November 7, 1801, 
His early years were spent at New 
Lanark, under the care of a pri- 
vate tutor. In 1816 he entered 
Fillenberg's school at Hofwyle and 
remained there for more than 
three years. 



He came to the United States 
with his father in November, 1823, 
and remained at New Harmony, 
Indiana, for some time. In 1828 
he undertook, in partnership with 
Mrs. Frances Wright, at New 
York, the publication of a weekly 
paper called the Free Enquirer, and 
continued its publication about 
three years. He removed to New 
Harmony, Indiana, where he was 
three times (1835-8) elected a 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



715 



member of the Indiana Legisla- 
ture. He was elected to Congress 
in 1843 and re-elected in 1845, 
serving till 1847. While in Con- 
gress he took a leading part in the 
settlement of the Northwest 
boundary dispute. Reintroduced 
the bill in 1845 organizing the 
Smithsonian Institute, and be- 
came one of its regents in 1846, 
and was chairman of the building 
committee. In 1850 he was elect- 
ed a member of the State Consti- 
tutional Convention, and appoint- 
ed chairman of its revision com- 
mittee. He was one of the ablest 
and most industrious members of 
the Convention, and to his efforts 
are due many important provi- 
sions in the fundamental law of 
the State. It is mainly due to his 
efforts in that Convention that in- 
dependent rights of property were 
secured to women. 

In 1853 he was appointed charge 
d'affaires at Naples, and in 1855 
was minister to Naples, which po- 
sition he held till 1858. In 1860 
he and Horace Greeley discussed 
the question of divorce, which ob- 
tained a circulation of 60,000 
copies. 

During the late civil war he was 
a firm supporter of the Union and 
advocated the policy of emancipa- 
ting the slaves. In 1863 he pub- 
lished an address showing the evil 
consequence that would result 
from reconstruction with New 
England left out, but there never 
was any real cause for alarm re- 
quiring fciuch publication, as the 
question of leaving New England 
out was never seriously entertain- 
ed. The Union League, of New 



this address, and that of Philadel- 
phia 25,000 copies. 

He was a firm believer in the 
phenomena called Spiritualism, 
and boldly and ably advocated its 
doctrines. Mr. Owen inherited the 
communistic notions of his illus- 
trious father, who had failed in 
numerous attempts to carry the 
system into practical operation, 
and failed likewise in his attempts 
to accomplish a similar purpose. 
His scholastic attainments were of 
the highest order, and his mind 
was richly stored with general 
knowledge. He was endowed 
with remarkable ability, and when 
tested by his numerous undertak- 
ings and achievements he may be 
justly regarded as one of the great- 
est as well as best men the State 
of Indiana has ever claimed. 

The following is a list of his 
principal works : "An Outline of 
the System of Education at New 
Lanark," published at Glasgow in 
1824 ; "Moral Physiology," New 
York, 1831; "Discussion with 
Origin Bachelor on the Personaltv 
of God and the Authenticity of 
the Bible," 1832 ; "Hints on Public 
Architecture," with 113 illustra- 
tions, 1849 ; "Footfalls on the 
Boundaries of Another World," 
1860; "The Wrong of Slavery and 
the Right of Emancipation," 1864; 
"Beyond the Breakers," a novel. 
1870; "The Debatable Land Be- 
tween this World and the Next," 
1872 ; "Threading My Way," be- 
ing 27 years of autobiography, 
1874. 

He died at Lake George, New 
York, January 24, 1877, in the 
76th year of his age * 



York, published 50,000 copies of 

* We are indebted to Appletou's new Americau Eocylopedia for many of the facts con- 
tained in tbia Biography, 



716 



HISTORY OP INDIANA. 



THOMAS A. HENDKICKS. 



He was born in Muskingum 
county, Onio, September 7th, 1819; 
was educated at Hanover College, 
studied law and completed his 
legal studies at Chambersburg, 
Pa., in 1843; settled fn Indiana 
and practiced his profession with 
success. In 1848, he was elected 
to the State legislature, and de- 
clined a reelection; was an active 
and useful member of the consti- 
tutional convention of 1850; and 
was a representative in Congress 
from Indiana, from 1851 to 1855. 
He was appointed by President 
Pierce, in 1855, commissioner of 
the general land office, in which 
he was continued by President 
Buchanan until 1859, when he 
resigned He was subsequently 
elected a senator in Congress for 
the long term, commencing in 
1863, and ending 1869, serving on 
the committees on claims, public 
buildings and grounds, the judi- 
ciary, public lands, and naval 
afifairs. From 1869 to 1872, he 
practiced the law profession at 
Indianapolis. In 1872 he was 
elected governor of the State of 
Indiana. 

He served out his full term 
which expired January, 1877. He 
was a prominent candidate for 
nomination to the presidency be- 
fore the Democratic National Con- 
ven'ion, which as-sembled at St. 
Louis June 27, 1876, and received 
133| vot€S on tlie first ballot. The 
nomination was given to Samuel 
J. Tilden, of New York, on the 
second ballot. Mr. Hendricks 
was then nominated as the Demo- 
cratic candidate for Vice-Prosi 



dent, receiving on the first and 
only ballot 730 vote© out of the 
total number of 738 cast by the 
convention. 

At the presidential election in 
November, Mr. Tilden au'i Hen- 
dricks received nearly a quarter 
of a million majority of the votes 
cast by the people, and 184 of the 
electoral votes, lacking only one 
of being enough to elect. 

The States of Louisiana and 
Florida gave majorities on the 
popular vote for the Democratic 
electors, the former by over 8,000 
votes, yet, through the action of 
the Returning Boards the electoral 
votes of these States— 12 altogeth- 
er — were cast for the Republican 
electors, which were counted for 
Hayes and Wheeler, electing them 
by a majority of one electounl 
vote The action of the Returning 
Boards of the disputed States was 
held by the Democratic party to 
be arbitrary and illegal. Much 
excitement for a time prevailed 
throughout the country, and 
serious apprehensions were en- 
tertained regarding a peaceable 
settlement of the dangerous ques- 
tion, but the general drift of 
public sentiment was conservative 
rather than partisan, and the 
plan proposed in Congress of re- 
ferring the matter in dispute to a 
joint commission composed of 
five Senators, five Represen'-atives 
and five judges of the Supreme 
Court of the United States, met 
with a favorable response from all 
parts of the country, and was 
adopted, after a protracted and 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



717 



animated debate, by a large ma- 
jority in both Hous&s. 

The joint cotntnission thus or- 
ganized entered at once upon the 
delicate and responsible duty 
conferred upon them by the act 
of congress in deciding which 
were the lawful electoral votes of 
the States in dispute. 

It was the belief and expecta- 
tion of the friends and tupporters 
of Mr. Tilden and Hendricks that 
the electoral commission would 
make an investigation of the 
returns and decide which set of 
electors received the popular ma- 
jority and were duly chosen by 
the people. This they decided 
not to do by a vote of 8 to 7. 

The first State reached in the 
count, whose electoral vote was in 
dispute, was Florida, which was 
decided in favor of the Republi< an 
electors by the adoption of the 
following resolution, offered by 
Commissioner Garfield: 

Eesolvecl, That the four persons, 
to-wit: Frederick G. Humphreys, 
Charles H. Pearce, William A. 
Holden and Thomas W. Long, 
were appointed electors of Presi- 
dent and Vice President for the 

John Hough. — He was an active 
and successful business man of 
Fort Wayne. He died in Febru- 
ary, 1875. 

E. T. Cox — He is a man of 
scientific attainments, and is well 
known as the State Geologist of 
Indiana. 

J. H. Bass. — A citizen of Fort 
Wayne, and president of the Bass 
Foundry and Machine Works, of 
Fort Wayne. 



State of Florida, and that the 
votes cast by the aforesaid four 
persons are the voles provided for 
by the constitution. 

This resolution was adopted by 
yeas, 8; nays, 7. 

A similar decision was reached 
in the Louisiana case, and the dis- 
puted vote in Oregon given to 
Hayes and Wheeler, electing them 
to the respective offices of Presi- 
dent and V^ice-President of the 
United States by a majority of one 
electoral vote. 

The whole country peaceably 
acquiesced in the verdict of the 
electoral commission, ard Mr. 
Hayes and Wheeler were installed 
in ofBce on the 4th of March, 1877. 

Mr. Hendricks crossed the At- 
lantic in the year 1877, and made 
a tour through several of the 
countries of Europe, returning 
after an absence of several months. 
He is now engaged in the practice 
of his profession at Indianapolis. 
His numerous friends throughout 
the West regard him as the prob- 
able Democratic cardidpte for the 
Presidency of the United States 
in 1880. 

Col. S. S. Bass. — He is a brother 
of J. N. Bass, of Fort Wayne. He 
bore a grand part in the war for 
the Union. Deceased. 

John Southerland. — He is a 
resident of LaPorte. He was 
formerly president of the State 
Board of Agriculture. 

John T. Scott. — He is a promi- 
nent member of the Terra Haute 
bar, and formerly a judge of the 
court of that county. 



718 



HISTORY OP INDIANA. 

J. Iv. EDGEIITON. 



II<' '.v:is liMiii in Vers^'t'iiiu^s, Ver- 
mom., Fil unary sixtcoiitli, 1818. Ho 
studied l;iu- and was admitted to tlic 
bar in is:!!l. He rcruovL-d to Fort 
Wavnt', Iniliaiia, in 1844, and lias 
sinci' Ix'cn a iir(iniin(.'nt citi/on of 
that plan'. Ii<; lias bei'ii extensively 
engaged lor tbc benefit of railroad 



enterprises in northern Indiana. He 
was elected a member of the thirty- 
eiiThth Conijress, in which he served 
M-itli considerable distinction. He 
Inis aecuninlated a fair fortune, and 
is now principally engaged atteud- 
intr to its demands. 



GODLOYE S. ORTII. 



lie was born near Lebanon, Pa., 
April twejity-second, 1817; was 
educated chietly at the Pennsyl- 
vania Collcire, Gettysburg; studied 
law, and came to the bar in 18o9, 
locating in Indiana. In 1843 and 
184(! iie was elected to the State 
senate, serving six years in all, 
and one year as president of that 
body ; was a presidential elector 
in 1848; was a member of the 
" peace congress " of 18G1 ; and in 
18G"2 he was elected a representative 
from Indiana to the thirty-eighth 
congress, serving on the committee 
on foreign affairs. In 18'J2, when a 

JAMES N. 

Hon. James N. Tyner is a resi- 
dent of Peru, Indiana, a lawyer by 
profession. He was for many years 
in the United States postal detect- 
ive service, fjr which lie proved 
himself eminently fitted 

He v\ as elected a Representative 
to the Furtyfirst Congress to serve 
out the unexpired term of Hon. 
D. D Pratt, and was re elected to 
the Forty second and Forty-third 
Congresses He served with dis 
tinction, and did great service in 
the Forty-.second Congress as 
chairman of the Committee on 
Postal Affairs. After the ||PXf)ira- 
tion of his term of service in the 
Forty-third Ccrngress he received 



call was made for men to defend 
Indiana from threatened incursions, 
he organized a company in two 
hours, was elected captain and 
placed in command of the United 
States ram " Horner," cruising the 
Ohio river, and doing mucli to res- 
tore quiet along the borders of Ken- 
tucky, Indiana and Illinois; also 
re-elected to the thirty-ninth con- 
gress, and to each subsequent con- 
gress down to the present time. 
Mr. Orth received the appointment 
as minister to Austria, March 
eleventh, 1875. 

TYNER. 

an appoii tmeiit to the very re- 
sponsible position of Second As- 
sistant Postmaster General, rice 
John L. Routt. He entered upon 
the duties of his office on the 7th 
day of March, 1877, and con- 
tinued therein until July 12, 1876, 
when he was appointed b\ Presi- 
dent Grant P.stmaster General, 
and served in that capacity till 
the accession of Mr. Hayes to the 
Presiden y, M^rch 4, 1877. Mr. 
Ha\ es appointed a new cabinet, 
but duly apppec»ating the past 
services and efh'iency of Mr. 
Tyner in the postal fervice, ten- 
dered him the appointment of 
First Assistat t Poetmaster General. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



719 



Mr. Tyner declined for gev- 
eral da\'s to awept an office which 
he had not sought for and which 
was subordinate to the one he 
held hefore, but through the 
urgett solicitation of the Presi- 
dent, the new Postmaster Gen- 



eral, aiid innumerable personal 
and political friends in various 
parts of 'he United States, he 
cuui^e .ted to the ajipnintn ent 
and entered upon the duties of 
the office, March 20, 1877. 



JAMES H. SMART. 



This distinguished educator was 
born in Center Harbor, New 
Hampshire, June 30, 1841. By 
diligent application and persever- 
ance aided by such educational 
advantages as he was able to com- 
mand, lie made extensive acquisi- 
tions in knowledge, and thus be- 
came fitted for that career which 
he since so nobly achieved. He 
taught school for several years in 
New Ilamiisliire, and came to 
Toledo, Ohio, in 1863, when he 
was employed as a teacher in 
responsible positions for two or 
three years. lie was elected sup- 
erintendent of the Fort Wayne 
schools in this State, in 1865, and 
Bince that time, has been for ten 
years a member of the State Board 
of Education. During six years 
of this time he was idemitied with 
the county schools as a member of 
"County Examiners" Association. 

He received the honorary degree 

Prop. C. E. Wright — He is a 
resident and practicing physician 
of Indianapolis, and a member of 
the faculty of the Medical College 
of Indiana 

C. Y. Patterson.— He is a resi- 
dent of Terre Haute, and promi- 
nent member of the bar of that 
city, and lately Judge of the Cir- 
cuit Court. 



of Master of Artr from the State 
University in 1871, and the same 
degree fnira Dartmouth College in 
1873. On account of his general 
knowledge and efficie; cy as an 
cducat r he wjiS elected in 1874 
State Superintendent of Public In- 
struction and re-elected in 1876 
and 1878. 

He was a member of the Educa- 
tional Committee of the State to 
represent its interests at the Cen- 
tennial Exhibition at Philadel- 
phia. Ilo was also appointed one 
of the assistant commissioners to 
represent the United States at the 
Paris International Exhibition in 
1878. Mr. Smart has won an en- 
viable reputation as a worker in 
the educational field, and his in- 
telligent and energetic manage- 
ment of our State educational 
interests places him in the front 
rank of those laboring in this 
noble cause. 

Austin H. Bkown — He is a 
prominent citizen of Indianapo is. 
Pie has held the office of Clerk of 
Marion county ; his term expired 
October 24, 1878. 

B. Trentman. — He was a suc- 
cessful business man of Fort 
Wayne. He founded the well 
known grocery establishment of 
Trentman & Sons of that city. 



720 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



Prof. J. A. Comingor. — He is a 
resident and practicing physician 
of Indianapolis, and is a member 
of tiie faculty of the Medical Col- 
lege of Indiana. 

Prof. Eichahd Owen. — He is a 
brother of the late Eobert Dale 
Owen, is well known as a scholar 
in natural science, and occupies 
the chair in that field of study in 
the Indiana State University. 



Prof. R. T. Brown.— He is well 
versed in geology and kindred 
sciences, and was one of the late 
professors in the Indiana State 
Medical College. He resigned this 
position, it is said, because the 
faculty of the school decided to 
exclude female students from the 
benefits of the institution. He re« 
sides at Indianapolis.) 



JOHN B. DILLON. 



John B. Dillon was born in 
Brooke county, Va , about 1807. 
When he was an infant his father 
moved to Belmont county, Ohio, 
and died when John was nine 
years old. He returned to Vir- 
ginia, and early became a 
printer. He remained in Virginia 
until he was seventeen years old 
and then went lo Cincinnati; he 
wrote several pieces of poetry and 
contributed to Ihe newspapers of 
that city. In 1834 he left Cincin- 
nati and located in Logansport, 
Ind., where he studied law and 
was admitted to the bar. He came 
to Indianapolis in 1842 or 1843 and 
filled the ofTicc of State Librarian 
for two terms. He became princi- 
pal deputy secretary of state, in 
1857, under Judge Test. It was 
mainly due to the exertions and 
perseverance of Mr. Dillon that 
Indiana owes her first State Agri- 
cultural Society. He was really its 
founder and filled the secretary- 
ship of the association for several 



;> ears. In 1859 he completed and 
published his second edition of 
the History of Indiana, a complete 
and creditable review of the pro- 
gress of public affairs in the state 
from 181G to 1856, (the work is now 
out of print). Previous to the pub- 
licat'on of the History of Indiana, 
he published, about 1842, "His- 
tcjrical Notes " He was also sec- 
retary of the Indiana Historical 
Society. 

About 18G3 Mr. Dillon removed 
to Washington City and for nine 
years had charge of the library of 
the interior department. He was 
clerk of the house committee on 
military affairs for two terms, 
during which time Hon. John 
Coburn was its chairman. 

During the last few years of 
Mr. Dillon's life he was engaged 
on a work which he only revealed 
the title to his friends. He was 
never married. He died January 
27, 1879. 



Note. — Ttie Mographei very mucli regrets that he was unable to obtain the necessary 
data for writing tlie biographies of those mentioned in the last two pages and therefore can 
only present mere mention of their names, places of residence, etc. 



BIOGRAPniCAL SKIJICHES. 



721 



Hon. S. K. Wolfe.— He is a 
resident of New Albany, and was 
a member of the forty-third Con- 
gress. 

Col Jas. S. Thompson — He is 
oolonel in the United States army, 
and professor of tactics in the Indi- 
ana State University. 

Mrs. Eliza Hanna. — Ste was 
one of the oldest pioneers of Fort 
Wayne. She is the widow of the 
late Judge Samuel Hanna, of Fort 
Wayne. 

John Roche. — He is an old 
pioneer resident of Huntington. 
He has been connected with many 
of the publfc improvements of his 
town, and is an enterprising citi- 
zen. 

Morton C- Hunter. — A resident 
of Bloomington, was born at Ver- 
sailles, Indiana, February 5, 1825. 
He is a lawyer by profession and a 
graduate of the law department of 
the State University. He was a 
representative in the State Legis- 
lature from Monroe county in 
1858, was Colonel of the Eighty- 



Prof. G. W. Mears — He is an 
old and reliable physician of Indi- 
anapolis, and a member of the 
faculty of the Medical College of 
Indiana. 

Prof. W. B. Fletcher. — He is a 
resident and practicing physician 
of Indianapolis, and is a member 
of the faculty of the Indiana State 
Medical College. 

Samuel Hanna. — He was for 
many years a prominent and use- 
ful citizen of Fort Wayne. He 
took an active part in all publie 
improvements, and died beloved 
by ail who knew him for hrs in- 
tegrity and ability. He was the 
most prominent pioneers of Fort 
Wayne. 

second Regiment of Indiana Vol- 
unteer Infantry, which he com~ 
manded till the fall of Atlanta, 
was brevetted Brigadier General 
"for gallant and meritorious ser- 
vices." He was a representative 
of the Forty-third and Forty- 
fourth Congresses, and re-elected 
to the Forty-fifth Congress. His 
term of office will expire March 4, 
1879. 



THE NEWSPAPER PRESS OF INDIANA. 

The press of Indiana has had a growth full equal to the 
development of her natural resources. Nor can we easily 
estimate the extent to which the general prosperity of the 
State is indebted to the efforts and influences of the local 
newspapers. These numerous publications embrace dailies^ 
tri-weeklies, weeklies, monthlies and quarterlies. Some of 
them have gained a national reputation. Prominent among 
these are the Indianapolis Daily Sentinel, the Indianapolis 
Daily Journal, and the Indianapolis Daily News. The first 
is the leading Democratic organ of the State, and the second 
the leading Republican, while the third occupies an independ- 
ent position. There are several other popular papers published 
at the capitol of the State, which are well patronized. Among 
these are The Herald, People, Sun, and the Indiana Farmer, 
all of which are weeklies. All the leading towns and cities 
in the State can boast of well conducted and ably edited news- 
papers, the larger places being supplied with one or more 
dailies. The newspaper fraternity of Indiana stand second to 
no other class in intelligence, go-ahead-a-tiveness and enter- 
prise, and their publications, perhaps, do more to enlighten 
and educate the masses than all other agencies combined. 

The following compiled from Geo. P. Rowell & Go's News- 
paper Directory for 1874, with addenda since that date, is a 
list of the newspapers published in Indiana. 



THE NEWSPAPER PRESS OF INDIANA. 



723 



Albion, New Era. — Published 
Thursdays; 23x33; subscription 
$1.50; established 1873; Samuel E. 
Alvord, editor and publisher. 

Anderson, Democrat. — Published 
Fridays ; Democratic ; 30x44 ; quar- 
to; subscription $2; established 
1871; M. J. Todisman & Pylcs, edi- 
tors and publishers; circulation 
about 656. 

Anderson, Herald. — Fridays; 
rep.; 8 p., 30x44; sub. $3; est. 
1868 ; Stephen Metcalf, ed. and pub. ; 
cir. 960. 

Angola, Steuben Co. liepublicnn. 
— Wednesdays; rep.; 4 p., 26x40; 
sub. $3; est. 1857; W. C. McGoni- 
gal, ed. and pub. ; cir. 1,080. 

Attica, Ledffer.-Thursdtiys ; rep.; 
4 p., 35-\38; sub. $2; est. 1850; 
Benj. F. Hcgler, ed. and pub.; cir. 
780. 

Auburn, Cou rier. — Th u rsd aj^ s ; 
dem.; 8 p., 30x44; sub. $3; est. 
1870 ; T. C. Mays, ed. and pub. ; cir. 
1867. 

Aurora, Dearborn Independent. — 
Thursdays ; rep. ; 4 p , 28x42 ; sub. 
|2;" est. 18G8; L. W. Cobb, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 415. 

Aurora, Farmer and Mechanic. — 
Saturdays ; dem. ; 8 p., 30x44 ; sub. 
$2; est. 1873; Thos. D. Wright & 
Sons, eds. and pubs. 

Aurora, News. — Wednesdays ; 4 
p., 24.\36; sub. %2\ est. 1873; Sam. 
Chapman, ed. and pub. 

Bedford, Banner. — Thursdays; 
dem.; 4 p., 25x37; sub. $1.50; est. 
1871; J. C. Carleton, ed.; Banner 
Print'g. Co., pub. ; cir. 533. 

Bedford, Independent. — Thurs- 
days; rep.; 4 p., 24x36; sub. $2; 
est. 1849; I, H. Thomas, ed. and 
pub. ; cir. 800. 

Bedford, Christian Record. — 
Monthly; 48 p. 8vo.; sub. $1.50; est. 



1843 ; Jas. M. Mathews, cd. and pub. ; 
cir. 8,167. 

Bloomfteld, Democrat. — Wednes- 
days; dem.; 4 p., 34x30; sub. $3; 
est. 18G8; W. P. Stropes, pub. aud 
prop.; cir. 550; oflicial paper. 

Bloomington, Deinocrat. — Satur- 
days; dem.; 8 p., 26x40; sub. ^l.SO; 
est. 1868 ; Tlios. C. Pursell, ed. and 
pub. ; cir. 500. 

Bloomington, Progress. — Wed. ; 
rep.; 4p., 25.x40; sub. $2; est. 1835; 
Wm. A. Gabc, ed. and pub. ; cir. 550. 

Bloomington, Indiana Student. — 
Semi-month]}'; 16 p., Svo. ; sub. $2; 
est. 1864; Jas. K. Beck, ed.; J. F. 
McGregor, pub. ; cir. 650. 

Bluffton, Banner. — Thursdays ; 
dem.; 4 p., 25x38; sub. $2; est. 
1849 ; Craig & Hacket, ed. and pub. ; 
cir. 650. 

Blupfton, Chronicle. — Fri. ; rep. ; 
8 p., 26x40; sub. $2; est. 1869; Jas. 
W. Ruckman, ed. and pub.; cir. 
432. 

Booneville, Enquirer. — Sat. ; 
dem.; 4 p., 25x38; sub. $1.50; est. 
1800; Wm. Swint, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 700. 

Booneville, Itepublican. — Sat. ; 
4 p., 24x33 ; sub. $1.25 ; est. 1873 ; D. 
D. Doughty, ed. and pub. 

Bourbon, Mirror. — Independent ; 
4 p., 26x40; sub. $2; est. 1871; I. 
Mattingly, ed. and pub.; cir. 550. 

Bowling Green, Archives. — 
Dem.; 4 p., 26x38; sub. $1; est. 
1869; Wm. Travis, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 420. 

Brazil, EcIm. — Thurs.; 4 p., 
25x38 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1873 ; Thomas J. 
Gray, ed. and pub. ; cir. 650. 

Brazil, Manvfacturer and Miner. 
— Thurs.: rep.; 8 p., 30x44; sub. 
$2 ; est. 1867 ; Miner Pub. Co., pub. ; 
S. B. Riley, business man. ; cir. 730. 



724 



mSTORT OF FNDLANA. 



BroO'KS'TOTJ, Reporter. — Tlnirs.; 4 
p. 22x32; sub. .$2; est. 1873; M. 11. 
Ingrim, eil. and pub.; largest circu- 
lation in Wliitc Co. 

Bkookvili-e, American. — Tliurs. ; 
4 p. 26.\38; sub. f2 ; est. 1851 ; C. W. 
Slivers, ed. and pub.; cir, 750; old- 
est established republicua paper iu 
Clinton Co. 

Brookvlli.e, Franklin Democrat. 
— Thurs. ; dem. ; 4 p., 2-L\30; sub. 
$2; est. 1839; C. B. Benlley, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 74G; ofticial paper. 

BnowKSTOWN, Bannci'. — Wed.; 8 
p., 2G.X40; sub. $1.25; est. 18G9; 
Wm. Frysiuger, ed. aud pub. ; cir. 
GOO. 

Bunker Hill, Our Village News. 
—Sat.; 4 p., 22x32; sub. $1.50; est. 
1873; Jasper H. Keys, ed. and pub. 

Bdtlek, News. — Fri.; 4 p., 22x32; 
sub. ?1.50; est. 1873; II. 11. Wcanier, 
ed. and pub. 

Cambiudge City, Tribune. — 
Thurs. ; rep. ; 4 p. 24x30 ; sub. 1 1 .50 ; 
est. 18G9; Harding, JMcClean & Tal- 
bot, pub. ; cir. 750. 

Canneltox, Enquirer. — Sat. ; 
dcm. ; 4 p., 24x32 ; sub. |2 ; est. 1870 ; 
E. E. Drum & Co., eds. and pubs. ; 
cir. 425. 

Cannklton, Reporter. — Sat. ; rep. ; 
4 p., 25x37 ; sub. $2; est. 1853 ; C. II. 
Mason, ed. ; ]\Irs. Isabella I). La 
Hunt, pub. and prop.; cir. 780. 

Centeuville, Odd Fcllmcit CJtron- 
icle.—Sat.; 4 p., 22.\32; sub. $1.50; 
est 1874; R.J. Strickland, ed. and 
pub. 

CENTiiE\aLLE, Wayne Co. C?iron- 
icle.—SAL; 4 p., 22x32; sub. $1.50; 
est. 1871 ; K. J. Strickland, ed. aud 
pub.; cir. 480. 

CiiARLESTO\VTf, Clark Co. Record. 
—Sat.; 4 p., 28x44; sub. $1.50; est. 
1869; W. 8. Ferrier, cd. and pub.; 
cir. 648. 



Cicero, Nc7o Era. — Tlmrs.; rep.; 
4 p., 22\32; sub. $1.50; est. 1871; 
Daniel Thorp, cil. and pub.; cir. 
420. 

Clinton, E.rponent. — Thurs.; in- 
dependent; 4 p., 2Gx38; sub, $2; 
est. 1874; Blacklcdge & Baker, eds. 
and pubs. 

CoLUMDiA City, Post. — Wed.; 
dem.; 4 p.,27.\43; sub. $2; est. 1852; 

E. W. Brown, ed. and pub.; cir. 
892; oflicial pajier. 

Coi.u.MiiiA City, Whitley Commer- 
cial.— '\\\\\xi.\ 4 p., 26.\44; sub. $2; 
est. 18G9; J. W. Baker, cd. and pub.; 
cir. G.50. 

Columbus, Bartliolomew Democrat. 
Fri.; dem.; 4 p., 28x42; sub. $1.50; 
est. 1870; Lyle & Finney, eds. and 
pubs. 

CoLUSiBUS, Republicari. — Thurs, ; 
4p.,2G.\40; sub. $2; est. 1872; Isaac 
M. Brown, ed. ; Brown & Bro., 
pubs.; cir. G50. 

CoNNEKSVii.i.K, Examiner. -yVciV ; 
4 p., 24x3G; sub. $2; est. 18G7; Jno. 
31. Iliggs, ed. and pub.; cir. 9G0. 

CoNNEKSviLLK, Times. — "Wed. ; 
rep.; 4 p., 24a3G; sub. $2; est. 1850; 
G. M. Link, ed. and pub.; cir. 9C0. 

CoKYUOii, Democrat. — Mon. ; dcm. ; 
8 p., 30x44; sub. $1.75; est. 1852; 
A. W. Brewster, cd. aud pub. ; cir. 
G24; official organ. 

CoKYDON, Rrpithlicnn. — Thurs. ; 
rep.; 8 p., 2G.\40; sub. $1.50; est. 
1SG8; Geo. AV. Self, cd. and pub.; 
cir. C45. 

Covington, Peoplc^^ Friend. — 
Thurs.; dcm.; 4 p., 24.x3G; sub. $2; 
est. 1831 ; E. C. Voris, ed. and pub.; 
cir. GGO. 

Covington, Republic. — Thurs.; 
rep.; 4 p., 24x34; sub. $2; est. 1872; 

F. M. Dice, cd. and pub.; cir. 480. 
CRAWFonDS^^LLK, Journal. — 

Thur.; rep.; 4 p., 26x40; sub. $2; 



THE KEWSPAPER PEESS OF INDIANA. 



725 



est. 1848; McCain & Talbot, eds. 
and pub.; cir. 1,080. 

Chawfordsvili.e, Jlecieto. — Sat. ; 
deni. ; 4 p., 28x44 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1843 ; 
Miller, Collins & Voris, eds. and 
pubs.; cir. 820. 

CuAWFOUDSvrixE, Saturday Eve- 
ninfjjaurmd.—^ p., 30x44; sub. $2; 
est. 1874; McCain & Talbot, ed. and 
pub. 

CuAwi<X)RDSViLLE, Star. — Tucs. ; 
4 p., 2Gx40; sub. $1.50; est. 1871; 
Jere Kccney, ed. and pub. ; cir. 753. 
Crown Point, Uerakl. — Wed. ; 8 
p., 2Gx40 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1872 ; Kow- 
ins & Wheeler, ed. and pub.; cir. 438. 
Crown Point, Register. — Tluirs. ; 
rep.; 4 p., 24x34; sub. $2; est. 1857; 
Frank S. Bedell, ed. and pub.; cir. 
500. 

Danville, Jlendricks Co. Union. 
Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 24x3G; sub. $2; 
est. 18G4 ; John N. Scarce, ed. and 
pub. ; cir. 750. 

Danville, Indianian. — Thurs. ; 
dcm.; 4 p., 20x40; sub. $2; est. 
1870 ; C. N. Walls, ed. and pub. ; cir. 
784. 

Decatur, Eagle. — Fri.; dcm.; 8 
p., 30x44; sub. $1.50; est. 1857; A. 
J. Hill, ed. and pub.; cir. 740. 

Decatcr, Uerald. — Thuis. ; dera. ; 
4 p., 22.M32; sub. $1; est. 1873; 
Chas. A. Black, ed. and pub. 

DEiJ^nr, Jourtuil- — Wed.; 4 p., 
2G.\40; sub. $2; est. 1830; Jas. B. 
Scott, ed. and pub. ; cir. 720. 

DELPni, Times.— Fri. ; dem. ; 4 p., 
26x40; sub. $2; est. 1845; M. R. 
Graham, ed. and pub.; cir. 635. 

EDiNBtTRon, Chronicle. — Thurs.; 
4 p., 22x32; sub. $1.50; est. 1873; 
Jacob Clouse, ed. and pub. 

EDINBL^lG^, Watchman. — Thurs. ; 
4 p., 25x37; sub. $1.50; est. 18G8; 
A. M. Ernsbcrger, ed. and pub. ; cir. 
680. 



EowARDsrORT, Age. — Sat.; 4 p., 
22x30; est. 1874; Carl. Bray field, ed. 
and pub. 

Elkhart, Eeoiew.—BaWy ; rep.; 
4 p., 20x26 ; sub. $5 ; est. 1873 ; Chase 
& Kent, eds. and pubs. 

Elkhart, Review. — Thurs. ; rep. ; 
4 p., 2Gx39; sub. $1.50; est. 1859; 
Chase & Kent, eds. and pubs. ; cir. 
1,040. 

Elkhart, Democratic Union. — 
Fri. ; dem. ; 4 p., 28x44 ; sub. $2 ; est 
1805; D. W. Sweet, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 744. 

Elkhart, Observer. — Wed.; rep.; 
4 p., 28x44; sub. $2; est. 1872; Ed- 
ward & Emma Malloy, eds.; Mal- 
loy & Brush, pub. ; cir. 800. 

Ellittsville, Republican. — 
Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 22x32; sub. 
$1.50; est. 1872; H. S. McCallough, 
ed. and pub. ; cir. 380. 

Evansville, Courier. — Daily and 
weekly; dem; 4 p., 25x37; daily, 
sub. $10; Aveekly, $1.50; est. 1864; 
S. D. Terry & Co., eds. and pubs. ; 
cir., weekly, 2,500. 

Evansville, Demokrat. — Daily 
and weekly; German; 4 p., 28x42; 
sub., daily, $8; weekly $2; est. 
18G4; F. Saunstein, ed. and pub.; 
cir. daily 1,080; weekly 2,150. 

Evansville, Herald. — Daily ; 4 
p., 21x30; sub. $6: est. 1873; Wm. 
T. King, ed. and pub. 

Ev.vnsville, Journal. — Daily and 
weekly; daily 8 p., 28x40; weekly 
8 p., 28.X42; sub., daily, $12; weekly 
$1.50; est. 1831; Evansville Journal 
Co., eds. and pub.; cir. daily 2,757; 
weekly 3,024. 

EvANS^^LLE, Union. — Daily and 
weekly; German ; daily 4 p., 25x38; 
weekly 8 p., 28.v42; sub. daily $8; 
weekly $2; est. 1851; I. Esslinger, 
cd.andpub. ; cir. daily 865; weekly 
1480. 



726 



HISTOKT OF INDIANA. 



Ft. Wayne, Gazette. — Daily and 
weekly; daily 4 p., 2Gx38; weekly 
8 p., 32x45; sub. daily $9.G0; weekly 
$1.75; est. 18G3; Gazette Print. Co., 
ed. and pub. 

Ft. Wayne, Sentinel. — Daily and 
weekly; dem.; daily 4 p., 2(3x39; 
weekly 27x43 ; sub. daily $9 ; weekly 
f2; est. 1833; Dumm & Fleming, 
ed. and pub.; cir. dail}' 950; weekly 
1,440. 

Ft. Wayne, Indiana Staatz Zei- 
tung. — German; tri-weekly and 
weekly; tri-weekly 4 p., 24x30; 
weekly 29x42; sub. tri-weekly $4; 
weekly $2; est. 1857; J. G. Sarnig- 
haussen, ed. and pub. ; cir. 420 and 
1,250. 

Ft. Wayne, Journal. — Sat.; rep.; 
4 p., 28x44; sub. $2; est. 1869; Tay- 
lor & Fairbank, eds. and pubs. ; cir. 
740. 

FowLEK, Central Clorion.-Thms. ; 
4 p., 2Gx39; sub. $1.50; est. 1873; 
D. McA. Williams, ed. and ]>ub. 

Francisville, Pulaski Gvard. — 
Sat.; 4 p., 22x31; sub. §1.50; est. 
1874; J. Albert Winegardcu, ed. 
and pub. 

Frankpout, Clinton Ilepuhlican 
Banner. — Thurs. ; 4 p., 25x38; sub. 
$1.75; est. 1863; Fletcher Meredith, 
ed. and pub. ; cir. G56. 

Frankfort, Crescent. — Wed. ; 
dem.; 4 p., 28x42; sub. $1.75; est. 
1851; E. H. Staley, ed.; Crescent 
Co., pub. ; cir. 933. 

Franklin, Democratic Herald. — 
Fri.; dera.; 4 p., 24x34; sub. $1.50; 
est. 1859 ; M. R. Slater, ed. and pub. ; 
cir. 580. 

Franklin, Jeffersonian. — Thurs. ; 
rep. ; 8 p., 26x40 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1850 ; 
H. C. Allison, ed. and pub.; cir. 
900. 

Galveston, Journal. — Thurs.; 4 
p., 16x22; sub. $1.50; est. 1873; Ed- 
gar A. Johnson, ed. and pub. 



Galveston, Times. — ^Thurs. ; 8 p., 
22x32; sub. $1.50; est. 1873; S. E. 
D'Forest, ed. and pub. 

Goshen, Democrat. — Wed.; dem.; 
4 p., 26x39; sub. $2; est. 1837; 
Murray & Beane, ed. and pub.; cir 
1,094. 

Goshen, Times. — Thurs. ; rep. ; 4 
p., 27x34; sub. $2; est. 1855 ; Wm. 
M. Starr, ed. and pub. ; cir. 9G0. 

Gosport, Tribune. — Tues. ; 4 p.. 
22x31; sub. $1.50; est. 1873; J. 'I. 
llarner «& Co., ed. and pub. 

Grandview, Monitor. — Thurs.; 4 
p., 22x30; sub. $1.50; est. 1867; J. 
L. Hatfield, ed. and pub. 

Green Castle, Banner. — Thurs. ; 
rep. ; 4 p., 25x38 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1852 ; 
Geo. J. Langsdale, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 792; official city paper. 

Green Castle, Indiana Press. — 
Wed.; dem.; 4 p., 24x36; sub. $2; 
est. 1858 ; Howard Briggs, ed. and 
prop.; cir. 1,075; official county 
paper. 

Greenfield, Hancock Democrat. 
— Thurs.; dem.; 4 p., 24x36; sub. 
$1.50; est. 1860; Wm. Mitchell, ed. 
and pub. ; cir. 704. 

Greenfield, News. — Sat.; 4 p., 
24x30; sub. $1.50; est. 1874; L. E. 
Rumrill & W. T. Walker, eds.; 
Walker & Co., pub. 

GiiEENSBtniG, Decatur Press. — 
Sat.; rep.; 4 p., 20x40; sub. $2; est. 
18G8; M. Zorger, ed. and pub.; cir. 
480. 

Oreensburg, Standard. — Wed. ; 
rep.; 4 p., 26x40; sub. $2; est. 1835; 
J. C. McKec, ed. and pub.; cir 940; 
official paper of county. 

Hagerstown, Friendly Visitor. 
—Wed.; neutral; 4 p., 22x32; sub. 
$1; est. 1873; Visitor Pub. Co., ed. 
and pub. ; illustrated. 

Hartford City, Cowner.-Thurs.; 
4 p., 24x36 ; sub. $1.50; R. G. Steele> 
ed.; J. E. Williamson, pub. 



THE NEWSPAPER PRESS OF INDIANA. 



727 



Hartfokd City, News. — Fii.; 
rep.; 4 p., 24x3G ; sub. $1.50 ; est, 
1873 ; Jno. M. Ruckman, cd. and 
pub.; cir. 577 ; official county paper. 

Hebron, Sun.—^iii.; 4 p., 20x2G ; 
sub. $1 ; est. 1873 ; J. B. Peterson, 
ed. and pub.; cir. 250. 

HuNTiNGBUKG, Signal. — Thurs.; 
German ; 4 p., 24x3G ; sub. $1.50 ; 
est. 1867 ; Signal Co., ed. and pub.; 
cir. COO. 

Huntington, Indiana Uei-ald. — 
Wed.; rep.; 4 p.. 28x43; sub. $2; 
est. 1848 ; John F. Moses & Co., eds. 
and pubs.; cir. 800. 

Indianapolis, Evening Journal. 
Daily ; 4 p., 22x33 ; sub. $5 ; est. 
1871 ; Indianapolis Journal Co., ed. 
and pub.; cir. 3,250. 

Indianapolis, Journal. — Daily 
and weekly Fri.; rep.; 8 p., 31x44; 
sub. daily $12; weekly $2; est. 
1824 ; Indianapolis Journal Co., ed. 
and pub.; cir. daily 7,200 ; weekly 
8,000. 

Indianapolis, News. — Daily and 
weekly Wed.; independent ; 4 p., 
daily, 23x31 ; weekly 24x3G ; sub. 
daily $5 ; weekly $1 ; est. 18G9 ; Jno. 
n. Holiday, ed. and pub.; cir. daily 
4,920; weekly 233. 

Indianapolis, Sentinel. — Daily 
and weekly Tues.; independent ; 8 
p., 32x43 ; sub. daily $10 ; weekly 
$1.50 ; est. 1838 ; Indianapolis Sen- 
tinel Co., ed. and pub.; cir. daily 
4,600 ; weekly 9,800, estimated. 

Indianapolis, Telegraph. — Daily 
and weekly Fri.; German; rep.; 
daily 4 p., 26x39 ; weekly 8 p., 30x43 ; 
sub. daily $10; weekly $2; est. daily 
18G5 ; weekly 1868 ; Guttenburg Co., 
ed. and pub.; cir. daily 1,250; 
weekly 1,000. 

Indianapolis, SoutTiside. — Fri. ; 4 
p., 22x32; sub. $1.50; est. 1873; 
Southside Print. Co., ed and pub. 



Indianapolis, IJnion, — Daily; 4 
p., 22x30; sub. $5; est. 1840; Indi- 
anapolis Typographical Union, ed, 
and pub. 

Indianapolis, Indiana DeutscTu 
Zeitung. — Sun.; 8 p., 30x44; sub. 
$2; est. 1874; Chas. B. Lizeus, ed, 
and pub. 

Indianapolis, Indiana Farmer. — 
Sat. ; agricultural ; 8 p., 28x42 ; sub. 
$2; est. 1865; J. G. Kingsbury A 
Co., eds. and pubs. ; largest circula 
tion of its class in Indiana. 

Indianapolis, Indiana Volksblati 
Sat.; German; dem.; 4 p., 25x38. 
sub. $2.50; est. 1848; Julius Boot 
ticker, ed. and pub.; cir. 1,180. 

Indianapolis, 3fanvfacturers and 
Real Estate Gazette. — Sat.; 16 p., 
11x16; sub. $2; est. 1873; Gazette 
Co., ed. and pub.; illustrated. 

Indianapolis, People. — Sun.; in- 
dependent; 8 p., 32x41 ; sub. $2; est. 
1870; Heed, Sliellman & Schley, 
eds. and pub. ; cir. G250. 

Indianapolis, Sun. — Sat.; rep.; 
4 p., 30x46; sub. $2; est. 1873; Jno. 
O. Uardcsty, ed. and pub. 

Indianapolis, Sunday Herald. — 
Sun.; 8 p., 31x44; sub. $2.50; est. 
1872; Geo. C. Harding, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 3,000. 

Indianapolis, Spottvogel. — Sun. ; 
German; liumorous; 8 p., 27x39; 
sub. $2; est. 1866; Guttenburg Co., 
pub. ; cir, 2,500. 

Indianapolis, Zukunft. — Thurs. ; 
German; independent; 8 p., 30x43; 
sub. $3; Guttenburg Co. ed. and 
pub.; cir. 2,880. 

Indianapolis, BenlMvi's Musical 
Review. — 28 p, 9x12; sub. $1; est. 
1866 ; II. L. Benham, ed. and prop. ; 
cir. 6,083. 

Indianapolis, India,na Church- 
man. — Monthly; 4 p., 10x23; sub. 
50c.; est. 1873; D. B. ^luxt, pub. 



728 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



Indianapolis, Educationist. — 
Monthly; 20 p., 8x11; sub. $1; est. 
1873; Shortridge & Brown, eds. and 
pubs.; cir. 2,200. 

Indianapolis, Indiana Journal 
of Medicine. — Monthly; medical; 
64 p. oc; sub. $3; est. 1870; Thad. 
M. Stevens, M. D., ed. and pub. ; cir. 
500. 

Indianapolis, Indiana School 
Journal. — Monthly ; 48 p. oc. ; sub. 
$1.50; est. 1856; W. A. Bell, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 4,1GG. 

Indianapolis, Little Sower. — 
Monthly; 32 p., 7x10; sub. $1 ; est, 
1865; W. ^Y. Dowling, ed. and pub. 

Indianapolis, Masonic Advocate. 
—Monthly ; 16 p., 25x38 ; sub. $1.25 ; 
est. 1868; Martin H. Rice, P. G. M., 
ed. and pub. ; cir. 4,800. 

Indianapolis, Odd Fellows^ Talis- 
man. — Monthly; 56 p. oc. ; sub. $2; 
est. 1867; B. F. Foster, ed.; Foster 
& Reynolds, pubs. ; cir. 5,500. 

Indianapolis, Little Chief. -Quvlt. 
terly; 16 p., 7x10; sub. 30c.; est. 
1867; W. W. Dowling, pub. 

Jamestown, Commercial. — Wed. ; 
independent; 4 p., 24x36; sub. $2; 
est. 1873; F. B. Rose, ed. and pub. 

Jasper, Courier. — Fri,; dem. ; 4 
p., 20x36; sub. $1.50; est. 1868; 
Clement Doaue, cd. and pub. ; cir. 
280. 

Jeffersonyille, Evening News. 
— Daily except Thuis. and Sun. ; 4 
p., 14x20; sub. $5; est. 1872; Reu- 
ben Daily, ed. and pub. ; cir. 496. 

Jekfersonville, National Demo- 
crat. — Thurs. ; dem.; 6 p., 15x23; 
sub. $1.50; est. 1854; R. Daily, ed. 
and pub. ; cir. 736. 

JoNESBORO, Herald. — Thurs. ; 4 
p., 24x36; sub. $1.50; est. 1872; N. 
W. Weddington, ed. and pub. ; cir. 



Kendall viLLE, Standard.-YIe^.\ 
rep.; 4 p., 27x44 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1863 ; 
C. O. Myers, ed. and pub.; cir. 580. 

Kentland, Gazette. — Thurs.; rep.; 
4 p., 24x36 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1800 ; Jno, 

B. Conner, cd. and pub.; cir. 580. 
Knioiitstown, Banner. — Thurs.; 

rep.; 4 p., 24x36 ; sub.$l ; est. 1867 ; 
John A. Deem, ed. and pub.; cir. 
650. 

Knightstown, City Chronicle. — 
Tues.; 4 p., 24x34 ; sub. $1.50 ; est 
1870 ; J. C. Riddell, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 560. 

Knights VILLE, Clay Co. Enter- 
prise. — Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 25x38; 
sub. $1.50: est. 1872; Luther Wolfe, 
ed. and pub. ; cir. 566. 

Knox, Stark Co. Ledger. — Thurs. ; 
dem. ; 4 p., 23.\35 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1866 ; 
O. Musselman, ed. and. pub.; cir. 
420. 

KoKOMO, Democrat. — Thurs. ; 4 p., 
25x38; sub. $1.50; est. 1869; J. F. 
& J. O. Henderson, eds. and pubs. ; 
cir. 1,250. 

KoKOMO, Tribune. — Tues.; rep.: 
4 p., 28x43; sub. $1.75 ; est. 1851 ; T. 

C. Philips & Sons, eds. and pubs.; 
cir. 1,472. 

Ladoga, Herald. — Thurs.; 4 p., 
22x32; sub. $2; est. 1866; W. H. 
Boswcll, ed. and i)ub. ; cir. 380. 

La Fayette, Ct^iimr. — Daily and 
weekly Tues.; rep.; 4 p., 28x43; 
daily $10; weekly $2; est. 1845; W. 
S. Liuglc, ed. aud pub.; cir. daily 
1,500 ; weekly 1,600. 

La Fayette, Journal. — Daily and 
weekly Fri.; rep.; 4 p., 28x42; sub. 
daily $10 ; weekly $1 ; est. 1829; S. 
Vater, ed. and pub. 

La Fayette, Despatch. — Daily 
and weekly Thurs.; dem.; 4 p., 28.\42; 
sub. daily $8 ; weekly $2; est. 1869; 
J. C. Dobelbowcr, ed. aud pub. 



THE NEWSPAPER PKESS OF INDIANA. 



729 



La Fayette, Sunday Morning 
Ledger. — Independent ; 8 p., 30x44 ; 
sub. $2.50; est. 1874 ; Jno. A. Carr, 
ed. and pub. 

La Grange, Standard. — Thurs.; 
rep.; 4 p., 28x44 ; sub. if 3 ; est. 18G7 ; 
Jno. U. Rerick, ed.; C. L. Griffin, 
pub.; cir. 837. 

La Porte, Argus. — Thurs.; dera.; 
4 p., 28x45 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1809 ; II, 
E. Wadsworth, ed.; Wadsworth & 
Kessler, pub.; cir. 1,250. 

La Porte, Ilerald. — Sat.; rep.; 4 
p., 30x44 ; sub. $4 ; est. 18G8 ; Ucr- 
aid Co., ed. and pub.; cir. 2,400. 

Lawrenceburg, Democratic Iteg- 
ister. — Thurs.; dcm.; 4 p., 20x40; 
sub. $2; est. 1843; Ed. F. Sibley, 
ed. and pub.; cir. 1,300. 

Lawrenceburgu, Press.-Thwrs.; 
rep.; 4 p., 20x40 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1SG4 ; 
J. P. Che'iN', ed. and pub.; cir. 1,109. 

Leavenworth, Craxcford Co. 
Democrat. — Thurs.; dem.; 4p.,24x3G; 
sub. $1.50 ; est. 1871 ; Thos. K. Van- 
zandt, ed. and pub.; cir. 570. 

Leavenworth, Independent. — 
.Wed.; 4 p., 24x30; sub. $1.50 ; est. 
1809 ; Robt. E. Ryan, ed.; Indepen- 
dent Pub. Co., pub.; cir. 800. 

Lebanon, Patriot. — Thurs.; rep.; 
4 p., 24x30 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1858 ; 
W. C. & D. W. Gerard, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 750. 

Lebanon, Pioneer. — Fri.; dcm.; 4 
p., 24x30 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1852 ; B. 
A. Smith, ed. and pub.; cir. 020. 

Liberty, Herald. — Thurs.; rep.; 
4 p., 24x30 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1851 ; C. 
W. Stivers, ed. and pub.; cir. 708. 

LiGONiER, National Banner. — 
Thurs.; dem.; 4 p., 20x39 ; sub. $2 ; 
est. 1800 ; J. B. Stoll, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 1,212. 

LoGANSPORT, Star. — Daily and 
weekly Sat.; 4 p., daily, 22x33; 



weekly 32x45 ; sub. weekly $2 , est. 
1873 ; Smith & Hall, eds. and pubs. 

LoGANsroRT, Journal. — Sat.; rep.; 
4 p., 30x47 ; sub. $2 , est. 1849; 
Bryer, Hunt, Dague & Co., pubs.; 
cir. 1,530. 

LoGANsroRT, Pharos. — Wed.; 8 
p., 30x44 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1844 ; Ru- 
fus Magee, ed. and prop.; cir. 1,440. 

LoGANSi'ORT, Sun. — Tliurs.; 8 p., 
30x44 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1873 ; Dan. II. 
Bennett, ed. 

Lowell, Star. — Sat.; rep.; 8 p., 
20x39 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1872 ; E. R 
Beebe, ed. and pub.; cir. 470. 

Madison, Courier. — Daily and 
weekly AVcd.; rep.; daily, 4 p., 
24x30 ; weekly 32x48 ; sub. $10 and 
$2 ; est. daily 1848, weekly 1837 ; M. 
C. Gurber & Co., eds. and pubs.; cir. 
daily 700, weekly 1,440. 

Madison, i'royjrss. — Semi-weekly 
and weekly Thurs.; dem.; semi- 
weekly, 4 p., 22x30 ; weekly, 8 p., 
30x40; sub. .$2.50 and $2; est. 1871 ; 
N. IManville, ed. and pub.; cir. 300 
and 1,000. 

Marion, Clwonicle. — Thurs.; rep., 
4 p., 28x43; sub. $2; est. 1807; 
^Marshall F. Tingley, ed. and prop.; 
cir. 800. 

;Marion, Democrat. — Thurs.; 8 p., 
30.\44 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1871 ; L. A. & 
J. L. Wallace, eds. and pubs.; cir. 
800. 

JMarion, Weekly Monitor.-'lhnvs.; 
independent ; 8 p., 20x44 ; sub. $2 ; 
est. 1SG8 ; J. S. Jennings, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 5(!0. 

JVIartinsville, Morgan Co. Gor 
zette. — Sat.; independent; 4 p., 
25x38 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1850 ; E. W. 
Callis, ed. and pub.; cir. 750. 

^Iartinsville, Morgan Co. He- 
publican. — Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 20x40; 
sub. $1.50 ; est. 1870 ; Bain & Smock, 
eds. and pubs.; cir. 780. 



730 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



Michigan City, Enterprise. — Fii.; 
rep.; 4 p., 2Gx40 ; sub. |2 ; est. 
18G6 ; Thos. Jcruegaa, etl. aud pub.; 
cir. 580. 

MiSHAWAKA, Enterprise. — Sat.; 
rep.; 4 p., 28x44; sub. |1.50 ; est. 
1854 ; Jcrnegan & Carpenter, eds. 
and pubs.; cir. 912. 

Mitchell, Commercial. — Thurs.; 
rep.; 4 p., 24x34 ; sub. $3 ; est. 18GG ; 
E. S. Mclntire, ed. and pub.; cir. GOO. 

MoNTiCELLO, ConstitutiotiaUst. — 
Fri.; dem.; 4 p., 2Gx40 ; sub. $2 ; 
est. 18G6 ; J. W. McEweu, ed. aud 
pub.; cir. 250. 

MoNTiCELLO, Herald. — Thurs.; 
rep.; 4 p., 20x40 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1SG2 ; 
W. J. Hull; ed. and pub.; cir. 300. 

MooKESViLLE, Enterprise. — 
Thurs.; 4 p., 24x85 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 

1872 ; Macy & Burke, eds. aud pubs.; 
cir. 420. 

Mount Vernon, Democrat. — 
Thurs.; 4 p., 25x36 ; sub. $2 ; est. 
1867 ; Tom. Collins, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 650. 

Mount Vernon, Republican. — 
Thurs.; 4 p., 25x38 ; sub. $2 ; est. 
1871 ; C. L. Prosser, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 6G0. 

MuNCiE, Democrat. — Thurs.; 4 p., 
24x3G ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1870 ; Col. 
Williams, ed. and pub. 

MuNCiE, Indiana Granger. — 
Thurs.; 8 p., 26x40 ; sub. $1.50; est 

1873 ; N. F. Ethell, ed. and pub. 
MuNCiE, News. — Thurs.; 4 p., 

28x45 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1872 ; N. F. 
Ethell, ed. and pub.; cir. 560. 

MuNCiE, Times. — Thurs.; rep.; 4 
p., 30.X45 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 18G1 ; 
Brady & Mellette, eds. and pubs.; 
cir. 2,249. 

Nashville, Jacksonian. — Thurs.; 
dem.; 4 p., 22x28; sub. 1.50; est. 
1870; G.W.Allison, ed. and pub.; 
Cir. VK). 



New Albany, Ledger Standard. 
— Daily and Aveelcly Wed.; dem.; 
4 p., daily, 24x3G ; weekly 29x46 ; 
sub. $10 and $2 ; Ledger Standard 
Co., ed. and pub.; cir. daily 1,000; 
weeivly 3,850 ; ollicial pajx'r. 

Newcastle, Courier.— Yy\.; rep.; 
8 p., 28x42; sub. $1.50; est. 1841; 
Pleas & Rogers, eds. and pubs.; cir. 
1,923. 

New Castle, I'imes. — Thurs.; 
rep.; 4 p., 28x42 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 
18G5 ; Hialt & Parker, eds. aud 
pubs.; cir. 773. 

New Harmony, Register. — Sat.; 
dem.; 4 p., 22x32 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 
1867 ; C. W. Slater, ed. and pub.; cir. 
500. 

New Haven, Palladium. — Fri.; 
4 p., 23x35; sub. $1.50; est. 1873; 
T. J. Foster, ed. and pub.; cir. 340. 

NOBLESVILLE, Ledger. — Fri.; rep.; 
4 p., 25x38 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1871 ; 
Wm. Bodcnhamer, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 900. 

North Maxciiesteu, Manchester 
Republican. — Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 
22x32 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1865 ; M. E. 
Pleas, ed. and pub.; cir. 320. 

North Vkrnon, Plaindealer. — 
Tues.; rep.; 8 p., 26x40; sub. $1.50; 
est. 1864 ; K A. Connor, ed.; W. G. 
Norris, pub.; cir. 1,130. 

North Vernon, Sun. — Wed.; 
dem.; 4 p., 24x36; sub. $1.50; est 
1872 ; J. N. Marsh, ed. and pub.; cir. 
783. 

Notre D.\me, Ave Maria. — Sat., 
Catholic ; 24 p., 7x10 ; sub. $3 ; est 
1864 ; Notre Dame Universitj--, ed. 
and pub.; cir. 7,000. 

Notre Dame, Scholastic. — Sat; 
8 p., 21x30 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1866 ; 
Notre Dame University, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 440. 



THE NEAVSPAPER PRESS OF INDIANA. 



731 



Osgood, liipley Co. Journal. — 
Thurs.; 4 p., 23x35 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 
18GG ; l\. N. Pa pet, ed. aiul pub. 

OxFOUD, Tribune. — Wed.; rep.; 4 
p., 22x33 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1805 ; A. Cow- 
gill, ed. and pub.; cir. 587. 

Paoli, American Eagle. — Thurs.; 
dem.; 4 p., 22x32 ; sub. $1 ; H. & J. 
TV. Comingore, eds. and pubs.; cir. 
360. 

Pexdleton, Retjister. — Tliurs.; 
rep.; 4p.,24x3G; sub.$l; est. 1872; 
T. B. Deem, ed. and pub.; cir. G50. 

Peru, Miavii Co. Sentinel. — 
Tliurs.; dem.; 4 p., 30x42; sub. $2; 
est. 1848 ; W. B. Loughridge, ed. aud 
pub.; cir. 1,275. 

Peku, liepublicnn. — Fri. ; rep.; 4 
p., 28x43; sub. ^2; est. 185G; G. I. 
Reed, ed. ; Reed & Sinks pub. ; cir. 
1,280. 

PETEiiscuRon, Pike Co. Demo. 
erat.—Sat; 4 p., 26x40; sub. $1.50; 
est. 1870 ; Demott & Knight pubs. ; 
cir. G20. 

• Petersburgh, Press. — Sat. ; rep.; 
4 p., 2Gx40; sub. $1.50; est. 18C9; 
M. Krcbs, ed. and pub. ; cir. 57G. 

Plainfield, Citizen. — Sat. ; 4 p., 
22x30; sub. $1.50; est. 1873; Jno. 
N. Vestal ed. and pub. 

Plymouth, Democrat. — Tliurs. ; 4 
p., 20x40; sub. $3; est. 1855; Van 
Valkenburgli & Geddes, eds. and 
pubs.; cir. 773. 

Plymouth, MarsTmll Co. liepubli- 
ca«,.— Thurs. ; 8 p.; 30x44; sub. $2; 
est. 185G; Jno. Millikau, ed. and 
pub. ; cir. GOO. 

Portland, Commercial. — Thurs. ; 
rep.; 4 p., 25x38; sub. $1.50; est. 
18G5 ; E. J. Marsh, ed. and pub. ; cir. 
648. 

Portland, Jai/ Co. Oranger. — 
Thurs.; dem.; 8 p., 26x40; sub. 
$1.50; est. 1871; W. W. Timmonds 
■\d. and pub. ; cir. COO. 



Princeton, Clarion. — Thurs.; 
rep.; 8 p., 26x40; sub. $2; est. 1846; 
A. J. Calkins, ed. aud pub. ; cir. 875. 

Princeton, Democrat. — Sat.; 4 p., 
26x40; sub. $2; est. 1861; Wm. H. 
Evans, ed. and pub. ; cir. 924. 

Remington, Journal. — Sat. ; 4 p., 
24x35; sub. $2; est. 1872; C. M. 
Jolinson, ed. and pub. ; cir. 400. 

Rensselaer, Union. — Thurs.; 
rep.; 4 p. 24x36; sub. $2; est. 1868; 
James & Healy, eds. and pubs. ; cir. 
560. 

Reynolds, White Co. Banner. — 
Fri.; indep.; 4 p., 20x36; sub. $1; 
est. 1871; J. E. Dunham ed. and 
pub.; cir. 160. 

Richmond, Independent. — Daily 
aud weekly; Sat.; 4 p., daily 22x32, 
weekly 26x40; sub. $6, and $2.50. 
est. 1873, and 1866; Magg & Cald 
well, pub. ; cir., weekly, 1,483. 

Richmond, Jlausfreund. — Sat. ; 8 
p., 28x42; sub. $3: est. 1872; M. 
"Waterman, ed. and pub. ; cir. 580. 

Richmond, Palladium. — Sat.; 
rep.; 4 p., 25x38; sub. $1.50; est. 
1831; B.W.Davis, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 680. 

Richmond, Telegram.-^Fn. ; rep. ; 
4 p., 30x46; sub. $2; est. 1863; Tel- 
egram Printing Co., eds. and pubs. ; 
cir. 2,000. 

Rising Sun, OJiio Co. Recorder. — 
Fri.; indep.; 4 p., 22x32; sub. $2; 
est. 1865 ; J. F. Waldo, ed. and pub. ; 
cir. 532. 

Roanoke, Register. — Sat; 4 p., 
24x36 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1872 ; Hiram 
D. Carll, ed. and pub.; cir. 350. 

Rochester, Sentinel. — Sat.; dem.; 
8 p., 30x44 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1852 ; A. 
T. Bitters, ed. and pub.; cir. 600. 

Rochester, Union Spy. — Thurs.; 
rep.; 8 p., 30x44 ; sub. $2; est. 1868; 
T. Major Bitters, ed. and pub.; cir. 
600. 



732 



HISIOEY OF INDIANA. 



Rockpout, Democrat. — Sat.; 4 p., 
25x38 ; sub. .$2 ; est. 1855 ; C. Jones, 
«d. and pub.; cir. 583. 

RocKi'ORT, Journal. — Tliurs.; 
rep.; 4 p., 25x39; sub. $1.50; est. 
18G1 ; J. Wj^tenbach, ed. and pub.; 
cir. COO. 

RocivPORT, Repnhlican. — Wed.; 4 
p., 28x42 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1872 ; S. 
E Kercheval & Co., eds. and pubs.; 
cir. 1,292. 

RocKViLLE, Indiana Patriot. — 
Thurs.; dem.; 8 p., 2Gx40 ; sub. $2 ; 
est. 1870; G. W. Collings, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 900. 

RocKViLLE, Eepublican. — "VVed.; 4 
p., 27x42 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1854 ; J. B. 
Cheadle, ed. and pub; cir. 1,104. 

RusnviLLE, Jacksonian. — Thurs. ; 
4 p., 24x36 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1867 ; 
Geo. H. Puntenney, ed. 

RusnviLLE, Republican. — Thurs.; 
4 p., 24x36 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1839 ; F. T. 
Drebert, ed. and pub.; cir. 600. 

Salem, Washington Co. Democrat. 
—Wed.; dem.; 4 p., 24x36; sub. 
$1.50 ; est. 1849 ; Stevens &, Cravens, 
eds. and pubs.; cir. 083. 

ScoTTsr.xiRGH, Scott Co. Demo- 
•ira«.— Wed.; dem.; 4 p., 22x32; sub. 
*1 ; est. 1872 ; J. H. J. Sierp, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 640. 

Seymouk, Democrat. — Thurs.; 
dem.; 4 p., 24x37 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 
1868 ; A. A. Davison, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 480. 

Seymour, Tim£a. — Sat.; rep.; 8 p., 
22x31 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1855 ; J. R. Men- 
roe, ed. and pub.; cir. 450. 

SuELBYViLLE, Shelby Republican. 
—Thurs.; 8 p., 26x40 ; sub. $2 ; est. 
1866 ; J. M. Cumback, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 080. 

SnELBYViLLE, Volunteer — Thurs.; 
dem.; 4 p., 28x44 ; sub. |2 ; est. 1843 ; 
John Hoop, prop.; cir. 1,600. 



SnoALS, Martin Co. Herald. — 
Thurs.; dem.; 4 p., 26x40 ; sub. $1.50 ; 
est. 1868 ; Henry A. Peed, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 600. 

South Bend, Tribune. — Daily 
and weekly ; Sat.; 4 p., daily, 19x25, 
weekly, 30x44; sub. $6, and $1.50; 
est. 1873 ; A. B. ISIiller ed.; Tribune 
Printing Co., pub.; cir., weekly, 
2,720. 

SouTU Bend, Indimia Courier. — 
Fri., German, 4 p., 26.\40; sub. $3 ; 
est. 1873 ; Fascelt Bro. & Brown- 
field, ed. and pub. 

Sou'rn Bend, St. Jo. Valley Reg- 
ister. — Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 30x43; 
sub. $1.50; est. 1845; A. Beal, ed. 
and pub.; cir. 2,116. 

SouTU Bend, Union. — Wed.; 
dem.; 4 p., 28x45 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 
1866; J. Browulickl, Jr., ed. and 
pub.; cir. 1,104. 

South Bend, Nortliern Indiana 
Teacher. — Montlil}^ ; 48 p. octavo; 
sub. $1.50 ; est. 1873 ; II. A. Ford, ed. 
and pub. 

South Bend, Scluwl. — Monthly ; 
16 p., octavo; sub. $1 ; est. 1874; 
Marshall & IVIcArancy. 

Spencer, Owen Co. Jownal. — 
Thurs.; dem.; 8 p., 26.\40 ; sub. $2; 
est. 1858 ; John Waylaud, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 480. 

Spencer, Owen Co. News. — Sat.; 
8 p., 26.\39; sub. $2; est. 1873; 
Yockey & Connelly, eds. and pubs. 

Spiceland, Reporter. — Wed.; 4 p., 
26x41 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1871 ; F. Rat^ 
cliff, ed., J. AV. Harvey, juib. 

^XTLiAW Jcs.Democrnt. — AVcd. ; dem. 
4 p.,25.x37 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1854 ; Mur- 
ray Briggs, ed. and pub.; cir. 775. 

Sui.livan, Sullivan Co. Union. — 
Wed.; rep.; 4 p., 25x28 ; sub. $2 ; est. 
1866 ; J. A. Hayes ed. and pub.; cir, 
780. 



THE NEWSPAPER PEESS OF INDIANA. 



733 



Tell City, Ameiger. — Sat.; Ger- 
man, rep.; 4 p., 28x42 ; sub. !i;2 ; est. 
18GG ; G. F. Bott, ed. and pub.; cir. 
824. 

Tell City, Commercial. — Thurs.; 
4 p., 24.X3G ; sub. $2 ; est. 1873 ; 11. 
J. May, ed. and pub. 

Tekue llAXii:^, Express. — Daily 
and weekly; Thurs.; rep.; daily, 4 
p., 25x38 ; weekly, 8 p., 30x43 ; sul). 
$10 and $2 ; est., daily, 1851, weekly, 
1840 ; Express Printing Co. pub.; 
cir., daily, 1,G72, weekly, 1,080. 

Terre Haute, Oazette. — Daily 
and weekly ; Thurs.; 4 p., daily, 23x 
83, weekly, 28.v42 ; sub. $G, $1.50 ; 
est. 1809; Ball & Dickerson, eds. 
and pubs.; cir., daily, 1,150, weekly, 
1,450. 

Terre Hwve., Journal. — Daily 
and weekly; Fri.; dem.; 4 p., daily, 
25x38, weekly, 28x42 ; sub. $10 and 
$2; II. N. Hudson, ed. and prop.; 
cir., daily, 800, weekly, 1,080. 

Terre Haute, Banner. — Tri- 
weekly ; Tues., Thurs., and Sat.; 4 p., 
24x34 ; sub. $5 ; est. 1870 ; A. Fab- 
ricius, ed. and pub.; cir. 540. 

Terre Haute, Saturday Even- 
ing Mail. — Indep.; 8 p., 30x43 ; sub. 
$2 ; est. 1870 ; P. S. West fall, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 4,233. 

TiiORNTowN, Independent — ^TTed.; 
4 p., 24x36 ; sub. $2.; est. 1873 ; N. 
C. Rayhouser, ed. and pub. 

TnoRKTOWN. Register. — Fri.; 
rep.; 4 p., 24x34 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 
1871 ; L. B. Kramer, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 400. 

TrPTOX, Advance. — Thurs.; 4 p., 
24x32 ; sub. $1 ; Wm. J. Turpen, cd.; 
Turpen & Emmons, pubs. 

Tipton, Enterprise. — Thurs.; rep.; 
4 p., 24x3G ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1872 ; 
Joel Reese, ed. and pub.; cir. 520. 

TiiTON, Times. — Fri.; dem.; 4 p., 
24x30 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1855 ; C. J. 
Brady, ed. and pub.; cir. 620. 



Union City, Eagle. — Tues.; rep.; 
4 p., 20x37 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1863 ; 
Bcnllcy Masslich, ed. and pub.; cir. 
1,000. 

Union City, Times. — Thurs.; 4 p., 
26x40 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1871 ; J. Com- 
mons, ed. and pub.; cir. GOO. 

Valp.vraiso, Messenger. — Tues.; 
indep.; 8 p., 35x48 ; sub. $2 ; est. 
1871 ; E. Zimmerman, ed. and pub. 

Valparaiso, Porter Co. Vidette. — 
Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 28.x42 ; sub. $2 ; 
est. 1857 ; A. Gurney, ed. and pub.; 
cir. G50. 

Veedersruro, Fountain Co. Hier- 
aW.— Wed.; 4 p., 20x40 ; sub. 2 ; est 
1873 ; J. H. Spence, ed. and pub. 

Vernon, Banner. — Wed.; rep.; 4 
p., 20x40 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1845 ; W 
C. Stineback, ed.; C. E. Wagoner, 
pub.; cir. 480. 

Versailles, Ripley Index. — 
Thurs.; 4 p.. 22x32 ; sub. $1.50; est, 
1873 ; Thompson & Waylaud, eds. 
and pubs.; cir. 490. 

Vevay, Democrat. — Sat.; 4 p., 26x 
40 ; sub. $2 ; est. 18G8 ; J. U. Wright, 
cd. and pub.; cir. 500. 

Vevay, Reveille. — Sat.; rep.; 8 p., 
30x44 ; sub. $2 : est. 1817 ; Wm. J. 
Baird, ed. and pub.; cir. 736. 

Vincennes, Western Sun. — Serai- 
weekly ; Tues. and Fri.; weekly, 
Sat.; dem.; 4 p., 28x42 ; sub. $5, and 
$2 ; est. 1804 ; A. J. Thomas & Co., 
ed. and pub.; cir., semi-weekly, 610, 
weekly, 1,302. 

Vincennes, Times. — Sat; rep.; 4 
p., 28x42 ; sub. $2 ; est 1865 ; Cad- 
dington & Noble, cd. and pub.; cir. 
985. 

Wabash, Free Trader.— Fri; 4 p.; 
26x40 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1871 ; A. L. Bag- 
by, ed. and pub.; cir. 640. 

Wabash, Plaindealer. — Thur.; 
rep.; 4 p., 28x43 ; sub. $2 ; est 1858 ; 
Ferry & Butler, ed. and pub.; cir. 
1,547. 



734 



HTOTORT OF INDIANA. 



Walton, Enterprise. — Sat.; 8 p., 
22x31 ; sub. $1.50; est. 1874 ; Cliap- 
pelear & Sumption, cd. and pub. 

Warsaw, National Union. — Fri.; 
dera.; 4 p., 2Gx40 ; sub. $2 ; est. 18G0 ; 
F. J. Zimmerman, cd. and pub.; cir. 
800. 

Wabsaw, Koi'tTiem Indianian. — 
Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 30x48 ; sub. $2 ; 
est. 1856 ; R. Williams, cd. 

Washington, Davi-i Co. Demo- 
crat. — Sat.; dem.; 4 p., 24x36 ; sub. 
$1 ; est. 1867 ; S. Beldiug, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 608. 

Washington, Enterprise-Thurs.; 
4 p., 24x36 ; sub. $1 ; est. 1873 ; John 
A. Gectiug, cd. and pub.; cir. 711. 

WAsniNGTON, Gazette. — Sat.; rep.; 
4 p., 25x39 ; sub. $1.25 ; est. 1866 ; S. 
F. Harrall & Co., ed. and pub.; cir. 
816. 

Watekloo, Press. — Thurs.; rep.; 
4 p., 25x38 : sub. $2 ; est. 1858 ; Bax- 
ter & Kennedy, eds. and pubs.; cir. 
580. 

Wavelanp, Ife^cs. — Sat.; 4 p., 22s 
31; sub. $1.50; est. 1873; W. H. 
Boswell, ed. and pub.; cir. 260. 

West Lebanon, TFarren, Times. — 
Wed.; rep.; 4 p., 24x36 ; sub. $1.50 ; 



est. 1873 ; Walker & Fleming, eds. 
and pubs. 

WiLLiAMSPOKT, Wavven liepuhli. 
can.— Thurs.; 4 p., 26x40 ; sub. $2 ; 
est. 1855 ; John Gregory, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 500. 

Winnemac, Democrat. — Thurs.; 
dem.; 4 p., 26x40 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1857; 
F. B. Thomas, ed.; cir. 400. 

Winnemac, Republican. — Fri.; 
rep.; 4 p., 23x35 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1872 ; 
J. Keiser, ed. and pub.; cir. 400. 

Winchester, Jmirnal. — Wed.; 
rep.; 4 p., 20x40 ; sub. $1.50 ; est ■ 
1861 ; Iladsou & Becson, eds. and 
pubs. 

'WohCOrTYUA.K,Eegiste7\—Thnrs.; 
rep.; 4 p., 24x36; sub. $1.50; est. 
1874 ; J. K. Rhubottoin, ed. and pub. 

Worthinoton, Times. — Thurs.; 
rep.; 4 p., 24x36; sub. $1.50; est. 
1856 ; Ward & Miller, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 360. 

Xenia, Cffsc^e.— Wed.; 4 p., 22x 
32 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1872 ; R. K. Rob- 
inson, ed. and pub.; cir. 367. 

Zionsville, Times. — Fri.; 4 p., 
22x30 ; sub. $1 ; est. 1873 ; M. How- 
ard, cd. and pub. 



ADDITIONAL NEWSPAPERS. 



Anderson — The Witness. 
Angola — Herald 
Antioch — Trader. 
Attica — Journal. 

Auburn- Deicalb Co. Republican. 
Bedford— True Republican. 
Bedford— Star. 

Bedford — Common School Teacher 
Bloomfield — News. 
Bloomington — Courier. 
Bloomington — Republican Pro- 
gress 
Boonville— General Baptist Herald 
Boonville— Standard. 
Brazil — Clay Co. Enterprise. 
Brazil — Clay Co. Deutsche Zeitung. 
Brazil — Western Mirror. 
Brazil — Banner. 
Bro wnsto wn— Bee. 



Bunker Hill— Independent Press. 

Cambridge City — Review. 

(/ambridge Citj' — Tribune. 

Clierubusco — News. 

Columbia City— Whitley Co. Com- 
mercial. 

Con,nersville — News. 

Corydon — Old Capital. 

Covington — Spence's People's Pa- 
per. 

Crawfordsville^ — Legal Tender. 

Crawfordsville — Saturday Mercury 

Crown Point — Freie Presse. 

Cynthiana — Investigator. 

Danville— Hendricks Co. Union. 

Danville — Hendricks Co. Citizen. 

Decatur — Democrat. 

Decatur — Free Press. 

Dover Hill— Olive Branch. 



THE NEWSPAPER PRESS OF INDIANA. 



735 



Dublin — Wayne Register. 
Edinburg — Courier. 
Edwardsport — Knox Co. Record. 
Elkhart— Herald of Truth. 
Elkhart — Herold de Wahrheit. 
Evansville — Tribune. 
Fairmount — News. 
Goshen — Independent. 
Gosport — Gazette. 
Greencastle — Star. 
Greensburg — Decatur News. 
Hagerstown — Exponent. 
Hartford City — Telegram. 
Henryville — Weekly Monitor. 
Hope — Independent. 
Huntingburg — Times 
Indianapolis — Central Catholic. 
Indianapolis — Western Citizen. 
Indianapolis — Womans' Tribune. 
Indianapolis — Good Seed. 
Indianapolis — Indiana OiBcial 

Railroad Guide. 
Indianapolis— MechanicalJournal 
Indianapolis— Millstone. 
Indianapolis — Morning Watch. 
Indianapolis — Presbyterian Stand- 
ard. 
Indianapolis — Pythian Journal. 
Indianapolis- Inventors' Scientific 

and Commercial World. 
Jasper— Weekly Courier. 
Jonesboro— Courier. 
Kendall ville — News. 
Kentland Peoples' Press 
■Knightstown — Herald. 
Knox — Starke Co. Enterprise. 
Kokomo— Dispatch. 
Ladoga — Journal. 
Lafayette — Der Deutsch Ameri- 

kaner. 
Lafayette— Sunday Morning Leader 
Lafayette— Western Grange and 

Home Journal. 
Lagrange— Register. 
Lagro — Express. 
Laporte — Chronicle. 
Larwill — Review. 
Laurel — Review. 
Lawrenceburg — Register. 
Louisville — Democrat. 
Liberty — Herald. 
Liberty — Union Co. Democrat. 
Logansport — Evening News. 
Logansport — Chronicle, 
l^ogansport — Sunday Journal. 
Loogootee — Times. 
Madison — Daily and Weekly Star. 
Madison— Herald. 



Martinsville — Gazette. 

Martz— Eaglet. 

Marysville — Reporter. 

Michigan City— Reform Journal. 

Millersburg — Enterprise. 

Monroeville — Democrat. 

Monticello— Democrat. 

Mooresville— Herald. 

Morocco— Courier. 

Mt. Vernon— Western Star. 

Mt. Vernon— Wochenblatt. 

New Albany— Deutsch Zeitung 

New Albany — Das Echo der Ge- 
genwart und Der Zeitgeist. 

Newcastle — Mercury. 

Newcastle— Statesman. 

Newport— Hoosier State. 

North Manchester— Journal. 

Orleans — Journal. 

Owensburg— Gazette. 

Paoli — Weekly News. 

Paoli — Republican. 

Princeton— Free Press. 

Plainfield — Tribune. 

Plymouth— Restitution. 

Poseyville — Sun. 

Remington — Times. 

Reynolds— White Co. Register. 

Richmond — Free Press. 

Richmond — Volks Zeitung. 

Richmond — Earlhamite. 

Rising Sun — Saturday News. 

Roann — Union. 

Rock port — Ban n er. 

Rock port— Monitor. 

Rushville— Examiner. 

Seymour — Magnet. 

Seymour — Post. 

Seymour — Temperance Monitor. 

South Bend— Herald. 

Spencer— Owen Co. Democrat. 

Syracuse— Gazette. 

Terre Haute— Saturday Evening 
Ledger. 

Th or n to wn — Lead er. 

Tipton — Republican. 

Vincennes— Commercial. 

Vincennes — Reporter. 
Wabash — Courier. 
Wakarusa — Sun. 

Walkerton — Visitor 
Warsaw — National Union. 
Warsaw— Republican. 

Waynetown — Democrat. 
West Lebanon— Indiana States- 
man. 
Windfall — News. 
Walcottville — Gazette. 



APPENDIX. 



POST-OFFICE DIEECTORY OF INDIANA. 

The first name given is the post-ofBce, and the second the county. Those 
printed in italics are county -seats; those having the * affixed are money- 
order offices; offices marlced " B," are British international money-order 
offices; "G," German international money-order offices ; and "S" Swiss 
international money-order offices: 



Aaron Switzerland 

Aberdeen. Ohio 

Abington ... Wayne 

Aboite Allen 

Ackton Marion 

Aflains Decatur 

Adamsburg Cass 

Adcyville ...Perry 

Akron Fulton 

Alamo Montgomery 

Alaska Morgan 

Albany Delaware 

Albion* ...... Noble 

Alert Decatur 

Alexander Clay 

Alexandria Madison 

-Vlfonte Madison 

Alfordsville Daviess 

Allen Jlianii 

Allentown Knox 

Alma Whitley 

Alpha... Scott 

Alpine Payette 

Alquiua Fayette 

Alto Howard 

Alton Crawford 

-Vlvarado Steuben 

Amboy Miami 

America Wabash 

Amity Johnson 

Amo Hendricks 

Amsterdam Cass 

AnUerson* B Madison 

Aiidersoiivillo Franklin 

Anr/ola* ii Steuben 

Anusipolis Parke 

Anoka Cass 

Anthony Delaware 

Antioch Huntington 

Arba .J liandolph 

Arcadia Hamilton 

Arcana Grant 



Areola Allen 

Argos* Marshall 

An Noble 

Armiesbnrgh Parke 

Armstrong. . .Vanderburgh 

Arncy Owen 

Aroma ..Hamilton 

Ascension Sullivan 

Ashboron<:h Clay 

Ashljy's Mills. Montgomery 

Ash Grove Tippecanoe 

Asliland Henry 

Asherton Parke 

Atkinsouville Owen 

Atica* Fountain 

Atwood Kosciusko 

Auburn* Del\a!b 

Augusta Station. ..Marion 
Aurora*, B, G ...Dearborn 

Austin Scott 

A villa. Noble 

Avoca Lawrence 

Avon Hendricks 

Aydelott Benton 

Azialia Bartholomew 

Bainbridge • Putnam 

Balhec Jay 

Ballstown Ripley 

Barber's Mills Wells 

Barberville Jefferson 

Bargersville Johnson 

Barren Harrison 

Bartonia Randolph 

Batcham Sullivan 

Batcsville Kipley 

Battle Ground. Tippecanoe 

Bean Blossom Brown 

Bear Branch Ohio 

Bear Creek Jay 

Beaver City Newton 

Beaver Dam Kosciusko 

736 



Beaver Timber Newton 

Beck's Grove Brown 

Beck's Mills. .Washington 

Bedford * Lawrence 

Beech Grove Rush 

Bcechy Mire Union 

Bolden Wabash 

Belle Uuion I'utnara 

Belleville Hendricks 

Bellmore Parke 

Beuham's Store Ripley 

Bennett's Switch ^liami 

Bennetts ville Clarke 

Bennington... Switzerland 

Benton Elkhart 

Ben ton ville Fayette 

Be nu ville ...Jennings 

Berlin Clinton 

Berne Adams 

Bethany Parke 

Bethel Wayne 

Bethlehem Clarke 

Bicknell Knox 

Bi^ Indian Cass 

Billingsville Union 

Bin gen Adams 

Bird's Eye Dubois 

Birmingham Miami 

Black Oak Ridge. .Da\ic8S 

Bluirs ville Posey 

Jituomtield* Greene 

JJloomingdale Parke 

Blooming Grove.. Franklin 
Bloom ingport... Randolph 

BloomingHburgh Fulton 

}iloominqton*ii,QJhlnnrnii 

Blountsville Henry 

]51ue Creek Franklin 

Blue Grass Fulton 

Blue Lick Clarke 

Blue Ridge Shelby 

Blue Kivcr Harrisoo 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



737 



Blnff Creek Johnson 

Bluff Point Jny 

lUuffton* Wells 

Bogard's Fork... Crawford 

Bojjgstown Shelby 

Bono Lawrence 

Boone Grove Porter 

Jiooneville* Warrick 

Boston Wayne 

Boston Store. Montgomery 

Boswell Bentou 

Boundary Jay 

Bourbon * Slarehall 

Bonser Bl;»kford 

Bovine Gibeoa 

Bowling Green* Clay 

Boxlcy llamiltoa 

Boydston's MilleKoscintiko 

Bracken Uuntington 

Bradford llarripon 

Brazil * B Clay 

Bremen Slarehall 

Bretzville Diibois 

Brcwersville Jennings 

Bridgeport Marion 

Bridifeton Parke 

Bright Dearborn 

Brighton La Grange 

Brimficid Noble 

Bringhurst Carroll 

Bristol Elkhart 

Broad Ripple Marion 

Brook Newton 

Brookfield Shelby 

Brooklyn* Morgan 

Brookston * White 

BrookxiUe*^, G .Franklin 

Brownsburg IlendrickB 

Brown's Corners. Ilunt'g'n 

Brownstown* Jackfon 

Brown's "Valley Montgom'y 

Brownsville Union 

Brnce's Lake Fulton 

Brucevillc Knox 

Brunswick Lake 

Brushy Prairie.. La Grange 

Briant Jay 

Bryant's Creek Monroe 

Bryansvllle Lawrence 

Buckskin Gibson 

BufTaloville Spencer 

Bunker Hill ^tiami 

Burdick Porter 

Burget's Corners. .Clinton 

Burlington Carroll 

Burnett Vigo 

Burnett's Creek White 

Burneide Clinton 

Burnsville ...Bartholomew 

Burrows Carroll 

Butler* De Kalb 

Butlervillc Jennings 

Byrneviilc Harrison 

Cadiz Ilcnry 

Cairo Putnam 

Calcutta Clay 

Callao LaPorto 

Cambridge City*BG Wayne 

Camden Carroll 

Campbellsburg.Washing'n 

Cana Jennings 

Canaan Jefferson 

Canal Warrick 

Cannelton*D Perry 

Canoper Adams 

Canton .Washington 

Carbon Clay 

47 



Carlisle* Sullivan 

Carmel Hamilton 

Carpentersville ...Putnam 

Carroll Carroll 

Carroll ton Hancock 

Cartersburgh ...Hendricks 

Carthage Rush 

Cassella - Lake 

Cnssville Howard 

Castle Randolph 

Castleton ... Marion 

Cataract Owen 

Catliu Parke 

Cedar Creek DeKalb 

Cedar Grove Franklin 

Cedar Lake Lake 

Cedarville Allen 

Cedurwood .......Harrison 

Celestine Dubois 

Celina Perry 

Center Howard 

Center Point Clay 

Center Square. Switzerland 

Ccntreton Morgan 

Center Valley ..Hendricks 

Centerville* Wayne 

Cerro Gordo Randolph 

Chalmers White 

Chamberlain Allen 

Chambcrsburg Orange 

Charleitown* Clarke 

Charlottsville Hancock 

Chauncy Tippecanoe 

Chester Wayne 

Chesterfield Madison 

Chesterton* Porter 

Chestnut Hill. Washington 

Chili Miami 

Christie's Prairie Clay 

Churubusco Whitley 

Cicero Hamilton 

Clarke Randolph 

Clarke Station Lake 

Clarksburg Decatnr 

Clark's Hill ...Tipjiecanoo 

Clark's Prairie Daviess 

Clarksvillc Hamilton 

Claysville Washington 

Clayton Hendricks 

Clear Creek Monroe 

Cleona Brown 

Clermont Marion 

Cleveland Hancock 

Clifford Bartholomew 

Clifton Union 

Clifty Decatur 

Clinton * Vermilion 

Clouser's Mills. Montgom'y 

Cloverdale Putnam 

Cloverland Clay 

Coatsville Hendricks 

Coburn's Corners. .DcKalb 

Coesse Whitley 

Coffee Clay 

Colburu Tippecanoe 

Colfax Clinton 

Collamar Whitley 

Collett Jay 

Collins Whitley 

Cologne Delaware 

Coloma Parke 

Columbia Fayette 

Colutnbia City* B, G, S, 

Whitley 
Columbus* B, G.Barthol'w 

Commiskey Jennings 

Cologne Jackson 

Connenville* B, Q.Fayette 



Conn's Creek Shelby 

Crookerly Vigo 

Cope Morgan 

Courtlaud Jackson 

Corunna DeKalb 

Cory Clay 

Conjdon* li Harrison 

Corymbo La Porto 

Cottage Grove Union 

Courier Miami 

County Linc.Tiiipecanoe 

Covington* Fountain 

Cowan Delaware 

Cos's Mills Wayne 

Craig Switzerland 

C>aufordsville*B.Mo\ng'y 

Cresswell Jefferson 

Crisman Porter 

Crisp's Cross Roads. Har'sn 

Crittenden Cass 

Cromwell Noble 

Crooked Creek Steuben 

Cross Plains Kipley 

Crothersville Jackson 

Crown Point* G Lake 

Crowville Warrick 

Cuba Owen 

Culver's Station. Tippeca'e 

Cumberland Marion 

Curtisville Tippecanoe 

Curveton Cass 

Cutler Carroll 

Cynthiana Posey 

Dale Spencer 

Daleville Delaware 

Dalton Wayne 

Danville* Hendricks 

Darlington ...Montgomery 

Darwin Carroll 

Dayton Tipi)ecanoe 

Decatur* Adams 

Decker's Station Knox 

Deedsville Miami 

Deem Owen 

Deep Kiver Lake 

Deep Creek Carroll 

Dcerfleld Randolph 

Delaney's Creek. Wash'ton 

Delaware Ripley 

Delectable Hill Pike 

Delphi* B Carroll 

Delta Parke 

Demming Hamilton 

Denver Jliami 

Deputy Jefferson 

Derby Perry 

Dexter Perry 

Dillsborough Dearborn 

Ditney Hill Dubois 

Donaldson Marshall 

Don Juan Perry 

Doolittle's Mills Perry 

Door Village La Porte 

Dora Wabash 

Dover Hill Martin 

Dow Cass 

Down Hill Crawford 

Drewersburgh Franklin 

Dublin* Wayne 

Dudley town Jackson 

Duff Dubois 

Dunkirk Jay 

Duulapsvillc Union 

Dunreith Henry 

Dupout Jefferson 

Dye Martin 

Dyer Lnke 



738 



APrENDIX. 



EJaglesfleld Clny^ 

Eiij^lclowii Hnmilton 

Eaile Viiiideibnifrh 

Eail raik lion ton 

Ea.-t Eiiieri)iit;c Switzuird 
East (jcnnaii town.. Way lie 

Eaton Delaware 

Economy .Way lie 

Eden Hancock 

Eden]\lills La Graiijie 

Ediiibiiri:Ii * Johiif^oii 

Edna Mills Clinton 

Edwaidsiiort Knox 

Edwai'd.i\ ille Floyd 

Eel Jiivei- Allen 

Eijyiit (.Carroll 

Elberfeld Warrick 

Elizabeth Harrison 

Elizabeth town .Bartb'iiiew 

Elizaville Boone 

Elkhart* H, G, S... Elkhart 

Elkinsville Brown 

Ellittsville Monroe 

Ellsworth Vi^ro 

El may (irniit 

Elrod Kipley 

EUvood Madison 

Ely Warrick 

Eminence Mor<,'an 

Emisoii Station Knox 

English Crawford 

Entjlish Lake Starke 

Eiiochsbnrg P>anklin 

Enterprise Spencer 

Epsom ]>aviess 

Eric Lawrence 

Ervin Howard 

Etuti Green Kosciusko 

Eugene Vermillion 

Eureka Siieiicer 

Evans' Landinj.'.. Harrison 
Evansville* B. Ci, S, 

Vanderbtirtrh 

Evcrton Fayette 

Ewing Jacksor. 

Ewington Decatac 

JPairfield Franklin 

FaiiTield Center ...DeKalb 

Fairland* Shelby 

Fairmount (iraiit 

Fairplay Vanderbiirjrh 

FairNiew Kamloliih 

Falmouth Hush 

Farahce's Station. Wash'tn 
Farmers' Institute. Tipitc'e 
Farmers' Retreat. Dearborn 

>'"arnier8' Station Owen 

Famiersville I'oscy 

Farmland ]{andolph 

Payettvillo Lawrence 

Ferdinand Duliois 

Feniis Shelby 

Ferguson's Station ..Allen 

Fidelity ..Pike 

Fillmore Putnam 

Fish Creek Steuben 

Fishorsbtirtrh ^ladison 

Fisher's Switch. .Hamilton 

Fish Lake Elkhart 

Flat Rock Shelby 

Flint Steuben 

Florence Switzerland 

norida Madison 

Flowcrville White 

Floyd"s Knobs ..Floyd 

Folsomville Warrick 

Forest Uill Decatur 



Fort Branch* Gibson 

Fi>it Hi tiler Lawrence 

Fortville Hancock 

rort ]yn)/r}f* B, G, S.Allcn 

Foster's Ridge Perry 

Fountain ..1 Fountain 

Fountain Station Vigo 

Fountaintowii Shelby 

Fowler* Benton 

F(.x Wells 

Francisville Pulaski 

Francisco Gibson 

Frankfort* Clinton 

Franklin* .lohnson 

Franktoii Madison 

Frcdericksburgh.Wash'ton 

Fredonia Crawford 

Freedom Owen 

P'rcelandvillc Knox 

Freejiort Shelby 

Freetown Jackson 

Fremont Steuben 

French Lick Orange 

Friendshii) Ripley 

Friondswoud .. .Uendrlcka 

Fnlda Sjiencer 

I'll It on Fulton 

Furuessvillc Porter 

Galen Adams 

Galena Fioyd 

Gallaudet Marion 

Galveston Cass 

Gaynorville Decatur 

Geetingsville ...1.. Clinton 

(ieneva Adams 

Geiitryville Spencer 

Georgetown Floyd 

Georgia Lawrence 

Geiipvillc Jay 

(iibson's Station Lake 

Gilead Miami 

Glendale Daviess 

Glen Hall Tippecanoe 

Glenn's Valley Marion 

Goodland* ..Newton 

Goodwin's Corner ..Union 

au.'ilien*\i Elkhart 

Gospoit* Owen 

(t rah am ..Jefferson 

Grand Rapids Crossinjx, 

>*oble 

(irandview Spencer 

Grantshurgli Crawford 

Granville Delaware 

Graysville Sullivan 

Cirecn Briar Orange 

OrefH 6'a.vf/*'* B... Putnam 

Green Center Noblo 

Greene Jay 

Oreeiifielil* Hancock 

(ireeii Oak Fulton 

Greensborough Henry 

CrrefKsl)iirgh*\j, G.Decatur 

(ireen's Fork Wayne 

G ree n t o w 11 Howard 

Greenville Floyd 

Greenwood Johnson 

Griswold Knox 

Groonisville Tipton 

Grovcland Putnam 

Orovertown Starke 

(Proves Fayette 

Guilford Dearborn 

Guionsville Dearborn 

Gundrum Pulaski 

Guthrie Lawrence 



^ackleman Grant 

Hagerstowu* Wayne 

Hall Morgan 

Hall's Corners Afien 

Hamburgh l^anklin 

Hamilton Steuben 

Hamlet Starke 

ilamrick's Station. Putnam 

Hancock ILirrison 

Hanly's Corner Ripley 

Hanna's Station. .La Porte 

Hanover* Jcflerson 

Hardiiisburgh .Washinjit'n 

Harlan Allen 

Harmony Clay 

Harrisburg Fayette 

Harrison Delaware 

Harristown ...Washington 

Harrisville Randolph 

Harrmann's Station .D'b'rn 

Harrodflburgh Monroe 

Hartford Ohio 

Hartford City* .Blackford 

Hartsville Bartholomew 

Harveysburgh Fountain 

Haskell La Porte 

Habstadt Gibson 

Hausortown .'. Owen 

Hawkins Jay 

Haymond Franklin 

Haysville Dubois 

Hazleton Gibson 

Hebron* Porter 

Hecla Whitley 

Hector Jay 

He;rren SVashiugton 

Heller's Corners Allen 

Hcltonville Lawrence 

Hendricks Crawford 

Heuryville Clarke 

Hcpton Kosciusko 

Hermaan Ripley 

Hickory Branch Posey 

Hillliam Duliois 

Hillsb(5rough Fountain 

Hillsdale Vermillion 

Hillsend Carroll 

Hitchcock's Station, 

Washington 

Hoagland Allen 

Hobart Lake 

Hobbieville Greene 

Holland Dubois 

Holman Dearborn 

Holman Station Scott 

Holmes Boone 

Holton Ripley 

Home Jefl'erson 

Homer Rush 

Honey Creek Henry 

Hooversburgh Miami 

Hope* Bartholomew 

Houston Jackson 

Howard Parke 

Howesville Clay 

Huntertown Allen 

Huntiugburgh Dubois 

Ifuntingt07i* . nuntinn;ton 

Huntsville Madison 

Huron Lawrence 

Huth Franklin 

Hyudsdale Morgan 

Idaville White 

Independence Warren 

INDIANAPOLIS* B, G, S, 

Marion 

Indian Village Noble 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



'39 



Ingleflcld Vanderburgh 

Ino Carroll 

Inwood Marshall 

Ireland Duliols 

Isola Martin 

Jacksonburgh .. Wayne 

Jack'on Center Porter 

Jackson Station Tipton 

Jadden Grant 

Jalapa (irant 

James' Switch Marion 

Jamestown* Hoone 

Jasonville Greene 

Jasper* Dubois 

Jeflcrson Clinton 

Jcfl'ersonvillc* B, G. Clarke 

Jerome ...Howard 

Jeseup's Station I'arke 

Johnstown Greene 

Joliettville Hamilton 

Joncsborongh* Grant 

Jones' Station ...Dearborn 

Joneeville Bartholomew 

Jordan Jay 

Jordan Village Owen 

Jordanville Knos 

Jndson Parke 

Julietta Marion 

Kasson Vanderburgh 

Keek's Church Martin 

Kellerville Dubois 

Kelso Dearborn 

Kendallville"' B Noble 

Kent Jcfl'erson 

KenUand* Newton 

Kewanna Fnlton 

Keystone Wells 

Killmore Clinton 

Kingsbury La Porte 

King's Cave Harrison 

King's Station Gibson 

Kingston Decatur 

Kirk's Cross Roads. Clinton 

Knightstown Henry 

Knightsvillc* Clay 

Knox Starke 

Kokomo* B Howard 

Kossuth WashiiiL'ton 

Kout'8 Station Porter 

Iiaconia Harrison 

La Crosse La Porte 

Ladoga* .Montgomery 

La Fayette* B, G, S.Tipp'e 

La Fontaine Wabash 

La Grange* La Grange 

La Gro* Wabash 

Lake Spencer 

Lake Station Lake 

Lakcton Wabash 

Lakeville St. Joseph 

Lancaster JelTerson 

Landersdale Morgan 

Lane Montgomery 

Lanesville Harrison 

La Porte* B, G, 8. La Porte 

Larwill Whitley 

Laud Whitley 

Laurel* Franklin 

Lawrence Marion 

LawreriMburg* B .Dearb'n 
Lawrenceville ...Dearborn 
Leamon Corner ..Hancock 
Leavenworth* ...Crawford 

Lebanon* Boone 

Lee Warrick 



Lcesburgh Kosciusko 

Lees%ille Lawrence 

Leipsic Orange 

Leiter's Ford Fulton 

Lena Clay 

Leo Allen 

Leopold Perry 

Leoti Pike 

Le Roy Lake 

Lett'sCorncrs Decatur 

Lettsvillc Daviess 

Lewis Vigo 

Lewis Creek Shelby 

Lewisville Henry 

Lexington* .Scott 

Liber Jay 

Liberty* Union 

Liberty Mills Wabash 

Libertyville Vigo 

Lick's Creek Orange 

Ligonicr* B, G Noble 

Lilly Dale Perry 

Lima La Grange 

Lincoln Cass 

Lincoln ville Wabash 

Linden Jlontgomcry 

Linn Grove Adams 

I^iiiton , Greene 

Lisbon Noble 

Little Giant Howard 

Little York ...Washington 

Livonia Washington 

Locke Klkhart 

Lockport Carroll 

Lock Spring Ripley 

Logan Dearborn 

Logaiisjiort* B, G Cass 

London Shelby 

Longwood Fayette 

Loogootec* Martin 

Loraiue Whitley 

Lozautville Ran(lol])h 

Lotus Union 

Lovely Dale Knox 

Lovctt JenninM 

Lowell Lake 

Lowell Mills. Bartholomew 

Ludlow Dubois 

Ltiray Henry 

Lusk'o Springs Parke 

Lynn Randolph 

Lynville Warrick 

Lj'ons Greene 

Lyon's Station Fayette 

McCameron Martin 

JlcCordsville Hancock 

McCoy's Station... Decatur 
McCutchenville.Vanderb'^ 

McGrawsvillc Miami 

Mace Montgomery 

Madison* B, Q ...Jeflcrson 

Magnolia Crawford 

Manalasville Morgan 

Majenica Huntington 

Malta Putnam 

Manchester Dearborn 

Manhattan Putnam 

Manilla Rnsh 

Mansfield.. Parke 

Manville Jefferson 

Maples Allen 

Marco Greene 

JIarcy La Grange 

Marengo Crawford 

Mariah Hill Spencer 

Marietta .... .......Shelby 

Marion* Grant 



Markle Hnntington 

Markleville Madison 

Marmont Marshall 

Marshlield Warren 

Marti nsburgh. Washington 

Jilartiiisville* Morgan 

^lartz Clay 

Marysville Clarka 

>IauckiK)rt Harrison 

Maxinkuckee Marshall 

Mechanicsbiirg Henry 

Meclianicsville .Van(lerb'<{ 

Medaiysvillc Pulaski 

Medora Jackson 

Memphis Clarke 

Mercury Madison 

Merom* Sullivan 

Merriam Noble 

Merrilhille Lake 

Metaraora ...Franklin 

Mctea Cass 

Metz Steuben 

Mexico Miami 

Michigan City* B. La Porte 

Micliigantown Clinton 

Middlebury Elkhart 

Middle Fork Clinton 

Middletown Henry 

Midway Spencer 

Mier Grant 

Mitnin Crawford 

Milan Ripley 

Milford Kosciusko 

Millersburgh Elkhart 

Miller's Station Lake 

>rill Grove Blackford 

Millhousen Decatur 

Milljiort Washington 

Mills' Corners Jay 

J! ill town Crawford 

Millville Henry 

Millwood Kosciusko 

Miluer's Corners .Hancock 

Milroy Rush 

Milton* Wayne 

'^ 'inosa Hendricks 

Mishawaka* B..St. Joseph 
Mitchell* B, G... Lawrence 

Mixersville Franklin 

Mongoquinong .La Grange 

Monitor Tippecanoe 

Monmouth Adams 

Monon White 

Monroe Adams 

Monroe Mills Monroe 

Monroeville* Allen 

Monrovia* Morgan 

Monterey Pulaski 

Montez Cass 

Montezuma Parke 

Montgomery's Station, 

Daviess 

Monticello* White 

Montmorency .Tippecanoe 

Montpelier Blackford 

Mooney Jackson 

Moorefield Switzerland 

Moore's Hill* Dearborn 

Mooresville* MorMu 

Moore's Vineyard .Barth'w 

Moral Shelby 

Moran Clinton 

Morgantown* Morgan 

Morocco Newton 

Morris Ripley 

Morrlstown Shelby 

Morton Putnam 

Mortonsville Clintoo 



740 



APPENDIX. 



Mopcow Rnsh 

Mountain Spring. ..Martin 

Mount Auburn Shelby 

Jlonnt Carmel Franklin 

Jlount Comfort. ..Hancock 
Mount Etna. ..Huntington 
:Mount Healthy . Barthorw 

Mount Hoi)c DeKalb 

Blount Liberty Brown 

Mount Meridian. ..Putnam 

Mount Moriah Brown 

Jlount PissJih ..La Grange 

Mount Pleasant Perry 

Mount Prospect. .Crawford 
Mount Sterling .Switzcrl'd 

Mount Summit Henry 

Mount Vernon* G... Posey 

Muddy Fork Clarke 

!Mnd Lick Jeffcrpon 

Mulberry Clinton 

Muncie* B. Q Delaware 

Murray Wells 

Napoleon Ripley 

Ts'ash Depot. .Vanderburgh 

NnshviUe* Brown 

Nebraska Jennings 

Keedham's Station. John'n 

Heedmore Brown 

Jlcff Randolph 

Keil's Creek JefTernon 

Nelson Vigo 

Nettle Creek M'aync 

Nevada Tipton 

Neiv Albany* B, G ..Floyd 

New Alsace Dearborn 

Now Amsterdam .Harrison 

Newark Greene 

New Bellsville Brown 

Newbern Bartholomew 

Newberry Greene 

New Britton Hamilton 

Newburgh* Warrick 

New Burlington .Delaware 
New Carlisle* ..St. Josejih 

New Castle* Henry 

New Center Wayne 

New Corner Delaware 

New Corydon Jay 

New Cumberland Grant 

New Elizabeth .Hendricks 

New Era DeKalb 

New Garden Wavne 

New Goshen Vigo 

New Harmon}'* Posey 

New Harrisburgh .Wabash 

New Haven* Allen 

New Holland AVabash 

New Lancaster Tipton 

New Lebanon.. ..Sullivan 

New Lisbon Henry 

New London Howard 

New Madison Wabash 

New Marion Kiplcy 

New Market '. Montgomery 

New Maysville Putnam 

New Middlet own. Harrison 
New Mount Pleasant ..Jay 

New Paris Elkhart 

New Philadelphia. M'aahfn 
New Pittsburgh .Randolph 

New I'oint Decatur 

Newport* Vermillion 

New Providence Clarke 

New Richmond. Montg'my 

New Ross Montgomery 

New Salem Ifush 

New Salisbury ...narrison 



Newton's Retreat .Tippe'e 
Newton Stewart ...Orange 

Newfonville Spencer 

Newton town Fountain 

New Trtiiton Franklin 

Newville DeKalb 

New Washington. ..Clarke 

New Waverly Cass 

New Winchester. Hend'cks 

Ncysville Parke 

Niconza !Miami 

Nine Mile Allen 

Nineveh Johnson 

Noah Shelby 

Noblesville* Hamilton 

Nora Marion 

Normanda Tipton 

Northern Depot Boone 

NorthJiold Boone 

North (Jrove Miami 

North Hogan Ripley 

North Judson Starke 

North Lil)erty ..St. Joseph 
North Madison. ..Jeflcrson 
North Manchester*. Wab'h 

North Salem Hendricks 

North's Landing Switz"lnd 
North Union .Montgomery 
North Vernon* ..Jennings 
Notre Dame*. ..St. Josciih 

Ndiiingham Wells 

Null's Mills Fayette 

Oak Pnlaski 

Oakalla Putnam 

Oakdale Jennings 

Oakdam Vanderburgh 

Oakfarm Brown 

Oakfiinl Howard 

Oak Forest Franklin 

Oakland Spencer 

(Oakland City (iibson 

Oaklaiulon Marion 

Oaktown Knox 

Oceola St. Josei)h 

Octagon Tippecanoe 

Odoll Tii)iiecanoe 

Oirden Henry 

on Creek Perry 

Oldenburgh Franklin 

Olean Ki)>Iey 

Olive Hill Wayne 

Omega Hamilton 

Ontario La Grange 

Onward Cass 

Orange Fayette 

Orangeville Orange 

Orchard Grove Lake 

Oregon Clarke 

Oriran Si)ring. Washington 

Orion Kosciusko 

Orland* Steuben 

Orleans* Orange 

Orth Montgomery 

Osgood* Ripley 

Ossian Wells 

Oswego Kosciusko 

Otis La Porte 

Otisco Clarke 

Ottcrbein Benton 

Otto Clarke 

Otwell Pike 

Ovid Madison 

Owensburgh Greene 

Owensvillo Gibson 

Owl I'ralrie ...Daviess 

Oxford* Benton 



Padorla Crawford 

I'alestine Kosciusko 

Palmyra Harrison 

raoli* Orange 

Paragon Morgan 

Paris Jennings 

Parke Greene 

Parker Randolph 

Parkersburgh .Montgom'ry 
Parker's Settlement.Posey 

Parkville Parke 

Patoka Gibson 

Patricksburgh Owen 

Patriot* Switzerland 

Paw Paw Miami 

Paston's Sullivan 

Pecksburgh Hendricks 

Pekin Washingtou 

Pendleton* Madison 

Pennville Jay 

Peoria Franklin 

Pe]>pertown Franklin 

Perkinsville JIadison 

Perrysburgh Miami 

Pcrrysville Vermillion 

/•<?/•«* B. G Miami 

Petersburgh* Pike 

Pettit Tippecanoe 

Philadelphia Hancock 

Pickard's Mill Clinton 

Picrceton* Kosciusko 

Pierceville Ripley 

Pike's Peak Browy 

Pikeville Pike 

Pilot Grove Newton 

Pilot Knob Crawford 

I'imento Vigo 

I'ine Village Warren 

J'ittsborongh ...Hendricks 

Pittsluirgli Carroll 

Plainlield* Hendricks 

Plain ville Daviess 

Pleasant Switzerland 

Pleas.iiit Grove Jasper 

J'leasant Hill .Montgomery 

Pleasant Lake Steuben 

Pleasant Mills Adams 

Plcasa)itville Sullivan 

Plymoulk* B. G ..Marshall 

Po Allen 

Point Isabel Grant 

Poland Clay 

I'olk Patch Warrick 

Polk Run Clarke 

Pond Creek Mills Knox 

Poulsville Warren 

Pojdar Grove Howard 

Portcr'.s Cross Roads. I'ort'r 

I'orter Station Porter 

Portersville Dubois 

Portluvd* Jay 

Portland Mills Parke 

Poseyville Posey 

Pos ton Ri pi ey 

I'otato Creek. Montgomery 

Powers Jay 

Prairie Creek Vigo 

Prairie Edge .Montgomery 

Prairieton Vigo 

Pratt Clay 

I'rescott Shelby 

Priam Blackford 

Priceville Huntington 

Princeton* B Gibson 

Prince William Carroll 

Prospect Madison 

Prosperity Madison 

Pulaski Pulaski 



HISTORY OF IKDIA2JA. 



741 



Pnrcell'e Knox 

Pntnamvillc Putnam 

Pyrmoiit Carroll 

Quaker Hill. Vermillion 

Qiuikortowii Union 

(^iiccn.-^ville Juniiiii^a 

Qucrcus Grove. Switzc'rrc<l 
Qiiiacy Owen 

Kaglesville D.iviess 

KiiiiiJ'town lU'iuliickH 

Kaiiii?ville Wrirrcn 

Kak'iKh Husli 

Kandolph Kantlolpli 

|{aii2;cr IV'iry 

IJaiib - Ik-iiton 

]{ay !5ti'ui)cn 

l!aV"s Crossing t^ticlliy 

KavBvillc Henry 

l{c(l I'.riish Warrick 

Kcd House Miu^iau 

Keeleville Puuiam 

Ked Key Jay 

Kecce's Mil! Hooiie 

Kcj,'o Orange 

Kei Kiplcy 

J{eiflVburr;li Wells 

Kemington* Jasper 

l?eno Hendricks 

Jiensselcnv* jHhi)er 

Kecerve Miami 

l{etrcat Jackson 

Kcsville ]}iplcy 

Keynolds * White 

IJichardson St. Joseph 

]{ichlaud Uiisli 

Kichmond*li.G Wayne 

];ich Valley Wabash 

Kichwoode Delaware 

Kid-eville Kandolph 

Ki<;don Madison 

Kilcy Vigo 

KintiKoUl La Grantee 

Jiisiiuj Hun* Ohio 

Kiverside Fountain 

Kivcr Vale Lawrence 

Koann \\'abash 

Koanoke Uuntin^'ton 

Rob Koy Fountain 

EochesUr* Fulton 

Rockficld Carroll 

Rockford Jackson 

Rock Island I'erry 

Rockport* 1$ Spencer 

Jiockville * B ..I'arke 

Rosebnrgh (irant 

Roirersville Henry 

Kollinx Prairie ...La Porte 

Rome Perry 

Rome City Noble 

Romney Tippecanoe 

Rono Perry 

Root Allen 

Roeedalc Parke 

Hose Hill Kosciusko 

Roseville Parke 

Rosewood Harrison 

Roes Lake 

Rossville Clintim 

Royal Center Cass 

Royalton Boone 

Royerton Delaware 

Rush Creek Valley, 

Washincton 

RushvUle*Q Hush 

Russeirs Mills Parke 

Ruseellville Putnam 



Ruseiaville Howard 

Ryner Fountain 

Sabine Marion 

Saint Bcrnice ..Vermillioti 

Saint Henry Dubois 

Saint John Lake 

Saint Joseph. Vanderburgh 
Saint Joscph''s Hill .Clarke 

Saint Leon Dearborn 

Saint Louis Crossing 

Bartholomew 

Saint Magdalene Kipley 

Saint Mary's Vigo 

Saint Maurice Decatur 

Saint Meinrad Spencer 

Saint Omer Decatur 

Saint Pa\il * Decatur 

Saint I'eter's Franklin 

Saint I'liilip Posey 

Saint Wendell's Posey 

Salainonia Jay 

Salem* B Washington 

Salem Center Steuben 

Saliua Gibson 

Saline City Clay 

Salt Creek Porter 

Sal til loville... Washington 

Saluda Jefl'crson 

Samaria Johnson 

Sanborn Knox 

Sandford Vigo 

San Jacinto Jennings 

San Pierre Starke 

Santa Clans Spencer 

Santa Fe Miami 

Saratoga Randolph 

Sardinia Decatur 

Saturn Whitley 

Schcreville Lake 

Schnellvillc Dubois 

Scipio Jennings 

Scotland Greene 

Scott La Grange 

Scottsville Floyd 

Seatield \\'hite 

Sedalia Clinton 

Sedan De Kalb 

Scelvville Vigo 

Sellersburgh Clarke 

Seliua Delaware 

Sevastojwl Kosciusko 

Seymour* Jackson 

Shades ville Grant 

Shanghai Howard 

Shannon dale .Montgomery 

Sharon. _ Delaware 

Shari)'8 Mills Harrison 

Sliarpsvillo _ Tipton 

Shawnee Mound.Tippeca'e 

Sbelbiirn Sullivan 

S/iel/jtjrille * G Shelby 

Sheldon Allen 

Shell's DcKalb 

Sheridan Hamilton 

Shidler Delaware 

Shields Jackson 

Shicl ville Hamilton 

Shoals* Martin 

Silver Lake I\osciusko 

Silvcrville Lawrence 

Sitka Martin 

Six Jlile Jenninsrs 

Slash Grant 

Slate Jennings 

Slate Cut Clarke 

Smithland Shelby 

Smith's Valley. ..Johnson 



Smithvllle Monroe 

Snoddy'p Mills... Fountain 

Snow Hill Randolph 

Solitude Posey 

Solsbury Greene 

Somerset Wabash 

Somerville Gibson 

South }iend*"ii.<3i St.Joseph 
South Bethany. Bartholo'w 
South Cleveland ..Whitley 

South Gate Franklin 

South Martin Martin 

South Milford ..La Grange 

Southport Marion 

Sou t h west E 1 kh art 

South Whitley* ...Whitley 

Spade's Depot Kiplejr 

Spaldingville Knox 

Sparksville Jackson 

Sjiarta Dearborn 

Spartanburgh ...Kandolph 

Spearsville ^Brown 

Spt'ncer* Owen 

Spencerville Do Kalb 

Spireland Henry 

Springlield Franklin 

Springhill Decatur 

Springport Henry 

Si>ringvine Lawrence 

Spurtreon Pike 

Stamper 8 Creek ...Orange 

Stanford Monroe 

Star Hush 

Star City Pulaski 

State Line* W'arren 

Staunton Clay 

Steam Corner Fountain 

Steele's Rush 

Stewartsville Posey 

Stilesnlle Hendricks 

Stinesville Monroe 

Stip's Hill Franklin 

Stockdale Miami 

Stockton Owen 

Stockwell * Tippecanoe 

Stone BlufTs Fountain 

Stoney Point Jefl'crson 

Stranghn's Station. .Henry 

Strawtown Hamilton 

Sturgeon Fulton 

Sugar Branch-Switzerland 

Sugar Creek Hancock 

Suirar Grove... Tippecanoe 

Sullivan* B Sullivan 

Sulphur Hill Shelby 

Suljihur Springs. .-Shelby 

Summit DcKalb 

Summit Grove. Vcrmiilion 

Suinmitville Madison 

Sumner Rush 

Sumption PrairieSt.Joscph 

Suumau Ripley 

Sunny Side Marion 

Swan Noble 

Swanville Jefferson 

Sweetser's Grant 

Swit's City Greene 

Sylvania Parke 

Syracuse Kosciusko 

Tampico Jackson 

Tarkeo Decatur 

Tassinong Porter 

Tavlorsville.. Bartholomew 
Teil's City*B. G. S.. Perry 
Tcrre Cotipee..-St. Joseph 
Terre J/aute * B. G. S.Vigo 
Tetcrsburgh Tipton 



742 



APPENDIX. 



Thomtown* Boone 

Tiosa Fill ton 

Tippccanoctown .Miirshall 

Tiftnn * Tijiton 

Titiisville Kipley 

Tolcston Lake 

Toronto Vermillion 

Toto Starke 

Trader's Point Marion 

Trafal^'ar Johnson 

Triuisilville ...Tippecanoe 

Trask Grant 

Tion t on Ran (lol ph 

Trinity Sitrings Martin 

Troy Perry 

Tunnel ton Lawrence 

Tnrkcy Creek Steuben 

Tiirnian's Creek. .Sullivan 

Turner's Clay 

Twelve Mile Caps 

Tyner City Marshall 

Union Pike 

■Union City* B.G.liandolph 

Union Mills Lal'orte 

Union ville Monroe 

Ui)hincl Grant 

TJrbana Wabash 

Urmeyvillc Johnson 

Utica Clarke 

Valeene Orange 

Valentine La (Jraiiire 

Valley City IlarritJon 

Valley Mills Marion 

Vallonia Jackson 

Valparaiso * B. Q... Porter 

Van Bnren Grant 

Vandalia Owen 

Veedersburgh Fountain 

Vera Cruz Wells 

Vernon* Jennings 

Versailles* Kipley 

Vevay* Switzerland 

Vicuna Scott 

Vincennei * B. G Knos 

Vine's Springs Itipley 

Vistula Elkhart 

Volga Jcfl'erson 

Wabniih *B Wabash 

Wndesville I'osey 

Wagoner's ^ tntion ..Miami 
WaUeeboro'-gh.Burtholo'w 



Wakarnsa Elkhart 

Walkerton* St. Joseph 

Wallace Fountain 

Wallcn Allen 

Walnut Marshall 

Walnut Grove Warren 

Walnut Uills Marshall 

Walton Cass 

Waltz Wabash 

Wanatah* LaPorto 

AVarren Huntington 

Warrington Hancock 

Warsaw*ii Kosciusko 

Washington* Daviess 

Washington Center, 

Whitley 
Washington Cross'g. Wells 
Waterford Mills. ..Elkhart 

Waterloo* DeKalb 

Waterman Parke 

Watson Clarke 

Waveland Montgomery 

Waverly Morgan 

Wawaka Noble 

AVapecong Miami 

Waymansville.Barthorm'w 

Waynesburgh Decatur 

Wnynesville . Bartholomew 
Wayuetown .. Montgomery 

Wca Tippecanoe 

Webster Wayne 

WeisburgU Dearborn 

Wesley Montgomery 

West Baden Orange 

West Btiena Vista. .Gibson 

Westchester Jay 

West Creek Lake 

Westfield* Damilton 

West Fork Crawford 

West Franklin Posey 

West Kinderhook ..Tipton 

Westland llancock 

West Lebanon* ... Warren 

West Liberty IToward 

West Newton Marion 

West Point .. .Tipjiecanoe 

Westjiort Decatur 

West Shoals Martin 

Mestville* La I'orte 

Wheatland liiiox 

M'heeler I'ortcr 

AV heeling Delaware 

\\'hitcoiub ...P"iaiiklin 

White Creek Jackson 



■White Ball Lmea 

M'hitelaud Johnson 

\\ hite Lick Boone 

Whitestown Boone 

Whitcsvillc .. Montgomery 

White Water .'Wayne 

Whiting Lake 

Wicklitle Crawford 

Wild Cat Carroll 

Willianisburgh Wayne 

Wiltianisport* Warren 

Williamstown Decatur 

AVillow Branch ...Hancock 

Will in i n gton Dearborn 

Wilinot Noble 

Winainac* Pulaski 

Winchester* Bandolph 

Windfall Tipton 

M'indsor liandolph 

Wiulield Lake 

Winslow Pike 

Winterroud Shelby 

Wintersville Decatur 

Wirt JelVerson 

Wodenothe Henry 

Wolcott White 

Wolcoltville La Grange 

Wolf Creek Marshal 

Wolf Lake Noble 

Woodbank Marion 

Woodburn Allen 

Woodbury Hancock 

Woodland St. Joseph 

Wooster Kosciusko 

Woostertown Scott 

AVorthington* Greene 

AVright Greene 

AVright'a Corners. Dearb'm 
AVynn Franklin 

Xenia Miami 

Tankeetown ...Warrick 

York Center Steuben 

Yorktown Delaware 

Yoikville Dearborn 

Young's Creek Orange 

Youngstown Vigo 

Yountsville... Montgomery 

Zanesville Wells 

Zeiias Jennings 

Zinslmr^h Madison 

Ziousvillc* Boone 



ADDITIONAL POSTOFFICES. 



Adamsborough Cass 

Adams Statiou Allen 

Advai.Cf B(ione 

Alida Lapurte 

Allen's Creek Monroe 

Allensville „SwiiZ' rland 

Altdna Dekalb 

Am bin Benton 

Americus Tippecunoe 

Apalona Perry 

ArIiDgt)n Rush 

Art Clay 

Arthur Pike 

Ashen ville Clay 

Atherton Parke 

AikinsoD Benton 

BakersCorner Hamilton 
Beechwood Crawford 



Ben Davis Marion 

Big Foot - Fiiltoa 

Blair Dekalb 

Bovvers Monigomery 

B.iyleston Cliuton 

Brick Chapel Putnam 

Brigthwciod Marion 

Br> antsliurgh Jefferson 

Bunna Vista Monroe 

Butler's Switch Jennings 

Cab'^ru's Posey 

Camelhureh Davi'-ss 

Cape Siinily Crawford 

Carboudale Warren 

< asson Boone 

CaSH Sullivan 

Cfdar Farm HarriBon 

Cementville... _ Clarke 



Chandler Warrick 

Chase Benton 

Cincinnati Greene 

Clare Hamilton 

Clay City Clay 

Claypool Koseinsko 

Clinton's Falls Putnam 

Ccal Bluff. Vigo 

Coal Cily Owen 

Coat's Springs Pike 

Coburgh Porter 

Cold Spring Dearborn 

Crandall Harrison 

Cram's Point St. Joseph 

Dana Vermillion 

Darling Dearborn 

Deer Creek Carroll 

Dekalb D«kalb 



APPENDIX. 



743 



Denmark Owen 

DowneyviUe Decatur 

Dresden Greene 

Dundee Madison 

Eby Warrick 

Ekin Tipton 

Enimettsville Randolpti 

Energy Howard 

Fairfax Monroe 

Fincaafle Putnam 

Flora Carroll 

Forest Cljnron 

Fort Red Putnam 

Freuchtown Harrison 

Funk's Madison 

Gar Creek Allen 

Garreit Dekalb 

Gasburgh Morgan 

Gem Hancock 

Gessie Vermillion 

Glenwood Rush 

Goldsmith Tipton 

Granger St. Joseph 

Grant Fulton 

Grass Spencer 

Gravel Point Harrison 

Gravel ton Kosciusko 

Greenfield Mills Lagrange 

Green Hill Warren 

Hadley Hendricks 

Hageman Porter 

Hammond Lake 

Hanej's Corner Ripley 

Hanover Center Lake 

Harris City Decatur 

Hatch's Mills Laporte 

Hazlerigg Boone 

Headlee White 

Heckland Vigo 

Herbemont Morgan 

Hesstoti Laporte 

Hillisburgh Clinton 

Hobbs Tipton 

Hoboken Grant 

Hollandsburgh Parke 

Holmesville Laporte 

Hooslerville Clay 

Hoover Cass 

Hudson Steuben 

Hunter Vigo 

Hymera Sullivan 

Ijamsville Wabash 

Irvington Marion 

Jersey Marion 

Jewell Howard 

Johnson Randolph 



Johnson's Crossing. Madison 
Johnsonville Warren 

Kempton Tipton 

Koleen Greene 

Lake Cico t Cass 

Lake Valley Morgan 

Lake Village Newton 

Lamoug Hamilton 

Langdon's Station ..Jackson 

La Otto Noble 

La Paz Marshall 

Liberty Center Wells 

Limedale Putnam 

Lime Switch Cass 

Little Point Morgan 

Lizton Hendricks 

Locust Point Harrison 

Long Run Switzerland 

Macksville Vigo 

Malott Park Marion 

Manson Clinton 

Maple Valley Henry 

Marble Brown 

Marble Corner Ripley 

Markland Switzerland 

Mattsville Hamilton 

May wood Marion 

Miami Miami 

Millersville Marion 

Mill Creek Laporte 

Mllledgeville Boone 

Mineral Cily Greene 

Mongo Lagrange 

Monument City. Huntington 

Mooresburgli. . Pulaski 

Moore's Station Dekalb 

Mount Zion Wells 

Nap nan ee Elkhart 

Nevada Mills Steuben 

New Augusta Marion 

New Aurora Tippecanoe 

New Brunswick Boone 

New Frankfort Scott 

North Indianapolis ..Marion 
Nyesville Parke 

Oak Bidg? Kosciusco 

Oakville Delaware 

Oak wood Laporte 

Oaisville Pike 

Orchard Grove Lake 

Paris Crossing -Jennings 

Past an Lagrange 

Patronsville Spencer 

Petersville Bartholomew 

Pettysville Miami 

Pleasant Plain.. Huntington 



Pleasant View Wabai-h 

Plum Tree Huntingtou 

Purdue Madisou 

Bamelton Brown 

Red Cloud Knox 

Reddington Jackson 

Redkey Jay 

Reed's Station Dflawuie 

Rehoboth Harris n 

Ripley Noble 

lUver Huiitingtoti 

Rock Creek Huntington 

Rocklane lobnsou 

Roseburgh Grant 

Rose Creek Mourow 

Round Hill Montgomery 

Rural Randolpti 

St. Anthony Dubois 

Schooner Brown 

Scircleville Clinton 

Scottsburgh Scott 

Sheffield Lake 

South Granger Motiroe 

South Raub Tippecanoe 

Springdale Riplt-y 

Spring Statiiin Spencer 

Stendal Pike 

Still well Laporte 

Stone's Crossing Johnson 

Stumke's Corners Ripiey 

Sumanville Porter 

Talbot Benton 

Tank Hendricks 

Taylor Whitley 

Teejiarden Marshall 

Teuipleton Benton 

Thomas Warren 

Tobinsport Perry 

Treaty Wabash 

Union Grove Grant 

Vanderbilt Lake 

"Waldron Shelby 

Warren Center... .St. Joseph 

Watej ford Laporte 

Wavport Monroe 

Wellsborough Laporte 

West Middleton Howard 

Wilbur Morgan 

Williams Lawrence 

Woody's Corner Parke 

Worth Harrison 

WorthingtonCrossing. Wells 

Yellow Creek. Kosciusko 
Young America Cass 



744 



mSTOKY OF INDIANA. 



GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF THE COUNTY SEATS OF IND., 

AIR LINE DISTANCES AND DIRECTION FROM INDIANAPOLIS, 
CINCINNATI AND CHICAGO. 

Explanation.— N. E. nieane north cast; S. E. south east; N. W. northwest: S. W. 
south west; N. of W. north of west; S. of W. south of west; E. of N. cast of north; 
W. of N. west of north. 



Town. 



COUNTT. 



INDIANAPOLIS. 

Direction Miles 



CINCINNATI. 

Direction Miles 



CHICAGO. 

Direction Miles 



Albion Noble 

Anderson Madison 

Angola Stenbcn 

Auburn DcKulb 

Bedford Lawrence 

Eloomfield .Greene 

Bloomiugton Monroe 

Blutfton. Wells 

Booneville Warrick 

Brazil— Clay ---- 

BrookviUe Franklin 

Brownstown Jackson 

Cannelton Perry 

Richmond Wayne 

Jetfersoaville - - - Clarke 

Columbus Bartliolomew . 

Columbia City.. -Whit ley 

Connersvillc Fuyelte 

Corydon Harrison 

Covington Fountain 

Crawlbrdsvillc. . . Montgomery. . 

Crown Point Lake 

Danville Hendricks 

Decatur Adams 

Delphi Carroll* 

Shoals Martin 

Evansville Vanderburgh . 

Fort Wayne Allen 

Fowler Benton 

Frankfort Clinton 

Franklin Johnson 

Goshen Elkhart 

Greeusburgh Decatur 

Green Castle Putnam 

Greenfield Hancock 

Hartford City ...Blackford ..., 

Huntington Huntington.., 

1ndianai»olis . . .Mar ion 

Jasper Dubois 

Kentland Newton 

Knox -Starke 

Kokomo Howard 

LaFayette Tippecanoe . . 

LaGrange LaGrange 

LaPorte LaPortc 

Lawrenccburgh-. Dearborn 

Leavenworth Crawford 

Lebanon Boone 

Liberty Union 

Logansport Cass 



N. E. 
N. E. 

N. E. 
N. E. 
W. of S. 

s. w. 
s. w. 

N. E. 
S. W. 

s. w. 

S. E. 
South, 
W. of S. 
East, 
S. E. 
S. E. 
N. E. 
S. of E. 
South, 
N. W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
West, 
N. E. 
N. W. 
S. AV. 
S. w. 

N. E. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
E. of S. 
E. of N. 
S. E. 
S. of W, 
East, 
N. E. 
N. E. 



125 



N. W. 



3o 

150 

130 
05 
G8 
45 
90 

135 
55 
70 
02 

133 
07 
90 
40 

107 
00 

108 
75 
45 

135 
20 

105 
05 
82 

148 

110 
87 
40 
20 

132 
50 
40 
21 
08 
90 



S. W. 
N. W. 

W. of N. 
North, 
N. W. 
N. E. 
W. of N. 
S. E. 
W. of S. 
N. W. 
S. of E. 
W. of N. 



N. W. 

W. of N. 
W. of N. 
S. of W. 
West, 
West, 
W. of N. 

s. w. 

N. of W. 

N. W. 
S. of W. 

s. w. 

N. W. 

s. w. 

N. of W 
N. W. 
N. W. 

s. w. 

N. W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
W. of N. 
N. W. 
S. of W. 

s. w. 

N. W. 
N. W. 

N. W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
N. of W, 
N. W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
N. AV. 
N. W. 
S. W. 
N. W. 
N. AV. 
N. W. 
N. W. 

^v. of N 

N. W. 
West, 
S. W. 

N. W. 
N. W. 

72' N. W. 



105 

103 

112 

52 

0'. 

141 

135 

89 

110 

20 

7'? 



173 

90 
184 
105 
115 
140 
115 
125 
175 
145 

38 

90 
155 

57 

82 

83 
15 

53 
112 
180 
153 
230 
125 
125 
103 
1)M 
193 
140 
193 
14^ 

95 

194'S 
, 00 
141 

87 
108 
140 
105 
147 
205 
197 
137 
105 
, 188 
218 

20 
123 
131 

45 



S. E. 
S. E. 
East, 
S. of E. 
S. E. 
E. of S. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
E. of S. 
E. of S. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
E. of S. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
E. of S. 
South, 
S. E. 
E. of S. 
S. E. 
S. E. 

of E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
E. of S. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
9. E. 
S. of E. 
S. of E. 
S. E. 
8. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 



158'S. E. 



125 

107 

Its 

147 
220 
204 
200 
158 
270 
180 
220 
228 
283 
206 
264 
210 
128 
210 
270 
123 
135 

34 
102 
108 
105 
220 
275 
148 

90 
128 
190 
100 
210 
103 
178 
100 
137 
170 
250 

79 

07 
127 
110 
123 

53 
250 
270 
144 
218 
105 



APPENDIX. 



745 



Town. 



County. 



INDIANAPOLIS. 



CINCINNATI. 



Madison 

Marion 

Martinsville 

Monticcllo 

Mount Vernon 

Muncie 

Nasliville 

New Albany .. 

New Castle 

Newport 

Noblesville 

Paoli 

Peru 

Petersburgh 

Plymouth 

Portland 

Princeton 

Kensselacr 

Rising Sun 

Kochester 

Kockport 

liockville 

Kushville 

Salem 

Scottsburgh 

Slielbyville 

South Bend . . . 

Spencer 

Sullivan _ 

Terre Haute... 

Tipton 

Valparaiso 

Vernon 

Versailles 

Vevay 

Vinccnnes 

Wabash 

Warsaw 

Washington... 
Williamsport.. 

Winncmac 

Winchester 



.Jetlcrson 

.Grant 

.Morgan 

.White 

. Posey 

-Delaware 

-Brown 

-Floyd 

-Heniy *... 

-Vermillion... 

-Hamilton 

-Orauge 

-Miami 

-Pike 

.Marshall 

-Jay 

.Gibson 

-Jasper 

-Ohio 

-Fulton 

-Spencer 

.Parke 

-Rush 

-Washington . 

-Scott 

-Shelby 

-St. Joseph ... 

-Owen 

.Sullivan 

-Vigo , 

.Tipton , 

.Porter 

-Jcnning 

-Ripley 

-Switzerland-, 

-Knox , 

-Wabash 

.Kosciusko.. 

.Daviess , 

.Warren 

Pulaski 

-Randolph ... 



S. E. 
N. E. 
S. W. 
N. W. 

s. w. 

N. E. 
South, 
E. of S. 
N. of E. 
N. of W. 
N. E. 
S. W. 
E. of N. 
S. W. 
W. of N. 
N. E. 
S. W. 
N. W. 
S. E. 
North, 
S. W. 
West, 
S. of E. 
South, 
S. E. 
S. E. 
North, 
S. W. 
S. W. 
S. of W. 
E. of N. 
N. W. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 

s.^v. 

N. E. 
E. of N. 
S. W. 
N. W. 
W. of N. 
N. of E. 



160 
55 
37 

105 
4G 
70 
22 
80 
72 

108 

113 
83 

120 

100 
J)5 
95 

140 
Gl 
42 
82 
78 
27 

137 
47 
85 
74 
37 

131 
62 
72 
95 

108 
78 

107 
95 
75 
96 
74 



S. W. 
N. W. 
N. of W. 
N. W. 
S. W. 
N. W. 
N. of W. 
S. W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
S. \V. 
N. W. 
S. AV. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
S. \V. 
N. W. 
S. W. 
N. W. 
S. W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 

;s. w. 
s. w. 

N. W. 
N. W. 
N. of W. 
West, 
N. of W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
West, 
West, 
S. W. 
S. of \V. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
S. of W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
N.W. 



57 

123 

114 

174 

210 

93 

100 

95 

70 

175 

110 

120 

147 

105 

190 

98 

185 

200 

24 

1 

170 

105 

65 

98 

80 

80 

27 

130 

107 

170 



S. E. 
S. E. 

S. E. 
S. E. 
South, 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
E. of S. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
E. of S. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
South, 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
E. of S. 
E. of S. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. E. 
S. of E. 
E. of S. 
South, 
South, 



121 S. E 

221 S. E. 

65 S. E. 



44 
42 
170 
143 
172 
15G 
180 
184 
82 



S. E. 
S. E. 
South, 
S. E. 
S. E. 
E. of S. 
E. of S. 
S. E. 
S. E. 



260 
143 
184 

92 
278 
173 
203 
273 
188 
143 
158 
243 
115 
233 

80 
i80 
245 

70 
256 

95 
260 
150 
203 
245 
247 
195 

76 
188 
197 
170 
143 

43 
233 
240 
264 
225 
125 
107 
227 
114 

80 
190 



746 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



TABLE OF POPULATION BY COUNTIES FOR 18G0 and 1870, 

AND THE FEU CENT. GAIN. 



Counties. 1870. 18C0, 

Adams 11,382 9,253 

Allen 43,494 29,328 

Bartholomew.. 21,133 17,805 

Beuton 5,G15 2,800 

Blackford 6,272 4,122 

Boone 22,593 10,753 

Brown 8,081 6,507 

Carroll 16,152 13,489 

Cass 24,193 16,843 

Clarke 24,770 20,502 

Clay 19,084 12,161 

Clinton 17,330 14,505 

Crawford 9,851 3,226 

Daviess 16,747 13,323 

Dearborn 24,116 24,406 

Decatur 19,053 17,294 

DeKalb 17,167 13,880 

Delaware 19,030 15,753 

Dubois 12,597 10,394 

Elkhart 20,026 20,986 

Fayette 10,476 10,225 

Floyd ...23,300 20,183 

Fountain 16,389 15,566 

Franklin 20,223 19,549 

Fulton 12,726 9,422 

Gibson 17,371 14,533 

Grant.. 18,487 15,797 

Greene 19,514 16,041 

Hamilton .20,882 17,310 

Hancock .15,123 12,802 

Harrison 19,913 18,521 

Hendricks ....20,277 16,953 

Henry 22,986 20,119 

Howard 15,847 12,524 

Huntington ...19,036 14,867 

Jackson 18,974 16,386 

Jasper 0,354 4,291 

Jay 15,000 11,399 

Jefferson 29,741 25,036 

Jennings 16,218 14,749 

Johnson 18,366 14,854 

Knox 21,563 16,056 

Kosciusko 23,531 17,418 

LaGrange 14,148 11,360 

Lake 12,339 9,145 

LaPorte 27,002 22,919 

Lawrence 14,628 13,693 



Gain. Counties. 1870. 1860. Gain. 

23.0 Madison 22,770 10,518 37.8 

48.3 Marion 71,939 39,855 80.5 

12.7 Marshall 20,211 12,722 58.9 

100.0 Martin .11,103 8,975 23.7 

52.1 Miami .21,052 10,851 24.9 

34.9 Monroe 14,108 12,847 10.3 

33.4 ]\Iontgomcry ..23,705 20,888 13.8 

19.7 Morgan ..17,528 10,110 8.8 

43.0 Newton 5,829 2,300 104.2 

20.8 Noble 20,389 14,915 30.7 

50.9 Ohio 5,837 5,402 0.9 

19.4 Orange .13,497 12,070 11.8 

19.7 Owen 10,137 14,370 12.2 

25.7 Parke 18,100 15,.5.38 10.9 

Loss Perry 14,801 11,847 25.0 

15.9 Pike .13,779 10,078 36.7 

23.7 Porter 13,942 10,313 35.2 

20.7 Posey.. 19,185 10,107 18.7 

21.2 Pulaski 7,801 5,711 36.0 

28.7 Putnam. 21,514 20,081 4.0 

2.4 Randolph 22,803 18,997 20.3 

15.4 Ripley .20,977 19,054 10.0 

5.4 Rush. 17,020 10,193 8.2 

3.5 Scott 7,873 7,303 7.8 

34.9 Shelby 21,892 19,509 11.9 

19.5 Spencer 17,998 14,.5.')0 23.6 

13.0 Starke 3,888 2,195 77.1 

21.7 Steuben .12,854 10,374 23.8 

20.6 St. Joseph 25,322 18,455 37.3 

18.1 Sullivan 18.4.53 15,004 33.5 

7.5 Switzerland ...12,134 12,098 Loss 

19.0 Tippecanoe 3:!,515 25,720 30.3 

14.2 Tipton 11.953 8,170 46.3 

20.5 Union (),3-ll 7,100 Loss 

28.0 Vanderburgh.. 33,145 20,552 12.6 

10.5 Vermillion 10,840 9,422 15.0 

45.7 Vigo 33,549 22,517 48.5 

31.6 Wabash .21,305 17,547 21.4 

18.8 Warren 10,204 10,057 1.4 

9.9 Warrick. 17,0.53 13,201 33.1 

23.7 Washington ...18,495 17,900 3.3 

34.0 Wayne 34,048 29,9.58 13.6 

35.1 Wells 13,.585 10,844 25.3 

33.3 White 10,554 8,2.58 27.8 

34.9 Whitley 14,399 10,730 34.3 

13.7 

6.8 The State. 1,080,637 1,350,428 24.45 



APPENDIX. 



747 



PER CENT. IXCIJEASE IX POPULATION OP THE STATES. 

FROM 18G0 TO 1870, AXD TUKIU AKEA IN SQUARE MILES — COMPARED. 



State. Gain. 

1 Nevada 519.7 1 

2 Nebraska .32(;.5 2 

3 Kansas 2;5y.5 3 

4 IMinncsola 15:}.2 4 

5 Iowa 7G.G 5 

C Oregon 73.4 G 

7 Michigan 58.1 7 

8 Illinois 48.4 8 

9 California 47.5 9 

10 :Missouri 45.1 10 

11 Wisconsin ..36.0 11 

12 New Jersey ..34.8 12 

13 Floriila 33.8 13 

14 Texas 32.0 14 

15 lihodc Island 24.5 15 

IG Indiana 2:5.9 IG 

17 Pennsylvania 21.0 17 

18 ISIassacluisettg 18.4 18 

19 West Virginia 18.3 19 

20 Connecticut 1G.8 20 

21 Kentucky ...14.4 21 

22 Oliio 13.8 22 

23 Maryland 13.7 23 

24 Georgia 13.G 24 

25 Tennessee ..13.4 

2G New York 12.5 2G 

27 Delaware 11.5 27 

28 Arkansas 11.0 28 

29 North Carolina 7.8 29 

30 Mississippi 5.5 30 

31 Vermont 5.0 31 

32 Alabama 3.5 32 

83 Louisiana 3.5 33 

34 South Carolina 3.5 34 

35 Virginia 0.43 35 

New Hampshire Loss, 2.4 3G 

Maine " .29 37 



State. Sq. Miles 

Texas 237,504 

Cal ifornia 155,500 

Nevada 81,539 

Minnesota ...81,259 

Oregon 80,000 

Kansas 78,418 

Nebraska 75,995 

Missouri ...G7,380 

Virginia, includ. W. Va. Gl,352 

Florida 59,2G8 

Georgia 58,000 

Michigan. 5G,243 

Illinois 55,405 

AVisconsin 53,924 

Arkansas .52,198 

Iowa 50,914 

Alabama 50,722 

New York ...50,519 

M ississi ppi 47,15G 

Pennsylvania 4G,000 

Tennessee ^ 45,G00 

North Carolina *. . .45,000 

Louisiana .'. 41,255 

Ohio 1 . 39,964 

25 Kentucky ....j. 37,680 

"" Indiana 33,809 

]\Iainc.... 31,7G6 

South Carolina 30,213 

IMaryland 11,124 

New Hampshire 9,280 

Vermont 9,058 

New Jersey 8,320 

;Massachusetts 7,800 

Connecticut 4,730 

Delaware 2,120 

Rhode Island 1,046 

District of Columbia 60 



748 



HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 



POPULATION OF PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 

ENTJMEKATED IN THEIK OKDEK OF SIZE AKD TEK CENT. GAIN. 



Place. 1870. 18C0. 

New York ...942,293 805,051 
Phihulclphia .074,023 505,529 

Brooklyn 390,099 200,001 

St. Louis 310,804 100,773 

Chicago 298,977 112,172 

Baltimore 207,354 212,418 

Boston 250,520 202,977 

Cincinnati. ...216,239 101,041 
New Orleans .191,418 118,070 
SanFran^.isco, 149,473 50.802 

Butialo 117,714 81,129 

Washington.. 109,199 01,122 

Newark 105,059 71,941 

Louisville 100,753 08,033 

Cleveland 92,829 43,417 

Pittsburgh ....80,070 49,217 
Jersey City.... 82,540 29,220 

Detroit 79,577 45,019 

Milwaukee. ...71,440 45,240 

Albany 09,422 02,307 

Providence 08,904 50,000 

Rochester 02,380 48,204 

Allegany City- -53.180 28,703 

Richmond 51,038. 37,907 

New Haven ...50,840 39,207 

Charleston 48,950 40,407 

Indianapolis ..48,244 18,011 

Troy 40,405 39,232 

Syracuse 43,051 28,119 

Worcester 41,105 24,900 

Lowell 40,928 30,827 

Memphis 40,220 22,021 

Cambridge.... 39,034 20,000 
Hartford 37,180 17,900 



Gain. Tlace. 1870. ISCO. Gain. 

17.0 Scranton 35,092 9,223 280.5 

19.4 Reading 33,930 23,l(i2 40..^ 

48.0 Patterson 33,579 19,580 71.4 

93.4 Kansas City ...32,200 4,418 030.2 

100.5 ISIobile 32,034 29,258 9.4 

21.3 Toledo 31,584 13,708 129.4 

23.4 Portland 31,413 20,341 19.3 

33.0 Columbus 31,274 18,554 08.5 

01.3 Wilmington. .-30,841 21,258 45.1 
103.1 Dayton 30,473 20,081 51.7 

45.1 Lawrence 28,932 17,039 04.0 

78.0 Charleslou 28,323 25.005 13.0 

40.0 Lynn 2b(,240 19,083 48.0 

48.1 Utica 28,804 22,529 28.0 

113.8 Savannah 28,235 22,292 27.1 

74.9 Fall Kivcr 20,708 14,020 90.8 

182.4 Springfield 2(),709 10,199 04.8 

74.4 Nashville 25,805 15,988 01.1 

57.8 Covington 24,505 10,471 49 

11.3 Salenx -24,119 10,471 40.4 

30.0 Quincy 24,052 1;!,718 75.3 

30.0 Manchester 23,5U9 20,107 10.9 

85.3 Ilarrisburg 23,104 i;!,405 72.3 

34.0 Trenton 22,874 17,228 32.8 

30.0 Peoria 22,849 14,045 02.7 

20.9 Evansville 21,830 11,484 90.1 

150.5 New Bedford. -21, 325 22.;!00 loss 

18.4 Oswego 20,910 10,810 24.3 

52.7 Elizabeth -20,832 11,507 80.1 

04.7 Lancaster 20,233 17,003 14.9 

11.1 Camden 20,045 14,358 39.6 

80.0 Davenport 20,038 11,207 78.0 

52.1 St. Paul 20,030 10,400 92.6 

100.9 



STATISTICS OF POPULATION. 

The Memorial Diplomatique gives the following intcreetinp; account of the density of 
population in the great centres of humanity throughout the globe: 

There are nine cities h.aving a population excecdiug one million souls, viz.: London, 
8,251.000; Soochou, 2,000,000; Paris, 1,825,000; Pekin, 1,M8,080: Yoddo, 1,.V>),000; Canton, 
1,2.36,000; Constantinople, 1,075,000; Siang-tan, in the province of lliiiiau, 1,000,000; and 
Tchan-tchaon-foo, in the province of Tokion, 1,000,000. It will be scl-u, that, altliougU 
London holds the first place, the Chinese Empire can still boast of po.'^sessing more 
populous cities than all the civilized States of the West. The number of cities possess 
ing a population ranging from above half a million up to a million, is twelve, viz.: 
New York, Vienna, Berlin, Ilank-kaow, Philadelphia, St. Petersburg, liombay, Calcutta, 
Fovv-chow, Tchening, Bangkok, and Kiato. Twenty cities have a population of from 
300,000 to 400,000 inhabitants ; thirty-three of from 200,000 to :i00,000, and ninety of from 
100,000 to 200,000. Europe alone possesses one hundred and seventy-one cities contain 
Ing more than 50,000 inhabitants, at the head of which stand London, Paris, Constant! 
nople, Vienna, Berlin, and St. Petersburg. 



Ai'PEjroix. 749 

GEOWTIl OF EAILEOADS IN TILE UIn'ITED STATES.^ 



TEAR. 

18:J0 


MILEP. II 
2.3 


^cn"E. 

1:M 
151 
25:1 
465 
175 
2-^4 
416 
389 
516 

Tir 

6H1 
159 
192 


TEAR. 
1!S.»5 


mii.es. incu'e. 
4/>:a 256 


16:51 


05 


1846 

1847 


4.9:W 

5,590 


297 


18:W 


229 


660 


18:« 


aso 


1848 

1849 

1850 

1851 


5,996 

7,:i65 

9,021 

... 10,982 


40(i 


1834 

1835 


633 

... 1 O'.lS 


l.:iti9 
1,6,56 


18.31) 


1,273 

1,4U7 

l.HVi 

.. . 2,302 


1.961 


1837 

1838 

1839 .. 


1852 

1853 

1854 

1855 


12,!K)8 

15,:}60 

16,720 

18,:i74 


1,926 
2,4.52 

l,:d(;o 


1840 


2,813 

3,.^35 

4,021) 

4,185 

4,377 


l,tK>4 


1841 

1842 

1S43 


18.56 

1857 

18.58 ... 


22.016 

24,503 

... . 26,968 


3,6-12 
2. 487 
2,465 


1844 


1859 


28,789 


1,821 



TEAR. MIT>ES. rNCR E. 

1860 :-;0,6.35 1,846 

1861 31,286 6.51 

1862 32,120 8;M 

1862 33,170 l,a50 

1864 3:5,908 7:« 

1865 35.085 1 ,1 77 

1866 ;i6.827 1,742 

1867 39,276 2,449 

1868 42.2.55 2,979 

1869 47.208 4,944 

1870 52,898 5,690 

1 871 60,.'-)68 7,670 

1872 66;7;i5 6,167 

1873 70,651 3,916 



Proportioned as follows; 

New EN(iLAND States —M.iine, 905 miles; New ITanipshire, 877; Vermont, 721 ; Mass- 
achusetts, 1,7.55; Hhoilc iBhuul, 159; Connecticut, 897. Total miles, 5,314. 

Middle States.— New Yorlv, 5,165 miles; Kcw Jersey, 1,418; Pennsylvnniii, 5,550; 
Delewiire, 264; Maryland and District of Columbia, 1,016; West Virginia, 576. Total, 
14,019 miles. 

Western States. — Ohio, 4,258 miles; Michigan, 3.:W9; Indiana, 3,714; Illinois, 6,589; 
Wisconsin, 2,20i5; Minnesota, 1,950; low.a, 3,728; Kansas, 2,100; Nebraska, 1,075; INIis- 
poiiri, 2,858; Wyoming, 459; Utah, 372; Dakotah, 275; Colorado, 603; Indian Territory, 
279. Total, 33,772 miles. 

Southern States. — Virginia, 1,573 miles; North Carolina, 1,265; Sonth Carolina, 
l,;i20; Georgia, 2,260; Florida, 466; Alabama, 1,722; Mississiiipi, 990; Louisiana, 539; 
Texas, 1,578; Kentucky, 1,;320; Tennessee, 1,6.30; Arkansas, 700. Total, 15,;i5:J miles. 

Pacific States. — California, 1,208 miles; Oregon, 251; Nevada, 629; Washington Ter 
ritory, 105. Total, 2,193 miles. Grand Total, 70,651 miles. 

*roor'8 Manual of Railroads, 1874-5. 



EATLROADS OF INDIANA, 



COMPILED FROM REPORT OF AUDITOR OF STATE, FOR THE YEAR 1876. 

total no. op miles. 

Anderson, Lebanon & St. Louis 11.05 

Baltimore, Plt'bburgli & Chicago 155.26 

Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indiauapolis 105.27 

Chicago, Cincinnati & Louisville 75.29 

Cincinnati, Hamilton & Indianapolis 84.37 

Cincinnati, Ricbnioud &. Fort Wayne 86.46 

Cincinnati, Richmond & Chicago 0.73 

Cincinnati & Martinsville 40.31 

Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan 79.28 

Cincinnati, Lafayette & Chicago 25.43 

Cincinnati & Terre Haute 27.75 

Cairo & Vincennes 7.00 

Chicago & Canada Southern 

Chicago, Danville & Vincennes 19.68 

Chicago & Illinois Southern 5,00 

Carbon & Oiter Creek Valley 1.60 



750 APPENDIX. 

TOTAL KO. OF MTLrS. 

Chicago & Lake Huron 59.23 

Ciucinnati, Rockport & Southwestern 24.20 

Detroit, Eel Kiver & Indianapolis 1('1.25 

Evansville <fe Crawfordsville 122.11 

Evansville, Terre Hauts & Chicago 59.01 

Frankfort & Kokumo , 18.00 

Fort Wayne, Muncie & Cincinnati 108. .31 

Fort Wayne, Jaclcsoii it Saginaw 57 01 

Grand Kapids ct Indiiiiiii 54 42 

ludianapulis, Peru & Clucatro 82.21 

Indianapolis & St Louis 85.37 

Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western 89.70 

Indianapolis A Vincennes 120.72 

Indianapolis, Cincinnati & LaFayette 175.78 

Indiana, North & South 12.75 

Indiana & Illinois Central 10. 8G 

Joliet <fe Northern Indiana — 16.53 

Jefferson ville, Madison & Indianapolis 132.(6 

Madison, branch of same 51.53 

Columbus & Shelbyville, brunch of same 24.26 

Shelbjville &, Rushville, branch of same 19.40 

Cambridge City, extension of same 22 68 

Kingan 88 

Lake Shore & Michigan Southern 231.16 

Logansport, Crawsford ville & Southwestern 115 00 

LaFayette, Muncie & Bloomington 3806 

Louisville, New Albany & Ciiicago 308.40 

Louisville, New Albany &. St. Loui? Air Line 12.89 

Lake Erie, Evansville & Southwestern 18.19 

Michigan Central 66.68 

Michigan City & Indian;ip,.lis 13.65 

Michigan Air Line 0.54 

Ohio & Mississippi 196.11 

Ohio & Mississippi, Louisville Branch 59 32 

Pittsburgh, Fort WajneA Chicago 190.92 

Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis 459.87 

St. Louis, Bloomfield & Louisville 5.37 

St. Louis & Southwestern 31.56 

Terre Haute & Indianapolis _ 1.33.37 

Toledo, Wabash & Western 196.77 

Union Railway Company 3.2'! 

White River Valley 64.73 

Total 4598.16 

The above in'ludea 501.07 miles of Bide track. Total assessed value for taxable purposes, 
$;8,208,936. 



HISTORY OF nrDIANA. 



751 



c 

< 


p: 


a> ^ i'> -T S T^ n ^ 'G i-S^ Si ^. S S6 ■^ ^ i^c?»c- 
1 J^' S i^' t1 iig S'g c 5 ;;■ X ?; g 'r's S rj ^'; 
a. 'C I.-; r-. ..^ .- in ,; ^ «■:> i-tr i- t .-tooi- — 


T CO £ -a; TT c C-. x CO .-. CO cm .- -^ 1- 
•:/ c<J -j: -r -.Tto 1- .n oodd in of in r-J 
.T ,- c i - ( - .= S — .- c in — CO o» .V in CO 

COCr. COOO in_CJL- 0(^00 CO Ot^TJ-Or-l 
-Tr^Si Co' rH -r^ t^ 


cJ5 


c; ?r « ^ ^ ^ c r^ K •.£ 


107,206 

1,15.5.681 
708,002 
628.279 
687,019 

1,231,0(16 
719,113 
173.855 
791,305 

1,182,012 

28,811 

6,857 

326.073 

672,0.35 

3,880,735 
992.622 

2,339,502 
52.4(i5 

2,906,115 
174.620 
703,708 

l,10ii,801 
604,215 
315,098 

1,. 596,31 8 

376.688 

775,881 

75,080 


or5 


I- S CO 0-. 00 =■- ,1 


1 in CI tr. — -T — <- = ^ 
l^f^i-oIn-ocinS 

;«-c2c2S^ = '^oS5 

, c. !-•: ui =-. CO 5C -js 


317,976 
489,555 

3,097,394 
869,039 

1,980,329 
13.294 

2,311.786 
117..545 
(168.507 

1.002.717 
212.592 
314,120 

1,421,661 

""305,391 
51,687 


5 


» - ; r. C -r rr; — cr,_ — 

, CO tC TT -O 


!i-coferri-cl |coS 


.-rtc-o^r- .coOQOO icci- . in OJ 

I -^^ co' x co' d I-t'od— 'd l.-'d Idco 
oci-OJ lO'-. o> !=:=■.•:( 1— . CO Ico-* 
,e»eo-Ti-in , I- .-.in 00 ,c<o> ; 
; cf T-i' ;rt' ; " I 




1-00 .in'rrorri.n,- 

1.- CO 1 -c ; - i - OD -r 0. 

1^ jii^^-^siii 


. — 1 - — T . X TT 
1 1 - 5 I_f 0' ^'' I ■=' 


l???>SfeS l??g£3 I5:S I IS 

icoootcmsj^ .o»,-_— _:^ !"-,''", ' "^ 
I dd^ 00 »-t- Icci-^r-T Id--i" J Jcji 

issssg :s/'S§ :?5oi ; 1" 


1 


,-i ,^J ,C^ r- 


. ( - I - in e I - -i: . 00 -.s 

, ,— 7* TP , 


ISfiZ^riS I??g:;2 ISS 1 I^ 

• .— inxco-^ iTCi-co .i-co 1 lO 
l-r i-'ifof -^"^ Idcooiof Im'in 1 leo 

,-Tt-<-COCO , — OOQO? , CO -.o , Ico 

c!c<cos=« Ic. Btr liio I : 







; In li i^ S 5 i^^ ;«S, 
Iv: -jr v5— '■;»TT led 


pcmc-. CO 1 — — int- ico^t 1 .co 

|-Tmc;ind' ;d^i-in>-i U-^r ', 'ir/ 
,'oJc>inln?l tS'^"55» leici I I 


s 


i : !l?l i| i^ 


15 ;r:irt7> I loo I 
i?f ;i=5^ : l'^ I 

, 11 . .- cS -w I , , 


Ir-.0<inTj, ,S COr-l,r-.aO,! 




: : ; = i ;22 ; ; 

1 ; • T- i 1 • ; 


i?i 122; I: ; : : ; 
lo iini-n I : I : 

r r^« IN; 


:??f8S 1 li^Sf^s I2S 1 : : 

■ — 't'd^co ; i-fddin lin'oo I I ', 

,r-,-.coco;,'.3> <^«, i.-;;; 


£5 


,-d2.nii4'-r>e,^,-zH 

m in "^ ' IS i.n In io S 


CO i- *— — " I- i^c -^ t' t- u" 


S^_?r In8c;oe3ctSSoco lo'"^ 
r-'doDdin'ddd.-'d m't-dT-T '.n 
00 in^^cooOTp CO -T CO ;o 


■3 
Q 


sii??sssili 


ir'^Si?i«lSSi 


•^QOt^OOOOJOSt-QOO^in^a^OfOOO 




■ 

B 
C 

s 

&• 
f 

a 

t 
at 






1 < I < 1 ! 1 ', 1 
I 1 1 1 1 1 1-.' ! 

illiillilll 


Nevada 

New Jersey 

North Carolina 

Ohio 

Oregon 

J{hodc Island 

Tennessee 

Vermont 

West Virginia 

District of Columbia 



752 



APEEINDEC. 



O 



O 

H 
W 

o 



p 
< 

O 

<1 

O 

O 

o 

a 

02 

.J 

< 



»i^ :C OJ ~ d: i - cc ■?> '-I 
o: ct --r -r O ^ ^c"?? 35 

CO .— -^ « 03 00 el 



•2 iJ 



<5 & 






■^S OOO'OUb nioqv 



t-^'-t-t-oomoo 

^ -^ -c •£ a; in >." iT. lo 

OOCOQOOOOOOOOO'yi'CO 












2© 


^ 


CDOtO 


CJ CO coin 










00 


S ? c> o a-! -; Lo ?? iz 5 ^ 




c ic -r— ' ■Ti' ir: -jt; ^'ci ir: -^ 




o 


— oc Tf r. ■- .= i - 3: c: 'X r> 




□ 


C T--^ iT. V. o r- i- ■;> .: ^ 




•a 


r^ ^ '~ "1 •-' CC "' TT i-T 




o 


^ i= ' ;o T-i " CO 






^ '-' 




P^ 








U S 'B i? ??'-'- ■^ "" :? 








•2 


6d £ S ^ ?} !£ =■: CO S x_ ." 




d 








j;5s'c?kSS2|:^?? 




o 






i- ci '"^ I-' "-^ o'^rcico 




( C3 


^ CO CO i-H »-t 




<; 




o 


to 


|fj^?!j;^:?g|j;!5 


c/, 


li'OsS^^^ils 




t2 


^ 2 S "^' ^ 


iTl 






W 






H 




?^s:i6'g?2ss^ig^i 




"3 


c > - ~; -j^ -, ''.''. ^, =• °; 'I 




ps^i^''''i|§i 


C/2 


"E. 




C3 


'"5 rH —: cj .r: o' o'r-. CO 


p 


o 


^ CO OS rt rH 


W 






H 






o8 


CI en ■ oj c< ¥ cc a in 








CO !- • C( $ cc Ifi CTI 


S 




o 


CO 


It-' T* 


P 




t- 




\ 




T. -^ 


,« 


( - CC CJ o 


gs?,^ 


H 






iD 


T t- — ' 


o 


'^ iH 


O 


00 00 


— CJ ■3<_ 












1— < 


o 

S 


3if 

Ci^ o 




s 


^ 


O 


■^ 


gSi:Sr-3gS??R?2 


^ 


ZJ '"' 


^ OCCOiS i-cot=o 




.— . 


I- cc-r' >->' i-'Tci'n 


m 


■a 




c> o ^ 


W 
K 


c: 


o 




^ 




cc -T -^ c» — CO -— o »r: cc ^H 
— 00 c; r. i - •:1 3-. ^ 00 T <- 






P 




'^ 


■C> ir^COOCO^ 1-wl-CO 

00 co'.o ctT cT-o-'cm- 


H 




o 


C< 00 .-< 


O 




H 




■£ 




?>'-??r-;;S=^3:2i£?j 


"o 


6 


I- ,-.Cl en ct I- 




jC 






r- 






^ 


O 


c 5 


-' -c=- 2' ^-^ Jj 




c; 






fx. 




*— ^ 




O 








y 




g'";-s5$-=--3SSS 


ro 




6 


55 CI -o I- I-. T-. -a* 


o 


"c 


J^ 












H 


W 


J. p 


?S55??f^2;2g?i^ 


c« 


c 


i- ^-*T^"^'7'lC0l-^^C/D_ 




c 




I- tC OC — ■ O' -IT cc o 


H 




— p 


— CI -1 


^ 


w 


~" 




^ 




cc 00 C^ — cc m t- C CI 3-. -r> 

55 — i - c6 lO c> — £ 1-. i/^ CO 


Establisli 


— C 3C.CJ •-■ CO Ol C CO 




mciitB. 


Cf rn'co' ira CO 




o 








• e3 • • 
















o 








1311 




























M 








; 3 ; ; 




Ui 












a 








'"o : : 




H 






' I *J 


;o ; ; 




TS 






' 1 == 


' *— < 1 I 




C5 

m 

o 

OS 


III 




0)0 ; : 






— t-t-c30oai>--^cJ 




oT 


J 


<;■< 


•< 


ooofi 


««(i,0 



HISTOET OF INDIANA. 



753 







CJ o to CO i^ ■^ cc e* e» T-< LT?» t - »o o Ci 00 c7 (X I- cr ir: :r o «o -*• CO o I' »o -^ CO -^ c? o i- 
rH r-^ccco^co-^ *nc^oo550inocC'^TroDco»--i'^r-^OT-Haicc»ncoi-cC(>»cOir2ccincc 




1-1 S 00 0» * «» C» ff» i— O CO lO to 

cj « 3 >-i I- S» T »n ^ -fl- Ti e< 25 



1-1 ei T-i w<s< e< 



T-_^c5_ «o 00 * c> aj.Ti' 3 CO m ife ■ co i 



n 



t*OJT-'C0050cr)ooosi-'o;^5'0»»-'CO»ooOiiio^»nt'-o*^>QOCT:t'-coojc:i-ii'.-^,-i 

I- ej Ol r1 i-i C! TT Ct « en CS T-i o5 I- 1-1 t-TTlO £- J- in Oil 00 TJ 65 "-1 



t-i^cooocoe» 



e»T-l eOr-li-l COi«i rH 



■ icWiOOit-r— o^-OJt-ciQ-TJ-obtciasincooooisncocOTiioscooin-HmiftQn'^c 

ST-ic:aiQOcOr-icDcO'"Ti-QOc?)in»rtC»-i^){-cooo»ftiTQ05tomcoo5i-';5 5jo:c 
-TcOin25Ceo-^ocoQOincn:cinaooo^is>cocooi-inooo;OT5ii3>co.-i&i-5»i 




to CO O CO OI 05 CO O t- t- Q ■■T m CC to J- t 01 0( OJ -H if5 I- a; CO to Q O » 0* t 0-. 0» CO 

T-ioioio(:oir)cltoco»nocoo»cO'^tocO'-cOTPi-<o>iocoOiOO'7^o;obo»inaoc 
iooi- -^ i-ca»-iOTji5io5 cot-1 ooOi-iCJtoisii-cOi-ii-ioioi toe 



«i-i CSi-iO« I- 1-1 



1-1 0» 1-1 



§?J 



^ ^ ^ ^ ^ CCi-iO»C!tOi-tO»0>^iO-S'OC;t~OtO»OiJ-r)i 

--. . ■T;coi*'TOtoirtoOiO'^c:iTC05^cOiOir:-HirOGOOTO; — cotooiOi-iCii-ico 
0-. ifs IN I- to 1-1 -H i3^oo_^oo o ■fl'_^to L- ■* in « 00 to cj 0) i-oo_^o^Tr co_^in 00 1^ 

iri-Ti- oodinir coci :d i-^cfcrfin oo to ^ini-^QdooTi-Tcf it i-*'i-i^oco- 
1-1 l-i-<OCOi-> ton OOJ-* ■^i-ii-iri rjini iico 



— Oi-iOiT*-t-'T 

i-icoccciinTOQin 
CO QD 00 si i-^aS CO 
CJof i-i 



i--ointo-^QQc'?coQOircoiTtotooQO«oo>cointotpooo;tcco 
— o:r--to5coeotooia;*'-'tcooQoi5coo^cO'^ejao03cooo(i-i 



in CO e» 55 ( 



i-ii-ii-iooooQi*iffli-iOJcomo»ooiNini-t-'~<>'t'^'-'-'totoi-i-it — inOi-itoo50 

i-ia:incr. tOC>0>tOtOQlOQPi~ii-iOJtOQCDQin0^t-l-CO-TCOtO-iCOO>i-'i-iCOCi-^ 

cocDooct CO Oi05 -^05 in 05 0_o_^oo 00 o_ I -co 01 i-*^ds^in^ ot inin ir oi_coi^ -tj^-^ i-i in eo 
cotointo-^TroscooDOt-'o'oo" i-«5o'odo< cptooi'oJ'-^coTii'oo^' co'a0i-Jt>^c5 
i-i-ct eo« i-ii-i- 1-1-* CO Ss (M gjoj 1-11-1 i-iSS 



Establish 
mcnte. 



^Ht-l-ccn.,Ot-0 0*0?inOi-ii-«i-tOOOJtOO>tpO?C005QQ--tl-05C 

co:-Ttoi*caininr-^Hini-cot-Qi-coir«oop-fi-too»nQfci-'Oit 
i-iinooin-rcoininooejT}ii<i-oo«tococotOi-ie5tDt-o2eiooi?Scocoi 



:-a'COO> 

Sit -^ CO 



cj— itoi-iio6»inincoo><Ni-ii-i 



CO to «ocoo> 



oo 5 
•S as 

0S-r>'O 
-OS O 






"« 2 o 



E " wt: 3 



-■'•?1 S ; 5-^ S g-2^: gji! J 5 g o oo 






2 tea 



I g g §2 S J.H.5.2.2 g-g S IE II Ss I §5 § g g2 feill^l 



48 



754 



APPENDIX. 



O . 

gen 

oo 

PhO 

p* 






ao^>*^»-n-i»o»«05WOtDiotO'-i05ecto«r-i»-io5i-g;ooo»-"t-eiiooie«o>ooaB 



t~-ot-o> I w ® '-' t- i> 05 to o >n o» :-< 05 »-< (N in • 

Jl^iAri iC l-t- .rt or C C-. lOTI lO Stt COODi-l • 

rf <:£ ^ "r^ I ec 03 in-^^ic^cCQQ tj^o i* "fcTin • 

»?5a6cirf line-. OOCO-. 3ifioi5oi-i05rfi-io ■ 



Scpcocpin 1 1-H CO T-i in Ci ^^ 00 OS fc 



BJoquioj^[ 



t>eO'<9'o:i-ii-icoao(r)coeio>in'q<>aoaocoeetiHiHe*cec3t-aaiHceMioaffie(ao>3t» 



*-9 



.s..a 












i?r-.T-n— i-iE-'ii^.-isitSi-i^i-i"' "* "■ 



"S a Q 3 fl o a 
^ OS*-' 7^ a s 3 J 

c3 C3 *r C3 53 83 



>dP.g otj 

T-< CO T^ g< 1-H ^ TT 



« u o o 



0-; 


Oi 


o 




o 




OJ 


^ « « ^ 


O OS 


;z; 


!z; 


^ 




tz; 




;5 




K (5 




















>i 


t>< 


t>. 




t*. 




X 




>. t>> 










OS 










•a 


"o^ 


-o 




-a 




"W^ 


^ ^ ^ 


•o -o^ 


£3 - 


-J fl • 


a 




a 




a- 


■« ^ .« « 


a a- 


o 


o. o 


*i o 




o 




o 




o . O 


3 


"Jl 


o^ 




S 


«^ 




^ - ^ - • 


s-s^ 


u, 


*<7: 




o 




<;?; 


M t. 


o 


z^r. 




•a -o^ 


ti OJ 




o 




a * 




o .<a^ 


a "" 




" m 


>-. 


.-1 


>> 




' - - •• XCi >>«' 


o3 














as OS s] 


>> 

a 


lit 




•3, 

3 


0! 

■a 
o 


5' 


'I 


-a 

c 
^ ^ J » e 

- ' - - Eh 





tz! ^' 



13 .13^ 

a= a- 

O IhO 
Sic *^ "^ 

•^ a WH ^ t^ ^ J 



^ » 



sS S 



^M' 









"w J^ '\j -"^ (S ^J !E »; CD J- 



"S- a_- a 



<~ a 



)r-tcoco»n»-t;OT-iccoo^i-<io»-iTrco»Oi-iO(7<»o 



Bo 
5a^ 



I- u 



o ■_:= X 
«> 'S o ii 



^ 



; jt»ec 



rt ••= a-~ J o " 5 "o ' ''O 

g.2.S^|-^ S Sja i'Si^^.S S S i a So S 
5 S-l S §2 1 ^a g 5^ ^-3 = S g S£3 o- 



S£o§o2?Ms 



>3S 



:=: a 

a ag 

: S o « 






o^2-- 
a S a 

OS a p 

03 -^ — 
^1-03 



X2 

Ai a 

O OS 



a^ S 

O 0) ° 



5 -.2 a 

: a C3-3 



— 03 
03 03 



• a w ^ c3 

"« S'S >-"'S «^ aPO 

ja a -s g i; « 



03 -a .a 

> m 35 ^ 



a — t*. a 



o.a'-d 

CJ — I ri >-i ~^ '-' r-j " -» »w '—■ -" -^ -I-- '^ ^mr 'm^ yf ^*f ^^ (iM i>4 v-*^ O V V '-'•■-Ik' k:_" 

0;:;55^ti!^SS<SS;^S;z;;z;;2;S5tz;;z;oOfm«xHtHt>t>fc:^ 



oaS33^f?P?^--oa03oflE£?g* 



CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA. 



PREAMBLE. 



To the end that justice he established, public order maintained, and 
liberty perpetuated, we, the people of the State of Indiana, grateful to 
AiiMionTT God for the free exercise of the right to choose our own form 
of government, do ordain this Constitution. 

ARTICLE I. 

BILL OF RIGHTS. 

Section 1. We declare, That all men are created equal ; that they are 
endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among 
these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that all power is 
inherent in the people; and that all free governments are, and of a right 
ought to be, founded on their autliority, and instituted for their peace, 
safety, and well being. For the advancement of these ends, the pcopU 
have, at all times, an indefeasible right to alter and reform their gov- 
ernment. 

, Sec. 2. All men shall be secured in the natural right to worship 
Almighty God, according to the dictates of their own consciences. 

Sec. 3. No law shall, in any case whatever, control the free exercise 
and enjoyment of religious opinions, or interfere with the rights of con- 
Bcience. 

Sec. 4. No preference shall be given, by law, to any creed, religious 
society, or mode of worship ; and no man shall be compelled to attend, 
erect, or support any place of worship, or to maintain any ministry, against 
his consent. 

Sec. 5. No religious test shall be required as a qualification for any 
office of trust or profit. 

Sec. 6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury for the benefit of 
any religious or theological institution. 

Sec. 7. No person shall be rendered incompetent as a witness in conse- 
quence of his opinions on matters of religion. 

Sec. 8. The mode of administering an oath or affirmation, shall be such 
as may be most consistent with, and binding upon, the conscience of the 
person, to whom such oath or affirmation may be administered. 

Sec. 9. No law shall be passed restraining the free interchange of 
thought and opinion, or reatncting the right to speak, write, or print, 

755 



756 APPENDIX. 

freely, on any subject wliatever; but for the abuse of that right, every 
person shall be responsible. 

Sec. 10. In all prosecutions for libel, the truth of tlie matters alleged 
to be libellous may be given in justification. 

Sec. 11. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, 
papers, and ellects, against unreasonable search or seizure, shall not be 
violated; and no warrant shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported 
by oatli or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be 
searched, and the person or thing to be seized. 

Sec. 12. All courts shall be open ; and every man, for injury done to 
him in his person, property, or reputation, sliall have remedy by due 
course of law. Justice shall be administered freely, and without pur- 
chase; completely, and without denial; speedily, and without delay. 

Sec. 13. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have the right 
to a public trial, by an impartial jury, in the county in which the offense 
shall have been committed; to be heard by himself and counsel; to 
demand the nature and cause of the accusation against him, and to have 
a copy thereof; to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory 
process for obtaining witnesses in his favor. 

Sec. 14. No person shall be put in jeopardy twice for the same offense. 
No person in any criminal prosecution shall be compelled to testify 
against himself. 

Sec. 15. No person arrested, or confined in jail, shall be treated with 
unnecessary rigor. 

Sec. 16. Excessive bail shall not be required. Excessive fines shall 
not be imposed. Cruel and unusual punishments shall not be inflicted. 
All penalties shall be proportioned to the nature of the offense. 

Sec. 17. OQ'enses, other than murder or treason, shall be bailable by 
sufficient sureties. Murder or treason shall not be bailable, when the 
proof is evident, or the presumption strong. 

Sec. 18. The penal code shall be founded on the principles of reforma- 
tion, and not of vindictive justice. 

Sec. 19. In all criminal cases whatever, the jury shall have the right 
to determine the law and the facts. 

Sec. 20. In all civil cases the right of trial by jury shall remain invio- 
late. 

Sec. 21. No man's particular services shall be demanded without just 
compensation; no man's property shall be taken by law without just com- 
pensation ; nor, except in case of the State, witlxout such compensation 
first assessed and tendered. 

Sec. 22. The privilege of the debtor to enjoy the necessary comforts 
of life shall be recognized by wholesome laws, exempting a reasonable 
amount of property from seizure or sale for the payment of any debt or 
liability hereafter contracted; and there shall be no imprisonment for 
debt, except in case of fraud. 

Sec. 23. The General Assembly shall not grant to any citizen, or class 
of citizens, privileges or immunities, which, upon the same terms, shall 
not equally belong to all citizens. 



HISTORY OF rNDLSLNA. 757 

Sec. 24. No ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of con- 
tracts, shall ever be passed. 

Sec. 25. No law shall be passed, the taking effect of which shall be 
made to depend upon any authority, except as provided in this Constitu- 
tion. 

Sec. 26. The operation of the laws shall never be suspended, except by 
the authority of the General Assembly. 

Sec. 27. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- 
pended, except in case of rebellion or invasion; and then only if the 
public safety demand it. 

Sec. 28. Treason against the State shall consist only in levying war 
against it, and giving aid and comfort to its enemies. 

Sec. 29. No person shall be convicted of treason, except on th-e testi- 
mony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or upon his confession in 
open court. 

Sec. 30. No conviction shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture 
of estate. 

Sec. 31. No law shall restrain any of the inhabitants of the State from 
assembling together in a peaceable manner, to consult for their common 
good; nor from instructing their representatives; nor from applying to 
the General Assembly for redress of grievances. 

Sec. 32. The people shall have a right to bear arms for the defense of 
themselves and the State. 

Sec. 33. The military shall be kept in strict subordination to the civil 
power. 

Sec. 34. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house 
without the consent of the owner; nor, in time of war, but in a manner to 
be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 35. The General Assembly shall not grant any title of nobility, 
nor confer hereditary distinctions. 

Sec. 36. Emigration from the State shall not be prohibited. 

Sec. 37. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude 
within the State, otherwise than for the punishment of crimes whereof the 
party shall have been duly convicted. No indenture of any Negro or 
Mulatto, made and executed out of the bounds of the State, shall be valid 
within the State. 

ARTICLE II. 

BUFKltAGE AND ELECTION. 

Section 1. All elections shall be free and equal. 

Sec. 2. In all elections, not otherwise provided for by this Constitu 
tion, every white male citizen of the United States, of tlie age of twenty. 
one years and upwards, who shall have resided in the State during the six 
months immediately preceding such election; and every white male of 
foreign birth, of the age of twenty-one years and upwards, who shall have 
resided in the United States one year, and shall have resided in this State 
during six mouths immediately preceding such election, and shall liave 



758 APPENDIX. 

declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, conronn- 
ably to the laws of the United States on the subject of naturalization, shall 
be entitled to vote in the township or precinct where he may reside. 

Sec. 3. No soldier, seaman, or marine, in the army or navy of the 
United States, or of their allies, shall be deemed to have acquired a resi- 
dence in this State in consequence of having been stationed within the 
same ; nor shall any such soldier, seaman, or marine, have the right to vote. 

Sec. 4. No person shall be deemed to have lost his residence in the 
State by reason of his absence, either on business of this State or of the 
United States. 

Sec. 5. No Negro or Mulatto shall have the right of suffrage. 

Sec. 6. Every person shall be disqualified from holding office during 
the term for which he may have been elected, who shall have given or 
offered a bribe, tlireat, or reward, to procure bis election. 

Sec. 7. Every person who shall give or accept a challenge to fight a 
duel, or who shall knowingly carry to another person such challenge, or 
who shall agree to go out of the State to fight a duel, shall be ineligible 
to any office of trust or profit. 

Sec. 8. The General Asssembly shall have power to deprive of the 
right of suffrage, and to render ineligible any person convicted of an 
infamous crime. 

Sec. 9. No person holding a lucrative office or appointment, under the 
United States, or under this State, shall be eligible to a seat in the General 
Assembly ; nor shall any person hold more than one lucrative office at the 
same time, except as in this Constitution expressly permitted : Provided, 
that offices in the militia, to which there is attached no annual salary, 
and the office of deputy Postmaster, where the compensation does not 
exceed ninety dollars per annum, shall not be deemed lucrative : And pro- 
tided also, that counties containing less than one thousand polls, may 
confer the office of Clerk, Recorder, and Auditor, or any two of said offices 
upon the same person. 

Sec 10. No person who may hereafter be a collector or holder of pub- 
lic moneys, shall be eligible to any office of trust or profit, until he shall 
have accounted for, and paid over, according to law, all sums for which 
he may be liable. 

Sec. 11. In all cases in which it is provided that an office shall not be 
filled by the same person more than a certain number of years continu- 
ously, an appointment pro tempore shall not be reckoned a part of that 
term. 

Sec. 12. In all cases except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, 
electors shall be free from arrest, in going to elections, during their 
attendance there, and in returning from the same. 

Sec 13. All elections by the people shall be by ballot; and all elec- 
tions by the General Assembly, or by either branch thereof, shall be 
tiva voce. 

Sec. 14. All general elections shall be held on the second Tuesday in 
October. 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 759 

ARTICLE III. 

DISTUUJUTION OF POWEIIS. 

Section 1. The powers of the Government are divided into three sepa- 
rate departments: the Legislative, the Executive, iuchiding the Adminis- 
trative, and the Judicial; and no person charged with official duties under 
one of these departments, shall exercise any of the functions o^ another, 
except as in this Constitution expressly provided. 

ARTICLE IV. 

LEGISLATIVE. 

Section 1. The Legislative authority of tlie Slate shall be vested in a 
General Assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Repre- 
sentatives. The style of every law shall be: "Be it enacted by the Gen- 
eral Assembly of the State of Indiana;" and no law shall be enacted 
except by bill. 

Sec. 2. The Senate shall not exceed fifty, nor the House of Representa- 
tives one hundred members, and they shall be chosen b}' llic electors of 
the respective counties or districts, into which the State may, from time 
to time be divided. 

Sec. 3. Senators shall be elected for the term of four years, and Repre- 
sentatives for the term of two years, from the day next after their general 
election : Provided, Jiowever, that the Senators elect, at the second meeting 
of the General Assembly under this Constitution shall be divided by lot 
into two equal classes, as nearly as may be; and the seats of Senators of 
the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of two years, and those of 
the second class, at the expiration of four years, so that one-lialf, as nearly 
as possible, shall be chosen bienially forever tjicreafter. And in case of 
increase in the number of Senators, they shall be so annexed, by lot, to 
one or the other of the two classes, as to keep them as nearly equal as 
practicable. 

Sec. 4. The General Assembly shall, at its second session after the 
adoption of this Constitution, and every sixth year thereafter, cause an 
enumeration to be made of all the white male inhabitants over tlie age of 
twenty-one years. 

Sec. 5. The number of Senators and Representatives shall, at the ses- 
sion next following each period of making such enumeration, be fixed by 
law, and apportioned among the several counties, according to the number 
of white male inhabitants, above twenty -one years of age in each : Pro- 
vided, that the first and second elections of the members of the General 
Assembly, under this Constitution, shall be according to the apportion- 
ment last made by the General Assembly, before the adoption of this Con- 
stitution. 

Sec. 6. A Senatorial or Representative district, where more than one 
county shall constitute a district, shall be composed of contiguous coun. 
ties, and no county for Senatorial apportionment shall ever be divided. 



760 APPENDIX. 

Sec. 7. No person shall be a Senator or Representative, who, at the 
time of his election, is not a citizen of the United States; nor any one 
who lias not been, for two years next preceding his election, an inhabitant 
of this State, and for one jear next preceding his election an inhabitant 
of the county or district whence he may be chosen. Senators shall be at 
least twenty-five, and Representatives at least twenty-one years of age. 

Sec. 8. Senators and IJeprcsentatives, in all cases except treason, 
felony, and breach of the peace, shall be privileged from arrest, during 
the session of the General Assembly, and in going to and returning from 
the same, and shall not be subject to any civil process, during the session 
of the General Assembly, nor during the fifteen da3's next before the com- 
mencement thereof. For any speech or debate in either House, a member 
shall not be questioned in any other place. 

Sec. 9. The sessions of the General Assembly shall be held biennially 
at the capital of the State, commencing on the Tliursday next after the 
firs*. Monday of January, in the year one thousand eight hundred and 
fifty-three, and on the same day of every second year thereafter, unless a 
difierent day or place shall have been appointed by law. But if, in the 
opinion of the Governor, the public welfare shall require it, he may at any 
time, by proclamation, call a special session. 

Sec. 10. Each House, when assembled, shall choose its own officers, 
(the President of the Senate excepted,) judge the elections, qualifications 
and returns of its own members, determine its rules of proceeding, and sit 
upon its own adjournment. But neither House shall, without the consent 
of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any place other than 
that in which it may be sitting. 

Sec. 11. Two-thirds of each House shall constitute a quorum to do 
business; but a smaller number may meet, adjourn from day to day, and 
compel the attendance of absent members. A quorum being in attend- 
ance, if either House fail to eflcct an organization within the first five 
days thereafter, the members of the House so failing shall be entitled to 
no compensation from the end of said five days until an organization 
shall have been effected. 

Sec. 12. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and pub 
lish the same. The yeas and nays on any question shall, at the request of 
any two members, be entered, together with the names of tlie members 
demanding the same, on the journal: Provided, that on a motion to 
adjourn, it shall require one-tenth of the members present to order the 
yeas and nays. 

Sec. 13. The doors of each House, and of committees of the whole, 
shall be kept open, except in such cases as in the opinion of either House 
may require secrecy. 

Sec. 14. Either House may punish its members for disorderly behavior, 
and may, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member; but not a 
second time for the same cause. 

Sec. 15. Either House, during its session, may punish by imprison- 
ment, any person not a member who shall have been guilty of disrespect 



HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 761 

to the House, by disorderly or contemptuous behavior in its presence; but 
Buch imprisonment shall not at any time exceed twenty-four hours. 

Sec. 16. Eacli House shall have all powers necessary for a branch of 
the Legislative department of a free and independent State. 

Sec. 17. Bills may originate in either House, but may be amended or 
rejected in tlie other, except that bills for raising revenue shall originate 
In the House of Representatives. 

Sec. 18. Every bill shall be read by sections, on three several days in 
each House; unless in case of emergency, two-thirds of the House where 
such bill may be depending, shall, by a vote of yeas and naj's, deem it 
expedient to dispense with this rule; but the reading of a bill by sections, 
on its final passage, shall in no case be dispensed with, and the vote on 
the passage of every bill or joint resolution shall be taken by yeas and 
nays. 

Sec. 19. Every act shall embrace but one subject, and matters properly 
connected therewith, which subject shall be expressed in the title. But 
if any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be expressed in 
the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be 
expressed in the title. 

Sec. 20. Every act and joint resolution shall be plainly worded, avoid 
ing, as far as practicable, the use of technical terms. 

Sec. 21. No act shall ever be revised or amended by mere reference to 
its title; but the act revised or section amended, shall be set forth and 
published at full length. 

Sec. 22. The General Assembly shall not pass local or special laws in 
any of the following enumerated cases, that is to say: 

Regulating the jurisdiction and duties of justices of the peace and of 
constables ; 

For the punishment of crimes and misdemeanors; 

Regulating the practice in courts of justice; 

Providing for changing the venue in civil and criminal cases; 

Granting divorces; 

Changing the names of persons ; 

For laying out, opening and working on highways, and for the election 
or appointment of supervisors; 

Vacating roads, town plats, streets, alle3's, and public squares; 

Summoning and empaneling grand and petit jurors, and providing for 
their compensation ; 

Regulating county and township business; 

Regulating the election of county and township officers, and their com> 
pensation ; 

For the assessment and collection of taxes for State, county, township, 
or road purposes ; 

Providing for supporting common schools, and for the preservation of 
school funds; 

In relation to fees or salaries ; 

In relation to interest on money; 



762 APPENDIX. 

Providing for opening and conducting elections of State, county, or ' 
township officers, and designating the places of voting ; 

Providing for the sale of real estate belonging to minors or other persons 
laboring under legal disabilities, by executors, administrators, guardians 
or trustees. 

Sec. 23. In all the cases enumerated in the preceding section, and in 
all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, all laws shall 
be general, and of uniform operation throughout the State. 

Sec. 34. Provision may be made by general law, for bringing suit 
against the State, as to all liabilities originating after the adoption of this 
Constitution; but no special act authorizing such suit to be brought, or 
making compensation to any person claiming damages against the State 
shall ever be passed. 

Sec. 25. A majority of all the members elected to each House shall be 
necessary to pass every bill or joint resolution, and all bills and joint res- 
olutions so passed, shall be signed by the presiding officers of the respect- 
ive Houses. 

Sec. 26. Any member of either House shall have the right to protest, 
and to have his protest, with his reasons for dissent, entered on the journal. 

Sec. 27. Every statute shall be a public law, unless otherwise declared 
in the statute itself. 

Sec. 28. No act shall take effect until the same shall have been pub- 
lished and circulated in the several counties of the State by authority, 
except in case of emergency, which emergency shall be declared in the 
preamble, or in the body of the law. 

Sec. 29. The members of the General Assembly shall receive for their 
services a compensation to be fixed by law ; but no increase of compensa- 
tion shall take effect during the session at which such increase may be 
made. No session of the General Assembly, except the first under this 
Constitution, shall extend beyond the term of sixty-one days, nor any 
special session beyond the terra of forty days. 

Sec. 30. No Senator or Representative shall, during the term for which 
he may have been elected, be eligible to any office, the election to which 
is vested in the General Assembly ; nor shall he be appointed to any civil 
olflce of profit which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which 
shall have been increased during such term ; but this latter provision shaU 
not be construed to apply to any office elective by the people. 

ARTICLE V. 

EXECUTIVE. 

Section 1. The executive power of the State shall be vested in a Gov- 
ernor. He shall hold his office during four years, and shall not be eligi- 
ble more than four years in any period of eight years. 

Sec 2. There shall be a Lieutenant Governor, who shall hold his office 
during four years. 

Sec. 3. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor shall be elected at the 
times and places of choosing members of the General Assembly. 



HISTOKT OP INDIANA. 763 

Sec. 4. In voting for Governor and Lieutenant Governor, the electots 
shall designate for whom they vote as Governor, and for whom as Lieu- 
tenant Governor. The returns of every election for Governor and Lieuten- 
ant Governor shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of govern- 
ment, directed to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, who shall 
open and publish them in the presence of both Houses of the General 
Assembly. 

Sec. 5. The persons respectively having the highest number of votes 
for Governor and Lieutenant Governor, shall be elected ; but in case two 
or more persons shall have an equal and the highest number of votes for 
either office, the General Assembly shall, by joint vote, forthwith proceed 
to elect one of the said persons Governor, or Lieutenant Governor, as tho 
case may be. 

Sec. G. Contested elections for Governor or Lieutenant Governor, shall 
be determined by the General Assembly in such manner as may be pre- 
scribed by law. 

Sec. 7. No person shall be eligible to the office of Governor or Lieu- 
tenant Governor, who shall not have been five years a citizen of the United 
States, and also a resident of the State of Indiana during the five years 
next preceding his election; nor shall any person be eligible to either of 
the said offices who shall not have attained the age of thirty years. 

Sec. 8. No member of Congress, or person holding any office under 
the United States, or of this State, shall fill the office of Governor or Lieu- 
tenant Governor. 

Sec. 9. The official term of the Governor and Lieutenant Governor 
shall commence on the second Monday in January, in the year one thou- 
sand eight hundred and fifty-three, and on the same day every fourth year 
thereafter. 

Sec. 10. In case of the removal of the Governor from office, or of his 
death, resignation, or inability to discharge the duties of the office, the 
same shall devolve upon the Lieutenant Governor, and the General Assem- 
bly shall, by law, provide for the case of removal from office, death, resig- 
nation, or inability, both of the Governor and Lieutenant Governor, 
declaring what officer then shall act as Governor ; and such officer shall 
act accordingly, until the disability be removed or a Governor elected. 

Sec. 11. Whenever the Lieutenant Governor shall act as Governor, or 
Bhall be unable to attend as President of the Senate, the Senate shall elect 
one of its own members as President for the occasion. 

Sec. 12. The Governor shall be commander-in-chief of the militia and 
naval forces, and may call out such forces to execute the laws, or to sup- 
press insurrection, or to repel invasion. 

Sec. 13. He shall, from time to time, give to the General Assembly 
information touching the condition of the State, and recommend such 
measures as he shall judge to be expedient. 

Sec. 14. Every bill which shall have passed the General Assembly, 
shall be presented to the Governor; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if 
not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the House in which it shall 



764 APPENDIX. 

have originated ; which House shall enter the objections at large upon its 
journals, and proceed to reconsider the bill. If, after such reconsidera- 
tion, a majority of all the members elected to that House shall agree to 
pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the Governor's objections, to the other 
House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by a 
majority of all the members elected to that House, it shall be a law. If 
any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within three days, Sundays 
excepted, after it shall have been presented to him, it shall be a law with. 
out his signature, unless the general adjournment shall prevent its return, 
in which case it shall be a law, unless tlie Governor within five days next 
after such adjournment shall file such bill with his objections thereto in 
the office of the Secretary of State, who shall lay the same before the Gen- 
eral Assembly at its next session, in like manner as if it had been returned 
by the Governor. But no bill shall be presented to the Governor within 
two days next previous to the final adjournment of the General Assembly. 

Sec. 15. The Governor shall transact all necessary business with the 
officers of government, and may require information in writing, from the 
officers of tlie administrative department, upon any subject relating to the 
duties of their respective offices. 

Sec. 16. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed. 

Sec. 17. He shall have the power to grant reprieves, commutations 
and pardons after conviction, for all offenses, except treason and cases of 
impeachment, subject to such regulations as may be provided by law. 
Upon conviction for treason, lie shall have power to suspend the execution 
of the sentence until the case shall be reported to the General Assembly, 
at its next meeting; when the General Assembly shall either grant a 
pardon, commute the sentence, direct the execution of the sentence, or 
grant a further reprieve. He shall have power to remit fines and forfeits 
ures, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law, and shall report 
to the General Assembly at its next meeting, each case of reprieve, com- 
mutation, or pardon granted, and also the names of all persons in whoso 
favor remission of fines and forfeitures shall have been made and the sev- 
eral amounts remitted : Provided, however, that the General Assembly may, 
by law, constitute a council, to be composed of officers of State, without 
whose advise and consent the Governor shall not have power to grant 
pardons in any case, except such as may by law be left to his sole power. 

Sec. 18. When, during a recess of the General Assembly, a vacancy 
shall happen in any office, the appointment to which is vested in the Gen- 
eral Assembly; or when at any time a vacancy shall have occurred in any 
other State office, or in the office of Judge of any Court ; the Governor 
shall fill such vacancy by appointment, which shall expire when a suc- 
cessor shall have been elected and qualified. 

Sec. 19. He shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies as may 
have occurred in the General Assembly. 

Sec. 20. Should the seat of government become dangerous from dis- 
ease, or a common enemy, he may convene the General Assembly at any 
other place. 



mSTOKT OF INDIANA* 765 

Sec. 21. The Lieutenant Governor shall, by virtue of his office, be Pres- 
ident of the Senate, have a right, •when in committee of the whole, to join 
in debate, and to vote on all subjects; and -whenever the Senate shall be 
equally divided he shall give the casting vote. 

Sec. 23. The Governor shall, at stated times, receive for his services a 
compensation, -which shall neither be increased or diminished during the 
term for which he shall have been elected. 

Sec. 23. The Lieutenant Governor, while he shall act as President of 
the Senate, shall receive for his services, the same compensation as the 
Speaker of the House of Representatives, and any person acting as Gover- 
nor, shall receive the compensation attached to the office of Governor. 

Sec. 24. Neither the Governor nor Lieutenant Governor shall be eligi- 
ble to any other office, during the terra for which he shall have been elected. 

ARTICLE VI. 

ADMINISTRATIVE. 

Section 1. There shall be elected, by the voters of the State, a Secre- 
tary, an Auditor, and a Treasurer of State, who shall, severally, hold thjeir 
offices for two years. They shall perform such duties as may be enjoined 
by law; and no person sliall be eligible to either of said offices more than 
four years in any period of si.x years. 

Sec. 2. There shall be elected, in each county, by the voters thereof, at 
the time of holding the general elections, a Clerk of the Circuit Court, 
Auditor, Recorder, Treasurer, Sheriff, Coroner, and Surveyor. The Clerk, 
Auditor, and Recorder, shall continue in office four years; and no person 
shall be eligible to the office of Clerk, Recorder, or Auditor, more than 
eight years in any period of twelve years. The Treasurer, Sheriff, Coroner 
and Surveyor, shall continue in office two years; and no person shall be 
eligible to the office of Treasurer or Sheriff more than four years in any 
period of six years. 

Sec. 3. Such other county and township officers as may be necessary, 
shall be elected, or appointed, in such manner as may be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 4. No person shall be elected, or appointed, as a county officer, 
who shall not be an elector of the county; nor any one who shall not have 
been an inhabitant thereof during one year next preceding his appoint- 
ment, if the county shall have been so long organized; but if the county 
shall not have been so long organized, tlien within the limits of the county 
or counties out of which the same shall have been taken. 

Sec. 5. The Governor, and the Secretary, Auditor and Treasurer of 
State, shall, severally, reside and keep the public records, books, and 
papers, in any manner relating to their respective offices, at the seat of 
government. 

Sec. 6. All county, to-wnship and to-wn officers, shall reside within their 
respective counties, townships and towns, and shall keep their respective 
offices at such places therein, and perform such duties, as may be directed 
by law. 

Sec. 7. All State officers shall, for crime, incapacity, or negligence, be 



7G6 APPENDIX. 

liable to be removed from ofHce, either by impeachment by the Hcmsc of 
Reprcseutativcs, to be tried by the Senate, or by a joint resolution of tlic 
General Assembly; two-tliirds of tlie members elected to each branch 
voting, in either case, therefor. 

Sec. 8. All State, count}-, township and town officers, may be impeached, 
or removed froni office, in such manner as maybe prescribed by law. 

Sec. 9. "Vacancies in county, townsliip and town offices, sliall be filled 
In such manner as may be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 10. The General Assembly may confer upon the Boards doing 
county business in the several counties, powers of a local, administrative 
character. 

ARTICLE VII. 

JUDICIAL. 

Section 1. The Judicial power of the State shall be vested in a 
Supreme Court, in Circuit Courts, and in sucli inferior Courts as the Gen- 
eral Assembly may establish. 

Sec. 2. The Supreme Court shall consist of not less than three nor more 
than five Judges, a majority of whom shall form a quorum. They shall 
hold their offices for six j'cars, if they so long behave well. 

Sec. 3. The State shall be divided into as many districts as tlicre are 
Judges of the Supreme Court ; and such districts sliall be formed of con- 
tiguous territory, as nearly equal in population as, without dividing a 
county, the same can be made. One of said Judges shall be elected from 
each district, and reside therein ; but said Judges shall be elected by the 
electors of the State at large. 

Sec. 4. The Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction co-extensive with tlie 
limits of the State, in appeals and writs of error, under such regulations 
and restrictions as may be prescribed by law. It shall also have such 
original jurisdiction as the General Assembly may confer. 

Sec. 5. The Supreme Court shall, upon the decisions of every case, give 
a statement in writing of each question arising in the record of such case, 
and the decision of the Court thereon. 

Sec. 6. The General Assembly shall provide, by law, for the speedy pub- 
lication of the decisions of the Supreme Court, made under this Constitu- 
tion ; but no Judge shall be allowed to report such decision. 

Sec. 7. There shall be elected by the voters of the State, a Clerk of the 
Supreme Court, who shall hold his office four years, and whose duties shall 
be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 8. The Circuit Courts shall each consist of one Judge, and shall 
have such civil and criminal prosecution as may be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 9. The State shall, from time to time, be divided into judicial cir 
cuits, and a Judge for each circuit shall be elected by the voters thereof. 
He shall reside within the circuit, and shall hold his office for the term of 
six years, if he so long behave well. 

Sec. 10. The General Assembly may provide by law, that the Judge of 
one circuit may hold the courts of another circuit, in cases of necessity or 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 767 

convenience ; and, in case of temporary inability of any Judge, from sick- 
ness or other cause, to hold the courts in his circuit, provision may be 
made, by law, for holding such courts. 

Sec. 11. There shall be elected, in each judicial circuit, by the voters 
thereof, a Prosecuting Attorney, wlio shall hold his office for two years. 

Sec. 12. Any Judge or Prosecuting Attorney, who shall have been con- 
victed of corruption or other high crime, may, on information in the name 
of the State, be removed from office by the Supreme Court, or in such other 
manner as may be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 13. The Judges of the Supreme Court and Circuit Courts shall, at 
stated times, receive a compensation, which shall not be diminished during 
their continuance in office. 

Sec. 14. A competent number of Justices of the Peace shall be elected, 
by the voters in each township in the several counties. They shall con- 
tinue in office four years, and their powers and duties shall be prescribed 
by law. 

Sec. 15. All judicial officers shall be conservators of the peace in their 
respective jurisdictions. 

Sec. 1G. No person elected to any judicial office, shall, during the term 
for which he shall have been elected, be eligible to any office of trust or 
profit, under tlie State, other than a judicial one. 

Sec. 17. The General Assembly may modify or abolish the Grand Jury 
system. 

Sec. 18. 'All criminal prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and 
by the authority of the State ; and the style of all process shall be "The 
State of Indiana." 

Sec. 19. Tribunals of conciliation maj* be established, with such powers 
and duties as shall be prescribed by law ; or the powers and duties of the 
same may be conferred upon otlicr courts of justice ; but such tribunals or 
other courts, when sitting as such, shall have no power to render judgment 
to be obligatory on the parties, unless they voluntarily submit their matters 
of difference, and agree to abide the judgment of such tribunal or court. 

Sec. 20. The General Assembly, at its first session after the adoption of 
this Constitution, shall provide for the appointment of three Commission- 
ers, whose duty it shall be to revise, simplify and abridge, the rules, prac- 
tice, pleadings and forms, of the courts of justice. And they shall provide 
for abolishing the distinct forms of action at law, now in use ; and that 
justice shall be administered in a uniform mode of pleading, without dis- 
tinction between law and equity. And the General Assembly may, also, 
make it the duty of said Commissioners to reduce into a systematic code, 
the general statute law of the State ; and said Commissioners shall report 
the result of their labors to the General Assembly, with such recommen- 
dations and suggestions, as to abridgement and amendment, as to said 
Commissioners may seem necessary or proper. Provision shall be made, 
by law, for filling vacancies, regulating the tenure of office, and the com- 
pensation of said Commissioners. 

Sec. 21. Every person of good moral character, being a voter, shall be 
entitled to admission to practice law in all courts of justice. 
«. 



768 APPENDIX. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

EDUCATION. 

Section 1. Knowledge and learning, generally diffused throughout a 
communitj', being essential to the preservation of a free government, it 
shall be the duty of the General Assembly to encourage, by all suitable 
means, moral, intellectual, scientific and agricultural improvement, and to 
provide, by law, for a general and uniform system of Common Schools, 
wherein tuition shall be witliout charge, and equally open to all. 

Sec. 2. The Common School fund shall consist of the Congressional 
township fund, and the lands belonging thereto ; 

The Surplus Revenue fund ; 

The Saline fund and the lands belonging thereto ; 

The Bank Tax fund, and the fund arising from the one hundred and 
fourteenth section of the charter of the State Bank of Indiana ; 

The fund to be derived from the sale of county seminaries, and the 
moneys and property heretofore held for such seminaries ; from the fines 
assessed for breaches of the penal laws of the State, and for all forfeitures 
which may accrue ; 

All lands and other estate which shall escheat to the State for want of 
heirs or kindred entitled to the inheritance ; 

All lands that have been, or may hereafter be, granted to the State, whcr* 
no special purpose is expressed in the grant, and the proceeds of the sales 
thereof, including the proceeds of the sales of the swamp lands granted to 
the State of Indiana by the act of Congress of the twenty-eighth of Sej)- 
tember, 1850, after deducting the expense of selecting and draining the 
same ; 

Taxes on the property of corporations, that may be assessed JJar Com- 
mon School purposes. 

Sec. 3. The principal of the Common School fund shall remain a per- 
petual fund, which may be increased, but shall never be diminished; and 
the income thereof shall be inviolably appropriated to the supi^ort of Com- 
mon Schools, and to no other purpose whatever. 

Sec. 4. The General Assembly shall invest, in some safe and profitable 
manner, all such portions of the Common School fund as not hcreintoforo 
been entrusted to the several counties ; and shall make provision, by law, 
for the distribution, among the several counties, of the interest thereof. 

Sec. 5. If any county shall fail to demand its proportion of such inter- 
est, for Common School purposes, the same shall be re-invested for the 
benefit of such county. 

Sec 6. The several counties shall be held liable for the preservation of 
BO much of the said fund as may be entrusted to them, and for the pay- 
ment of the annual interest thereon. 

Sec 7. All trust funds, held by the State, shall remain inviolate, and bo 
faithfully and exclusively applied to the purposes for which the trust was 
created. 

Sec. 8. The General Assembly shall provide for the election, by the 
voters of the State, of a State Superintendent of Public Instruction, who 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 769 

Bhall hold his ofQce for two years, and whose duties and compensation 
shall be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IX. 

STATE INSTITDTIONS. 

Section 1. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide, by 
law, for the support of Institutions for the education of the Deaf and 
Dumb, and of the Blind; and also for the treatment of the Insane. 

Sec. 2. The General Assembly shall provide Houses of Refuge, for the 
correction and reformation of juvenile offenders. 

Sec. 3. The county boards shall have power to provide farms, as an 
asylum for those persons who, by reason of age, infirmity, or other misfor- 
tune, may have claims upon the sympathies and aid of society. 

ARTICLE X. 

FINANCE. 

Section 1. The General Assembly shall provide, by law, for a uniform 
and equal rate of assessment and taxation, and shall prescribe such regu- 
lations as shall secure a just valuation for taxation of all property, both 
real and personal, excepting such only for municipal, educational, literary, 
scientific, religious or charitable purposes, as may be specially exempted 
by law. 

Sec. 2. All the revenues derived from the sale of any of the public works 
belonging to the State, and from the net annual income thereof, and any 
surplus that may, at any time, remain in the treasury, derived from taxa- 
tion for general State purposes, after the payment of the ordinary expenses 
of the government, and of the interest on bonds of the State, other than 
Bank bonds, shall be annually applied, under the direction of the General 
Assembly, to the payment of the principal of the public debt. 

Sec. 3. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in pursuance 
of appropriations made by law. 

Sec. 4. An accurate statement of the receipts and expenditures of the 
public money, shall be published with the laws of each regular session of 
the General Assembly. 

Sec. 5. No law shall authorize any debt to be contracted, on behalf of 
the State, except in the following cases : To meet casual deficits in the rev. 
enue ; to pay the interest on the State debt ; to repel invasion, suppress 
insurrection, or, if hostilities be threatened, provide for the public defense. 

Sec. G. No county shall subscribe for stock in any incorporated com- 
pany, unless the same be paid for at the time of such subscription ; nor 
shall any county loan its credit to any incorporated company, nor borrow 
money for the purpose of taking stock in any such company ; nor shall 
the General Assembly ever, on behalf the State, assume the debts of any 
county, city, town or township, nor of any corporation whatever. 

Sec. 7. No law or resolution shall ever be passed by the General Assem- 
bly of the State of Indiana that shall recognize any liability of this State 
to pay or redeem any certificate of stocks issued in pursuance of an act 
49 



770 APPENDIX. 

< ••titled "An act to provide for the funded debt of the State of Indiana, 
and for the completion of the Wabash and Eric Canal to Evansville," passed 
January 19, 184G, and an act supplemental to said act passed January 29, 
1847, which, by the provisions of the said acts, or cither of them, shall be 
paj'able exclusively from the proceeds of the canal lands, and the tolls and 
revenues of the canal in said acts mentioned ; and no such certificates or 
stocks shall ever be paid by this State. 

Note.— Agreed to by a majority of the members elected to each of the two honscs of 
the General Assembly, Regular Session of 1871, and referred to the General Assembly to 
be chosen at the next general election. Agreed to by a majority of the members elected 
to each honsc of the General Assembly, Special Session of 1872. Submitted to the cleo- 
tors of the State by an act approved January 38, 1873. Ratified by a majority of the 
electors, at an election held on the 18th day of February, 1873. Declared a part of the 
constitution by proclamation of Thomas A. Hendricks, Governor, dated Alarch 7, 1873 

ARTICLE XI. 

CORPORATIONS. 

Section 1. The General Assembly shall not have power to establish or 
incorporate any bank or banking company, or moneyed institution, for the 
purpose of issuing bills of credit, or bills payable to order or bearer, except 
under the conditions prescribed in this Constitution. 

Sec. 3. No banks shall be established otherwise than under a general 
banking law, except as provided in the fourth section of this article. 

Sec. 3. If the General Assembly shall enact a general banking law, 
such law shall provide for the registry and countersigning, by an officer 
of the State, of all paper credit designed to be circulated as money ; and 
ample collateral security, readily convertible into specie, for the redemp- 
tion of the same in gold or silver, shall be required, which collateral secu- 
rity shall be under the control of the proper officer or officers of State. 

Sec. 4. The General Assembly may also charter a bank with branches, 
•without collateral security, as required in the preceding section. 

Sec. 5. If the General Assembly shall establish a bank with branches, 
the branches shall be mutually responsible for each other's liabilities, upon 
all paper credit issued as money. 

Sec. G. The stockholders in every bank or banking company, shall be 
individually responsible, to an amount over and above their stock, equal 
to their respective shares of stock, for all debts or liabilities of said bank 
or banking company. 

Sec. 7. All bills or notes issued as money, shall be, at all times, redeem- 
able in gold or silver ; and no law shall be passed sanctioning, directly or 
indirectly, the suspension by any bank or banking company, of specie 
payments. 

Sec. 8. Holders of bank notes shall be entitled, in case of insolvency, 
to preference of payment over all other creditors. 

Sec. 9. No bank shall receive directly or indirectly, a greater rate of 
interest than shall be allowed, by law, to individuals loaning money. 

Sec. 10. Every bank, or banking company, shall be required to cease 
all banking operations within twenty years from the time of its organiza 
tlon, and promptly thereafter to close its business. 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 771 

Sec. 11. The General Assembly is not prohibited from investing the 
Trust Funds in a bank with branches ; but in case of such investment, the 
Bafety of the same shall be guaranteed by unquestionable security. 

Sec. 12. The State shall not be a stockholder in any bank, after the 
expiration of the present bank charter; nor sliall the credit of tbe State 
ever be given, or loaned, in aid of any person, association, or corporation; 
nor shall the State hereafter become a stockholder in any corporation or 
association. 

Sec. 13. Corporations, other than banking, shall not be created by special 
act, but may be formed under general laws. 

Sec. 14. Dues from corporations, other than banking, shall be secured 
by such individual liability of the corporators, or other means, as may be 
prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE XIL 



Section 1. The militia shall consist of all able-bodied white male per- 
sons, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, except such as may 
be exempted by the laws of the United States, or of this State; and shall 
be organized, othcercd, armed, equipped and trained, in such manner as 
may be provided by law. 

Sec. 2. The Governor shall appoint the Adjutant, Quartermaster and 
Commissary Generals. 

Sec. 3. All militia officers shall be commissioned by the Governor, and 
shall hold their oflices not longer than six years. 

Sec. 4. Tlie General Assembly shall determine the method of dividing 
the militia into divisions, brigades, regiments, battallions and companies, 
and fix the rank of all staff officers. 

Sec. 5. The militia may be divided into classes of sedentary and active 
militia, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. 

Sec. G. No person conscientiously opposed to bearing arms, shall be 
compelled to do militia duty; but such person shall pay an equivalent for 
exemption, the amount to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE XIIL 

NEC ROES AND inJLATTOES. 

Section 1. No negro or mulatto shall come into, or settle in, the State, 
after the adoption of this Constitution. 

Sec 2. All contracts made with any negro or mulatto coming into the 
Btate, contrary to the provisions of the foregoing section shall be void ; and 
any person who sliall employ such negro or mulatto, or otherwise encour- 
age him to remain in the State, shall be fined in any sum not less than ten 
dollars, nor more than five hundred dollars. 

Sec. 3. All fines which may be collected for a violation of the provis- 
ions of this article, or of any law which may hereafter be passed for the 
purpose of carrj'ing the same into execution, shall be set apart and appro- 



iJZ APPENDIX. 

priated for the colonization of such negroes and miilattocs, and their 
descendants, as maj be in the State at the adoption of this Constitution, 
and may be willing to emigrate. 

Sec. 4. The General Assembly shall pass laws to carry out the provis- 
ions of this article. 

ARTICLE XIV 

BOUNDAKIES. 

Section 1. In order that the boundaries of the State may be knoTvn and 
established, it is hereby ordained and declared, that the State of Indiana is 
bounded on the East by the meridian line which forms the western bound- 
arj^ of the State of Ohio; on the South by the Oliio river, from the mouth 
of the Great Miami river to the mouth of the Wabash river; on the West 
by a line drawn along the middle of the Wabash river, from its mouth to a 
point where a due north line, drawn from the town of Viucenncs, would 
last touch the northwestern shore of said Wabash river; and thence by a 
due north line until tlie same shall intersect an east and west line, drawn 
through a point ten miles north of the soutliern extreme of Lake Michi- 
gan; on the North by said cast and west line, until the same shall intersect 
the first mentioned meridian line, which forms the western boundary of the 
State of Ohio. 

Sec. 2. The State of Indiana shall possess jurisdiction and sovereignty 
co-extensive with the boundaries declared in the preceding section ; and 
shall have concurrent jurisdiction in civil and criminal cases, with the 
State of Kentucky on the Ohio river, and with the State of Illinois on the 
Wabash river, so far as said rivers form the common boundary between 
this State and said States respectively. 

ARTICLE XV. 

MISCELLAN EOUS. 

Section 1. All officers, whose appointment is not otherwise provided 
for in this Constitution, shall be chosen in such manner as now is, or here- 
after ma}' be, prescribed by law. 

Sec. 3. "WTien the duration of any office is not provided for by this Con- 
stitution, it may be declared by law; and, if not so declared, such office 
shall be held during the pleasure of the authority making, the appointment. 
But the General Assembly shall not create any office, the tenure of which 
shall be longer than four years. 

Sec. 3. Whenever it is provided in this Constitution, or in any law which 
may be hereafter passed, that any officer, other than a member of the Gen- 
eral Assembly, shall hold his office for any given term, the same shall be 
construed to mean, that such officer shall hold his office for such term, and 
until his successor shall have been elected and quailified. 

Sec 4. Every person elected or appointed to any office under this Con- 
stitution, shall, before entering on the duties tJiereof, take an oath or affirm 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 773 

ation, to support the Constitution of this State, and of the United States, 
and also an oath of office. 

Sec. 5. There shall be a Seal of State, kept by the Governor for official 
purposes, which shall be called the Seal of the State of Indiana. 

Sec. 6. All commissions shall issue in the name of the State, shall be 
signed by the Governor, sealed with the State Seal, and attested by the Sec- 
retary of State. 

Sec. 7. No county shall be reduced to an area less than four hundred 
square miles; nor shall any county, under that area, be further reduced. 

Sec. 8. No lottery shall be authorized ; nor shall the sale of lottery 
tickets be allowed. 

Sec. 9. The following grounds, owned by the State in Indianapolis, 
namely : the State Uouse Square, the Governor's Circle, and so much of 
out^lot numbered one hundred and forty-seven, as lies north of the arm of 
the Central Canal, shall not be sold or leased. 

Sec. 10. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide for the 
permanent enclosure and preservation of the Tippecanoe Battle Ground. 

ARTICLE XVI. 

AMENDMENTS. 

Section 1. Any amendment or amendments to this Constitution, may 
be proposed in either branch of the General Assembly; and if the same 
shall be agreed to by a majority of the members elected to each of the two 
Houses, such proposed amendment or amendments shall, with the yeas and 
nays thereon, be entered on their journals, and referred to the General 
Assembly to be chosen at the next general election; and if, in the General 
Assembly so next chosen, such proposed amendment or amendments shall 
be agreed to by a majority of all the members elected to each House, then 
it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to submit such amendment 
or amendments to the electors of the State; and if a majority of said 
electors shall ratify the same, such amendment or amendments shall be- 
come a part of this Constitution. 

Sec. 2. If two or more amendments shall be submitted at the same time 
they shall be submitted in such manner that the electors shall vote for or 
against each of such amendments separately ; and while such an amend- 
ment or amendments, which shall have been agreed upon by one General 
Assembly, shall be awaiting the action of a succeeding General Assembly, 
or of the electors, no additional amendment or amendments shall be pro- 
posed. 

SCHEDULE. 

This Constitution, if adopted, shall take effect on the first day of Novem- 
ber, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, and shall super- 
sede the Constitution adopted in the year one thousand eight hundred and 
sixteen. That no inconvenience may arise from the change in the govern- 
ment, it is hereby ordained as follows : 



774 APPENDIX. 

FirBt. All laws now in force, and not inconsistent with this Constitu- 
tion, shall remain in force until they shall expire or be repealed. 

Second. All indictments, prosecutions, suits, pleas, plaints and other 
proceedings, pending in any of the courts, shall be prosecuted to final 
judgment and execution; and all appeals, writs of error, certiorari and 
injunctions, shall be carried on in the several courts in the same manner 
as is now provided by law. 

Third. All fines, penalties and forfeitures, due or accruing to the State, 
or to any county therein, shall inure to the State, or to such county, in the 
manner prescribed by law. All bonds executed to the State, or to any offi- 
cer in his ofticial capacity, shall remain in force, and inure to the use of 
those concerned. 

Fourth. All acts of incorporation for municipal purposes shall continue 
in force under this Constitution until such time as the General Assembly 
shall, in its discretion, modify or repeal the same. 

Fifth. The Governor, at the expiration of the present official term, 
shall continue to act until his successor shall have been sworn into office. 

Sixth. There shall be a session of the General Assembly commencing 
on the first Jlonday in December, in the year one thousand eight hundred 
and fifty-one. 

Seventh. Senators now in office and holding over, under the existing 
Constitution, and such as may be elected at the next general election, and 
tlie Reprefieiitatives then elected, shall continue in office until the first 
general clccliou under this Constitution. 

Eighth. The first general election under this Constitution shall be held 
in the year one tliousaud eight hundred and fifty-two. 

Ninth. The first election for Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Judges of 
the Supreme Court and Circuit Courts, Clerk of the Supreme Court, Pros- 
ecuting Attorney, Secretary, Auditor, and Treasurer of State, and State 
Superintendent of Public Instruction, under this Constitution, shall be 
held at the general election in the year one thousand eight hundred and 
fifty-two; and such of said officers as may be in office when this Constitu- 
tion shall go into effect, shall continue in their respective offices until their 
succussors shall have been elected and qualified. 

Tenth. Every person elected by popular vote, and now in any office 
which is continued by this Constitution, and every person who shall be so 
elected to any such office before the taking effect of this Constitution, 
(except as in this Constitution otherwise provided,) shall continue in office 
until the term for which such person has been or may be elected, shall 
expire: Provided, that no such person shall continue in office after the 
taking efiect of this Constitution, for a longer period than the term of such 
ofilcc in this Constitution prescribed. 

Eleventh. On the taking effect of this Constitution, all officers thereby 
continued in office, shall, before proceeding in the further discharge of 
t^ir duties, take an oath or affirmation to support this Constitution. 

Twelfth. All vacancies that may occur in existing offices, prior to the 



HIOTORY OF INDL&ITA. 775 

first general election under this Constitution, shall be filled in the manner 
now prescribed by law. 

Thirteenth. At the time of submitting this Constitution to the electors 
for their approval or disapproval, the article numbered tliirtcen, in rela- 
tion to negroes and mulattocs, shall be submitted as a distinct proposition 
in the following form: "Exclusion and Colonization of Negroes and 
Mulattocs," "Aye," or "No." And if a majority of the votes cast shall 
be in favor of said article, then the same shall form a part of this Consti- 
tution; otherwise it shall be void, and form no part tliereof. 

Fourteenth. No article or section of this Constitution shall be sub- 
mitted as a distinct proposition to a vote of the electors otherwise than as 
herein provided. 

Fifteenth. Whenever a portion of the citizens of tlie counties of Perry 
and Spencer shall deem it expedient to form, of the contiguous territory 
of said counties, a new county, it shall be the duty of those interested in 
the organization of such new county, to lay off the same by proper metes 
and bounds, of equal portions as nearly as practicable, not to exceed one- 
third of the territory of each of said counties. The proposal to create 
such new county shall be submitted to the voters of said counties, at a 
general election, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. And if a 
majority of all the votes given at said election shall be in favor of the 
organization of said new county, it shall be the duty of the General 
Assembly to organize the same out of the territory thus designated. 

Sixteenth. The General Assembly may alter or amend the charter of 
Clarksville, and make such regulations as may be necessary for carrying 
into effect the objects contemplated in granting the same; and tlie funds 
belonging to said town shall be applied according to the intention of the 
grantor. 

Done in Convention at Indianapolis, the tenth day of February, in the 
year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty-one ; and of the 
Independence of the United States, the seventy-fifth. 

GEORGE WHITFIELD CARR, 
Attest: PreaideaU. 

Wm. H. English, 

Principal Secretary 

George L. Sites, 1 

Herman G. Barkwkll, ^ Asiiitant SecretariM, 

Robert M. Evans, 



ACTS OF THE LEGISLATURE OF VIRGINIA. 



AN ACT to authorize tLe delegates (f this State in Congress, to convey to the United 
States in Congress assembled, all the right of this ccmmouweallh to the territory 
nortli-westward of the river Ohio. 

[Passed December 20, 1783.] 

1. Whereas tlie Congress of the United States did, by their act of the 
sixth day of September, in the year one thousand seven hundred and 
eighty, recommend to the several states in the Union, havina; claims 
to waste and unappropriated lands in the western country, a liberal 
cession to the United States, of a portion of their respective claims 
for the common benefit of the Union: 

2. And whereas, This commonwealth did, on the second day of Janu- 
ary, in the year one thousand seven hundred and eighty-one, yield 
to the Congress of the United States, for the benefit of the said states, 
all right, title and claim, -which the said commonwealth had to the 
territory north west of the river Ohio, subject to the conditions 
annexed to ihe said act of cession: 

3. And whereas, The United Statps, in Congress assembled, have, by 
their act of the thirteenth of September last, stipulated the terms on 
which they agree to arceptthe cession of this state, should the legis- 
lature approve thereof, which terms, although they do not cotme fully 
up to the propositions of this commonwealth, are conceived, on the 
whole, to approach so nearly to them, as to induce this state to accept 
thereof, in full confidence that Congress will, in justice to this state, 
for the liberal cession ^he hath made, earnestly press upon the other 
states, claiming large tracts of waste and uncultivated territory, the 
propriety of making cessions equally liberal, for the commo i benefit 
and support of the Union: 

Beit enacted by the General A si^ewbfy. That it shall and may be lawful 
for the delegates of tihs state to the Congress of the United States, or 
such of them as shall be assembled in Congress, and the said dele- 
gates, or such of them so assembled, are hereby fully authorized and 
enopowered, for and on behalf of this state, by proper deed or instru- 
ment in writing, under their hands and seals, to convey, transfer, assign, 
and make over unto the United States in Congress assembled, for the 
benefit of the said states, all right, title and claim, as well of soil as 

(776) 



APPENDIX. 777 

Jurisdiction, which this commonwealth hath to the territc-y or tract of 
country, within the limits of the Virginia charter, situate, lying, and 
being to the north west of the river Ohio, subject to the terms and con- 
ditions contained in the before recited act of Congiessof the thirteenth 
day of September last, that is to say: upon condition that the territory 
so ceded shall be laid out and forme<l into states, containing suitable 
extent of territory, not less than one hundred, nor more than one hun- 
dred and fifty miles square, or as near thereto as circumstances will 
admit; and that the states so formed shall be distinct republican statea 
and admitted members of the Federal Union, having thesame rights of 
sovereignty, freedom ai d independtnce, as the other states*; that the 
necessary and reasonable ex penses incurred by this state in subduing any 
British posts, or in maintaining forts or garr'sons within and for the 
defense, or in acquiring any part of the territory so ceded or relin- 
quished, shall be fully leimbursed by the United States; and that one 
commissioner shall be appointed by Congress, one by this common- 
wealth and another by those two commissioners, who, or a majority of 
them, shall be authorized and empoweied to adjust and liquidate the 
account of the necess^ary and reasonable expenses incurred by this state, 
which they shall judge to be comprised widiin the intent and meaning 
of the act of Congress of the tenth of October, one thousand seven hun- 
dred and eighty, respecting such expenses. That the French and 
Canadian inhabitants, and other settlers of the Kaskaskias, St. Vincents 
and the neighboring village3, who have profet^sed themselves citizej sof 
Virginia, shall have their possessions aiid titles confirmed to them, and 
be prot< cted in the enjoyment of their rights and liberties; that a 
quantity not exceeding one hundred and fifty thousand acres of land, 
promised by this state, shall be allowed and granted to the then colonel, 
now General George Rogers Clark and to (he officers and soldiers of his 
regiment, who marched with him v,'j:i-:i tlie posts of Kaskaskias and 
St. Vincents were reduced, and to the officers and soldiers that have 
been since incorporated into iho pad roginient, to be laid off in one 
tract, the lei gth of which is i ot to exceed double the breadth, in 
such place on the north west side of the Ohio as a majority of the 
officers shall choose, and t<> be afterwards divided among the said rfficera 
and soldiers in due proportion, accordino to the laws of Virginia; that 
in case the quantity of good lards on the south east side of the Ohio, 
upon the waters of Cumberland river, and between the Green river and 
Tennessee river, which have been reserved by law for the Virginia 
troops upon continental establishment, should, from the North Carolina 
line bearing in further upon the Cumberland lands than was expected, 
prove insufficient for their legal bounties, the deficiency should he made 
up to the said troops in good lands, to be laid ofif between the rivers 
Sciota and Little Miami, on the north-west side of the river Ohio, in 



778 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

such proportions as have been engaged to them by the laws of Virginia; 
that all the lands within the territory so ceded to the United States, and 
not reserved for, or appropriated to, any of the before mentioned 
purposes, or disposed of in bounties to the officers aad soldiers of the 
American army, shall be considered as a common fund for the use and 
benefit of such of the United States as have become, or shall become 
members of the confederation, or federal alliance of the said states, 
Virginia inclusive, according to their usual respective proportions, in 
the general charge and expenditure, and shall be faithfully and bona 
fide disposed of for that purpose, and for no other use or purpose what- 
soever: Provided, That the trust hereby reposed in the delegates of this 
state shall not be executed, unless three of them, at least, are present 
in Congress.* 



ACT OF VIRGINIA. 

AN ACT concerning the territory ceded by tliis commonwealth to the United States. 

[Passed December 30, 1788.] 

1. Whereas, The United States in Congress assembled, did, on the sev- 
enth day of July, in the year of our Lord, one thousand seven hundred 
and eighty-t-ix, state certain reasons, showing that a division of the 
territory which hath been ceded to the said United States by the com- 
monwealth, into states, in conformity to the terms of cession, should 
the same be adhered to, would be attended with many inconveniences, 
and did recommend a revision of the act of cession, so far as to empower 
Congress to make such a division of the said territory into distinct and 
republican states, not more than five nor lesG than three in number, as 
the situation of that country and future circumstances might require: 
and the said United States in Congress assembled, have, in an ordinance 
for the government of the territory north west of the river Ohio, passed 
on the thirteenth of July, one thousand seven hundred and eighty- 
seven, declared the following as one of the articles of compact between 
the original states, and the people and states in the said territory, 
viz : 

[Here the fifth article of compact of the ordinance of Congress of thir- 
teenth July, 1787, is recited verbatim.] 

■^'Agreeahly to the above recited act. the territory therein alluded tn, was on the first 
day of March, 1784, transferred to the United States, b? deel, signed by Thomas Jefferson, 
Samuel Hardy, Arthur Lee and James Monroe, then delegates in Congress from the common- 
wealth of Virginia— See Vol. 1, page 472, U. S. Laws. 



APPENDIX. 779 

And it is expedient that this commonwealth do assent to the pro- 
posed alteration so as to ratify and confirm the said article of compact 
between the original states, and the people and states in the said terri- 
tory. 

2. Be itMierefore enacted by the General Assembly, That the afore recited 
article of compact between the original states, and the people and the 
states in the territory north-west of the Ohio river, be, and the same is 
hereby ratified and confirmed, anything to the contrary, in the deed of 
cession of the said territory by this commonwealth to the United States, 
notwithstanding. 



ORDINANCE OF CONGRESS. 

In Congress, July 13, 1787. 

An ordinance for the government of the territory of the United States north-west of the 

river Ohio. 

Be it ordained by the United States in Congress assembled, That the said 
territory for the purposes of temporary government, be one district ; 
subject, however, to be divided into two districts, as future circum- 
stances may, in the opinion of Congress, make it expedient. 

Be it ordained by the uthority aforesaid, That the estates both of resident 
and non-resident proprietojs in the said territory, dying intestate, shall 
descend to, and be distributed among their children, and the descend- 
ants of a deceased child, in equal parts; the descendants of a deceased 
child or grand child to take the share of their deceased parent in equal 
parts among them : and where there shall be no children or descend- 
ants, then in equal parts to the next of kin, in equal degree; and among 
collaterals, the children of a deceased brother or sister of the intestate 
shall have, in equal parts among them, their deceased parent's share; 
and there shall, in no case be a distinction between kindred of the 
whole and half blood; saving, in all ca^es, to the widow of the intestate, 
her third part of the real estate for life, and one-third part of the per- 
sonal estate; and this law relative to descents and dower, shall remain 
in full force, until altered by the legislature of the district. And until 
the governor and judges shall adopt laws as hereinafter mentioned, 
estates in the said territory may be devised or bequeathed by wills in 
writing, signed and sealed by him or her, in whom the estate may be, 
(being of full age), and attested by three witnesses; and real estates may 



780 HISTORY OP INDIANA. 

be conveyed by lease and release, or bargain and sale, signed, sealed, 
and delivered, by the person, being of full age, in whom the estate may 
be, and attested by two witnesses: Provided such wills be duly proved, 
and buch conveyances be acknowledged, or the execution thereof duly 
proved, and be recorded within one year after proper magistrates, 
courts, and registers, shall be appointed for tbat purpose; and personal 
property may be transferred by delivery; saving, however, to the 
French and Canadian inhabitants, and other settlers of the Kaskaskias, 
Saint Vincents, and the neighboring villages who have heretofore pro- 
fessed themselves citizens of Virginia, their laws and customs now in 
force among them, reJative to the descent and conveyance of property. 

Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That there shall be appointed, 
from time to time, by Congress, a governor, whose commission shall 
continue in force for the term of three years, unless sooner revoked by 
Congress; he shall reside in the district, and have a freehold estate 
therein, in one thousand acres of land, while in the exercise of his 
oflBce. 

There shall be appointed, from time to time, by Congress a secretary, 
whose commit- sion shall continue in force for four years, unless sooner 
revoked ; he shall reside in the district, and have a freehold estate 
therein, in five hundred acres of land, while in the exercise of his office ; 
it shall be his duty to keep and preserve the acts and laws passed by 
the legislature, and the public records of the district, and the proceed- 
ings of the governor in his executive department; and transmit authen- 
tic copies of such acts and proceedings, every six months to the secretary 
of Congress : There shall also be appointed a court, to consist of three 
judges, any two of whom to form a court, who shall have a common 
law jurisdiction, and reside in the district, ard have each therein a 
freehold estate, in five hundred acres of land, while in the exercise of 
their offices; and their commission shall continue in force during good 
behavior. 

The governor and judges, or a majority of them, shall adopt and pub- 
lish in the district, such laws of the original states, criminal and civil, 
as may be necessary, and best suited to the circumstances of the dis- 
trict, and report them to Congress from time to time; which laws shall 
be in force in the district, until the organization of the General Assem- 
bly therein, unless disapproved of by Congress; but afterwards the 
legislature shall have authority to alter them as they shall think fit. 

The governor for the time being, shall be commander in-chief of the 
militia, appoint and commission all officers in the same, below the rank 
of general officers; all general officers shall be appointed and commis- 
sioned by Congress. 

Previous to the organization of the General Assembly, the governor 
shall appoint such magistrates and other civil officers, in each county 



APPENDIX. 781 

or township, as he shall find necessary for the preservation of the peace 
and good .order in the same. After the General Assembly shall be 
organized, the powers and duties of magistrates and other civil officers 
shall be regulated and defined by the said assembly ; but all magis- 
trates and other civil oflicers, not herein otherwise directed, shall, 
during the continuance of this temporary government, be appointed by 
the governor. 

For the prevention of crimes and injuries, tlie laws to be adopted or 
made shall have force in all parts of the district, and for the execution 
of process, criminal and civil, the governor shall make proper divisions 
thereof; and he shall proceed, from time to time, as circumstances may 
require to lay out the parts of the district in which the Indian titles 
shall have been extinguished, into counties and townships; subject, 
however, to such alterations as may thereafter be made by the legis- 
lature. 

So soon as there shall be five thousand free male inhabitants, of full 
age, in the district, upon giving proof theieof to the governor, they 
shall receive authority, with time and place, to elect representatives 
from their counties or townships, to represent them in the General Assem- 
bly: Provided, that for every five hundred free male inhabitants, there 
shall be one representative, and so on, progressively, with the number 
of free male inhabitants, shall the right of representation increase, until 
the number of representatives shall amount to twenty-five ; alter which 
the number and proportion of representatives shall be regulated by the 
legislature: Pnvided, that no peison be eligible or qualified to act as a 
representative, unless he shall have been a citizen of one of the United 
States three years, and be a resident in the district, or unless he shall 
have resided in the district three years; and in either case, shall like- 
wise hold, in h's own right, in fee simple, two hundred acres of land 
within the same ; Provided, also, that a freehold in fifty acres of land 
in the district, having been a citizen of one of the states, and being 
resident in the district, or the like freehold and two years' residence in 
the district, shall be necessary to qualify a man as an elector of a rep- 
resentative. 

The representatives thus el«»cted, phall serve for the term of two years; 
and, in case of the death of a representative, or removal from office, the 
governor shall issue a writ to the county or township for which he was 
a member, to elect another in his stead, to serve for the residue of the 
terra. 

The General Assembly, or legislature, shall consist of the governor, 
legislatfve council, and a house of representatives. The legislative 
council shall consist of five members, to continue in oflBce five years, 
unless sooner removed by Congress ; any three of whom to be a quorum ; 
and the members of the council shall be nominated and appointed in 



782 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

the following manner, to-wit: As soon as representatives shall be 
elected, the governor shall appoint a time and place for them to meet 
together, and when met, they shall nominate ten persons, residents in 
the district, and each possessed of a freehold in five hundred acres of 
land, and return their names to Congress, five of whom Congress shall 
appoint and commission to serve as aforesaid: and whenever a vacancy 
shall happen in the council, by death or removal from office, the house 
of representatives shall nominate two persons, qualified as aforesaid, for 
each vacancy, and return their names to Congress; one of whom Con- 
gress shall appoint and commission for the residue of the term : And 
every five years, four months at least before the expiration of the time 
of service of the members of council, the said house shall nominate ten 
persons qualified as aforesaid and return their nanies to Congress, five 
of whom Congress shall appoint and commission to serve as members 
of the council five years, unless sooner removed. And the governor, 
legislative council, and house of representatives, shall have authority 
to make laws, in all cases for the good government of the district, not 
repugnant to the principles and articles in this ordinance established 
and declared. And all bills having passed by a majority in the house, 
and by a majority in the council, shall be referred to the governor for 
his assent; but no bill or legislative act whatever, shall be of any force 
without his assent. The governor shall have power to convene, pro- 
rogue, and dissolve the General Assembly, when, in his opinion, it shall 
be expedient. 

The governor, judges, legislative council, secretary and such other 
oflBcers as Congress shall ajipoint in the district, shall take an oath or 
affirmation of fidehty and of office ; the governor before the president 
of Congress, and all other oflBcers before the governor. As soon as a 
legislature shall be formed in the district, the council and house assem- 
bled, in one room, shall have authority, by joint ballot, to e-'ect a dela- 
gate to Congress, who shall have a seat in Congress, with a right of 
debating, but not of voting, during this temporary government. 

And for extending the fundamental principles of civil and religious 
liberty, which form the basis whereon these republics, their laws, and 
constitutions, are erected; to fix and establish those principles as the 
basis of all laws, constitutions, and governments, which forever here- 
after shall be formed in the said territory; to provide, also for the 
establithment of states and permanent government therein, and for 
their admission to a share in the federal councils, on an equal footing 
with the original states, at as early periods as mav Le consistent with 
the general interest. 

It is hereby ordained and declared, by the authority aforesaid. That 
the following articles shall be considered as articles of compact between 



APPENDIX. 783 

the original states, and the people and states in the said territory, and 
forever remain unalterable, unless by common consent, to- wit: 

Aet. I. No person, demeaning himself in a peaceable and orderly 
manner, shall ever be molested on account of his mode of worship or 
religions sentiments, in the said territory. 

Art. II. The inhabitants of the said territory shall always be entitled' 
to the benefit of the writ of habeas corpus, and of the trial by jury; 
of a proportionate representation of the people in the legislature, and 
of judicial proceedings according to the course of the common law. All 
persons shall be bailable, unless for capital offenses where the proof 
shall be evident, or the presumption great. All fines shall be mod- 
erate; and no cruel or unusual punishments shall be inflicted. No man 
shall be deprived of his liberty or property, but by the judgment of his 
peers, or the law of the land; and should the public exigencies make 
it necessary, for the common preservation, to take any person's pro- 
perty, or to demand his particular services, full compensation shall be 
naade for the same. And, in the just preservation of rights and 
property, it; is unde stood and declared, that no law ought ever to be 
inade, or have force in the said territory, that shall, in any manner 
whatever, inierefere with, oir affect private contracts or engagments, 
bona fide, and without fraud, previously formed. 

Art. III. Religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to 
good government and the hajpinessof mankind, schools rnd the means 
of education shall forever be encouraged. The utmost good faith shall 
always be observed towards the Indians: their lands and property shall 
never be taken from them without their consent ; and, in their property, 
rights, and liberty, they never shall be invaded or disturbed, unless in 
just and lawful wars authorized by Congress; but laws founded in 
justice and humanity shall from time to time be made for preventing 
wroDgs being done to them, and fir preserving peace and friendship 
with them. 

Art. IV. The said territory, and the states which may be formed 
therein, shall forever remain a part of this confederacy of the United 
States of America, subject to the articles of confederation, and to such 
alterations therein as shall be constituionally made; and to all the 
acts and ordinances of the Unitf-d States in Congress assembled con- 
formable thereto. The inhabitants and settlers in the said territory 
shall be subject to pay a part of the federal debts, contracted or to be 
contracted, and a proportional part of the expenses of government, to 
be apportioned on them by Congress, according to the same common 
rule and measure by which apportionments thereof shall be made on the 
other states; and the taxes for paying their proportion shall be laid 
and levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the dis- 
trict or districts, or new states, as in the original states, within the time 



784 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

agreed upon by the United States in Congress assembled. The legis- 
latures of those districts, or new states, shall never interfere with the 
primary disposal of the soil by the United States in Congress assem- 
bled, nor with any regulaiions Congress may find necessary, for secur- 
ing the title in such soil, to the bona tide purchasers. Ko tax shall be 
imposed on lands, the property of the United States; and in no cabe 
shall non-res dent proprietors be taxed higher than residents. The 
navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and St. Lawrence, and 
the carrying places between the same, shall be conimoR highways, and 
forever free, as well to the inhabitants of the said territory, as to the 
citizens of the United States, and those of any other states that may be 
admitted into the confederacy, without any tax, impost, or duty 
therefor. 

Art. V. There shall be formed in the said territory, not less than 
three, nor more than five states ; and the boundaries of the states as 
soon as Virginia shall alter her act of cession and consent to the same,* 
shall become fixed and established ae follows, to-wit: The western 
stite in the said territory shall be bounded by the Mi8sisiippi,the Ohio, 
and Wabash rivers; a direct line drawn from the Wabash and Post 
Vincents, due north, to the territorial line between the United States 
and Canada; and by the said territorial line to the Lake of the Woods 
and Mississippi. The middle state shall be bounded by the said direct 
line, the Wabash, from Post Vincents to the Ohio, by the Ohio, by a 
direct line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami to the 
said territorial line, and by the said territorial line. The eastern state 
shall be bounded by the last-mentioned direct line, the Ohio, Pennsyl- 
vania, and the said territorial line: Provided, however, and it is further 
understood and declared, that the boundaries of thefe three states shall 
be subject so far to be altered, that, if Congress shall hereafter find it 
expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two states in that 
part of the said territory, which lies north of an east and west line 
drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. And 
whenever any of the said states shall have sixty thousand free inhab- 
itants therein, such state shall be admitted, by its delegates, into the 
Congress of the United States, on an equal footing with the original 
states, in all respects whatever; and shall be at liberty to form a perma- 
nent constitution and state government : Provided, the constitution and 
government, so to be formed, shall be republican, and in conformity to 
the principles contained in these articles; and, so far as it can be con- 
sistent with the general interest of the confederacy, such admission 
shall be allowed at an earlier period, and when there may be a less 
number of free inhabitants in the state than sixty thousand. 

*See consen', of Virginia, p. 709. 



APPENDIX. 785 

Art. VI. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude 
in the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, 
whereof the party shall have been duly convicted : Provided, always, 
that any person escaping into the same, from whom labor or service 
is lawfully claimed in any one of the original states, such fugitive may 
be lawfully reclaimed, and conveyed to the person claiming his or her 
labor or service as aforesaid. 



ACT OF CONGRESS. 

AN ACT to provide for the government of tlie territory north-west of the river Ohio. 

[Approved August 7, 1789.] 

Whereas, In order that the ordinance of the United States in Congress 
assembled, for the government of the territory north west of the 
river Ohio, may continue to have full effect, it is requisite that certain 
provisions should be made, so as to adapt the same to the present 
constitution of the United States : 

Sectiox T. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Revresentatives of the 
United States ot America in Congress assembled, That in all cases in which, 
by the said ordinance, any information is to be given, or communication 
made, by the governor of the said territory, to the United States in 
Congress assembled, or to any of their officers, it shall be the duty of 
the said governor to give such information, and to make such communi- 
cation to the President of the United States; and the President shall 
nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall 
appoint all officers, which, by the said ordinance, were to have been 
appointed by the United States in Congress assembled; and all ofRcers, 
sc appointed, shall be commissioned by him; and, in all cases where 
the United States in Congress assembled, might, by the said ordinance, 
revoke any commission or remove from any office, the President is 
hereby declared to have the same powers of revocation and removal. 

Sec. II. And be it further enacted. That in case of the death, removal, 
resignation, or necessary absence of the governor of the said terri- 
tory, the secretary thereof, shall be, and he is hereby authorized and 
required to execute all the powers, and perform all the duties of the 
governor, during the vacancy occasioned by the removal, resignation, 
ornecessary absence of the said governor. 
50 



786 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



ACT OF CONGRESS. 

AN ACT respecting the government of the territories of the United States corth-weat 
and south of the river Ohio. 

[Approved May 8, 1792] 

Section I. Be it enacted, etc., That the laws of the territory north-west 
of the Ohio, that liave been, or hereafter may be, enacted by the gov- 
ernor and judges thereof, shall be printed, under the diiection of the 
secretary of state, and two hundred copies thereof, together with ten 
sets of the laws of the United States, shall be delivered to the said gov- 
ernor and judges, to be distributed among the inhabitants, for their 
information, and that a like number of the laws of the United States 
shall be delivered to the governor and judges of the territory south-west 
of the river Ohio. 

Sec. II. That the governor and judges of the territory north-west oJ 
the river Ohio, shall be, and hereby are, authorized to repeal their laws 
by them made, whensoever the same may be found to be improper. 

Sec. III. That the official duties of the secretaries of the said terri- 
tories shall be under the control of such laws as are, or may be in force 
in the said territories. 

Sec. IV. That one of the supreme or superior judges of the said 
territories, in the absence of the other judges, shall be, and hereby is 
authorized to hold a court. 

Sec. V. That the secretary of state provide proper seals for the 
several and respective public offices in the said territories. 

Sec. VI That the limitation act, passed by the governor and judges 
of the said territory, the twenty-eighth day of December, one thousand 
seven hundred and eighty-eight, be, and hereby is disapproved. 

Sec. VII. That the expenses incurred by John Cleves Symnes and 
George Turner, two of the judges of the said territory, in sending an 
express, and in purchasing a boat to go the circuit, in the year one 
thousand seven hundred and ninety, shall be liquidated by the officers 
of the treasury, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. 



APPENDIX. 787 



ACT OF CONGRESS. 

AN ACT to divide the territory of the United States north-west of the Ohio into two 
separate governments. 

[Approved May 7, 1800.] 

Section I. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Hepresentatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled, That from and after the 
fourth day of July next, all that part of the territory of the United States 
north-west of the Ohio river, which lies westward of the line beginning 
at the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of Kentucky river, and running 
thence to Fort Kecovery, and thence north, until it shall intersect the 
territorial line between the United States and Canada, shall, for the 
purpose of temporary government, constitute a separate territory, and 
be called the Indiana Territory. 

Sec. II. And be it further enacted, That there shall be established 
within the said territory, a government, in all respects similar to that 
provided by the ordinance of Congress, passed on the thirteenth day 
of July, one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven, for the govern- 
ment of the territory of the United States north-west of the river Ohio; 
and the inhabitants thereof shall be entitled to, and enjoy, all and 
singular, the rights, privileges, and advantagts granted and secured to 
the people by the said ordinance. 

Sec. III. And be it further enacted, That the officers for the paid terri- 
tory, who, by virtue of this act, shall be appointed by the President of 
the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, 
shall respectively exercise the same powers, perform the same duties, 
and receive for their services the same compensations, as by the ordi- 
nance aforesaid, and the laws of the United States, have been provided 
and established for similar < fficers in the teiritory of the United States 
north-west of the river Ohio: And the duties and emoluments of 
superintendent of Indian affairs shail be united with those of gov- 
ernor; Provided, That the president of the United States shall have full 
power, in the recess of Congress, to appoint and commission all officers 
herein authorized ; aid their commission shall continue in force until 
the end of the next session of Congress. 

Sec. IV, And be it further enacted, That so much of the ordinance for 
the government of the territory of the United States nnrtb-west of the 
Ohio river, as rela'es to the organization of a General Assembly therein, 
and prescribes the powers thereof, shall be in force and operate in the 
Indiana territory, whenever satisfactory evidence shall be given to the 
governor thereof, that such is the wish of a majority of the freeholders, 
notwithstanding there may not be therein five thousand free male 
inhabitants of the age of twenty one years and upwards: Provided; That 



788 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

until lliere shall be five thousand free male inhabitaits of twenty-one 
years and upwards, in faid territory, the whole number of representa- 
tives in the Gei eral Assembly shall not be less than seven, nor more 
than nine, to be apportioned by the governor to the several counties "n 
said territory, agreeably to the number of free males, of the age of 
twenty one years and upwards, which tliey may respectively contain. 

Sec. V. And be it fu ther enacted, That nothing in this act contained 
phall be construed so as in any manner to affect the government now in 
force in the territory of the United States north-west of the Ohio river, 
further than to prohibit the exeicise thereof within the Indiana terri- 
tory, from and afttr the aforesaid fourth day of July next: Trovided, 
That wherever that part of the territory of the United States which lies 
to tt]e eastward of a line beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami 
river, running thence due north to tlie territorial line between the 
United States and Canada, shall be erected into an independent state, 
and admitted into the union on an equal footing wUh the original 
states, thenceforth said line shall become and remain permanently the 
boundary line between such state and the Indiana territory ; any thing 
in this act contained to the contrary notwithstanding. 

Sec. VI. And be it further enacted, That until it shall be otherwise 
ordered by the legislature of the said territories, respectively, Chilicothe, 
on the Scioto river, shall be the seat of the government of the territory 
of the United States north-west of the Ohio river; and that Saint Vin- 
cennes, on the Wabash river, shall be the seat of government for the 
Indiana territory. 



ACT OF CONGRESS. 

AN ACT for (iividing tho Indiana territory into two separate governments. 

[Approved February 3, 1809.] 

Section I. Be it enacted by the Senate and Howe of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled, That from and after the first 
day of March next, all that part of the Indiana territory which lies 
west of the Wabash river, and a direct line drawn from the said Wabash 
river and Post Vincennes due north, to the territorial line between the 
United States and Canada, shall, for the purpose of temporary govern- 
ment, constitute a separate territory, aid be called Illinois. 

Sec. II, And be it further enacted. That there shall be established 
within the said territory a government in all respects similar to that 



APPENDIX. 789 

provided by the ordinance of Congress, passed on the thirteenth day of 
July, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, for the government 
of the territory of the United States north-west of the river Ohio, and 
by an act passed on the seventh day of August, one thousand seven 
hundred and eighty-nine, entitled "An act to provide for the govern- 
ment of the territory north-west of the river Ohio," and the inhabitants 
thereof shall be entitled to, and enjoy all and singular, the rights, 
privileges, and advantages, granted and secured to the people of the 
territory of the United States, north-west of the river Ohio, by the said 
ordinance. 

Sec. III. And be it further enacted, That the officers for the said terri- 
tory, who, by virtue of this act, shall be appointed by the president of 
the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, 
shall respectively, exercise the same powers, perform the same duties, 
and receive for their services the same compensations, as, by the ordi- 
nance aforesaid, and the laws of the United States have been provided 
and established for similar officers in the Indiana territory. And the 
duties and emoluments of superintendent of Indian affairs shall be 
united with those of governor: Provided, That the President of the 
United States shall have full power, in the recess of Congress, to appoint 
and commission all officers herein : u liorized, and their commissions 
shall continue in force until the end i^f the next session of Congress. 

Sec. IV. And be it further enacted. That so much of the ordinance for the 
government of the territory of the United States north-west of the river 
Ohio, as relates to the organization of a General Assembly therein, and 
prescribes the powers thereof, shall be in force and operate in the 
Illinois territory, whenever satisfactory evidence shall be given io the 
governor thereof that such is the wish of a majority of the freeholders, 
notwithstanding there may not be therein five thousand free male 
inhabitants of the age of twenty-one years and upwards : Frovided, 
That, until there shall be five thousand free male inhabitants of 
twenty-one years and upwards in said territory, the whole number of 
representatives to the General Assembly shall not be less than seven, 
nor more than nine, to be apportioned by the governor to the several 
counties in the said territory, agreeably to the number of free males of 
the age of twenty-one years and upwards, which they may respectively 
contain. 

Sec. V. And be it further enacted, That nothing in this act contained, 
shall be construed so as, in any manner, to aff'ect the government now 
in force in the Indiana territory, further than to prohibit the exercise 
thereof within the Illinois territory, from and after the aforesaid first 
day of March next. 

Sec. VI. And be it further enacted, That all suits, process, and proceed- 
ings, which, on the first day of March next, shall be pending in the 



790 HISTORY OP INDIANA. 

court of any coun'y which shall be included within the said territory of 
Illinois, and also all suits, process, and proceedings, which, on the said 
first day of March next, shall be pending in the general court of the 
Indiana territory, in consequence of any writ of removal, or order for 
trial at bar, and which had been removed from any of the counties 
included within the limits of the territory of Illinois aforesaid, shall 
in all things concerning the same, be proceeded on, and judgments and 
decrees rendered thereon, in the same manner as if the said Indiana 
territory had remained undivided. 

Sec. VII. And be it further enacted, That nothing in this act contained 
shall be so construed as to prevent the collection of taxes which may^ 
on the first day of March next, be due to the Indiana territory on lands 
lying in the said territory of Illinois. 

Sec. VIII. And be it farther enacted, That, until it shall be otherwise 
ordered by the legislatuie of the said Illinois territory, Kaskaskia, on 
the Mississippi river, shall be the seat of government for the said Illi- 
nois territory. 



ACT OF CONGRESS. 

AN ACT to enable the people of the Indiana territory to form a constitrition and state 
goyernment, and for the admission of such state into the Union on equal footing with 
the original states. 

[Approved April 19, 1816.] 

Section I. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United Stutes of America in Congress assembled, That the inhabitants of the 
territory of Indiana be, and they are hereby authorized, to form for 
themselves a constitution and state government, and to assume such 
name as they shall deem proper; and the said state, when formed, 
shall be admitted into the Union upon the same footing with the 
original states, in all respects whatever. 

Sec. II. And be it further enacted. That the said stale shall consist of 
all the territory included within -the following boundaries, to-wit: 
Bounded on the east by the meridian line which forms the western 
boundary r f the state of Ohio ; on the south, by the river Ohio, from 
the mouth of the Great Miami river to the mouth of the river Wabash; 
on the west, by a line drawn along the middle of the Wabash, from its 
mouth to a point where a due north line drawn from the the town of 
Vincenes would last touch the north-western shore of the said river; 



APPENDIX, 791 

and from thence, by a due north line, until the same shall inteisect an 
east and west line drawn through a point ten miles north of the south- 
ern extreme of Lake Michigan ; on the north, by the said east and west 
line, until the same shall intersect the first-mentioned meridian line, 
which forms the western boundary of the state of Ohio.* Provided, that 
the convention hereinafter provided for, when formed, shall ratify the 
boundaries aforesaid ; otherwise they shall be and remain as now pre- 
scribed by the ordinance for the government of the territory north-west 
of the river Ohio: Provided, also, that the said states shall have con- 
current jurisdiction on the river Wabash, with the state to be formed 
west thereof, so far as the said river shall form a common boundary to 
both. 

Sec. III. And be it further enacted, Tliat all male citizens of the United 
States, who shall have arrived at the age of twenty-one years, and 
resided within the said territory at least one year previous to the day of 
election, and shall have paid a county or territorial tax ; and all persons 
having in other respects the le^al qualifications to vote for representa- 
tives in the General Assetnby of the said territory, be, and they are 
hereby authorized to choose representatives to form a convention, who 
shall be apportioned amongst the several counties within the said terri- 
tory, according to the apportionment made by the legislature thereof, at 
their last session, to-wit: From the count/ of Wayne, four representa- 
tives; from the county of Franklin, five representatives; from the 
county of Dearborn, three representatives; from the county of Switzer- 
land, one representative; from the county of JefTerson, three repre- 
sentatives ; from the county of Clarke, five representatives ; from the 
county of Harrison, five representatives; from the county of Washing- 
ton, five representatives; from the county of Knox, five representatives; 
from the county of Gibson, four representatives; from the county of 
Posey, one representative ; from the county of Warrick, one representa- 
tive ; and from the county of Perry, one representative. And the 
election for the representatives aforesaid, shall be holden on the second 
Monday of May, one thousand eight hundred and sixteen, throughout 
the several counties in the said territory ; and shall be conducted in the 
same manner, and under the same penalties, as prescribed by the laws 
of said territory regulating elections therein for members of the house 
of representatives. 

*Bv act March 2. 1S27, the Burveyor-gr^neral was required, under the directif^n of the 
president, to cause to be surveyed, marked and designated, the northern boundary lin» of 
the State of Indians*, and a plat or plan thereof to lie made, particularly noting tlie place 
where the said boundary line intersects or touches the margin of Lake Michigan, and to 
return the same when made, to (longreoa. 4 Stat. 2S6. By act .lune 27, 1834. a permanent 
and conspicuous landmark is to be established on the line dividing the States of Indiana 
and Illinois at some suitable point near Lake Michigan. Ibid. fiOfi. And by set .Tune 2't, 
183!), it is provided that the boundary line surveyed, marked and d»siBnated agreeably to 
the act March 2, 1827, shall be deemed and laken as the east and west line mentioned in the 
constitution of the State ot Indiana, drawn thiongh a piint ten miles north of the southern 
extreme of Lake Micliigaa, aud shall be aud forever remain the Dortbern boundary of said 
etate. 5 Stat. 57. 



792 HISTORY OP INDIANA. 

Sec. IV. And be it further enacted. That the members of the conven- 
tion, thus duly elected, be, and they are hereby authorized to meet at 
the seat of government of the said territory on the second Monday of 
June next; which convention when met, shall first determine, by a 
majority of the whole number elected, whether it be or be not expedi- 
ent, at that time, to form a constitution and state government for the 
people within the said territory ; and if it be determined to be expedi- 
ent, the convention shall be, and hereby are, authorized to form a 
constitution and state government; or if it be deemed more expedient, 
the said convention shall provide by ordinance for electing representa- 
tives to form a constitution or frame of government, which said repre- 
sentatives shall be chosen in such manner, and in such proportion, and 
shall meet at such time and place, as shall be prescribed by the said 
ordinance ; and shall then form, for the people of said territory, a 
constitution and state government : Provided, That the same, whenever 
formed, shall be republican, and not repugnant to those articles of the 
ordinance of the thirteenth of July, one thousand seven hundred and 
eighty-seven, which are declared to be irrevocable between the original 
slates and the people and states of the territory north-west of the river 
Ohio ; excepting so much of said articles as relates to the boundaries of 
the states therein to be formed. 

Sec. V. And he it further enacted, That until the next general census 
shall be taken, the said state shall be entitled to one representative 
in the house of representatives of the United States. 

Sec. VI. And be it further enacted. That the following propositions be, 
and the same are hereby offered to the convention of the said territory of 
Indiana, when formed, for their free acceptance or rejection, which, if 
accepted by the convention, shall be obligatory upon the United States : 

First. That the section numbered sixteen, in every township, and 
when such section has been sold, granted or disposed of, other lands, 
equivalent thereto, and most contiguous to the same, shall be granted to 
the inhabitants of such township for the use of schools.* 

Second. That all salt springs within the said territory, and the land 
reserved for the use of the same, together with such other lands as 
may, by the President of the United States, be deemed necessary and 
proper for working the said salt springs, not exceeding in the whole, the 
quantity contained in thirty-six entire sections, shall be granted to the 
said state, for the use of the people of the said state, the same to be 

*The title to these lands has never been cnnsidered as vested in the state ; and it has no 
inherent power to sell them or appronri:ite them to any other purpose than for the benefit 
of schools. Trustees of Vincennon Univei-siti/ v. Indiana, 14 IIow. 274. See act June 23, 1836, 
authorizing th" selection of a quantity ot land for the use of schools within the reserved 
township in Monroe county, equivalent in value and in lieu of the 16th section in said 
township, which was granted bv Congress to the State of Indiana for the use and benefit of 
a state co'lege. 6 Stat. 641. And see a similar act passed August 11, 1842, for the relief of 
the inhabitants of the reserved township in Gibson county. Ibid. 851. Also the act May 24, 
1S2S, to authorize the legislature of the State of Indinna to sell the lands heretofore appro- 
priated for the use of schools in that state. 4 Stat. 298. 



APPENDIX. 793 

used under such terms, conditions, and regulations as the legislature of 
the said state shall direct: Provided, The said legislature shall never sell 
nor lease the same, for a longer period than ten years at any one time. 

Third- That five per cent, of the net proceeds of the lands lying 
within the said territory, and which shall be sold by Congress from 
and after the first day of December next, after deducting all expenses 
incident to the same, shall be reserved for making public roads and 
canals, of which three fifths shall be applied to those objects within the 
said state, under the direction of the legislature thereof, and two-fifths 
to the making of a road or roads leading to the said state under the 
direction of Congress. |j 

Fourth. That one entire township, which shall be designated by the 
President of the United States, in addition to the one heretofore 
reserved for that purpose, shall be reserved for the use of a seminary of 
learning, and vested in the legislature of the said state, to be appro- 
priated solely to the use of such seminary by the said legislature.? 

Fifth. That four sections of land be, and the same are hereby granted 
to the said state, for the purpose of fixing their seat of government 
thereon, which four sections shall, under the direcion of the legislature 
of said state, be located at any time in such township and range as the 
legislature aforesaid may select, on such lands as may hereafter be 
acquired by the United States, from the Indian tribes within said terri- 
tory :t Provided, That such locations shall be made prior to the public 
sale of the lands of the United States, surrounding such location: And 
provided always, that the five foregoing propositions herein offered, are on 
the conditions, that the convention of the said state shall provide by an 
ordinance irrevocable, without the consent of the United States, that 
every and each tract of land sold by the United States, from and after 
the first day of December next, shall be and remain exempt from any 
tax, laid by order or under any authority of the staite, whether for state, 
county, or township, or any other purpose whatever, for the term of 
five years, from and after the day of sale. 

II See act April 11, 1818, to provide for pajinsr lo iIip State of Indiana Ihree per cent, of 
the net proceeds arising from tlie sales of the public lands within vhe same. 3 Stat. 424. 

f Both t';ese townships are clearly vested in the state. Trustees of Vincennes University v. 
Indiana, 14 How. 275. 

I See act March 2, 1827, to grant a certain quantity of land to the Stato of Indiana, for 
the purpose of aiding said otato in opening a canal to connect the waters of the Wabash 
river with those of Lake Krie. 4 Slat. 23G. Act May 29. 183U, to vest in the State of Indiana 
certain lands within the limits of the c^nal grant. Ibid. 416. Act February 27, 1841, to 
confirm to the State of Indiana the Unds selected by her for that portion of the Wabash and 
Erie Canal which lies between the mouth of the Tippecanoe river and Terre Haute. 5 Stat. 
414. And the act in adddition thereto, pissed May 9, 1848. 9 Stat. 219. And act August 
29 1842, to authorize the States of Indiana and Illinois to select certain quantities of laud, 
in lieu of like quatititiei heretofore granted to the said states for the construction of the 
Wabash and Erie, and the Illinois and Michigan Canals. 5 S'at. ^J2. By act May 24, 1S28, 
the State of Indiana was authorized to relinquish to the State of Ohio so much of the lands 
granted to aid the said sta'e in op -ning the Wabash nnd Erie Canal, as lies within the limits 
of the State of Ohio. 4 Stat. .306. And on this subject, see acts March 2, 1833, Ibid. 602 ; 
June 30, 1834. Ibid. 71fi ; August 31. 1852. in Stat. 143 ; and March 2, 18,55, Ibid, 634. See 
also act June 28, 1834, to authoriz- the correction of erroneous seUctions of land granted to 
the State of ludiana, for the purpose of constructing the Michigan load. 4 Stat. 702. 



794 HISTORY OP INDIANA. 



ORDINANCE. 

Be it ordained by the representatives of the territory of Indiana, in convention 
met at Corydon, on. Monday the tenth day of June, in the year of our Lord, eighteen 
hundred and sixteen, That we do, for ourselves and our posterity, agree, 
determine, declare, and ordain, that we will, and do hereby, accept the 
propositions of the Congress of the United States, as made and con- 
tained in their act of the nineteenth day of April, eighteen hundred 
and sixteen, entitled, "An act to enable the people of the Indiana terri- 
tory to form a state government and constitution, and f jr the admission 
of such state into the Union, on an equal footing with the original 
states." 

And we do further, for ourselves and our posterity, hereby ratify, 
confirm, and establish, the boundaries of the said State of Indiana, as 
fixed, prescribed, laid down, and established, in the act of Congress 
aforesaid; and we do also, further, for ourselves and our posterity, 
hereby agree, determine, declare, and ordain, that each and every tract 
of land sold by the United States, lying within the said state, and which 
shall be sold from and after the first day of December next, shall be 
and remain exempt from any tax laid by order, or under any authority 
of the said State of Indiana, or by or under the authority of the General 
Assembly thereof, whether for state, county, or township, or any other 
purpose whatever, for the term of five years from and after the day of 
sale of any such tract of land; and we do, moreover, for ourselves, and 
our posterity, hereby declare and ordain, that this ordinance, and every 
part thereof, shall forever be and remain irrevocable and inviolate, 
without the consent or the United States, in Congress assembled, first 
had and obtained for the alteration thereof or any part thereof. 

JONATHAN JENNINGS, 

President of the Convention. 

Attest : 

William Hendricks, Secretary. 

June 29, 1816. 



APPENDIX. 



795 




GRAND HOTEL, INDIANAPOLIS. 



THOMAS J. CASON.* 

-He is a resident cf Lebanon, and was born in Union County, Indiana, 
September 13, 1828. He was raised on a farm, educated at common 
schools and at home. "When seventeen years of age he commenced 
teaching school and reading law. The latter he studied with Gov. 
Henry S. Lane and Judge Samuel C. Wilson, of Crawfordsville. He 
was licensed to practice in March, ISoO, and was admitted to the bar 
of the Supreme Court in May, 1S52, and has continued to pracdce law 
in Lebanon, except when on the bench. He was a member of the 
House of Representatives of the Legi&lature of Indiana in ISGl, 1862, 
1863 and 1864, and of the State Senate in 1804, 18G5, 1866 and 1867. He 
was appointed by Governor Baker Common Pleas Judge in April, 1867, 
and served until October, when he was elected to the same office for a 
term of four years. He was elected a representative to the Forty-third 
and Fort- fourth Congresses. 

-■Congressional Directory. 



796 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 




VANCE BLOCK, INDIANAPOLIS. 



A. P. Edgertox. — He is widely- 
known as one of the leading citi- 
zens of Fort Wayne. 

O. Bird — He is a worthy citizen 
of Fort Wayne and has served in 
the State Senate. 

Chauncey Rose. — He was one of 
the oldest citizens of Terre Haute, 
and was distinguislied for his en- 
ergy and enterprise. He will be 



remembered as the founder of the 
Industrial School of that city, and 
as one of the wealthiest men of the 
State. Deceased. 

J. L. Williams. — He is one of 
the oldest pioneers of Fort Wayne 
now living. He has served a long 
life of great usefulness and is re- 
spected by hosts of warm, devoted 
friends. 



APPENDIX. 



797 



W, R .McKeen, Pres't. 

E. F. Claypool, Sec'y and Treas. 



Horace Scott, Vice-Pres't. 

M. A. Downing, Gen'l Manager. 




UNION STOCK YARDS, INDIANAPOLIS. 



The Stock Yards are located on the west side of White 
river, about two miles from the central portion of the city. 
The company have purchased over one hundred acres of land, 
and erected thereon every necessary building for the transac- 
tion of their busine=s. The pens are all under cover and 
occupy ten acres of ground, having a capacity for 4,000 head 
of cattle and 30,000 hogs. 

An ample supply of pure water. Complete drainage and 
cleanliness. Fairbanks scales used. First-class hotel in the 
yards. Street railway and omnibus lines ply between the 
yards and city. Opened November 12, 1877. 



798 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 




INDIANAPOLIS SENTINEL BlIlLUlNG, 
AND PUBLIC LIBRAEY. 




INDIANAPOLIS JOURNAL BUILDING. 



AGENTS WANTED 

FOR OUR 

Pictorial Family Bibles 



And other Standard Works. 



The Bible is the oldest of books, and still it is always new. 
Millions of copies are sold every year, and yet there is no 
lessening of the demand. It is the most necessary of books, 
inasmuch as it is the Christian's rule of life. It is the one 
book which appeals to all classes, rich and poor, old and young, 
and which is certain of a cordial reception from all. There is 
no other book for which an agent can canvass with so much 
certainly of success as for the Bible. Almost every person 
has a small or ordinary copy of the Bible, but few have a 
large, handsomely illustrated and elegantly bound Family 
Bible, such as should be the treasure of every household, the 
pride of parents, and the delight of the children. 

If you are not permanently engaged we should be pleased to 
have you engage with us to sell our books, either on monthly 
payments or for cash. 

JS^^See our special circular. 

S. L. MARROW & CO., 

Cor. Illinois St. and Kentucky Ave.y 
INDIANAPOLIS. 



^ 



hJa'09 



